CA2751542A1 - Dye-sensitised solar cells - Google Patents
Dye-sensitised solar cells Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2751542A1 CA2751542A1 CA2751542A CA2751542A CA2751542A1 CA 2751542 A1 CA2751542 A1 CA 2751542A1 CA 2751542 A CA2751542 A CA 2751542A CA 2751542 A CA2751542 A CA 2751542A CA 2751542 A1 CA2751542 A1 CA 2751542A1
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- Prior art keywords
- dye
- metal oxide
- electrode
- coated
- electrodes
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 claims description 84
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 52
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 52
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 33
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 238000004043 dyeing Methods 0.000 claims description 21
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000565 sealant Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000007669 thermal treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000003292 glue Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000005281 excited state Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011245 gel electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- RUDATBOHQWOJDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N (3beta,5beta,7alpha)-3,7-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid Natural products OC1CC2CC(O)CCC2(C)C2C1C1CCC(C(CCC(O)=O)C)C1(C)CC2 RUDATBOHQWOJDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ADSOSINJPNKUJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-butylpyridine Chemical group CCCCC1=CC=CC=N1 ADSOSINJPNKUJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- GNFTZDOKVXKIBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(2-methoxyethoxy)benzohydrazide Chemical compound COCCOC1=CC=CC(C(=O)NN)=C1 GNFTZDOKVXKIBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ZYGHJZDHTFUPRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzo-alpha-pyrone Natural products C1=CC=C2OC(=O)C=CC2=C1 ZYGHJZDHTFUPRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- RUDATBOHQWOJDD-BSWAIDMHSA-N chenodeoxycholic acid Chemical compound C([C@H]1C[C@H]2O)[C@H](O)CC[C@]1(C)[C@@H]1[C@@H]2[C@@H]2CC[C@H]([C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C)[C@@]2(C)CC1 RUDATBOHQWOJDD-BSWAIDMHSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229960001091 chenodeoxycholic acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000001671 coumarin Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000000332 coumarinyl group Chemical class O1C(=O)C(=CC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000003387 indolinyl group Chemical class N1(CCC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000006174 pH buffer Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000005259 triarylamine group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 238000002835 absorbance Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002322 conducting polymer Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 claims 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 206010070834 Sensitisation Diseases 0.000 abstract description 2
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 48
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 12
- DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N tertiry butyl alcohol Natural products CC(C)(C)O DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 8
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 6
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229920003182 Surlyn® Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000005325 percolation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 4
- WRTMQOHKMFDUKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N triiodide Chemical compound I[I-]I WRTMQOHKMFDUKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011244 liquid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 3
- JJWJFWRFHDYQCN-UHFFFAOYSA-J 2-(4-carboxypyridin-2-yl)pyridine-4-carboxylate;ruthenium(2+);tetrabutylazanium;dithiocyanate Chemical compound [Ru+2].[S-]C#N.[S-]C#N.CCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC.CCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC.OC(=O)C1=CC=NC(C=2N=CC=C(C=2)C([O-])=O)=C1.OC(=O)C1=CC=NC(C=2N=CC=C(C=2)C([O-])=O)=C1 JJWJFWRFHDYQCN-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 2
- FXPLCAKVOYHAJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(4-carboxypyridin-2-yl)pyridine-4-carboxylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=NC(C=2N=CC=C(C=2)C(O)=O)=C1 FXPLCAKVOYHAJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical compound [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KZSNJWFQEVHDMF-BYPYZUCNSA-N L-valine Chemical compound CC(C)[C@H](N)C(O)=O KZSNJWFQEVHDMF-BYPYZUCNSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NPNMHHNXCILFEF-UHFFFAOYSA-N [F].[Sn]=O Chemical compound [F].[Sn]=O NPNMHHNXCILFEF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003574 free electron Substances 0.000 description 2
- XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen iodide Chemical compound I XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011630 iodine Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000006798 recombination Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005215 recombination Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- YLZOPXRUQYQQID-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(2,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)-1-[4-[2-[[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methylamino]pyrimidin-5-yl]piperazin-1-yl]propan-1-one Chemical compound N1N=NC=2CN(CCC=21)CCC(=O)N1CCN(CC1)C=1C=NC(=NC=1)NCC1=CC(=CC=C1)OC(F)(F)F YLZOPXRUQYQQID-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SNFCXVRWFNAHQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9,9'-spirobi[fluorene] Chemical compound C12=CC=CC=C2C2=CC=CC=C2C21C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C21 SNFCXVRWFNAHQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Fluoride anion Chemical compound [F-] KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- AFCARXCZXQIEQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-[3-oxo-3-(2,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)propyl]-2-[[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methylamino]pyrimidine-5-carboxamide Chemical compound O=C(CCNC(=O)C=1C=NC(=NC=1)NCC1=CC(=CC=C1)OC(F)(F)F)N1CC2=C(CC1)NN=N2 AFCARXCZXQIEQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- -1 OMeTAD -2 Chemical compound 0.000 description 1
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000862 absorption spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002800 charge carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- PDZKZMQQDCHTNF-UHFFFAOYSA-M copper(1+);thiocyanate Chemical compound [Cu+].[S-]C#N PDZKZMQQDCHTNF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- LNEPOXFFQSENCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N haloperidol Chemical compound C1CC(O)(C=2C=CC(Cl)=CC=2)CCN1CCCC(=O)C1=CC=C(F)C=C1 LNEPOXFFQSENCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000004754 hybrid cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 150000004693 imidazolium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002608 ionic liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000307 polymer substrate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000005036 potential barrier Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- YAYGSLOSTXKUBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N ruthenium(2+) Chemical compound [Ru+2] YAYGSLOSTXKUBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002594 sorbent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960004295 valine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2068—Panels or arrays of photoelectrochemical cells, e.g. photovoltaic modules based on photoelectrochemical cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2059—Light-sensitive devices comprising an organic dye as the active light absorbing material, e.g. adsorbed on an electrode or dissolved in solution
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2004—Light-sensitive devices characterised by the electrolyte, e.g. comprising an organic electrolyte
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2027—Light-sensitive devices comprising an oxide semiconductor electrode
- H01G9/2031—Light-sensitive devices comprising an oxide semiconductor electrode comprising titanium oxide, e.g. TiO2
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2059—Light-sensitive devices comprising an organic dye as the active light absorbing material, e.g. adsorbed on an electrode or dissolved in solution
- H01G9/2063—Light-sensitive devices comprising an organic dye as the active light absorbing material, e.g. adsorbed on an electrode or dissolved in solution comprising a mixture of two or more dyes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/542—Dye sensitized solar cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Hybrid Cells (AREA)
- Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
- Vaporization, Distillation, Condensation, Sublimation, And Cold Traps (AREA)
- Cell Electrode Carriers And Collectors (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention relates to the field of dye sensitised solar cell and to a method for preparing them rapidly and efficiently focussing on a rapid method for dye sensitisation.
Description
DYE-SENSITISED SOLAR CELLS.
BACKGROUNG OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to the field of dye sensitised solar cell and to a method for preparing them rapidly and efficiently focussing on a rapid method for dye sensitisation.
BACKGROUNG OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to the field of dye sensitised solar cell and to a method for preparing them rapidly and efficiently focussing on a rapid method for dye sensitisation.
