CA2736630A1 - Failure resistant electric power storage and distribution - Google Patents
Failure resistant electric power storage and distribution Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2736630A1 CA2736630A1 CA2736630A CA2736630A CA2736630A1 CA 2736630 A1 CA2736630 A1 CA 2736630A1 CA 2736630 A CA2736630 A CA 2736630A CA 2736630 A CA2736630 A CA 2736630A CA 2736630 A1 CA2736630 A1 CA 2736630A1
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- energy storage
- electrical energy
- electrical
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- storage devices
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
- H02J7/0029—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with safety or protection devices or circuits
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L3/00—Electric devices on electrically-propelled vehicles for safety purposes; Monitoring operating variables, e.g. speed, deceleration or energy consumption
- B60L3/0023—Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train
- B60L3/0069—Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train relating to the isolation, e.g. ground fault or leak current
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L3/00—Electric devices on electrically-propelled vehicles for safety purposes; Monitoring operating variables, e.g. speed, deceleration or energy consumption
- B60L3/04—Cutting off the power supply under fault conditions
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
- H02J7/0029—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with safety or protection devices or circuits
- H02J7/00304—Overcurrent protection
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
- H02J7/0029—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with safety or protection devices or circuits
- H02J7/00306—Overdischarge protection
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Transportation (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Electric Propulsion And Braking For Vehicles (AREA)
- Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
Abstract
The disclosed invention represents an improved, failure resistant, dc electric power storage and distribution system for most applications including electric/hybrid vehicles. The disclosed invention represents a much safer electrical power system design for use in electric vehicles and energy storage.
Description
2 FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to the design and installation of fault tolerant do electrical power distribution systems with specific focus on electric/hybrid vehicles and other energy storage applications. The invention provides a much safer electrical power storage and distribution system for the consumer.
The present invention relates to the design and installation of fault tolerant do electrical power distribution systems with specific focus on electric/hybrid vehicles and other energy storage applications. The invention provides a much safer electrical power storage and distribution system for the consumer.
3 FAILURE RESISTANT ELECTRIC POWER STORAGE AND DISTRIBUTION
This application is a continuation-in-part of the Canadian patent application number 2,732,592 entitled SMART BI-DIRECTIONAL ELECTRIC ENERGY STORAGE AND
MULTIFUNCTION POWER CONVERSION SYSTEM; 2,615,401 entitled TRANSMISSION
LINE POWER STORAGE SYSTEM, filed on 2008.01.02 naming David A. Kelly as inventor;
which is in turn a continuation of Canadian patent application number 2,513,599 entitled HIGH
VOLTAGE TO LOW VOLTAGE BI-DIRECTIONAL CONVERTER, filed on 2005.08.09 naming David A. Kelly as inventor. The above-referenced applications are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The ever increasing price of oil has made electric vehicles and dc energy storage systems much more popular. The battery or ultracapacitor storage technologies used to store dc electrical energy are constantly increasing their peak power capability and energy density.
Stationary energy storage systems rarely suffer from electrical short circuits because it is easy to keep the power cables from chaffing and separate from each other. This is unlike the environment encountered in mobile applications such as an electric automobile or truck. Eventually wire chaffing will cause a short circuit resulting in serious damage to the energy storage system. The current design of electrical power distribution system for electrical and other moving equipment is not fault tolerant and potentially exposes the service technicians operators to serious personal injury.
For example a typical electric automobile is expected to contain from 25 to 50kWh of stored electrical energy. To provide adequate levels of acceleration the battery or ultracapacitor must be able to provide peak energy of at least 100kW to 700kW. The smaller figure is required by a low power every day automobile while the larger number would represent a sports car or transport truck.
The newer battery or ultracapacitor technologies that can be recharged in less than 5 minutes have even greater peak power capability. For example the peak power delivered by 50kWh of stored energy discharged in 5 minutes is calculated using the following equation for Peak Power Watt = Joules/Time = (50,000 *3,600) 1(5 * 60) = 600,000W
The amount of energy above is able to convert over 270g of water to steam per second. This amount of power easily melts 10's of grams of copper wiring per second.
Another problem is that the operating voltage of electric automobiles is well over the 70Vdc needed to sustain an electric arc in air. The hot plasma generated by an electric arc would easily ignite any flammable substance it comes into contact with.
The following examples are where failure to practice the invention may result in loss of property, severe personal injury or even loss of life. Large financial compensation is often paid out by manufacturers whose products cause personal injury. The practice of the invention is in no way limited to these examples.
1. Serious personal injury or even death to a technician while servicing the electrical system if an active power line is accidentally shorted to chassis through their body.
2. Serious personal injury or even death to a technician while servicing the electrical system should an active power line is accidentally shorted to chassis through a metal object resulting in a plasma arc or fire.
This application is a continuation-in-part of the Canadian patent application number 2,732,592 entitled SMART BI-DIRECTIONAL ELECTRIC ENERGY STORAGE AND
MULTIFUNCTION POWER CONVERSION SYSTEM; 2,615,401 entitled TRANSMISSION
LINE POWER STORAGE SYSTEM, filed on 2008.01.02 naming David A. Kelly as inventor;
which is in turn a continuation of Canadian patent application number 2,513,599 entitled HIGH
VOLTAGE TO LOW VOLTAGE BI-DIRECTIONAL CONVERTER, filed on 2005.08.09 naming David A. Kelly as inventor. The above-referenced applications are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The ever increasing price of oil has made electric vehicles and dc energy storage systems much more popular. The battery or ultracapacitor storage technologies used to store dc electrical energy are constantly increasing their peak power capability and energy density.
