CA2656823A1

CA2656823A1 - Cyanocobalamin low viscosity aqueous formulations for intranasal delivery

Info

Publication number: CA2656823A1
Application number: CA002656823A
Authority: CA
Inventors: Steven C. Quay; Zenaida O. Go; Peter C. Aprile; Antony P. Sileno
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Par Pharmaceuticals Inc
Priority date: 2006-06-23
Filing date: 2006-06-23
Publication date: 2007-12-27
Anticipated expiration: 2026-06-23
Also published as: EP2035441A4; JP2009541312A; AU2006344733A1; NO20090368L; IL196038A0; CA2656823C; KR20140101010A; AU2006344733B2; IL248447A0; IL248447B; KR20170098977A; WO2007149098A1; JP5769924B2; KR20090074722A; EP2035441A1; ZA200900191B; IL196038A; CN101600729A

Abstract

A stable pharmaceutical aqueous solution of cyanocobalamin comprised of cyanocobalamin and water wherein said solution of cyanocobalamin is suitable for intranasal administration, has a viscosity less than about 1000 cPs, and yields a bioavailability of cyanocobalamin when administered intranasally of at least about 5% relative to an intramuscular injection of cyanocobalamin. The present invention is also directed towards a method for elevating the vitamin B 12 levels in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) comprising administering intranasally a sufficient amount of a cyanocobalamin solution so as to increase the average ratio of vitamin B 12 in the CSF to that in the blood serum (B12 CSF/B12 Serum x 100) to at least about 1.1 comprising intranasally administering an aqueous solution of a cyanocobalamin, wherein said solution of cyanocobalamin has a bioavailability of at least 5% relative to an intramuscular injection of a cyanocobalamin.

Description

CYANOCOBALAMIN LOW VISCOSITY AQUEOUS FORMULATIONS
FOR INTRANASAL DELIVERY

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

10011 Vitamin B 12 is a dietary essential, a deficiency of which results in defective synthesis of DNA in any cell in which chrornosomal replication and division are taking place. Since tissues with the greatest rate of cell turnover show the most dramatic changes, the hematopoietic system is especially sensitive to vitamin deficiencies. An early sign of B12 deficiency is a megaioblastic anemia.
Dietary B12, in the presence of gastric acid and pancreatic proteases, is released from food and salivary binding protein and bound to gastric intrinsic factor. When the vitamin B12-intrinsic factor complex reaches the ileum, it interacts with a receptor on the mucosal cell surface and is actively transported into circulation. Adequate intrinsic factor, bile and sodium bicarbonate (suitable pH) all are required for ileal transport of vitamin B 12.
Vitamin B12 deficiency in adults is rarely the result of a deficient diet;
rather, it usually reflects a defect in one or another aspect of this complex sequence of absorption.
Achlorhydria and decreased secretion of intrinsic factor by parietal cells secondary to gastric atrophy or gastric surgery is a common cause of vitamin B 12 deficiency in adults. Antibodies to parietal cells or intrinsic factor complex also can play a prominent role in producing deficiency. A number of intestinal diseases can interfere with absorption. Vitamin B 12 malabsorption is seen with pancreatic disorders (loss of pancreatic protease secretion), bacterial overgrowth, intestinal parasites, sprue, and localized damage to ileal mucosal cells by disease or as a result of surgery.
The recommended daily intake of vitamin B 12 in adults is 2.4 g.

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26)

[002] There are four main forms of vitasnin B 12: cyanocobalamin:
hydroxocobalamin, methylcobalainin and adenosylcobalainin. Methylcobalamin and adenosylcobalainin are unstable and dainaged by light. They are therefore Luisuitable for use in dietary supplements or phannaceuticals and are not essential since they can be forlned from cyanocobalamin or hydroxocobalamin within the body. The main forin of vitainin B12 found in food is hydroxocobalamin. The main fonn used tlierapeutically and in nutritional supplements is cyanocobalamin, chosen because it is the most stable forin and therefore easiest to synthesize and fonnulate.

[003] Because deficiencies of vitainin B 12 are generally caused by the inability of the vitamin to be absorbed in the small intestine due to a breakdown in the vitanlin B 12-intrinsic factor complex transport mechanism, vitainin B 12 must therefore be administered systemically. Currently, therapeutic amounts of cyanocobalamin are administered by intramuscular or deep subcutaneous injection of cyanocobalamin.
However, patients inust return to the physician's office periodically to receive additional injections to maintain their levels of vitamin B 12. However, an intranasal gel cyanocobalamin preparation, NASCOBAL is currently being marketed in which cyanocobalamin is administered intranasally as maintenance vitamin B 12 therapy.
However, many patients find the consistency of the intranasal gel unpleasant and would prefer to have administered intranasally a low viscosity spray containing cyanocobalamin.

[004] The prior art suggests that for vitamin B 12 to be absorbed intranasally in therapeutically beneficial amounts, the concentration of the B 12 in solution must either be greater that 1% by weight, see Merkus, U.S. Patent No. 5,801,161 (hereafter "Merkus") or be administered intranasally in a viscous gel, Wenig, U.S. Patent No.
4,724,231 (hereafter "Wenig") so that the gel remains in the nostril for an extended period of time. In fact Wenig states that B12 administered intranasally in a low viscosity solution is not in contact with the nasal mucosa long enough for a sufficient period of time to permit useful absorption. Wenig claims that most of the B12 is wasted if the solution has a low viscosity. Merkus developed intranasal formulations of hydroxocobalamin having a concentration of hydroxocobalamin greater than 1%, Customer No. 25,315 however hydroxocobalamin is not very stable and thus has a short shelve-life.
Merlcus chose hydroxocobalatnin because cyanocobalamin is not soluble in an aqueous solution at concentrations greater than 1%.