2. Description of the Related Art Solar cells are traditionally prepared using solid state semiconductors. Cells are prepared by juxtaposing two doped crystals, one with a slightly negative charge, thus having additional free electrons (n-type semiconductor) and the other with a slightly positive charge, thus lacking free electrons (p-type semiconductor). When these two doped crystals are contacted, extra electrons from the n-type semiconductor flow through the n-p junction to reduce the lack of electrons in the p-type semiconductor.
At the p-n junction, charge carriers are depleted on one side and accumulated on the other side thereby producing a potential barrier. When photons produced by sunlight strike the p-type semiconductor, they induce transfer of electrons bound in the low energy levels to the conduction band where they are free to move. A load is placed across the cell in order to transfer electrons, through an external circuit, from the p-type to the n-type semiconductor. The electrons then move spontaneously to the p-type material, back to the low energy level they had been extracted from by solar energy. This motion creates an electrical current.
Typical solar cell crystals are prepared from silicon because photons having frequencies in the visible light range have enough energy to take electrons across the band-gap between the low energy levels and the conduction band. One of the major drawbacks of these solar cells is that the most energetic photons in the violet or ultra-violet frequencies have more energy than necessary to move electrons across the band-gap, resulting in considerable waste of energy that is merely transformed into heat. Another important drawback is that the p-type layer must be sufficiently thick in order to have a chance to capture a photon, with the consequence that the freshly extracted electrons also have a chance to recombine with the created holes before reaching the p-n junction. The maximum reported efficiencies of the silicon-type solar cells are thus of 20 to 25% or lower for solar cell modules due to losses in combining individual cells together.
Another important problem of the silicon-type solar cell is the cost in terms of monetary price and also in terms of embodied energy, that is the energy required to manufacture the devices.
Dye-sensitised solar cells (DSSC) have been developed in 1991 by O'Regan and Gratzel (O'Regan B. and Gratzel M., in Nature, 1991, 353, 737-740). They are produced with low cost material and do not require complex equipment for their manufacture. They separate the two functions provided by silicon: the bulk of the semiconductor is used for charge transport and the photoelectrons originate from a separate photosensitive dye. The cells are sandwich structures represented in Figure 1 and typically prepared by the steps of:
a) providing a transparent plate (1) typically prepared from glass;
b) coating this plate with a transparent conducting oxide (TCO) (2), preferably with doped tin oxide;
c) applying a paste of metal oxide (3), generally titanium dioxide, to the coated glass plate on the TCO side;
d) heating the plate to a temperature of about 450 OC-500 C for a period of time of at least one hour;
e) soaking the coated plate of step d) in a dye solution for a period of time of about 24 hours in order to covalently bind the dye to the surface of the titanium dioxide (4);
f) providing another TCO coated transparent plate further coated with platinum (5);
g) sealing the two glass plates and introducing an electrolyte solution (6) between said plates in order to encase the dyed metal oxide and electrolyte between the two conducting plates and to prevent the electrolyte from leaking.
In these cells, photons strike the dye moving it to an excited state capable of injecting electrons into the conducting band of the titanium dioxide from where they diffuse to the anode. The electrons lost from the dye/Ti02 system are replaced by oxidising the iodide into triiodide at the counter electrode, which reaction is sufficiently fast to enable the photochemical cycle to continue.
The DSSC generate a maximum voltage comparable to that of the silicon solar cells, of the order of 0.8 V. An important advantage of the DSSC as compared to the silicon solar cells is that the dye molecules injects electrons into the titanium dioxide conduction band creating excited state dye molecules rather than electron vacancies in a nearby solid, thereby reducing quick electron/hole recombinations. They are therefore able to function in low light conditions where the electron/hole recombination becomes the dominant mechanism in the silicon solar cells. The present DSSC are however not very efficient in the longer wavelength part of the visible light frequency range, in the red and infrared region, because these photons do not have enough energy to cross the titanium dioxide band-gap or to excite most traditional ruthenium bipyridyl dyes.
The major disadvantage of the DSSC resides in the long time necessary to dye the titanium dioxide nanoparticles: it takes between 12 and 24 hours to dye the layer of titanium dioxide necessary for solar cell applications. Another major difficulty with the DSSC is the electrolyte solution: The cells must be carefully sealed in order to prevent liquid electrolyte leakage.
There is thus a need to prepare robust solar cells that can be prepared rapidly at reduced cost.
At the p-n junction, charge carriers are depleted on one side and accumulated on the other side thereby producing a potential barrier. When photons produced by sunlight strike the p-type semiconductor, they induce transfer of electrons bound in the low energy levels to the conduction band where they are free to move. A load is placed across the cell in order to transfer electrons, through an external circuit, from the p-type to the n-type semiconductor. The electrons then move spontaneously to the p-type material, back to the low energy level they had been extracted from by solar energy. This motion creates an electrical current.
Typical solar cell crystals are prepared from silicon because photons having frequencies in the visible light range have enough energy to take electrons across the band-gap between the low energy levels and the conduction band. One of the major drawbacks of these solar cells is that the most energetic photons in the violet or ultra-violet frequencies have more energy than necessary to move electrons across the band-gap, resulting in considerable waste of energy that is merely transformed into heat. Another important drawback is that the p-type layer must be sufficiently thick in order to have a chance to capture a photon, with the consequence that the freshly extracted electrons also have a chance to recombine with the created holes before reaching the p-n junction. The maximum reported efficiencies of the silicon-type solar cells are thus of 20 to 25% or lower for solar cell modules due to losses in combining individual cells together.
Another important problem of the silicon-type solar cell is the cost in terms of monetary price and also in terms of embodied energy, that is the energy required to manufacture the devices.
Dye-sensitised solar cells (DSSC) have been developed in 1991 by O'Regan and Gratzel (O'Regan B. and Gratzel M., in Nature, 1991, 353, 737-740). They are produced with low cost material and do not require complex equipment for their manufacture. They separate the two functions provided by silicon: the bulk of the semiconductor is used for charge transport and the photoelectrons originate from a separate photosensitive dye. The cells are sandwich structures represented in Figure 1 and typically prepared by the steps of:
a) providing a transparent plate (1) typically prepared from glass;
b) coating this plate with a transparent conducting oxide (TCO) (2), preferably with doped tin oxide;
c) applying a paste of metal oxide (3), generally titanium dioxide, to the coated glass plate on the TCO side;
d) heating the plate to a temperature of about 450 OC-500 C for a period of time of at least one hour;
e) soaking the coated plate of step d) in a dye solution for a period of time of about 24 hours in order to covalently bind the dye to the surface of the titanium dioxide (4);
f) providing another TCO coated transparent plate further coated with platinum (5);
g) sealing the two glass plates and introducing an electrolyte solution (6) between said plates in order to encase the dyed metal oxide and electrolyte between the two conducting plates and to prevent the electrolyte from leaking.
In these cells, photons strike the dye moving it to an excited state capable of injecting electrons into the conducting band of the titanium dioxide from where they diffuse to the anode. The electrons lost from the dye/Ti02 system are replaced by oxidising the iodide into triiodide at the counter electrode, which reaction is sufficiently fast to enable the photochemical cycle to continue.