Stationary energy storage systems rarely suffer from electrical short circuits because it is easy to keep the power cables from chaffing and separate from each other. This is unlike the environment encountered in mobile applications such as an electric automobile or truck. Eventually wire chaffing will cause a short circuit resulting in serious damage to the energy storage system. The current design of electrical power distribution system for electrical and other moving equipment is not fault tolerant and potentially exposes the service technicians operators to serious personal injury.
For example a typical electric automobile is expected to contain from 25 to 50kWh of stored electrical energy. To provide adequate levels of acceleration the battery or ultracapacitor must be able to provide peak energy of at least 100kW to 700kW. The smaller figure is required by a low power every day automobile while the larger number would represent a sports car or transport truck.
The newer battery or ultracapacitor technologies that can be recharged in less than 5 minutes have even greater peak power capability. For example the peak power delivered by 50kWh of stored energy discharged in 5 minutes is calculated using the following equation for Peak Power Watt = Joules/Time = (50,000 *3,600) 1(5 * 60) = 600,000W
The amount of energy above is able to convert over 270g of water to steam per second. This amount of power easily melts 10's of grams of copper wiring per second.
Another problem is that the operating voltage of electric automobiles is well over the 70Vdc needed to sustain an electric arc in air. The hot plasma generated by an electric arc would easily ignite any flammable substance it comes into contact with.
The following examples are where failure to practice the invention may result in loss of property, severe personal injury or even loss of life. Large financial compensation is often paid out by manufacturers whose products cause personal injury. The practice of the invention is in no way limited to these examples.
1. Serious personal injury or even death to a technician while servicing the electrical system if an active power line is accidentally shorted to chassis through their body.
2. Serious personal injury or even death to a technician while servicing the electrical system should an active power line is accidentally shorted to chassis through a metal object resulting in a plasma arc or fire.
4 3. The electrical system of any energy storage system that is submerged in water. For example an automobile that gets into an accident involving immersion in water for example during a flood or accident into a river.
4. An electric automobile involved in a traffic accident that exposes the occupants or emergency rescue personnel to electric shock or starts a fire.
4. An electric automobile involved in a traffic accident that exposes the occupants or emergency rescue personnel to electric shock or starts a fire.
5. There is a definite threat of serious damage from a short circuit to chassis through a faulty external charging cable, power converter or power connector.
6. An electrical fire is fueled by the stored energy results in significant property loss.
7. The numerous fires that have taken place on aircraft shipping electronic equipment containing high energy density lithium-ion batteries clearly demonstrates the seriousness of the problem. The internal short circuit of the wiring in portable electrical equipment involves only a few watt-hour of stored energy versus the larger potential problem of 10's of kWh of stored energy in an electric automobile.
The above problems will take place if storage systems do not incorporate the invention in its design for applications such as home, renewable energy, industrial, large traction, marine or other applications involving large amounts of stored energy.
DESCRIPTION OF PRIOR ART
Figure 1 represents a commonly used method to connect batteries or ultracapacitors to an automobile. Figure 7 represents an energy storage device such as a battery or ultracapacitor, 4 is a protective fuse to disconnect the energy storage if a short circuit occurs.
The next reference I
represents the minimum amount of series resistance that is required to reduce the peak power the energy storage can deliver during a short circuit. The resistance can be external or built into the energy storage system or the internal energy storage elements within it. In Figure 1, 2 is the positive output often an electrical connector and 3 is the negative or ground connected to an automobile metal chassis. In Figure 1, 5 refer to a second fuse used to protect the electrical system if a short circuit takes place during charging. Fuse 5 can be eliminated if the maximum rate of charging is slow, by connecting the positive electrical connection to the junction of fuse 4 and resistor 4. In this Figure reference 9 and 6 represent an external electrical connector that is used to recharge the energy storage. The problem with the commonly used method called Prior Art, Figure 1 is that the negative terminal of the energy storage 7 is connected directly to the chassis. Fuse 4 is relied upon to disconnect the energy storage during a short circuit of output wire reference 2 to the chassis.
However, fuse 4 will only interrupt the power going to the short circuit if the magnitude of the short circuit fails to draw enough current to force the fuse 4 to open. In summary fuse 4 in Figure 1 will not always interrupt the power flow from the energy storage 7 during a fault condition.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The purpose of the invention is to provide a safe method of storing and using electrical energy.
The preferred embodiment of the invention consists of at least one electrical energy storage element, a protecting fuse, a peak current limiting component, a relay to interrupt the power to the end application and charging circuit and a ground fault sensor in conjunction with a controller used to operate the relay under feedback from the ground fault sensor or external storage system command a connection to an external load and to be used for recharging the electrical energy storage.
A variation of the preferred embodiment of the invention has added to it a diode in series with the power relay in order to allow multiple energy storage systems to be interconnected even though their state of charge is different.
A further variation of the preferred embodiment of the invention has a relay added in parallel across the diode that is in series with the power relay.
Another variation of the preferred embodiment of the invention has one of the external recharging connections made through the relay to the storage element.
Another further variation of the preferred embodiment of the invention is where the ground fault sensing is done in such a way that the circuit can detect whether either output voltage is connected to ground.
A further variation of the preferred embodiment of the invention has the current fault sensing done in such a way that the circuit can detect whether the current flowing out of the energy storage terminals is not equal and then operates a relay using a latching function to disconnect the energy storage from the end application.
A variation of the preferred embodiment of the invention has two energy storage elements connected in series where each energy storage element has its own protecting fuse, peak current limiting component, relay to interrupt the power to the end application and charging circuit and current fault sensor in conjunction with a controller used to operate the relays under feedback from the ground fault sensor or external storage system command a connection to an external load and to be used for recharging the electrical energy storage.
A variation of the preferred embodiment of the invention with dual energy storage elements has added to it a diode in series with each power relay in order to allow multiple energy storage systems to be interconnected even though their state of charge is different.
Another variation of the preferred embodiment of the invention with dual energy storage elements has relays added in parallel across the series diodes that are in series with the power relays.