[005] The teachings of Wenig are clear in that the subject disclosure fails to teach a cyanocobalainin formulation in an aqueous form, suitable and effective for intranasal administration as described herein below. Wenig unambiguously teaches away from any cyanocobalamin forinulation having a viscosity below the expressly-stated, critical range taught by Wenig of 2500-6000 cPs. In particular, Wenig teaches that an intranasal cyanocobalainin formulation "will contain a sufficient amount of a thickening agent so that the viscosity is from about 2500 to 6500 cps, although more viscous compositions even up to 10,000 cps may be employed." (Col. 2, lines 37-39, emphasis added). Nowhere does Wenig teach or suggest adjustment or selection to lower viscosity of an intranasal cyanocobalamin foi7nulation as disclosed by Applicant. On the contrary, Wenig's disclosure teaches directly away from intranasal cyanocobalamin formulations having a viscosity less than about 1000 cPs. The cyanocobalamin gel compositions described by Wenig have a vastly higher viscosity than this, in all embodiments contemplated. Thus, Wenig teaches that "[a]
typical composition of this invention" has a viscosity of "about 4500 cps" (Col. 3, lines 41-51). Each of the reported working embodiments provided by Wenig (for which viscosity values are provided, and which are reportedly validated in terms of bioavailability by measurement of blood plasma cyanocobalamin levels), have respective viscosities of 4000 cps, 3500-4000 cps, and 4000 cps (see, e.g., Example 1;
formulations A, B, and C). As noted above, Wenig further emphasizes that "more viscous compositions even up to 10,000 cps may be employed."

[006] Accordingly, there is clearly no teacliing nor suggestion provided by Wenig to substitute an aqueous liquid (spray or drop) cyanocobalamin formulation for the disclosed intranasal gel formulation of Wenig. In addition, Wenig expressly teaches in the background section of the disclosure that non-gel (powder and aqueous) formulations of cyanocobalamin are ineffective for intranasal administration to treat vitamin B 12 deficiency. With regard to aqueous formulations, Wenig cites, e.g., a Customer No. 25,315 proposed aqueous isotonic sodium chloride solution of vitamin B 12 reported by Monto et al. (Ain. J. Med. Sci. 223:113, 1953; Arch. Int. Med. 93:219, 1954).
Wenig states that this solution, along with powdered cyanocobalainin forinulations, is ineffective for intranasal use to treat vitainin B 12 deficiency, because:

[M]ost of the B 12 passes iminediately into the throat. It is not in contact with the nasal mucosa for a sufficient period of time to permit useful and uniform absorption. Most of the B12 so administered is, in fact wasted. (Col. 1, lines 63-68).

[007] Tlius, Wenig not only teaches away from decreasing viscosity of an intranasal cyanocobalainin formulation below a critical, minimum range of 2500-cps, but also expressly negates the prospect of using an aqueous (spray or drops) composition to substitute for the intranasal gel forinulation described by Wenig. Wenig provides clear evidence and reasoning that teaches directly away from such a proposed modification. In particiular, Wenig teaches that effective intranasal cyanocobalamin formulations must have "a sufficient amount of a thiclcening agent so that the viscosity is from about 2500 to 6500 cps" (supra)-which Wenig describes as a critical paraineter to render the fonnulations "sufficiently viscous to maintain themselves in the nasal passages for a period of time which is long enough so that most of the B12 is absorbed." (Col. 2, lines 24-29). These properties are directly contrasted by Wenig to the properties of non-gel (liquid and powder) cyanocobalamin compositions, which, according to Wenig's express teachings, fail to exhibit sufficient nasal mucosal residence time to achieve effective intranasal deliverylbioavailability of cyanocobalamin.

[008] In other attempts to develop useful cyanocobalamin fomiulations for nasal administration, Garcia-Arieta et al., Biol. Pharm. Bull. 24:1411-1416, 2001 (hereafter, "Garcia-Arieta et al.") describes "Spray-Dried Powders as Nasal Absorption Enhancers of Cyanocobalamin" (Title). The only disclosure by Garcia-Arieta et al. with regard to any cyanocobalamin spray and drop formulation is derived from a comparative experiment, from which the authors expressly report that liquid (spray and drop) cyanocobalamin compositions are inoperable for intranasal use. More specifically, Garcia-Arieta et al. tested bioavailability of three spray-dried, intranasal Customer No. 25,315 cyanocobalainin formulations alongside two experimental cyanocobalainin nasal solutions (drops and spray containing 0.1 % cyanocobalamin; no other forinulation paraineteis specified) (p. 1412, right coluinn). Garcia-Arieta et aL expressly report that the experimental nasal spray and drop forinulations of cyanocobalainin yielded no detectable bioavailability whatsoever. As described at page 1415, left coluinn, Garcia-Arieta et al. found fiom their experiments that:

"[N]either the nasal solution in drops nor in spray were able to increase the basal level of seruin cobalainin in rabbits to a statistically significant level. This means that either the cyanocobalamin is hardly absorbed by the nasal route when it is adininistered without absorption enhancers or that due to the lack of any viscosity-enhancing agent these forinulations were not retained in the nasal cavity for long enough to allow their absorption. (emphasis supplied)."

[009] These reports expressly describe inoperability of an aqueous, low viscosity cyanocobalamin formulation, which accords closely with the conclusions by Wenig noted above. Accordingly, both Wenig and Garcia-Arieta et al., teach that non-gel, liquid intranasal formulations of cyanocobalamin were understood to be ineffective to acliieve useful therapeutic results. Wenig expressly describes a critical threshold viscosity above 2500 cps, and a much higher range of 3500-4500 cps for all demonstrated working embodiments, of a useful intranasal gel formulation of cyanocobalamin. Garcia-Arieta et al. further provides direct experimental evidence that simple 1% aqueous cyanocobalamin spray and drop formulations yielded no detectable bioavailability.

[0010] In other attempts to provide useful intranasal formulations to treat vitamin B12 deficiency, Slot et al., Gastroenterology 113:430-433, 1997 (hereafter "Slot et al.), report an intranasal fonnulation of hydroxocobalamin. Notably, Slot et al.
expressly teach that hydroxocobalamin is the preferred form of vitamin B 12 for treating vitamin B 12 deficiency, and that cyanocobalamin is not an effective or practical treatment agent for use in liquid, intranasal delivery formulations or methods. Like Wenig discussed above, Slot et al. comment on a previously-described, isotonic saline solution of cyanocobalamin, stating that "[N]one of these proposals found a follow-up in clinical practice. Apparently the results were not very practical." (page 432, right column).

Customer No. 25,315 Slot et al. further teach away from intranasal cyanocobalainin formulations and methods for treating vitainin B 12 deficiency, by disclosing that:

"Hydroxocobalainin binds more extensively to plasma proteins and has a longer half time in the body than cyanocobalamin. As a result, hydroxocobalamin is better retained in the body and, therefore, requires less frequent dosing. Moreover, cyanocobalamin is contraindicated in patients with tropical amblyopia and simultaneous tobacco usage .and in patients with pernicious anemia with optic neuropathy; hence, hydroxocobalamin is the drug of choice in restoring vitamin B 12 deficiencies. (page 432, right column)."