The DSSC generate a maximum voltage comparable to that of the silicon solar cells, of the order of 0.8 V. An important advantage of the DSSC as compared to the silicon solar cells is that the dye molecules injects electrons into the titanium dioxide conduction band creating excited state dye molecules rather than electron vacancies in a nearby solid, thereby reducing quick electron/hole recombinations. They are therefore able to function in low light conditions where the electron/hole recombination becomes the dominant mechanism in the silicon solar cells. The present DSSC are however not very efficient in the longer wavelength part of the visible light frequency range, in the red and infrared region, because these photons do not have enough energy to cross the titanium dioxide band-gap or to excite most traditional ruthenium bipyridyl dyes.
The major disadvantage of the DSSC resides in the long time necessary to dye the titanium dioxide nanoparticles: it takes between 12 and 24 hours to dye the layer of titanium dioxide necessary for solar cell applications. Another major difficulty with the DSSC is the electrolyte solution: The cells must be carefully sealed in order to prevent liquid electrolyte leakage.
There is thus a need to prepare robust solar cells that can be prepared rapidly at reduced cost.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an objective of the present invention to reduce the amount of time necessary to dye the metal oxide.
It is another objective of the present invention to reduce the amount of time necessary to prepare dye sensitised solar cells.
It is also an objective of the present invention to prepare solar panels.
It is yet another objective of the present invention to sensitise the metal oxide with more than one dye in order to extend the spectral response of the device as widely as possible across the electromagnetic spectrum.
In accordance with the present invention, the foregoing objectives are realised as defined in the independent claims. Preferred embodiments are defined in the dependent claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
Figure 1 is a schematic representation of a dye-sensitised solar cell.
Figure 2 is a schematic representation of the dye-sensitised solar cell according to the examples of the present invention.
Figure 3 is a schematic representation of a tandem solar cell using two different dyes.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFFERED EMBODIMENTS
The present invention provides a method for reducing the dyeing time of metal oxide by injecting a solution comprising the dye or the combination of dyes between the two sealed electrodes of a solar cell device simultaneously with or shortly before the electrolyte.
It is an objective of the present invention to reduce the amount of time necessary to dye the metal oxide.
It is another objective of the present invention to reduce the amount of time necessary to prepare dye sensitised solar cells.
It is also an objective of the present invention to prepare solar panels.
It is yet another objective of the present invention to sensitise the metal oxide with more than one dye in order to extend the spectral response of the device as widely as possible across the electromagnetic spectrum.
In accordance with the present invention, the foregoing objectives are realised as defined in the independent claims. Preferred embodiments are defined in the dependent claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
Figure 1 is a schematic representation of a dye-sensitised solar cell.
Figure 2 is a schematic representation of the dye-sensitised solar cell according to the examples of the present invention.
Figure 3 is a schematic representation of a tandem solar cell using two different dyes.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFFERED EMBODIMENTS
The present invention provides a method for reducing the dyeing time of metal oxide by injecting a solution comprising the dye or the combination of dyes between the two sealed electrodes of a solar cell device simultaneously with or shortly before the electrolyte.
It is important that the metal oxide surface is in the correct state and does not adsorb water, C02 or other gases from the atmosphere before it is dyed. Sealing the electrodes together enables the dye solution to be pumped through the device in the absence of interference. The dyeing time is reduced from a period of time of several hours to a period of time of at most 15 minutes, preferably at most 10 minutes.
Without wishing to be bound by a theory, it is believed that dyeing a thin film of metal oxide takes place in three steps:
a) chemisorption of the dye on the surface of the metal oxide nanoparticles;
b) diffusion of the dye through the solution to the surface of metal oxide nanoparticles;
c) percolation of the dye through the porous metal oxide film.
Chemisorption is a fast process: it involves covalent bonding of the dye molecules to the metal oxide molecules. The dyeing time is thus controlled by diffusion and percolation, percolation being the slowest process. It has surprisingly been found that pumping the dye solution between the two sealed electrodes of the solar cell device considerably shortens the diffusion and percolation times.
Accordingly, the present invention provides a method for preparing dye sensitised solar cells that comprises the steps of:
a) providing a first electrode prepared from an electro-conducting substrate;
b) applying one or more layers of a paste of metal oxide nanoparticles on the conduction side of the substrate;
c) subjecting the coated substrate to a thermal treatment for each layer of metal oxide paste applied;
d) providing a second electrode, the counter-electrode, prepared from a transparent substrate coated with a transparent conducting oxide and additionally coated with platinum or carbon;
e) optionally pre-dyeing the first electrode coated with metal oxide of step b) with a solution comprising one or more dyes in order to covalently bind said dye(s) to the surface of the metal oxide;
Without wishing to be bound by a theory, it is believed that dyeing a thin film of metal oxide takes place in three steps:
a) chemisorption of the dye on the surface of the metal oxide nanoparticles;
b) diffusion of the dye through the solution to the surface of metal oxide nanoparticles;
c) percolation of the dye through the porous metal oxide film.
Chemisorption is a fast process: it involves covalent bonding of the dye molecules to the metal oxide molecules. The dyeing time is thus controlled by diffusion and percolation, percolation being the slowest process. It has surprisingly been found that pumping the dye solution between the two sealed electrodes of the solar cell device considerably shortens the diffusion and percolation times.
Accordingly, the present invention provides a method for preparing dye sensitised solar cells that comprises the steps of:
a) providing a first electrode prepared from an electro-conducting substrate;
b) applying one or more layers of a paste of metal oxide nanoparticles on the conduction side of the substrate;
c) subjecting the coated substrate to a thermal treatment for each layer of metal oxide paste applied;
d) providing a second electrode, the counter-electrode, prepared from a transparent substrate coated with a transparent conducting oxide and additionally coated with platinum or carbon;
e) optionally pre-dyeing the first electrode coated with metal oxide of step b) with a solution comprising one or more dyes in order to covalently bind said dye(s) to the surface of the metal oxide;
f) piercing at least two perforations in the first and/or second electrodes and sealing said electrodes together with glue or with a thermoplastic polymer;
g) pumping one or more solution(s) comprising the same one or more dyes as those of the pre-dyeing step along with co-sorbents through the holes in the electrodes in order to covalently bind said dye(s) to the surface of the metal oxide;
h) o injecting an electrolyte through the holes in the electrodes;
i) sealing the holes in the electrodes with glue or with a thermoplastic polymer;
j) providing an external connection between the two electrodes for electron transport;
characterised in that dyeing is carried out between the sealed electrodes at a temperature of from 10 to 70 C with the electrolyte added not more than 10 minutes after the dye, said dyeing being completed in a period of time of no more than minutes.
Optionally, the dye or dyes are introduced between the sealed electrodes under vacuum.
The first electrode may be transparent or not, preferably, it is transparent.
It can be prepared by coating a glass or a polymer substrate having a thickness of from 1 to 4 mm with a conducting oxide. The conducting oxide can be selected from doped zinc oxide or tin oxide doped with indium or fluoride. Preferably it is tin oxide, more preferably it is tin oxide doped with fluorine.
Alternatively, the first electrode may be prepared from a metal such as for example steel, aluminium, titanium or a metal oxide coated metal.
The light can strike the dye-sensitised solar cell either from the metal oxide side (normal illumination) or from the other side (reverse illumination). The efficiency of normal illumination is about twice that of the reverse illumination but it can only be selected if the first electrode is transparent and thus prepared from glass or transparent polymer.
g) pumping one or more solution(s) comprising the same one or more dyes as those of the pre-dyeing step along with co-sorbents through the holes in the electrodes in order to covalently bind said dye(s) to the surface of the metal oxide;
h) o injecting an electrolyte through the holes in the electrodes;
i) sealing the holes in the electrodes with glue or with a thermoplastic polymer;
j) providing an external connection between the two electrodes for electron transport;
characterised in that dyeing is carried out between the sealed electrodes at a temperature of from 10 to 70 C with the electrolyte added not more than 10 minutes after the dye, said dyeing being completed in a period of time of no more than minutes.