A variation of the preferred embodiment of the invention with dual energy storage elements has one of the external recharging connections made through the relay to the storage element.
A variation of the preferred embodiment of the invention with dual energy storage elements where the ground fault sensing is done in such a way that the circuit can detect whether either output voltage is connected to ground.
A further variation of the preferred embodiment of the invention has dual energy storage elements with the current fault sensing done in such a way that the circuit can detect whether the current flowing out of the energy storage terminals is not equal and then operates relays using a latching function to disconnect the energy storage from the end application.
A variation of the preferred embodiment uses an INTERCONNECT CONTROLLER to operate the storage relay such that two energy storage systems may be connected together and where the interconnected energy storage systems can share common charging points and powering of end applications.
A variation of the preferred embodiment of the invention uses an INTERCONNECT
CONTROLLER only draws power to the end application from the energy storage that has a higher state of charge until the two storage systems have equalized their voltages.
A further variation of the preferred embodiment of the invention uses an INTERCONNECT
CONTROLLER that only charges the energy storage that has the lower state of charge until the two storage systems have equalized their voltages.
A variation of the preferred embodiment of the invention has electric motors in the wheels of a trailer connected to a transport tractor where a hitch strain sensor feeds back to the trailer electric motor controller in such a way that the hitch is kept under a preset strain at all times to improve the truck stability and that energy stored between the two vehicles is kept balanced.
A variation of the preferred embodiment of the invention has electrical energy storage in a trailer connected to the power to an electric or hybrid transport tractor.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. I represents Prior Art and the current method of practice;
FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of the preferred embodiment;
FIG. 3 is an alternate schematic representation of the preferred embodiment;
FIG. 4 is another alternate schematic representation of the preferred embodiment;
FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of how to connect two or more energy storage systems together following the methods of the preferred embodiment;
FIG. 6 represents the preferred embodiment when used in a transport truck;
FIG. 7 represents the preferred embodiment when used in a transport truck using one or more connected trailers;
The above problems will take place if storage systems do not incorporate the invention in its design for applications such as home, renewable energy, industrial, large traction, marine or other applications involving large amounts of stored energy.
DESCRIPTION OF PRIOR ART
Figure 1 represents a commonly used method to connect batteries or ultracapacitors to an automobile. Figure 7 represents an energy storage device such as a battery or ultracapacitor, 4 is a protective fuse to disconnect the energy storage if a short circuit occurs.
The next reference I
represents the minimum amount of series resistance that is required to reduce the peak power the energy storage can deliver during a short circuit. The resistance can be external or built into the energy storage system or the internal energy storage elements within it. In Figure 1, 2 is the positive output often an electrical connector and 3 is the negative or ground connected to an automobile metal chassis. In Figure 1, 5 refer to a second fuse used to protect the electrical system if a short circuit takes place during charging. Fuse 5 can be eliminated if the maximum rate of charging is slow, by connecting the positive electrical connection to the junction of fuse 4 and resistor 4. In this Figure reference 9 and 6 represent an external electrical connector that is used to recharge the energy storage. The problem with the commonly used method called Prior Art, Figure 1 is that the negative terminal of the energy storage 7 is connected directly to the chassis. Fuse 4 is relied upon to disconnect the energy storage during a short circuit of output wire reference 2 to the chassis.
However, fuse 4 will only interrupt the power going to the short circuit if the magnitude of the short circuit fails to draw enough current to force the fuse 4 to open. In summary fuse 4 in Figure 1 will not always interrupt the power flow from the energy storage 7 during a fault condition.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The purpose of the invention is to provide a safe method of storing and using electrical energy.
The preferred embodiment of the invention consists of at least one electrical energy storage element, a protecting fuse, a peak current limiting component, a relay to interrupt the power to the end application and charging circuit and a ground fault sensor in conjunction with a controller used to operate the relay under feedback from the ground fault sensor or external storage system command a connection to an external load and to be used for recharging the electrical energy storage.
A variation of the preferred embodiment of the invention has added to it a diode in series with the power relay in order to allow multiple energy storage systems to be interconnected even though their state of charge is different.
A further variation of the preferred embodiment of the invention has a relay added in parallel across the diode that is in series with the power relay.
Another variation of the preferred embodiment of the invention has one of the external recharging connections made through the relay to the storage element.
Another further variation of the preferred embodiment of the invention is where the ground fault sensing is done in such a way that the circuit can detect whether either output voltage is connected to ground.
A further variation of the preferred embodiment of the invention has the current fault sensing done in such a way that the circuit can detect whether the current flowing out of the energy storage terminals is not equal and then operates a relay using a latching function to disconnect the energy storage from the end application.
A variation of the preferred embodiment of the invention has two energy storage elements connected in series where each energy storage element has its own protecting fuse, peak current limiting component, relay to interrupt the power to the end application and charging circuit and current fault sensor in conjunction with a controller used to operate the relays under feedback from the ground fault sensor or external storage system command a connection to an external load and to be used for recharging the electrical energy storage.
A variation of the preferred embodiment of the invention with dual energy storage elements has added to it a diode in series with each power relay in order to allow multiple energy storage systems to be interconnected even though their state of charge is different.
Another variation of the preferred embodiment of the invention with dual energy storage elements has relays added in parallel across the series diodes that are in series with the power relays.
A variation of the preferred embodiment of the invention with dual energy storage elements has one of the external recharging connections made through the relay to the storage element.
A variation of the preferred embodiment of the invention with dual energy storage elements where the ground fault sensing is done in such a way that the circuit can detect whether either output voltage is connected to ground.
A further variation of the preferred embodiment of the invention has dual energy storage elements with the current fault sensing done in such a way that the circuit can detect whether the current flowing out of the energy storage terminals is not equal and then operates relays using a latching function to disconnect the energy storage from the end application.