[0011] Another prior art reference that teaches away from the selection of cyanocobalamin as a useful form of cobalamin in intranasal formulations and methods is Merkus, USPN 5,801,161, discussed above. Similar to the teachings of Slot et al., Merkus expressly states that hydroxocobalamin is a preferred treatinent agent for vitamin B 12 deficiency in comparison to cyanocobalamin. In the specific context of nasal formulations, Merkus emphasizes that:

"[T]he most effective concentrations of vitamin B 12 in the formulations for nasal administration are higher than 1%.
The maximal concentration that can be reached with cyanocobalamin is about 1%. Concentrations above 1%
can only be obtained with hydroxocobalamin, because its good solubility in water. The solubility of hydroxocobalamin substances can be as higli as 10%, which means that up to about 10 times more vitamin B 12 per unit of volume can be administered and subsequently absorbed nasally, when hydroxocobalamin is used. (Col. 3, lines 43-53)"

[0012] Based on the foregoing teachings, persons of ordinary skill in the art would not have found practical motivation to develop a low viscosity cyanocobalamin formulations and methods, particularly as an effective treatment tool for intranasal administration to treat vitamin B 12 deficiency. Considering the prior art as a whole, there was simply no reasonable expectation that cyanocobalamin formulations and methods as described herein, below could be developed and employed to successfully achieve therapeutically effective delivery/bioavailability of cyanocobalamin sufficient Customer No. 25,315 to alleviate vitainin B 12 deficiency, as presently disclosed. Both Wenig and Garcia-Arieta et al. teach directly away from low viscosity liquid cyanocobalainin formulations. Wenig expressly teaches a critical, minimum viscosity for an effective, intranasal cyanocobalamin between 2500-4000 cps. Both Wenig and Garcia-Arieta et al. teach that non-gel, liquid cyanocobalamin fonnulations would not be retained for a sufficient time to allow for intranasal absorption. Garcia-Arieta et al.
specifically report experimental results that no significant bioavailability was detected following nasal administration of a 1% simple aqueous cyanocobalamin forinulation.
Similarly with regard to the selection and concentration of cyanocobalamin as an active fonn of cobalamin for use in an intranasal liquid fonnulation, Slot et al. and Merkus collectively teach that cyanocobalamin would be expected to be ineffective, or at best strongly disfavored in comparison to hydroxocobalainin, in an intranasal formulation for treating vitamin B 12 deficiency (independent from viscosity considerations).
Exemplifying these teachings, Merkus emphasizes that:

"A high and efficient intranasal absoiption of vitamin B 12 is advantageous in medical therapy and can be obtained only by using hydroxocobalamin, which shows a significant higher solubility in water than cyanocobalainin.
Only with hydroxocobalamin a superior nasal composition in an aqueous medium can be produced with by far the highest concentration of vitamin B 12 and consequently a much more efficient nasal absorption of vitamin B 12. Such a nasal fonnulation can be taken less frequently by patients, making the therapy much easier and less expensive. (Col.
2, lines 27-37)."

[0013] In other prior art pertaining to the general field of the invention, U.S.
Patent No. 4,525,341, Deihl, discloses a method of administering vitainins intranasally but does not describe or enable a specific formulation containing only cyanocobalamin.

[0014] International Patent Application No. PCT/US86/00665, publication no.
WO 86/05987, discloses nasal spray composition containing vitamin B12 as cyanocobalamin. However, the specific spray forinulations all contained a mercury compound as a preservative, however the disclosure did require the presence of mercury compounds. Other preservatives were also mentioned including Customer No. 25,315 benzalkonium chloride and chlorobutanol. As was stated above, an intranasal gel containing cyanocobalainin, NASCOBALOO, is curreiltly being produced and inarlceted by Nastech Pharinaceutical Coinpany Inc. of Bothell, Washington. It is very effective in maintaining levels of vitamin B 12 for patients who have been deficient in the past but have recovered their levels of B 12 through intramuscular injections. However, a number of patients find the consistency of the gel unpleasant in their nose, and would prefer an intranasal fornnulation that has a lower viscosity and is free of mercury coinpounds. Thus, there is a need to produce a pharmaceutically stable aqueous solution of cyanocobalamin that has a low viscosity, is optionally free of mercury compounds, and has sufficient bioavailability to be used as a maintenance tlierapy for vitamin B 12.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0015] The present invention fills this need by providing a stable pharmaceutical solution of cyanocobalamin suitable for intranasal administration, having a viscosity less than about 1000 ePs, wherein said intranasal solution of cyanocobalamin has a bioavailability of at least 5%, and in certain embodiments at least 6% or 7%, of the bioavailability of an intramuscular injection of cyanocobalamin.

[0016] In alternate embodiments, a therapeutic or pharmaceutically effective formulation of the invention may be comprised of cyanocobalamin, citric acid, sodiuin citrate, and water wherein the viscosity is less than 1000 cPs, and wherein the solution of cyanocobalamin has a bioavailability of at least about 5% of, and in certain embodiments at least about 6% or 7% of, the bioavailability of an intranluscular injection of cyanocobalamin. In certain embodiments the solution of cyanocobalamin according to the invention has a bioavailability of at least about 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, or 12% of, the bioavailability of an intramuscular injection of cyanocobalamin. In certain embodiments, the solution is essentially free of mercury and mercury-containing compounds.

Customer No. 25,315

[0017] Certain coinpositions within the scope of this invention will contain a humectant to inhibit drying of the inucous inembranes and to prevent irritation. Any of a variety of humectants can be used including but not limited to sorbitol, propylene glycol or glycerol. An illustrative, useful hwnectant is glycerin.

[0018] A preservative is generally einployed to increase the shelf life of the coinpositions. Examples of preservative include but are not limited to benzyl alcohol, chlorobutanol and benzalkonium chloride. In illustrative embodiments, the preservative is benzallconiuin chloride. A suitable concentration of the preservative will be from 0.002% to 2.0% based upon the total weight, although there may be appreciable variation depending upon the agent selected.

[0019] An exemplary formulation has the concentration of cyanocobalamin at 0.5% (percent of total weight), citric acid 0.12%, sodium citrate 0.32%, glycerin 2.23%, benzalkonium chloride 0.02% and 96.79% water. In other detailed embodiments, a nasal spray solution of Cyanocobalamin is provided in a spray applicator containing 2.3 mL of a 500 mcg/0. 1 mL solution of cyanocobalamin with sodium citrate, citric acid, glycerin and benzalkonium chloride in purified water. An exeinplary spray solution in this context has a pH between 4.5 and 5.5. After initial priming, an exemplary spray pump spray delivers an average of 500 mcg of cyanocobalamin and the 2.3 mL of spray solution contained in the bottle will deliver 8 doses of the nasal spray.