Optionally, the dye or dyes are introduced between the sealed electrodes under vacuum.
The first electrode may be transparent or not, preferably, it is transparent.
It can be prepared by coating a glass or a polymer substrate having a thickness of from 1 to 4 mm with a conducting oxide. The conducting oxide can be selected from doped zinc oxide or tin oxide doped with indium or fluoride. Preferably it is tin oxide, more preferably it is tin oxide doped with fluorine.
Alternatively, the first electrode may be prepared from a metal such as for example steel, aluminium, titanium or a metal oxide coated metal.
The light can strike the dye-sensitised solar cell either from the metal oxide side (normal illumination) or from the other side (reverse illumination). The efficiency of normal illumination is about twice that of the reverse illumination but it can only be selected if the first electrode is transparent and thus prepared from glass or transparent polymer.
The nanoparticle paste is preferably prepared from a colloidal solution of metal oxide.
The electronic contact between the particles is produced by brief sintering carried out at by thermal treatment at a temperature ranging between 300 and 600 C, preferably between 400 and 500 C and more preferably at a temperature of about 450 C. The thermal treatment is followed by cooling to a temperature of from 100 to 140 C, preferably to a temperature of about 120 C. The size of the particles and pores making up the film is determined by the size of the particles in the colloidal solution. The internal surface of the film is an important parameter, also determined by the particles' size and by the film's thickness. The pore size must be large enough to allow easy diffusion of the electrolyte. The particle sizes preferably range from 10 to 30 nm, preferably from 12 to 20 nm. The film thickness ranges from 5 to 20 pm, preferably from 9 to 15 pm.
The second electrode is a transparent substrate prepared from glass or polymer. It is coated with a transparent conducting oxide (TCO), preferably with tin oxide, more preferably, with fluorine doped tin oxide. It is preferably further coated with platinum or carbon, more preferably with platinum.
In a preferred embodiment according to the present invention, two perforations are pierced in either the first or in the second electrode: one for injecting the dye(s), cosorbent and electrolyte and the other for the expulsion of excess product if any.
The liquids are injected under a small pressure to gently fill the empty space between the metal oxide paste and the second electrode, represented by (6) on Figure 1.
The dye or combination of dyes is selected from one or more compounds having maximum absorption capability in the visible light range. A photon of light absorbed by the dye promotes an electron into one of its excited states. This excited electron is in turn injected into the conduction band of the metal oxide. The dye must also have the capability to be subsequently reduced by a redox couple present in the electrolyte. Suitable dyes can be selected from ruthenium bipyridyl complexes, coumarins, phthalocyanines, squaraines, indolines or triarylamine dyes. The most commonly used dyes are ruthenium bipyridyl complexes.
The electronic contact between the particles is produced by brief sintering carried out at by thermal treatment at a temperature ranging between 300 and 600 C, preferably between 400 and 500 C and more preferably at a temperature of about 450 C. The thermal treatment is followed by cooling to a temperature of from 100 to 140 C, preferably to a temperature of about 120 C. The size of the particles and pores making up the film is determined by the size of the particles in the colloidal solution. The internal surface of the film is an important parameter, also determined by the particles' size and by the film's thickness. The pore size must be large enough to allow easy diffusion of the electrolyte. The particle sizes preferably range from 10 to 30 nm, preferably from 12 to 20 nm. The film thickness ranges from 5 to 20 pm, preferably from 9 to 15 pm.
The second electrode is a transparent substrate prepared from glass or polymer. It is coated with a transparent conducting oxide (TCO), preferably with tin oxide, more preferably, with fluorine doped tin oxide. It is preferably further coated with platinum or carbon, more preferably with platinum.
In a preferred embodiment according to the present invention, two perforations are pierced in either the first or in the second electrode: one for injecting the dye(s), cosorbent and electrolyte and the other for the expulsion of excess product if any.
The liquids are injected under a small pressure to gently fill the empty space between the metal oxide paste and the second electrode, represented by (6) on Figure 1.
The dye or combination of dyes is selected from one or more compounds having maximum absorption capability in the visible light range. A photon of light absorbed by the dye promotes an electron into one of its excited states. This excited electron is in turn injected into the conduction band of the metal oxide. The dye must also have the capability to be subsequently reduced by a redox couple present in the electrolyte. Suitable dyes can be selected from ruthenium bipyridyl complexes, coumarins, phthalocyanines, squaraines, indolines or triarylamine dyes. The most commonly used dyes are ruthenium bipyridyl complexes.
The cosorbents are preferably selected from tertiary butyl pyridine and/or a pH buffer and/or chenodeoxycholic acid. Cosorbents are added to prevent dye aggregation and/or to improve the open circuit voltage, that is the voltage at zero current, Voc, by varying the metal oxide conduction band edge to higher or lower potentials and/or to enhance electron lifetime in the Ti02 and/or to help buffer the dye solution which aids chemisorption of the dye as this is a pH controlled reaction.
The glue or thermoplastic polymers are carefully selected to seal the electrodes and subsequently the holes pierced in the electrodes. Leakage of the electrolyte must be avoided as it reduces the lifetime of the solar cell. Suitable glues are selected from examples such as epoxy resins and the preferred thermoplastic polymers are selected from examples such as Surlyn (Du Pont). The thickness of the sealant layer is from 20 to 35 pm, preferably of about 25 pm. As the layer of metal oxide is thinner than the layer of sealant, there is an empty space above the metal oxide which should be minimised. It is however not desirable to increase the thickness of the metal oxide because it would increase the percolation time and therefore the dyeing time. The best compromise has been achieved with a sealant thickness of between 20 and 30 pm and a metal oxide thickness of between 10 and 12 pm.
The electrolyte can be advantageously selected from three main groups of compounds:
I) liquid nitrile solvent containing a redox couple and current carriers;
II) gel electrolyte containing a redox couple and current carriers;
III) solid conducting electrolytes.
The most common electrolyte is iodide/triiodide redox electrolyte in a nitrile based solvent. Ionic liquids such as for example imidazolium derivatives, gel electrolytes such as L-valine or solid electrolytes such as OMeTAD -2,2',7,7'-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenyl-amine)9,9'-spirobifluorene or Cul or CuSCN can also be used as electrolytes.
The electrolyte is introduced between the sealed electrodes simultaneously with or immediately after the solution comprising the dye or dyes and the cosorbents.
In this description, immediately after means within at most 10 minutes after the dye(s), preferably at most 5 minutes, more preferably at most 2 minutes and most preferably at most 1 minute. This prevents the metal oxide surface from drying out or being exposed to atmospheric conditions, either of which resulting in reduced device performance.
It has been shown, for example by O'Regan and Gratzel (O'Regan B. and Gratzel B.
in Letters to Nature, 353, 1991, 737-740) that nanostructured Ti02 films used in conjunction with suitable charge transfer dyes are very efficient in converting visible light photons into electric current. They are particularly useful under diffuse daylight, where they perform better than the conventional silicon devices. The spectral distribution of diffuse daylight overlaps favourably with the absorption spectrum of dye-coated Ti02 film.