A variation of the preferred embodiment uses an INTERCONNECT CONTROLLER to operate the storage relay such that two energy storage systems may be connected together and where the interconnected energy storage systems can share common charging points and powering of end applications.
A variation of the preferred embodiment of the invention uses an INTERCONNECT
CONTROLLER only draws power to the end application from the energy storage that has a higher state of charge until the two storage systems have equalized their voltages.
A further variation of the preferred embodiment of the invention uses an INTERCONNECT
CONTROLLER that only charges the energy storage that has the lower state of charge until the two storage systems have equalized their voltages.
A variation of the preferred embodiment of the invention has electric motors in the wheels of a trailer connected to a transport tractor where a hitch strain sensor feeds back to the trailer electric motor controller in such a way that the hitch is kept under a preset strain at all times to improve the truck stability and that energy stored between the two vehicles is kept balanced.
A variation of the preferred embodiment of the invention has electrical energy storage in a trailer connected to the power to an electric or hybrid transport tractor.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. I represents Prior Art and the current method of practice;
FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of the preferred embodiment;
FIG. 3 is an alternate schematic representation of the preferred embodiment;
FIG. 4 is another alternate schematic representation of the preferred embodiment;
FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of how to connect two or more energy storage systems together following the methods of the preferred embodiment;
FIG. 6 represents the preferred embodiment when used in a transport truck;
FIG. 7 represents the preferred embodiment when used in a transport truck using one or more connected trailers;
8 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Figure 2 is a schematic representation of the preferred embodiment of the invention. The over all concept of the preferred embodiment of the invention is that neither power connection of the energy storage system is connected to the chassis or common system ground in an electric/hybrid automobile or other end application of an energy storage systems. This eliminates the metal chassis as part of the electrical circuit that conducts electrical power. Practicing the preferred embodiment of the invention requires the occurrence of 2 electrical faults to take place before the electrical energy of the storage system can take place. Further protecting the energy storage system of the preferred embodiment of the invention is a ground fault sensor incorporated to detect the occurrence the short circuit of either power conductor to the conductive chassis of an automobile or electrical storage system. The ground fault sensor provides a third level of protection in the preferred embodiment of the invention. All that is left is to follow reasonable engineering practices to keep separate the two power conductors in such a way they short to chassis ground before they can be shorted to each other.
In Figure 2 reference 101 is the positive and 114 the negative power connections that connect the energy storage system to the automobile or other end application that uses energy storage. Reference 113 is the battery, ultracapacitor or other energy storage element, 109 and 111 are protective fuses, 108 a series resistance to limit the peak short circuit current. Resistor 108 is often external but can be built into the energy storage elements. Reference 107 is a power relay that can disconnect the energy storage under control of the end application or storage system controller.
Disconnecting the power from the end application through relay 107 from the energy storage provides a safe method for service personnel to service other element of the electrical system. It allows the system controller to detect fault conditions and disconnect the power from any fault condition. The use of relay 107 eliminates the problem with the fuse 109 not interrupting high impedance short circuits that draw to little current to cause it to go open circuit. The relay 107 is connected to the system controller through the connector 104 and the relay is often what is called a normally open type. Diode 102 is incorporated for those systems that may allow the interconnection of more than one storage system together. In many of those applications the diode 102 would have a relay across it, not shown, operated by an external controller to allow for the selection of which of the energy storage systems are used for energy recovery through the method such as but not limited to regenerative braking. In Figure 2 the ground fault sensor is made up of one sensing element 105, 117 the other sensing element and 116 the only dc connection of the storage system to chassis or earth ground. In most embodiments of the invention the ground fault sensor is a balance sensing relay or electronic circuit that biases both electrical connections 101 and 114 to '/2 their voltage with respect to ground. If either of the power conductors 101 or 114 short circuit to ground the difference voltage in the sensing elements 105 and 117 cause the detection of a ground fault which is then used to either directly break the power relay 107 or notify the system controller about the fault or both.
The ground fault sensing has a latching function where upon sensing a fault it stays in the tripped state preventing the operation of the contactor 107 until it is commanded through some means such as but not limited to mechanical reset, electrical signal or a system controller command. The complete system can disconnect the power to an electrical system in a fraction of a second, the time that it takes the relay 107 to open. In Figure 2, 115 is one power connection that goes to an external power recharging circuit such as but not limited to the external power connector in an electric/hybrid automobile or other application that uses energy storage. Connection 112 and fuse 111 is not a commonly used configuration but it can allow the use of a lower power relay 107 in some applications. The external power connection 103 represents the preferred embodiment of the invention where in 103 can be disconnected by relay 107 if a fault condition occurs during recharging of the energy storage 113. The resistor 106 is used to allow a small amount of current to
Figure 2 is a schematic representation of the preferred embodiment of the invention. The over all concept of the preferred embodiment of the invention is that neither power connection of the energy storage system is connected to the chassis or common system ground in an electric/hybrid automobile or other end application of an energy storage systems. This eliminates the metal chassis as part of the electrical circuit that conducts electrical power. Practicing the preferred embodiment of the invention requires the occurrence of 2 electrical faults to take place before the electrical energy of the storage system can take place. Further protecting the energy storage system of the preferred embodiment of the invention is a ground fault sensor incorporated to detect the occurrence the short circuit of either power conductor to the conductive chassis of an automobile or electrical storage system. The ground fault sensor provides a third level of protection in the preferred embodiment of the invention. All that is left is to follow reasonable engineering practices to keep separate the two power conductors in such a way they short to chassis ground before they can be shorted to each other.