[0020] Another embodiment of the present invention is a method for administering cyanocobalamin comprised of infusing the nose with an aqueous solution of cyanocobalamin, wlierein the solution of cyanocobalamin has a viscosity of less than 1000 cPs, and wherein said solution of cyanocobalamin has a bioavailability of at least about 5% of, and in certain embodiments at least about 6%
or 7% of, the bioavailability of an intramuscular injection of cyanocobalamin.
In certain embodiments the solution of cyanocobalamin according to the invention has a bioavailability of at least about 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, or 12% of, the bioavailability of an intramuscular injection of cyanocobalamin. In more detailed embodiments, the cyanocobalamin solution administered according to the methods of the invention is Customer No. 25,315 essentially free of mercury and mercury-containing compounds. In this context, "essentially fiee" generally means a solution having less than 2% by weight of a particular substance, while in otlier aspects the solution will have less that 1% by weiglit, 0.05% by weight, 0.01 % by weight, or be coinpletely free of the substance so that, e.g., a mercury or mercury-containing coinpound is not detectable in the solution using conventional detection methods.

[0021] The present invention is further directed towards a method for elevating the vitainin B 12 levels in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) coinprising intranasally administering a solution of cyanocobalamin so as to increase the average ratio of vitamin B 12 in the CSF to that in the blood serum (B 12 CSF/B 12 Serum x 100) to at least about 1.1, wherein said solution of cyanocobalamin has a bioavailability of at least 7% relative to an intramuscular injection of cyanocobalainin. In a more detailed embodiment the B 12 CSF levels are increased so that the ratio of B 12 in the CSF to the levels in the blood serum is at least 1.9.

[0022] The methods of present invention are further comprised of the cyanocobalamin solutions being administered into a nose of an individual through an actuator tip as a spray, wherein the spray in certairi"embodiments has one or more of the following properties: a spray pattern ellipticity ratio of from about 1.0 to about 1.4 when measured at a height of 3.0 cm from the actuator tip; or the spray produces droplets, less than about 5% of the droplets are less than 10 m in size; the spray has a spray pattern major axis of about 35.3 mm and a minor axis of about 30.8 mun;
50%
of the droplets produced by the spray are 26.9 in or less in size; 90% of the droplets produced by the spray are 55.3 m or less in size; or 10% of the droplets produced by the spray are 12.5 m or less in size.

Customer No. 25,315 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. IA shows a nasal spray ptunp kit containing the cyanocobalainin solution of the present invention having an actuator that is not engaged.

FIG. 1B shows tlie nasal spray puinp kit containing the cyanocobalamin solution of the present invention having an actuator that is engaged and expelling a spray plume of the cyanocobalainin solution of the present invention.

FIG. 2 shows the spray pattern produced by the actuator of the spray puinp kit.

Customer No. 25,315 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0023] The following definitions may aid in the understanding of the present invention.

[0024] "About": is taken to be a relative term denoting aii approximation of plus or minus 20% of the nominal value it refers to. For the field of pharmacology and clinical medicine and analogous arts that are the subject of this disclosure, this level of approximation is appropriate unless the value is specifically stated to be critical or to require a tighter range.

[0025] "Nasal mucosa": the nasal mucosa is taken to be the lining of the vestibule of the nose, where vascularized, and extending interiorly to the boundaries of the oropharynx and sinuses.

[0026] "Aqueous": refers to a solution formed in water, but may contain lesser amounts of other co-solvents.

[0027] "Bioavailability" is defined as the rate and extent to which the active ingredient or active moiety is absorbed from a drug product and becomes available at the site of action, [21 CFR 320.1(a)].

[0028] "Bioavailability of the intranasal spray relative to an intramuscular injection of cyanocobalamin" means the percent aniount a dose of the intranasal taken up by the systemic vascular system in comparison to the same amount of cyanocobalamin injected. For example, assuming an intramuscular injection of a solution of cyanocobalamin containing 100 g of cyanocobalamin would have a 100% bioavailability, if an intranasal dose of cyanocobalamin contains 100 g and has at least 5% of, and in certain embodiments at least about 6% or 7% of, the bioavailability of an intramuscular injection of cyanocobalamin, at least 5 g, 6 g, or 7 g of cyanocobalamin would be taken up into the blood vasculature. Likewise, if the intranasal dose of cyanocobalamin contained 500 g, at least 35 g of cyanocobalamin would be taken up into the blood vasculature, if the intranasal formulation had a bioavailability of at least 7%.

Customer No. 25,315

[0029] "Stability": during storage, any coinpositional change measured in a paraineter, exainples of which include but are not liinited to concentration, degradation, viscosity, pH, or particle size, that is considered to significantly affect the quality attributes of the product over time, denotes instability. In a similar vein, changes that are not considered to significantly affect the quality attributes of the product connote stability. The time period over which stability is measured is relative depending on the intended utility of the coinposition. Accelerated stability at higher teinperature is sometimes taken as a more speedy way of extrapolating stability over longer periods of time than are actually measured.

[0030] "Pharmaceutically acceptable": refers to a composition which when administered to a human or a mammal by the indicated route of administration, provokes no adverse reaction which is disproportionate to the benefit gained by administration of said compound.

[0031] "Mammal" shall include any of a class of warm-blooded higher vertebrates that nourish their young with milk secreted by mainmary glands and have skin usually more or less covered with hair, and non-exclusively includes huinans and non-human primates, their children, including neonates and adolescents, both male and female, livestock species, such as horses, cattle, sheep, and goats, and research and domestic species, including dogs, cats, mice, rats, guinea pigs, and rabbits.
"Patient" or "subject" is used herein interchangeably with "mammal."

[0032] "Intranasal delivery" shall mean delivery'of a drug primarily via the mucosa of the nasal cavity. This includes the superior, middle and inferior nasal turbinates and the nasal pharynx. Note that the olfactory region is concentrated in the superior (upper 1/3) of the nasal turbinates. Cilial action pushes material back toward the oropharynx, so material deposited in the nasal vestibule encounters the nasal mucosa before entering the throat.

[0033] "Substantially free" refers to the level of a particular active ingredient in the compositions of the invention, wherein the particular active ingredient constitutes less than 20%, preferably less than 10%, more preferably less than 5%, and most Customer No. 25,315 preferably less than 1%, by weight based on the total weight of active ingredients in the coinposition.