The dye-sensitised solar cells can also offer long-term stability.
The present invention also provides dye-sensitised solar cells obtainable by the present method. These solar cells are characterised in that the metal oxide is free of contamination by oxygen and/or carbon dioxide and/or other atmospheric gases.
The present invention further provides dye-sensitised solar panels comprising in whole or in part the individual solar cells produced according to the present invention.
The solar panels can advantageously be prepared from solar cells having different wavelength ranges in order to absorb solar energy in different colour ranges.
Because the photo-electrodes are sealed between two electrodes after sintering but before dyeing, the photo-electrodes can be applied, sintered and sealed into any shape. Careful sealing and appropriately drilled holes enable separate cavities to be formed allowing for selective dyeing, such as with different coloured dyes, in order to produce an image which is, at the same time, a working solar cell.
In another embodiment according to the present invention, a hybrid cell using two dyes within a single metal oxide layer is provided in order to achieve better efficiency.
In another embodiment according to the present invention, a tandem cell using two dyes, each in a separate metal oxide layer, is provided in order to achieve better efficiency. It is represented in Figure 3.
The glue or thermoplastic polymers are carefully selected to seal the electrodes and subsequently the holes pierced in the electrodes. Leakage of the electrolyte must be avoided as it reduces the lifetime of the solar cell. Suitable glues are selected from examples such as epoxy resins and the preferred thermoplastic polymers are selected from examples such as Surlyn (Du Pont). The thickness of the sealant layer is from 20 to 35 pm, preferably of about 25 pm. As the layer of metal oxide is thinner than the layer of sealant, there is an empty space above the metal oxide which should be minimised. It is however not desirable to increase the thickness of the metal oxide because it would increase the percolation time and therefore the dyeing time. The best compromise has been achieved with a sealant thickness of between 20 and 30 pm and a metal oxide thickness of between 10 and 12 pm.
The electrolyte can be advantageously selected from three main groups of compounds:
I) liquid nitrile solvent containing a redox couple and current carriers;
II) gel electrolyte containing a redox couple and current carriers;
III) solid conducting electrolytes.
The most common electrolyte is iodide/triiodide redox electrolyte in a nitrile based solvent. Ionic liquids such as for example imidazolium derivatives, gel electrolytes such as L-valine or solid electrolytes such as OMeTAD -2,2',7,7'-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenyl-amine)9,9'-spirobifluorene or Cul or CuSCN can also be used as electrolytes.
The electrolyte is introduced between the sealed electrodes simultaneously with or immediately after the solution comprising the dye or dyes and the cosorbents.
In this description, immediately after means within at most 10 minutes after the dye(s), preferably at most 5 minutes, more preferably at most 2 minutes and most preferably at most 1 minute. This prevents the metal oxide surface from drying out or being exposed to atmospheric conditions, either of which resulting in reduced device performance.
It has been shown, for example by O'Regan and Gratzel (O'Regan B. and Gratzel B.
in Letters to Nature, 353, 1991, 737-740) that nanostructured Ti02 films used in conjunction with suitable charge transfer dyes are very efficient in converting visible light photons into electric current. They are particularly useful under diffuse daylight, where they perform better than the conventional silicon devices. The spectral distribution of diffuse daylight overlaps favourably with the absorption spectrum of dye-coated Ti02 film.
The dye-sensitised solar cells can also offer long-term stability.
The present invention also provides dye-sensitised solar cells obtainable by the present method. These solar cells are characterised in that the metal oxide is free of contamination by oxygen and/or carbon dioxide and/or other atmospheric gases.
The present invention further provides dye-sensitised solar panels comprising in whole or in part the individual solar cells produced according to the present invention.
The solar panels can advantageously be prepared from solar cells having different wavelength ranges in order to absorb solar energy in different colour ranges.
Because the photo-electrodes are sealed between two electrodes after sintering but before dyeing, the photo-electrodes can be applied, sintered and sealed into any shape. Careful sealing and appropriately drilled holes enable separate cavities to be formed allowing for selective dyeing, such as with different coloured dyes, in order to produce an image which is, at the same time, a working solar cell.
In another embodiment according to the present invention, a hybrid cell using two dyes within a single metal oxide layer is provided in order to achieve better efficiency.
In another embodiment according to the present invention, a tandem cell using two dyes, each in a separate metal oxide layer, is provided in order to achieve better efficiency. It is represented in Figure 3.
The present invention also provides a method for continuously producing dye-sensitised solar cells in the form of a roll or sheet that comprises the steps of:
a) providing a first electrode as a moving roll or sheet of substrate, preferably a roll;
b) providing a first roller coated with metal oxide or a first dispenser for printing said metal oxide continuously on the central portion of the substrate;
c) sintering the printed metal oxide by thermal treatment, followed by cooling;
d) providing a second roller coated with sealant or second dispenser for applying said sealant on the substrate, on the same side as the metal oxide paste and on each side of said metal oxide paste; providing a second electrode as a moving roll or sheet of transparent substrate which has been previously coated with transparent conducting oxide and platinum or carbon and has been previously pierced with holes so as to form perforations;
e) optionally pre-dyeing the metal oxide by applying a dye solution bringing together the first electrode of step d) and the second electrode of step d) and applying pressure and/or heat to seal said two electrodes;
f) injecting the dye(s) and cosorbent into the perforations provided through the second electrode;
g) injecting the electrolyte through the perforations provided in the second electrode simultaneously with the injection of the dye(s) and cosorbent of step g) or within 10 minutes at the most after the dye(s), preferably at the same time as the dye(s);
h) sealing the perforations in the second electrode;
i) storing a roll or sheet of the dye-sensitised solar cells for subsequent retrieval or cutting the continuous roll of the dye-sensitised solar cells into individual solar cells for storage and subsequent retrieval.
In an alternative embodiment according to the present invention, the sealant can be applied to the second electrode at appropriate spacing to frame the metal oxide present on the first electrode.
The dye(s), cosorbent and electrolyte are injected through the holes at a speed carefully selected to gently imbibe the metal oxide coated on the first electrode and achieve dyeing in less than 15 minutes. Increasing the temperature decreases the dyeing time but it is limited to a temperature ranging between room temperature and at most 70 deg C in order to prevent evaporation of the cosorbents.
EXAMPLES.
In these examples, current voltage characteristics were measured using simulated AM 1.5 illumination (100 mW cm-2 or 1 Sun).
Comparitive examples Sandwich- type DSC cells devices were prepared following the structure described in Figure 1. The working photoelectrode was prepared on fluorine tin oxide-coated glass with resistance of 8 - 15 0/cm2 from a thin film of opaque/transparent titania having a thickness of 6 to 18 pm, with a working area of 0.72 -1.0 cm-2. The Ti02 film working electrodes were heated at a temperature of 450 C for a period of time of 30 minutes and then allowed to cool to 100 C before being dipped into the dye solution.