In Figure 2 reference 101 is the positive and 114 the negative power connections that connect the energy storage system to the automobile or other end application that uses energy storage. Reference 113 is the battery, ultracapacitor or other energy storage element, 109 and 111 are protective fuses, 108 a series resistance to limit the peak short circuit current. Resistor 108 is often external but can be built into the energy storage elements. Reference 107 is a power relay that can disconnect the energy storage under control of the end application or storage system controller.
Disconnecting the power from the end application through relay 107 from the energy storage provides a safe method for service personnel to service other element of the electrical system. It allows the system controller to detect fault conditions and disconnect the power from any fault condition. The use of relay 107 eliminates the problem with the fuse 109 not interrupting high impedance short circuits that draw to little current to cause it to go open circuit. The relay 107 is connected to the system controller through the connector 104 and the relay is often what is called a normally open type. Diode 102 is incorporated for those systems that may allow the interconnection of more than one storage system together. In many of those applications the diode 102 would have a relay across it, not shown, operated by an external controller to allow for the selection of which of the energy storage systems are used for energy recovery through the method such as but not limited to regenerative braking. In Figure 2 the ground fault sensor is made up of one sensing element 105, 117 the other sensing element and 116 the only dc connection of the storage system to chassis or earth ground. In most embodiments of the invention the ground fault sensor is a balance sensing relay or electronic circuit that biases both electrical connections 101 and 114 to '/2 their voltage with respect to ground. If either of the power conductors 101 or 114 short circuit to ground the difference voltage in the sensing elements 105 and 117 cause the detection of a ground fault which is then used to either directly break the power relay 107 or notify the system controller about the fault or both.
The ground fault sensing has a latching function where upon sensing a fault it stays in the tripped state preventing the operation of the contactor 107 until it is commanded through some means such as but not limited to mechanical reset, electrical signal or a system controller command. The complete system can disconnect the power to an electrical system in a fraction of a second, the time that it takes the relay 107 to open. In Figure 2, 115 is one power connection that goes to an external power recharging circuit such as but not limited to the external power connector in an electric/hybrid automobile or other application that uses energy storage. Connection 112 and fuse 111 is not a commonly used configuration but it can allow the use of a lower power relay 107 in some applications. The external power connection 103 represents the preferred embodiment of the invention where in 103 can be disconnected by relay 107 if a fault condition occurs during recharging of the energy storage 113. The resistor 106 is used to allow a small amount of current to
9 flow past the relay 107. This current can be used to pre-charge any capacitors that are used by the end application or to provide a small amount of power to auxiliary circuits.
Figure 3 is a variation of Figure 2 where in it is a split or dual voltage system. In this configuration 210 & 211 are the energy storage element such as a battery, ultracapacitor or other energy storage technology. Fuses 207 & 211 protect the system and resistors 206 & 215 limit the peak discharge current during a short circuit. The relays 202 and 219 function similar to relay 107 in Figure 2 and are operated by the system control or other suitable means through electrical connections 201 & 216. The resistors 205 & 218 are used to allow a small amount of current to flow past the relays 202 & 219. This current can be used to pre-charge any capacitors that are used by the end application or to provide a small amount of power to auxiliary circuits.
References 208 & 213 are fuses to protect an external charging circuit connected through 209 & 214.
The preferred external connection for recharging is represented by 204& 217 and this connection allows the external power to be disconnected by the system controller. The common ground return for the external charging circuit is not shown in this drawing and would typically be made to the common point of energy storage elements 210 & 211. Diode 203 and the one not shown but normally connected after the relay 218 are used for those applications where addition external storage systems are connected together. In many of those applications the diodes would have a relay across them, not shown, operated by an external controller to allow for the selection of which of the energy storage systems are used for energy recovery through the method such as but not limited to regenerative braking. In Figure 3 the ground fault sensor is made up of sensing element 222, 221 & 220 where 221 and 224 is the only dc connection of the storage system to chassis or earth ground. In most embodiments of the invention the ground fault sensor is a balance sensing relay or electronic circuit that biases both electrical connections 222 and 220 to '/z their voltage with respect to ground. If either of the power conductors 223 or 224 short circuit to ground the difference voltage in the sensing elements 222, 221 & 220 cause the detection of a ground fault which is then used to either directly break the power relays 202& 219 or notify the system controller about the fault or both. The ground fault sensing has a latching function where upon sensing a fault it stays in the tripped state preventing the operation of the power relays 202& 219 until it is commanded through some means such as but not limited to mechanical reset, electrical signal or a system controller command.
Figure 4 is a variation of Figure 2 where in one of the power connections is connected to ground. In this configuration 306 is the energy storage element such as a battery, ultracapacitor or other energy storage technology. Fuses 304 protect the system and resistor 305 limits the peak discharge current during a short circuit. The relay 303 function similar to relay 107 in Figure 2 and is operated by the system control or other suitable means through electrical connection 311. The resistor 301 is used to allow a small amount of current to flow past the relay 303. This current can be used to pre-charge any capacitors that are used by the end application or to provide a small amount of power to auxiliary circuits. Fuse 308 protects an external charging circuit connected through 309 & 310. The preferred external connection for recharging is represented by 307 and this connection allows the external power to be disconnected by the system controller. Diode 302 is used in those applications where addition external storage systems are connected together.
In many of those applications the diode would have a relay across them, not shown, operated by an external controller to allow for the selection of which of the energy storage systems are used for energy recovery through the method such as but not limited to regenerative braking. In Figure 4 the ground fault sensor is made up of sensing element 315 & 316 where 312 & 313 are the only dc connection of the storage system to an external application. In most embodiments of the invention the ground fault sensor is a balance sensing relay or electronic circuit that monitors the current through sensing elements 315 & 316. If either of the power conductors 312 or 313 short circuit to ground the difference current in the sensing elements 315 & 316 cause the detection of a ground fault which is then used to either directly break the power relay 303 or notify the system controller about the fault or both. The ground fault sensing has a latching function where upon sensing a fault it stays in the tripped state preventing the operation of the power relay 303 until it is commanded through some means such as but not limited to mechanical reset, electrical signal or a system controller command.