[0034] Delivery vehicles herein found useful include actuator dispensers coininonly used for nasal solutions and gels. Einbodiments of this technology include multiple, single-dose, inetered dose, child resistant, and disposable dispensers, and their kits.

[0035] As used herein "pealc concentration (C,nax) of cyanocobalamin in a blood plasma", "area under concentration vs. time curve (AUC) of cyanocobalamin in a blood plasma", "time to maximal plasma concentration (t,nax) of vitamin in a blood plasma" are pharmacokinetic parameters lrnown to one skilled in the art.
[Laursen et al., Euf=. J. Endocrinology, 135: 309-315, (1996)]. The "concentration vs.
time curve"
measures the concentration of cyanocobalainin in a blood serum of a subject vs. time after administration of a dosage of cyanocobalamin to the subject either by intranasal, subcutaneous, or other parenteral route of administration. "C,nax" is the maximum concentration of cyanocobalamin in the blood serum of a subject following a single dosage of cyanocobalamin to the subject. The term "t,nax" is the time to reach maxiinum concentration of cyanocobalamin in a blood serum of a subject following administration of a single dosage of cyanocobalamin to the subject.

[0036] As used herein, "area under concentration vs. time curve (AUC) of cyanocobalamin in a blood plasma" is calculated according to the linear trapezoidal rule and with addition of the residual areas. A decrease of 23% or an increase of 30%
between two dosages would be detected with a probability of 90% (type II error (3 =
10%). The "delivery rate" or "rate of absorption" is estimated by comparison of the time (t,nax) to reach the maxilnum concentration (Cmax)= Both Cmax and tmax are analyzed using non-parametric methods. Comparisons of the pharmacokinetics of subcutaneous, intravenous and intranasal cyanocobalamin administrations were performed by analysis of variance (ANOVA). For pair wise comparisons a Bonferroni-Holmes sequential procedure was used to evaluate significance. The dose-response relationship between the three nasal doses was estimated by regression Customer No. 25,315 analysis. P <0.05 was considered significant. Results are given as mean values +/-SEM. (Laursen et al., 1996.)

[0037] The above-described cyanocobalamin solutions are designed to be administered to the nasal mucosa eitlier in drop or in spray form. However, the preferred mode of administration is in spray form, i.e., in the fonn of finely divided droplets. An exainple of a suitable spray pump is the Pfeiffer Spray Puinp Model #
63385 produced by Pfeiffer GmbH, Radolfzell, Gerinany.

' Nasal Administration of Cyanocobalamin

[0038] Cyanocobalamin is administered intranasally using a nasal spray according to the present invention. In this area the following definitions are useful.

[0039] Aerosol - A product that is packaged under pressure and contains therapeutically active ingredients that are released upon activation of an appropriate valve system.

[0040] Metered aerosol - A pressurized dosage form comprised of metered dose valves, which allow for the delivery of a uniform quantity of spray upon each activation.

[0041] Powder aerosol - A product that is packaged under pressure and contains therapeutically active ingredients in the form of a powder, which are released upon activation of an appropriate valve system.

[0042] Spray aerosol - An aerosol product that utilizes a compressed gas as the propellant to provide the force necessary to expel the product as a wet spray;
it generally applicable to solutions of medicinal agents in aqueous solvents.

[0043] Spray - A liquid minutely divided as by a jet of air or steam.

[0044] Metered spray - A non-pressurized dosage form consisting of valves that allow the dispensing of a specified quantity of spray upon each activation.

[0045] Suspension spray - A liquid preparation containing solid particles dispersed in a liquid vehicle and in the form of course droplets or as finely divided solids.

Customer No. 25,315

[0046] The fluid dynainic characterization of the aerosol spray emitted by metered nasal spray pumps as a drug delivery device ("DDD"). Spray characterization is an integral part of the regulatory submissions necessary for Food and Drug Administration ("FDA") approval of research and development, quality assurance and stability testing procedures for new and existing nasal spray puinps.

[0047] Thorough characterization of the spray's geometry has been found to be the best indicator of the overall performance of nasal spray puinps. In particular, measurements of the spray's divergence angle (plume geoinetry) as it exits the device;
the spray's cross-sectional ellipticity, uniformity and particle/droplet distribution (spray pattern); and the time evolution of the developing spray have been found to be the most representative performance quantities in the characterization of a nasal spray pump. During quality assurance and stability testing, plume geometry and spray pattern measurements are key identifiers for verifying consistency and conformity with the approved data criteria for the nasal spray pumps.
Definitions

[0048] Pluine Height - the measurement from the actuator tip to the point at which the plume angle becomes non-linear because of the breakdown~ of linear flow.
Based on a visual examination of digital images, and to establish a measurement point for width that is consistent with the farthest measurement point of spray pattern, a height of 30 mm is defined for this study

[0049] Major Axis - the largest chord that can be drawn within the fitted spray pattern that crosses the COMw in base units (mm)

[0050] Minor Axis - the smallest chord that can be drawn within the fitted spray pattern that crosses the COMw in base units (mm)

[0051] Ellipticity Ratio - the ratio of the major axis to the minor axis

[0052] Dln - the diameter of droplet for wliich 10% of the total liquid volume of sample consists of droplets of a smaller diameter ( m)

[0053] D50 - the diameter of droplet for which 50% of the total liquid voluine of sample consists of droplets of a smaller diameter ( m), also known as the mass median diameter Customer No. 25,315

[0054] Dgo - the diameter of droplet for which 90% of the total liquid volunle of satnple consists of droplets of a sinaller diameter ( m)

[0055] Span - measurement of the width of the distribution, The smaller the value, the narrower the distribution. Span is calculated as (Dso - Dio)

[0056] % RSD - percent relative standard deviation, the standard deviation divided by the inean of the series and multiplied by 100, also lrnown as % CV.

[0057] Cyanocobalamin nasal spray ki.t.

[0058] The present invention is further coinprised of a cyanocobalainin nasal spray kit and method of administering the cyanocobalamin solution using the nasal spray kit.