Dye solutions containing the di-ammonium salt of cis-bis(4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine)dithiocyanato ruthenium(II), commonly known as N719, were prepared either in absolute ethanol or in a 1:1 mixture of acetonitrile/tert-butyl alcohol and.
absolute ethanol. The concentration used in the ethanol solution was 1 mM and 0.5 mM for the acetonitrile/tert-butanol solvent. The titanium dioxide films were exposed to dye solution for time periods of 1, 5, 8 and 24 h. After dyeing, a thermoplastic polymer gasket (Surlyn ) was placed around the photoelectrode and a second transparent-conducting glass coated electrode with a platinum layer, the counter electrode, was placed on top and the electrodes sealed together at a temperature of 120 C. A commercial liquid electrolyte containing iodine/tri-iodide in nitrile solvent (Dyesol Ltd, Australia) was added through a hole in the counter electrode which was then sealed using thermoplastic polymer (Surlyn ). Table 1 displays the efficiencies and fill factors for comparative cells (0.72 cm2) dyed using N719 for time periods ranging from 1 to 24 h.
TABLE 1.
a) providing a first electrode as a moving roll or sheet of substrate, preferably a roll;
b) providing a first roller coated with metal oxide or a first dispenser for printing said metal oxide continuously on the central portion of the substrate;
c) sintering the printed metal oxide by thermal treatment, followed by cooling;
d) providing a second roller coated with sealant or second dispenser for applying said sealant on the substrate, on the same side as the metal oxide paste and on each side of said metal oxide paste; providing a second electrode as a moving roll or sheet of transparent substrate which has been previously coated with transparent conducting oxide and platinum or carbon and has been previously pierced with holes so as to form perforations;
e) optionally pre-dyeing the metal oxide by applying a dye solution bringing together the first electrode of step d) and the second electrode of step d) and applying pressure and/or heat to seal said two electrodes;
f) injecting the dye(s) and cosorbent into the perforations provided through the second electrode;
g) injecting the electrolyte through the perforations provided in the second electrode simultaneously with the injection of the dye(s) and cosorbent of step g) or within 10 minutes at the most after the dye(s), preferably at the same time as the dye(s);
h) sealing the perforations in the second electrode;
i) storing a roll or sheet of the dye-sensitised solar cells for subsequent retrieval or cutting the continuous roll of the dye-sensitised solar cells into individual solar cells for storage and subsequent retrieval.
In an alternative embodiment according to the present invention, the sealant can be applied to the second electrode at appropriate spacing to frame the metal oxide present on the first electrode.
The dye(s), cosorbent and electrolyte are injected through the holes at a speed carefully selected to gently imbibe the metal oxide coated on the first electrode and achieve dyeing in less than 15 minutes. Increasing the temperature decreases the dyeing time but it is limited to a temperature ranging between room temperature and at most 70 deg C in order to prevent evaporation of the cosorbents.
EXAMPLES.
In these examples, current voltage characteristics were measured using simulated AM 1.5 illumination (100 mW cm-2 or 1 Sun).
Comparitive examples Sandwich- type DSC cells devices were prepared following the structure described in Figure 1. The working photoelectrode was prepared on fluorine tin oxide-coated glass with resistance of 8 - 15 0/cm2 from a thin film of opaque/transparent titania having a thickness of 6 to 18 pm, with a working area of 0.72 -1.0 cm-2. The Ti02 film working electrodes were heated at a temperature of 450 C for a period of time of 30 minutes and then allowed to cool to 100 C before being dipped into the dye solution.
Dye solutions containing the di-ammonium salt of cis-bis(4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine)dithiocyanato ruthenium(II), commonly known as N719, were prepared either in absolute ethanol or in a 1:1 mixture of acetonitrile/tert-butyl alcohol and.
absolute ethanol. The concentration used in the ethanol solution was 1 mM and 0.5 mM for the acetonitrile/tert-butanol solvent. The titanium dioxide films were exposed to dye solution for time periods of 1, 5, 8 and 24 h. After dyeing, a thermoplastic polymer gasket (Surlyn ) was placed around the photoelectrode and a second transparent-conducting glass coated electrode with a platinum layer, the counter electrode, was placed on top and the electrodes sealed together at a temperature of 120 C. A commercial liquid electrolyte containing iodine/tri-iodide in nitrile solvent (Dyesol Ltd, Australia) was added through a hole in the counter electrode which was then sealed using thermoplastic polymer (Surlyn ). Table 1 displays the efficiencies and fill factors for comparative cells (0.72 cm2) dyed using N719 for time periods ranging from 1 to 24 h.
TABLE 1.
Dyeing time 1 h 5h 8h 24h Fill Factor 0.32 0.52 0.53 0.52 Efficiency 0.5 3.9 4.2 4.1 Example according to the invention.
Sandwich- type DSC cells devices were prepared as shown in Figure 2 The working photoelectrode was prepared on fluorine tin oxide-coated glass (8-0/cm2) from a thin film of opaque/transparent titania having a thickness of 6-18 pm with a working area of 0.72 - 1.0 cm2. The Ti02 film working electrodes were heated at a temperature of 450 C for a period of time of 30 minutes and then allowed to cool to 100 C before a thermoplastic polymer gasket (Surlyn ) was placed around the photoelectrode. A second transparent-conducting glass coated electrode with a platinum layer, the counter electrode, was placed on top and the electrodes were sealed together at a temperature of 120 C.
Dye solutions containing the di-ammonium salt of escis -bis(4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine)dithiocyanato ruthenium(ll), commonly known as N719, were prepared in a 1:1 mixture of acetonitrile/tert-butyl alcohol and absolute ethanol. The concentration used was 0.016 mg/I and the dye solution was pumped through a hole in the counter electrode, with or without the addition of vacuum to aid the process, for a time period of between 5 and 10 minutes. A commercial liquid electrolyte containing iodine/tri-iodide in nitrile solvent (Dyesol Ltd, Australia) was then added through a hole in the counter-electrode as soon as possible, and not more than 5 minutes afterwards.
This fill hole was then sealed using thermoplastic polymer (Surlyn ). All materials necessary for the cell fabrication were purchased from Dyesol.
Example 1 2 ml of 0.016 mg/I of N719 dye in 1:1 mixture of acetonitrile and tert-butanol was pumped through the cell over a period of 5 minutes giving rise to a dye uptake of 0.105 mg by the titania film. This gave a cell efficiency of 3.1 % and a fill factor of 0.53. Here the electrolyte was added within 5 minutes after the dye.
Example 2 2 ml of 0.016 mg/I of N719 dye in a 1:1 mixture of acetonitrile and tert-butanol was pumped through the cell over a period of 10 minutes with the addition of vacuum to aid the process, giving rise to a dye uptake of 0.076 mg by the titania film.
This gave a cell efficiency of 3.7 % and a fill factor of 0.54. Here the electrolyte was added within 5 minutes after the dye.
Sandwich- type DSC cells devices were prepared as shown in Figure 2 The working photoelectrode was prepared on fluorine tin oxide-coated glass (8-0/cm2) from a thin film of opaque/transparent titania having a thickness of 6-18 pm with a working area of 0.72 - 1.0 cm2. The Ti02 film working electrodes were heated at a temperature of 450 C for a period of time of 30 minutes and then allowed to cool to 100 C before a thermoplastic polymer gasket (Surlyn ) was placed around the photoelectrode. A second transparent-conducting glass coated electrode with a platinum layer, the counter electrode, was placed on top and the electrodes were sealed together at a temperature of 120 C.