Figure 5 represents the circumstance where two storage systems separated at 411 may be safely connected together through connector 401. In each system 409 & 413 are the energy storage, 408 & 414 limits the peak short circuit current and 407 & 415 are the protection fuses. Relays 405 &
416 are used to disconnect the energy storage 409 & 413 from the load to allow the safe interconnection of the two systems and provide a method for safe servicing as in Figure 2. The ground fault sensing is not shown but can adapt those methods used in Figures 2, 3 and 4. Resistors 404 & 419 serve to bypass the relays to precharge can external capacitors and are not used in all embodiments of the preferred invention. Diodes 403 & 418 provide blocking of the current from flowing between the two storage systems and may have in some embodiments a power relay in parallel across them operated by the INTERCONNECT CONTROLLER 400. Relays 405 &
may be operated by the INTERCONNECT CONTROLLER 400 in addition to the system controllers, not shown. 402 & 420 are the end application that uses the power from the energy storage system and may be electric motors or other equipment. The connections for recharging the storage elements 409 & 413 have been eliminated for the purpose of clarity.
The system operates with the INTERCONNECT CONTROLLER 400 commanded to disable the storage systems such that there is minimal or no voltage present on interconnect 401 when the two storage systems are connected together by connector 401. The INTERCONNECT CONTROLLER 400 then determines which of the two storage elements 409 or 413 is at a higher voltage then preferentially connects the one with the higher charge to the common end applications connected often through connector 401 by selecting which relay 405 or 416 it operates.
Figure 6 represents an example of the embodiment used in a transport truck. In Figure 6, 502 & 505 are areas where often but not limited to the energy storage would be placed. 504 and 501 would be in this example one place where traction motors are located to move the transport truck. In this special circumstance the trailer has electric motors 501 to assist the tractor in moving the load or by using regenerative braking to recover the kinetic energy from stopping the trailer. These electric motors are used in the same way that the main tractor operates except their operating controller uses a strain or pressure sensor located at the hitch point 503. This hitch sensor is used to ensure that the electric motors 501 in the trailer keep the pulling force on the hitch at all times. This maximizes the stability of the trailer and reduces the threat of jack-knifing under certain road conditions. The advantage of placing electric motors and energy storage in the trailer is that it provides more power available to move the truck and to store energy for long distance driving between recharge cycles.
Figure 7 represents an example of the embodiment used in a transport truck. In Figure 7, 600, 601, & 604 are areas where often but not limited to the energy storage would be placed. 602 and 605 would be in this example one place where traction motors are located to move the transport truck. In this special circumstance the trailer has electric motors 605 to assist the truck in moving the load or by using regenerative braking to recover the kinetic energy from stopping the trailer. These electric motors are used in the same way that the main tractor operates except their operating controller uses a strain or pressure sensor located at the hitch point 603.
This hitch sensor is used to ensure that the electric motors 605 in the trailer keep the pulling force on the hitch at all times. This maximizes the stability of the trailer and reduces the threat of jack-knifing under certain road conditions. The advantage of placing electric motors and energy storage in the trailer is that it provides more power available to move the truck and to store energy for long distance driving between recharge cycles.
Although the invention has been described in connection with a preferred embodiment, it should be understood that various modifications, additions and alterations may be made to the invention by one skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
Figure 3 is a variation of Figure 2 where in it is a split or dual voltage system. In this configuration 210 & 211 are the energy storage element such as a battery, ultracapacitor or other energy storage technology. Fuses 207 & 211 protect the system and resistors 206 & 215 limit the peak discharge current during a short circuit. The relays 202 and 219 function similar to relay 107 in Figure 2 and are operated by the system control or other suitable means through electrical connections 201 & 216. The resistors 205 & 218 are used to allow a small amount of current to flow past the relays 202 & 219. This current can be used to pre-charge any capacitors that are used by the end application or to provide a small amount of power to auxiliary circuits.
References 208 & 213 are fuses to protect an external charging circuit connected through 209 & 214.
The preferred external connection for recharging is represented by 204& 217 and this connection allows the external power to be disconnected by the system controller. The common ground return for the external charging circuit is not shown in this drawing and would typically be made to the common point of energy storage elements 210 & 211. Diode 203 and the one not shown but normally connected after the relay 218 are used for those applications where addition external storage systems are connected together. In many of those applications the diodes would have a relay across them, not shown, operated by an external controller to allow for the selection of which of the energy storage systems are used for energy recovery through the method such as but not limited to regenerative braking. In Figure 3 the ground fault sensor is made up of sensing element 222, 221 & 220 where 221 and 224 is the only dc connection of the storage system to chassis or earth ground. In most embodiments of the invention the ground fault sensor is a balance sensing relay or electronic circuit that biases both electrical connections 222 and 220 to '/z their voltage with respect to ground. If either of the power conductors 223 or 224 short circuit to ground the difference voltage in the sensing elements 222, 221 & 220 cause the detection of a ground fault which is then used to either directly break the power relays 202& 219 or notify the system controller about the fault or both. The ground fault sensing has a latching function where upon sensing a fault it stays in the tripped state preventing the operation of the power relays 202& 219 until it is commanded through some means such as but not limited to mechanical reset, electrical signal or a system controller command.