(0059] The nasal spray kit is exemplified by Figures lA, 1B and Figure 2.
Figure 1A and lB show a nasal spray device 10 before engagement (FIG. lA) and after engagement (FIG.1B). The cyanocobalainin nasal spray kit, 10, is comprised of a container, in this case a bottle 12 into which the cyanocobalamin formulation is placed, and an actuator 14, attached to bottle 12 and in fluid connection with the solution of cyanocobalainin in bottle 12. When the actuator, 14 is actuated or engaged, it forces a spray plume, 16 of cyanocobalamin through tip 15 of the actuator.
The spray plume is comprised of droplets of the solution of cyanocobalamin. A
spray pattern is determined by talcing a photograph of a cross-section of the spray plume 16 above a predetermined height, of the plume. The spray plume also has angle of ejection, 20, as it leaves actuator, 14. A spray pattern of spray plume 16 is shown on FIG. 2. The Spray pattern of Figure 2, is elliptical and has a major axis, 24, and a minor axis 26.

[0060] In one exemplary embodiment, the actuator produces spray of the cyanocobalamin solution having a spray pattern ellipticity ratio of from about 1.0 to about 1.4 when measured at a height of 3.0 cm from the actuator tip. In certain embodiments less than 5% of the droplets of the cyanocobalamin solution are less than 10 m in size, the spray pattern has a major axis and minor axis of 25 and 40 mm, respectively, 50% of the droplets are 26.9 m or less in size, 90% of the droplets are 55.3 m or less in size, and 10% of the droplets are 12.5 m or less in size.

Customer No. 25,315

[0061] As noted above, the present invention provides iinproved methods and compositions for intranasal delivery cyanocobalatnin to mainmalian subjects for treatinent or prevention of a variety of diseases, disorders and conditions.
Exainples of appropriate mammalian subjects for treatinent and prophylaxis according to the methods of the invention include, but are not restricted to, huinans and non-huinan primates, livestock species, such as horses, cattle, sheep, and goats, and research and domestic species, including dogs, cats, mice, rats, guinea pigs, and rabbits.

[0062] In exemplary therapy methods, the cyanocobalamin nasal spray of the present invention may be directed towards maintenance of the hematological status of patients who are in remission following intramuscular vitamin B 12 therapy.
For example, an initial therapy regimen may involve the patient receiving daily intramuscular injections of 100 g of cyanocobalamin for about 1 to 2 weeks, together with 1 to 5 mg of folic acid. Intramuscular injections of cyanocobalainin should not be greater than 100 g as doses in excess of 100 g are rapidly cleared from the plasma into the urine, and administration of larger amounts of vitamin B 12 will not result in greater retention of larger amounts of the vitamin.
Treatment using the methods and compositions of the invention may be enlisted following such a course of initial therapy, as follows.

[0063] Instead of a once a month injection of 100 g of cyanocobalamin, using the cyanocobalamin spray described herein the patient self-administers a dose of the nasal spray, e.g., containing 500 g of cyanocobalamin, once or twice a week.
The maintenance therapy of the intranasal cyanocobalamin is for any patient that had been diagnosed with a vitamin B 12 deficiency, but especially for those treated for pernicious ailemia and dietary deficiency of vitamin B12 occurring in strict vegetarians, the so-called vegans who eat no animal products. Maintenance cyanocobalamin therapy using the cyanocobalamin solution of the present invention is also indicated for those afflicted with malabsorption of vitamin B 12 resulting from structural or functional damage to the stomach, where intrinsic factor is secreted or to the ileum, where intrinsic factor facilitates B 12 absorption. These conditions include Customer No. 25,315 tropical sprue and nontropical sprue (Idiopathic steatorrhea, gluten-induced enteropathy).

[0064] Maintenance cyanocobalainin therapy using the cyanocobalamin solution of the present invention is also indicated for those afflicted witli inalabsorption of vitainin B 12 resulting from inadequate secretion of intrinsic factor, resulting from lesion that destroys the gastric mucosa (ingestion of corrosives, extensive neoplasia), and a number of conditions associated with a variable degree of gastric atrophy (such as multiple sclerosis, human iininunodeficiency viral (HIV) infection certain endocrine disorders, iron deficiency, and subtotal gastrectomy). Structural lesions that lead to B 12 deficiency include ileitis, ileal resections, Crohn's disease and malignancies. Vitamin B 12 deficiencies may also be the result of competition by intestinal parasites, and inadequate utilization of vitamin B 12 occurring if antimetabolites for the vitamin are employed in the treatment of neoplasia.

[0065] The intranasal cyanocobalamin solution of the present invention can also be used for individuals who require above normal levels of vitamin B 12, due to, for example, pregnancy, thyrotoxicosis, hemolytic anemia, hemoiThage, malignancy, hepatic and renal disease.

[0066] As noted above, the present invention provides for a stable pharmaceutical solution of cyanocobalamin suitable for intranasal administration, having a viscosity less than about 1000 cPs, wherein said intranasal solution of cyanocobalamin has when administered intranasally a bioavailability of at least 5%, 6%, or 7% of the bioavailability of an intramuscular injection of cyanocobalamin. The intranasal fonnulation will often be comprised of, in addition to water and cyanocobalamin, a buffering agent to maintain the pH between 4 and 6 preferably about 5, an optional humectanct to inhibit drying of the mucous membranes, and an optional preservative.

[0067] In certain exemplary embodiments, a composition according to the invention is comprised of cyanocobalamin, citric acid, sodium citrate, and water wherein the viscosity is less than 1000 cPs, and wherein the solution of cyanocobalamin has a bioavailability of at least 5%, 6%, or 7%, and in certain Customer No. 25,315 einbodiments at least about 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, or 12% or more, of the bioavailability of an intrainuscular injection of cyanocobalaniin:

[0068] In certain einbodiments, coinpositions according to the invention will contain a huinectant to inhibit drying of the mucous meinbranes and to prevent irritation. Any of a variety of humectants can be used including, for exainple sorbitol, propylene glycol or glycerol. An exeinplary liumectant is glycerin.

[0069] A preservative is generally employed to increase the shelf life of the compositions. Examples of preservative include benzyl alcohol, parabens thiinerosal, chlorobutanol, benzethoniuin chloride and benzalkonium chloride. An exemplary preservative useful within the formulations and methods of the invention is benzalkonium chloride. A suitable concentration of the preservative will be from 0.002% to 2% based upon the total weight, although there may be appreciable variation depending upon the agent selected.

[0070] In certain exeinplary embodiments, a fonnulation according to the invention has the concentration of cyanocobalamin at 0.5% (percent of total weight), citric acid 0.12%, sodium citrate 0.32%, glycerin 2.23%, benzalkonium chloride solution 0.02% and 96.79% water.

[0071] Other buffering agent combinations useful within the invention include but are not limited to: Monopotassiurn phosphate and disodium phosphate; Potassium biphthalate and sodiuin hydroxide; and Sodiuin acetate and acetic acid.