Dye solutions containing the di-ammonium salt of escis -bis(4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine)dithiocyanato ruthenium(ll), commonly known as N719, were prepared in a 1:1 mixture of acetonitrile/tert-butyl alcohol and absolute ethanol. The concentration used was 0.016 mg/I and the dye solution was pumped through a hole in the counter electrode, with or without the addition of vacuum to aid the process, for a time period of between 5 and 10 minutes. A commercial liquid electrolyte containing iodine/tri-iodide in nitrile solvent (Dyesol Ltd, Australia) was then added through a hole in the counter-electrode as soon as possible, and not more than 5 minutes afterwards.
This fill hole was then sealed using thermoplastic polymer (Surlyn ). All materials necessary for the cell fabrication were purchased from Dyesol.
Example 1 2 ml of 0.016 mg/I of N719 dye in 1:1 mixture of acetonitrile and tert-butanol was pumped through the cell over a period of 5 minutes giving rise to a dye uptake of 0.105 mg by the titania film. This gave a cell efficiency of 3.1 % and a fill factor of 0.53. Here the electrolyte was added within 5 minutes after the dye.
Example 2 2 ml of 0.016 mg/I of N719 dye in a 1:1 mixture of acetonitrile and tert-butanol was pumped through the cell over a period of 10 minutes with the addition of vacuum to aid the process, giving rise to a dye uptake of 0.076 mg by the titania film.
This gave a cell efficiency of 3.7 % and a fill factor of 0.54. Here the electrolyte was added within 5 minutes after the dye.
Claims (14)
1. A method for preparing dye sensitised solar cells that comprises the steps of:
a) providing a first electrode prepared from an electro-conducting substrate;
b) applying one or more layers of a paste of metal oxide nanoparticles on the conduction side of the substrate;
c) subjecting the coated substrate to a thermal treatment for each layer of metal oxide paste applied;
d) providing a second electrode, the counter-electrode, prepared from a transparent substrate coated with a transparent conducting oxide and additionally coated with platinum or carbon;
e) optionally pre-dyeing the first electrode coated with metal oxide of step b) with a solution comprising one or more dyes in order to covalently bind said dye(s) to the surface of the metal oxide;
f) piercing at least two perforations in the first and/or second electrodes and sealing said electrodes together with glue or with a thermoplastic polymer;
g) pumping a solution comprising the same one or more dyes as those of the pre-dyeing step along with cosorbents through the holes in the electrodes, optionally under vacuum, in order to covalently bind said dye(s) to the surface of the metal oxide;
h) injecting an electrolyte through the holes in the electrodes;
i) sealing the holes in the electrodes with glue or with a thermoplastic polymer;
j) providing an external connection between the two electrodes for electron transport;
characterised in that dyeing is carried out between the sealed electrodes, at a temperature of from 10 to 70 °C, with the electrolyte added not more than 10 minutes after the dye, said dyeing being completed in a period of time of no more than 15 minutes
a) providing a first electrode prepared from an electro-conducting substrate;
b) applying one or more layers of a paste of metal oxide nanoparticles on the conduction side of the substrate;
c) subjecting the coated substrate to a thermal treatment for each layer of metal oxide paste applied;
d) providing a second electrode, the counter-electrode, prepared from a transparent substrate coated with a transparent conducting oxide and additionally coated with platinum or carbon;
e) optionally pre-dyeing the first electrode coated with metal oxide of step b) with a solution comprising one or more dyes in order to covalently bind said dye(s) to the surface of the metal oxide;
f) piercing at least two perforations in the first and/or second electrodes and sealing said electrodes together with glue or with a thermoplastic polymer;
g) pumping a solution comprising the same one or more dyes as those of the pre-dyeing step along with cosorbents through the holes in the electrodes, optionally under vacuum, in order to covalently bind said dye(s) to the surface of the metal oxide;
h) injecting an electrolyte through the holes in the electrodes;
i) sealing the holes in the electrodes with glue or with a thermoplastic polymer;
j) providing an external connection between the two electrodes for electron transport;
characterised in that dyeing is carried out between the sealed electrodes, at a temperature of from 10 to 70 °C, with the electrolyte added not more than 10 minutes after the dye, said dyeing being completed in a period of time of no more than 15 minutes
2. The method of claim 1, modified to be carried out in a continuous form, wherein:
i) step a) is replaced by, providing a first electrode as a moving roll or sheet of substrate, preferably a roll;
ii) step b) is replaced by, providing a first roller coated with metal oxide or a first dispenser for printing said metal oxide continuously on the central portion of the substrate;
iii) step c) is replaced by, sintering the printed metal oxide by thermal treatment, followed by cooling;
iv) step d), e) and f) are replaced by, - providing a second electrode as a moving roll or sheet of transparent substrate which has been previously coated with transparent conducting oxide and platinum or carbon and has been previously pierced with holes so as to form perforations, said moving roll or sheet being coated with sealant or second dispenser for applying said sealant on the substrate, on the same side as the metal oxide paste and on each side of said metal oxide paste;
- bringing together the first electrode of step iii) and the second electrode of step iv) and applying pressure and/or heat to seal said two electrodes;
v) step g) is replaced by, injecting the dye(s) and cosorbent into the perforations provided through the second electrode;
vi) step h) is replaced by, injecting the electrolyte through the perforations provided in the second electrode simultaneously with the injection of the dye(s) and cosorbent of step v) or within 10 minutes at the most after the dye(s), preferably at the same time as the dye(s);
vii) step i) is replaced by, sealing the perforations in the second electrode;
said roll or sheet of the dye-sensitised solar cells being stored for subsequent retrieval or cutting the continuous roll of the dye-sensitised solar cells into individual solar cells for storage and subsequent retrieval.
i) step a) is replaced by, providing a first electrode as a moving roll or sheet of substrate, preferably a roll;
ii) step b) is replaced by, providing a first roller coated with metal oxide or a first dispenser for printing said metal oxide continuously on the central portion of the substrate;
iii) step c) is replaced by, sintering the printed metal oxide by thermal treatment, followed by cooling;
iv) step d), e) and f) are replaced by, - providing a second electrode as a moving roll or sheet of transparent substrate which has been previously coated with transparent conducting oxide and platinum or carbon and has been previously pierced with holes so as to form perforations, said moving roll or sheet being coated with sealant or second dispenser for applying said sealant on the substrate, on the same side as the metal oxide paste and on each side of said metal oxide paste;
- bringing together the first electrode of step iii) and the second electrode of step iv) and applying pressure and/or heat to seal said two electrodes;
v) step g) is replaced by, injecting the dye(s) and cosorbent into the perforations provided through the second electrode;
vi) step h) is replaced by, injecting the electrolyte through the perforations provided in the second electrode simultaneously with the injection of the dye(s) and cosorbent of step v) or within 10 minutes at the most after the dye(s), preferably at the same time as the dye(s);
vii) step i) is replaced by, sealing the perforations in the second electrode;
said roll or sheet of the dye-sensitised solar cells being stored for subsequent retrieval or cutting the continuous roll of the dye-sensitised solar cells into individual solar cells for storage and subsequent retrieval.
3. The method of claim 1 or claim 2 wherein the electro-conducting substrate is a glass or polymer plate coated with a conducting oxide, preferably transparent, more preferably with tin oxide that has been preferably doped with fluorine.
4. The method of claim 1 or claim 2 wherein the electro-conducting substrate is a metal plate, preferred metals being selected from steel, aluminium, titanium or a metal oxide coated metal.
5. The method of any one of claims 1 to 4 wherein the thermal treatment is carried out at a temperature of from 300 to 600 C for a period of time of at least one hour.