Figure 4 is a variation of Figure 2 where in one of the power connections is connected to ground. In this configuration 306 is the energy storage element such as a battery, ultracapacitor or other energy storage technology. Fuses 304 protect the system and resistor 305 limits the peak discharge current during a short circuit. The relay 303 function similar to relay 107 in Figure 2 and is operated by the system control or other suitable means through electrical connection 311. The resistor 301 is used to allow a small amount of current to flow past the relay 303. This current can be used to pre-charge any capacitors that are used by the end application or to provide a small amount of power to auxiliary circuits. Fuse 308 protects an external charging circuit connected through 309 & 310. The preferred external connection for recharging is represented by 307 and this connection allows the external power to be disconnected by the system controller. Diode 302 is used in those applications where addition external storage systems are connected together.
In many of those applications the diode would have a relay across them, not shown, operated by an external controller to allow for the selection of which of the energy storage systems are used for energy recovery through the method such as but not limited to regenerative braking. In Figure 4 the ground fault sensor is made up of sensing element 315 & 316 where 312 & 313 are the only dc connection of the storage system to an external application. In most embodiments of the invention the ground fault sensor is a balance sensing relay or electronic circuit that monitors the current through sensing elements 315 & 316. If either of the power conductors 312 or 313 short circuit to ground the difference current in the sensing elements 315 & 316 cause the detection of a ground fault which is then used to either directly break the power relay 303 or notify the system controller about the fault or both. The ground fault sensing has a latching function where upon sensing a fault it stays in the tripped state preventing the operation of the power relay 303 until it is commanded through some means such as but not limited to mechanical reset, electrical signal or a system controller command.
Figure 5 represents the circumstance where two storage systems separated at 411 may be safely connected together through connector 401. In each system 409 & 413 are the energy storage, 408 & 414 limits the peak short circuit current and 407 & 415 are the protection fuses. Relays 405 &
416 are used to disconnect the energy storage 409 & 413 from the load to allow the safe interconnection of the two systems and provide a method for safe servicing as in Figure 2. The ground fault sensing is not shown but can adapt those methods used in Figures 2, 3 and 4. Resistors 404 & 419 serve to bypass the relays to precharge can external capacitors and are not used in all embodiments of the preferred invention. Diodes 403 & 418 provide blocking of the current from flowing between the two storage systems and may have in some embodiments a power relay in parallel across them operated by the INTERCONNECT CONTROLLER 400. Relays 405 &
may be operated by the INTERCONNECT CONTROLLER 400 in addition to the system controllers, not shown. 402 & 420 are the end application that uses the power from the energy storage system and may be electric motors or other equipment. The connections for recharging the storage elements 409 & 413 have been eliminated for the purpose of clarity.
The system operates with the INTERCONNECT CONTROLLER 400 commanded to disable the storage systems such that there is minimal or no voltage present on interconnect 401 when the two storage systems are connected together by connector 401. The INTERCONNECT CONTROLLER 400 then determines which of the two storage elements 409 or 413 is at a higher voltage then preferentially connects the one with the higher charge to the common end applications connected often through connector 401 by selecting which relay 405 or 416 it operates.
Figure 6 represents an example of the embodiment used in a transport truck. In Figure 6, 502 & 505 are areas where often but not limited to the energy storage would be placed. 504 and 501 would be in this example one place where traction motors are located to move the transport truck. In this special circumstance the trailer has electric motors 501 to assist the tractor in moving the load or by using regenerative braking to recover the kinetic energy from stopping the trailer. These electric motors are used in the same way that the main tractor operates except their operating controller uses a strain or pressure sensor located at the hitch point 503. This hitch sensor is used to ensure that the electric motors 501 in the trailer keep the pulling force on the hitch at all times. This maximizes the stability of the trailer and reduces the threat of jack-knifing under certain road conditions. The advantage of placing electric motors and energy storage in the trailer is that it provides more power available to move the truck and to store energy for long distance driving between recharge cycles.
Figure 7 represents an example of the embodiment used in a transport truck. In Figure 7, 600, 601, & 604 are areas where often but not limited to the energy storage would be placed. 602 and 605 would be in this example one place where traction motors are located to move the transport truck. In this special circumstance the trailer has electric motors 605 to assist the truck in moving the load or by using regenerative braking to recover the kinetic energy from stopping the trailer. These electric motors are used in the same way that the main tractor operates except their operating controller uses a strain or pressure sensor located at the hitch point 603.
This hitch sensor is used to ensure that the electric motors 605 in the trailer keep the pulling force on the hitch at all times. This maximizes the stability of the trailer and reduces the threat of jack-knifing under certain road conditions. The advantage of placing electric motors and energy storage in the trailer is that it provides more power available to move the truck and to store energy for long distance driving between recharge cycles.
Although the invention has been described in connection with a preferred embodiment, it should be understood that various modifications, additions and alterations may be made to the invention by one skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
Claims (25)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. An electrical energy storage system consisting of at least one electrical energy storage device that is electrically isolated from an electrical ground circuit; and a ground fault sensing relay with at least one relay contact in series with the electrical energy storage device that disconnects the electrical energy storage device from at least one of its external connections upon the detection of at least one fault condition comprising at least one electrical terminal of the electrical energy storage device unintentionally connecting to the ground circuit.
2. As in claim 1 except at least one of the following is in series with the electrical energy storage device a fuse or current limiting device.
3. As in claim 1 except the ground fault sensing can determine which terminal of the electrical storage device is connected to ground and reports the fault to a system controller.
4. As in claim 1 except the relay has a latching function that upon sensing a fault condition disconnects the electrical energy storage device and requires an external reset signal to reconnect the electrical energy storage device to an external circuit.
5. As in claim 1 except a fault detection circuit is used to detect an imbalance condition of the sum of the current flowing through each terminal of the energy storage device and operates a relay to disconnect the electrical storage device from its external circuit.
6. As in claim 1 except the external recharging electrical connection is made through the relay contact that is in series with at least one terminal of the electrical energy storage device.