[0072] Another embodiment of the present invention is a method for adininistering cyanocobalamin comprised of infusing the nose with an aqueous solution of cyanocobalamin, wherein the solution of cyanocobalamin has a viscosity of less than 1000 ePs, and wherein said solution of cyanocobalainin has a bioavailability of at least about 5%, 6%, or 7% relative to an intramuscular injection of cyanocobalamin. In certain embodiments, the bioavailability of the cyanocobalamin solution of the invention is at least about 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, and up to 12% or greater compared to bioavailability of an intramuscular injection of cyanocobalamin.

Customer No. 25,315

[0073] The present invention is further directed towards a method for elevating the vitamin B 121evels in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) coinprising intranasally adininisfiering a solution of cyanocobalainin so as to increase the average ratio of vita.min B 12 in the CSF to that in the blood seruin (B 12 CSF/B 12 Seruin x 100) to at least about 1.1, wherein said solution of cyanocobalainin has a bioavailability of at least 7% relative to an intrainuscular injection of a cyanocobalainin. In certain embodiments the B 12 CSF levels are increased so that the ratio of B 12 in the CSF to the levels in the blood seruin is at least 1:9.

[0074] This is a significant einbodiment of the present invention because vitainin B 12 deficiency can result in irreversible damage to the nervous system.
Progressive swelling of myelinated neurons, demyelination, and neuronal cell death are seen in the spinal column and cerebral cortex. This causes a wide range of neurological signs and syrnptoms, including paresthesias of the hands and feet, diminution of vibration and position senses with resultant unsteadiness, decreased deep tendon reflexes, and, in the later stages, confusion, moodiness, loss of memory, and even a loss of central vision. The patient may exhibit delusions, hallucinations, or even an overt psychosis.
Since the neurological damage can be dissociated from the changes in the hematopoietic, vitainin B 12 deficiency must be considered as a possibility in elderly patients with dementia and psychiatric disorders, even if they are not anemic.
Thus, the embodiment of the present invention directed towards increasing the level of vitamin B 12 in the CSF can have tremendous benefit for neurological patients.
Thus, intranasal administration of vitamin B 12 according to the invention can be used to treat such diseases as Alzheimer's disease, dementia, and multiple sclerosis.

Customer No. 25,315

[0075] Exeinplary forinulations of the invention include the following:
Cyanocobalmin Nasal Spray 500 mcg/0.1 mL

Fonnulation:
Coinponent Nasal Solution Quantity (% w/w) Cyanocobalainin, USP 0.50 Citric acid anhydrous, USP 0.12 Sodiuin citrate dihydrate, USP 0.32 Glycerin, USP 2.23 Benzalkonium chloride (50%), 0.04 NF
Purified water q.s. 100.0 [00761 Alternative buffer systems and ainounts that can be used for Cyanocobalamin Nasal Spray Quantity (% w/w) 1) Citric Acid-Phosphate buffer Citric Acid anhydrous, USP 0.240 Dibasic Sodiuin Phosphate anhydrous 0.357 2) Acetate buffer Sodium Acetate anhydrous, USP 0.220 Acetic Acid, glacial, USP 0.064 3) Phosphate buffer Monobasic Potassium Phosphate anhydrous, 0.483 NF
Dibasic Sodium Phosphate anhydrous 0.004 Customer No. 25,315 [0077] The intranasal fonnulations of the present invention can be administered using any spray bottle or syringe. A preferred nasal spray bottle is the, "Nasal Spray Pump w/ Safety Clip, Pfeiffer SAP # 60548, which delivers a dose of 0.1 inL
per squirt and has a diptube length of 36.05 mm. It can be purchased from Pfeiffer of America of Princeton, NJ.

[0078] The following exainples are provided by way of illustration, not limitation.

Comparison of Intranasal Cyanocobalamin Solution of the Present Invention with NASCOBAL and Intramuscular Injections of Cyanocobalamin Introduction [0079] Nascobal (Cyanocobalamin, USP) is a synthetic form of vitamin B12 with equivalent vitainin B12 activity. The chemical name is 5,6-dimethyl-benzimidazolyl cyanocobamide. Currently, Nascobal (Cyanocobalamin, USP) is marketed as a self-administered nasal gel. The recommended dose of Nascobal" (Cyanocobalamin, USP) in subjects with vitamin B12 malabsorption who are in remission following inject able vitamin B12 therapy is 500-gg administered intranasally once weekly.
[0080] Vitamin B 12 deficiency has a number of causes, including malabsorption of vitamin B 12 resulting from structural or functional damage to the gastrointestinal system and dietary deficiency of vitamin B12.

[0081] The purposes of this study are to compare the bioequivalence of vitamin B 12 nasal gel versus the nasal spray, and to evaluate the relative bioavailability of three preparations of vitamin B 12 in a fasted state in normal healthy male and female subjects.

[0082] Intranasal cyanocobalamin gel is approved for a dose of 500 g. The current study also utilizes a cyanocobalamin nasal spray at the same 500 g dose and an intrainuscular dose of 100 g.

Customer No. 25,315 Study Objectives [0083] To coinpare the pharinacolcinetic profile of a single intranasally-administered spray, single intranasally-administered gel (Nascobal ), and single intramuscular-administered vitamin B12 in a fasted state in normal healthy male and feinale subjects.

Customer No. 25,315 Investigational plan Overall Study Design and Plan [0084] This study was a single-site, open-label, 3-way (3-treatment, 6-sequence) crossover, pharmacokinetic study of vitamin B12 adininistered via intranasal (IN) spray (500- g), IN gel (Nascobal ) (500- g), and intrainuscular (IM) injection (100-g) in fasted normal healthy male and feinale subjects, as follows:

[0085] Treatment A: One IN spray administration of 500- g vitamin B12. The intranasal formulation was comprised of an exemplary embodiinent of the present invention and contained cyanocobalainin at a concentration of 0.5% (percent of total weight), citric acid 0.12%, sodium citrate 0.32%, glycerin 2.23%, 50%
benzalkonium chloride solution 0.04% and 96.79% water.

[0086] Treatment B: One IN gel administration of 500- g vitamin B12 (Nascobal").

[0087] Treatment C: One IM administration of 100- g vitamin B 12.

[0088] Subjects were on a Vitamin B12-free diet throughout each confinement period. Subsequent treatinents will be dosed no sooner than 14 days following the preceding treatment dose administration.