6. The method of any one of claims 1 to 5 wherein the metal oxide paste of step b) or step ii) is prepared from nanoparticles of titanium dioxide.
7. The method of any one of claims 1 to 6 wherein the second electrode is a transparent plate prepared from glass or polymer and coated with a transparent tin oxide doped with fluorine and additionally coated with platinum.
8. The method of any one of the preceding claims wherein the electrolyte is injected or pumped through the perforations in the electrodes simultaneously with the dye or dyes or at most 10 minutes after the dye or dyes.
9. The method of any one of the preceding claims wherein the electrolyte is selected from a liquid nitrile solvent containing a redox couple and current carriers, or a gel electrolyte containing a redox couple and current carriers, or a solid conducting polymer.
10. The method of any one of the preceding claims wherein the one or more dyes are selected from one or more compounds capable of absorbing visible light and injecting electrons from one of said compound's excited state into the conduction band of the metal oxide and further capable of being reduced by a redox couple in the electrolyte, preferably selected from ruthenium bipyridyl complexes, coumarins, phthalocyamines, squaraines, indolines or triarylamine dyes.
11. The method of any one of the preceding claims wherein the cosorbent is selected from tertiary butyl pyridine and/or a pH buffer and/or chenodeoxycholic acid.
12. The method of any one of claims 1 to 11 wherein multiple dyeing is used for increasing light absorbance across the electromagnetic spectrum of the dye sensitised solar cells.
13. Dye sensitised solar cells obtained by the method of any one of claims 1 to 12 and characterised in that the metal oxide is free of contamination by oxygen and/or carbon dioxide and/or other atmospheric gases..
14. A solar panel comprising in whole or in part dye sensitised solar cells of claim 13 of the same or different colours.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP09152316A EP2221842A3 (en) | 2009-02-06 | 2009-02-06 | Dye-sensitised solar cells |
EP09152316.7 | 2009-02-06 | ||
PCT/EP2010/051135 WO2010089263A2 (en) | 2009-02-06 | 2010-01-29 | Dye-sensitised solar cells |
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CA2751542A1 true CA2751542A1 (en) | 2010-08-12 |
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CA2751542A Abandoned CA2751542A1 (en) | 2009-02-06 | 2010-01-29 | Dye-sensitised solar cells |
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US (1) | US20110303261A1 (en) |
EP (2) | EP2221842A3 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2012517084A (en) |
CN (1) | CN102365696A (en) |
AU (1) | AU2010211080A1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2751542A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2010089263A2 (en) |
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GB2481035A (en) * | 2010-06-09 | 2011-12-14 | Univ Bangor | Preparing dye sensitised solar cells (DSSC) with multiple dyes |
KR101286075B1 (en) * | 2011-04-04 | 2013-07-15 | 포항공과대학교 산학협력단 | Dye-sensitized solar cells and manufacturing methods thereof |
KR20120113107A (en) * | 2011-04-04 | 2012-10-12 | 포항공과대학교 산학협력단 | Dye-sensitized solar cells and manufacturing methods thereof |
GB2512798B (en) * | 2012-01-26 | 2016-04-06 | Univ Bangor | Method for re-dyeing dye sensitised solar cells |
DE102013216848A1 (en) | 2013-08-23 | 2015-02-26 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Long-term stable photovoltaic elements that can be deposited from solutions and in-situ processes for their production |
US10069459B1 (en) * | 2013-10-21 | 2018-09-04 | University Of South Florida | Solar cells having internal energy storage capacity |
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WO1996029715A1 (en) * | 1995-03-23 | 1996-09-26 | Ecole Polytechnique Federale De Lausanne (Epfl) | Method of manufacturing a module of photoelectrochemical cells with long-term stability |
DE19680150D2 (en) * | 1995-03-23 | 1998-03-19 | Ecole Polytech | Method of applying a predetermined amount of a sensitizer to a surface |
JP2000348783A (en) * | 1999-06-01 | 2000-12-15 | Nikon Corp | Manufacture of pigment-sensitized type solar cell |
JP4414036B2 (en) * | 1999-12-27 | 2010-02-10 | シャープ株式会社 | Method for producing dye-sensitized solar cell |
JP4233260B2 (en) * | 2002-03-06 | 2009-03-04 | 学校法人桐蔭学園 | Photovoltaic power generation sheet, solar power generation unit and power generation apparatus using the same |
WO2008139479A2 (en) * | 2007-05-15 | 2008-11-20 | 3Gsolar Ltd. | Photovoltaic cell |
US7365442B2 (en) * | 2003-03-31 | 2008-04-29 | Osram Opto Semiconductors Gmbh | Encapsulation of thin-film electronic devices |
JP4797324B2 (en) * | 2004-01-09 | 2011-10-19 | 株式会社ブリヂストン | Dye-sensitized solar cell electrode |
DE102004015769A1 (en) * | 2004-03-31 | 2005-11-03 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Photoelectrochemical solar cell module |
KR101117689B1 (en) * | 2005-01-22 | 2012-02-29 | 삼성전자주식회사 | Photoreceptive layer comprising various dye and solar cells using the same |
JP4856089B2 (en) * | 2005-10-11 | 2012-01-18 | 京セラ株式会社 | PHOTOELECTRIC CONVERSION DEVICE, MANUFACTURING METHOD THEREOF, AND PHOTOVOLTAIC GENERATION DEVICE |
JP2007234580A (en) * | 2006-02-02 | 2007-09-13 | Sony Corp | Dye sensitized photoelectric conversion device |
JP2007280761A (en) * | 2006-04-06 | 2007-10-25 | Kyocera Corp | Photoelectric conversion device, its manufacturing method, and photovoltaic power generation device |
TWI306314B (en) * | 2006-09-27 | 2009-02-11 | Ind Tech Res Inst | Method of sealing solar cells |
CA2714149A1 (en) * | 2007-02-02 | 2008-08-07 | G24 Innovations Limited | Photovoltaic cell arrays |
CN101017856A (en) * | 2007-03-06 | 2007-08-15 | 大连轻工业学院 | Dye sensitizing solar battery carbon pair electrode and preparing method |
-
2009
- 2009-02-06 EP EP09152316A patent/EP2221842A3/en not_active Withdrawn
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2010
- 2010-01-29 CN CN2010800146094A patent/CN102365696A/en active Pending
- 2010-01-29 US US13/148,176 patent/US20110303261A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2010-01-29 AU AU2010211080A patent/AU2010211080A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2010-01-29 CA CA2751542A patent/CA2751542A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2010-01-29 EP EP10706558A patent/EP2394281A2/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2010-01-29 JP JP2011548653A patent/JP2012517084A/en active Pending
- 2010-01-29 WO PCT/EP2010/051135 patent/WO2010089263A2/en active Application Filing
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CN102365696A (en) | 2012-02-29 |
WO2010089263A3 (en) | 2010-11-18 |
WO2010089263A2 (en) | 2010-08-12 |
US20110303261A1 (en) | 2011-12-15 |
WO2010089263A4 (en) | 2011-01-06 |
EP2221842A3 (en) | 2010-12-15 |
EP2394281A2 (en) | 2011-12-14 |
EP2221842A2 (en) | 2010-08-25 |
AU2010211080A1 (en) | 2011-08-25 |
JP2012517084A (en) | 2012-07-26 |
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