7. As in claim 1 except at least one diode is placed in series with at least one terminal of each electrical energy storage device, which is part of a plurality of electrical storage devices and the plurality of diodes allow the plurality of electrical storage devices to be safely interconnected in parallel.
8. As in claim 7 except at least one of the following is in parallel across the series diode, a resistor or relay contact that is operated by an external control device to allow the safe interconnection of more than one electrical energy storage devices in parallel.
9. An electrical energy storage system consisting of a plurality of electrical energy storage devices connected in series that are electrically isolated from an electrical ground circuit; and a ground fault sensing relay with a plurality of relay contacts, wherein one relay contact is in series with one electrical connection of each electrical energy storage device and disconnects the electrical energy storage devices from at least one of their external electrical connections upon the detection of at least one fault condition comprising at least one electrical terminal of any of the electrical energy storage devices unintentionally connecting to the ground circuit.
10. As in claim 9 except at least one of the following is in series with the electrical energy storage devices a fuse or current limiting device.
11. As in claim 9 except the ground fault sensing can determine which terminal of the plurality of electrical storage devices is connected to ground and reports the fault to a system controller.
12. As in claim 9 except the relay has a latching function that upon sensing a fault condition disconnects the plurality of electrical energy storage devices and requires an external reset signal to reconnect the plurality of electrical energy storage devices to their external circuit.
13. As in claim 9 except a fault detection circuit is used to detect an imbalance condition of the sum of the current flowing through each terminal of the plurality of energy storage devices and operates the relay to disconnect the electrical storage devices from their respective external circuit.
14. As in claim 9 except the external recharging electrical connection is made through at least one of the plurality of relay contacts that are in series with the terminal of each of the plurality of electrical energy storage devices.
15. As in claim 9 except at least one of a plurality of diodes is placed in series with at least one terminal of each of the plurality of electrical energy storage devices used to allow the interconnection of multiple electrical storage devices in parallel even though their state of charge is different.
16. As in claim 13 except at least one of the following is in parallel across each of the plurality of series diodes, a plurality of resistors or plurality of relay contacts that is operated by an external control device to allow the safe interconnection of a plurality of electrical energy storage devices in parallel.
17. An interconnect controller which is able to independently operate each relay contact that is in parallel with the series interconnection diode which comprises a part of each electrical energy storage device, of which there are a plurality of electrical energy storage devices connected in a parallel configuration; and the interconnect controller operates the relay contacts in such a manner that the electrical storage devices can, one at a time, operate a load and use the same external recharge connections, until the state of charge within each electrical energy storage device has become equal.
18. As in claim 17 except the interconnect controller operates an external load from the electrical energy device with the highest state of charge until the state of charge within each electrical energy storage device has become equal at which time the interconnect controller may operate all the electrical energy devices in parallel.
19. As in claim 17 except the interconnect controller charges the electrical energy device with the lowest state of charge until the state of charge within each electrical energy storage device has become equal at which time the interconnect controller may operate all the electrical energy devices in parallel.
20. As in claim 17 except the interconnected electrical energy storage devices may be disconnected and reconnected with each other for the purpose of removal of an electrical storage device and the interconnection controller senses the change and alters which relay it operates for the purpose of operating a load or recharging at least one of the electrical energy storage devices.
21. As in claim 20 except at least one electrical energy device is disconnected for the purpose of maintenance.
22. As in claim 17 except at least one load is an electric motor located in an externally interconnected trailer to a truck and the motor is operated in such a way that the trailer is always maintaining a minimum force pulling backwards on the truck trailer hitch whenever it is moving forward.
23. As in claim 22 except the truck and trailer each have electric motors and electrical storage devices that are often interconnected and operated either in parallel when their state of charge is the same or independently by an interconnect controller designed and programmed to operate the unique combination.
24. As in claim 22 except often only the trailer has the following components;
electric motor, interconnection controller which often includes a trailer hitch tension monitor and electrical energy storage device used to provide at least one of but not limited to the following attributes such as regenerative braking, stability control and power assist during acceleration or climbing steep grades.
electric motor, interconnection controller which often includes a trailer hitch tension monitor and electrical energy storage device used to provide at least one of but not limited to the following attributes such as regenerative braking, stability control and power assist during acceleration or climbing steep grades.
25. As in claim 23 except the truck is replaced by a multi-vehicle assemblage, often called a train, wherein at least two of the interconnected vehicles have electrical storage devices, often interconnected and operated either in parallel when their state of charge is the same or independently by an interconnect controller designed and programmed to operate the unique combination.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA2736630A CA2736630A1 (en) | 2011-04-01 | 2011-04-01 | Failure resistant electric power storage and distribution |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA2736630A CA2736630A1 (en) | 2011-04-01 | 2011-04-01 | Failure resistant electric power storage and distribution |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2736630A1 true CA2736630A1 (en) | 2012-10-01 |
Family
ID=46964772
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA2736630A Abandoned CA2736630A1 (en) | 2011-04-01 | 2011-04-01 | Failure resistant electric power storage and distribution |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA2736630A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN110481328A (en) * | 2019-09-10 | 2019-11-22 | 重庆科技学院 | Electric automobile high-voltage block terminal safety management system and management method |
| DE202022102140U1 (en) | 2022-04-21 | 2022-04-28 | Haris Arquam | Electrical energy storage and distribution system for hybrid electric vehicles |
-
2011
- 2011-04-01 CA CA2736630A patent/CA2736630A1/en not_active Abandoned
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN110481328A (en) * | 2019-09-10 | 2019-11-22 | 重庆科技学院 | Electric automobile high-voltage block terminal safety management system and management method |
| DE202022102140U1 (en) | 2022-04-21 | 2022-04-28 | Haris Arquam | Electrical energy storage and distribution system for hybrid electric vehicles |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request |
Effective date: 20140422 |
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| FZDE | Discontinued |
Effective date: 20190122 |