Treatments Treatments Administered [0089] On Day 1 of Periods I, II, and III after an 8 hour fast, subjects received a single IN spray of 500- g vitamin B12 (Treatment A), a single IN gel of 500- g vitamin B12 (Nascobal ) (Treatment B), or a single IM administration of 100- g vitamin B12 (Treatinent C) based upon a randomization generated by the PPD
Development Biostatistician in one of six sequences. Following all periods, all subjects were to have received each treatment in a crossover manner. A washout period of 14 days separated the three dosing periods.
[0090] On the morning of Day 1, subjects assigned to Treatment A received a single IN spray administration of 500 g of vitamin B12. Subjects assigned to Customer No. 25,315 Treatinent B received a single IN gel adininistration of 500 g of vitamin B12 (Naseobal ). Subjects assigned to Treatment C received a single IM
administration of 100 g of vitamin B12. Doses were preceded by an overnight fast (i.e., at least 8 hours) from food (not including water) and were followed by a fast from food (not including water) for at least 4 hours post-dose.
[0091] While confined at the clinical site, subjects received a standardized vitainin B 12-deficient diet at scheduled times which did not conflict with other study-related activities. A registered dietician set up the diet, and the food staff maintained a diet diary. No dietary supplements were permitted during the study. Subjects abstained from consuming alcohol-containing, grapefiuit-containing, or caffeine-containing foods or beverages for 72 liours prior to Check-in.
Study Variables [0092] For each subject, the following pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated whenever possible, based on the serum concentrations of vitaanin B12 from Treatments A, B, and C according to the model independent approach: Cmax, Tmax, and AUCo-t Pharmacokinetic Measurements [0093] Blood samples for PK analysis of vitamin B12 levels were collected via an indwelling catheter and/or via direct venipuncture using 5-mL yellow-top Vacutainer HemogardTM evacuated serum separator collection tube. Blood samples for PK
analysis of vitamin B12 levels were collected on Day -1 at 0, 6, and 12 hours and Day 1 at 0 hour (i.e., pre-dose); 30 minutes; 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84 and 96 hours post-dose during each period.
Appropriateness of Measurements [00941 The pharmacokinetic parameters used in this study were those typically used to assess bioequivalence. All assessments of bioequivalence were based on comparisons of AUCo-c, Tmax, and Cmax (test versus reference treatments).

[0095] AUC is a measure of the extent of drug bioavailability and reflects the total amount of drug that reaches the systemic circulation.

Customer No. 25,315 [0096] C,,,,,x represents the maximum serum concentration obtained after drug adlninistration and provides an indication that sufficient drug has reached the systeinic circulation to provide a therapeutic response. In addition, C,,,,x provides warning of possible toxic drug levels.
[0097] T,,,,X was calculated and presented as median range.
Phat7nacokinetic Variables [0098] For each subject, the following pharmacolcinetic paraineters were calculated, whenever possible, based on the seruin concentrations of vitamin B
12 from Treatments A, B, and C, according to the model independent approach (Ref. 1):
[0099] C,1X Maximum observed concentration.
[00100] t,,,aX Time to maximum concentration.
[00101] AUCo_tArea under the concentration-time curve from time 0 to the time of last measurable concentration, calculated by the linear trapezoidal rule.
[00102] Pharinacokinetic calculations were perfonned, using SAS (SAS Inst., Version 8.02).
Statistical Methods Planned in the Protocol and Determination of Sample Size Statistical and Analytical Plans/Pharmacokinetic Analysis [00103] Levels of vitamin B12 in serum samples were measured as pg/mL. Serum concentration values below the quantifiable limits of detection were treated as zero.
Actual sampling times, rather than scheduled sampling times, were used in all computations of the pharmacokinetic parameters. For ease of presentation, however, scheduled sampling times were used to present results in tables, listings, and figures.
[00104] From the concentration data, non-compartmental pharmacolcinetic parameters (AUCo_t, C,,,ax,Tlnax) were calculated as described in Section 8.4.3.
Statistical Analysis [00105] All statistical tests were conducted at the 0.05 significance level, unless otherwise specifically identified. Summary statistics of continuous parameters consisted of number (N), mean, median, SD, and range.

Customer No. 25,315 [00106] Descriptive statistics were obtained and tabulated by treatment for levels of vitainin B12 at each time point and for the pharmacokinetic paranleters calculated.

[00107] Bioequivalence was evaluated for the test (Treatinent A - Nasal Spray) versus the reference (Treatinent B - Gel). An analysis of variance (ANOVA, Ref. 2) was perfonned and the 90% confidence intervals were generated for the ratio of test/reference. C,nax and AUCo_t were natural log (loge) transformed prior to analysis.
The corresponding 90% confidence intervals for the geoinetric mean ratio were obtained by taking the antilog of the 90% confidence intervals for the difference between the means on the log scale.

[00108] It was assumed that the test (Treatment A) is non-inferior (with respect to the reference (Treatment B) if the lower bound of the 90% confidence intervals from loge-transformed C,nax, and AUCo_t were greater than or equal to 80%. If the lower bound of the 90% confidence intervals from loge-transformed C,nax and AUCo_t were less than 80%, it was assumed that non-inferiority could not be established.

[00109] The sequence effect was tested using the mean square error (MSE) for subject within sequence as the error term. All other main effects were tested against the MSE from the ANOVA model.

[00110] Bioavailability was evaluated for the test (Treatments A and B - Nasal Spray and Gel, respectively) and the reference (Treatment C - IM) groups.
Relative bioavailability was assessed by examining the 90% confidence intervals for the ratio of the test (Treatments A and B) group means relative to the reference (Treatment C) group mean.

[00111] For Tlnax, the analyses were run using Wilcoxon's matched pairs method to determine if differences exist between the test group and each reference group.

Customer No. 25,315 SUMMARY - CONCLUSIONS

PHARMACOKINETIC RESULTS:

The relative bioavailability for the two IN formulations was 0.9715.
Bioavailability when comparing Treatment A (spray) versus Treatment C(IM) was 0.6105, and 0.6284 when coinparing Treatment B
(gel) versus Treatment C (IM).

The pharmacokinetic profiles of the spray formulation and the gel formulation were similar for C,,,ax (1480 pg/mL, 1670 pg/mL, respectively) and AUCo_t (92000 pg*hr/mL, 97000 pg*hr/mL, respectively).
Additionally, the median difference for T,nax between the spray and gel IN
formulation was less than 15 minutes (-0.24). The C,nax value for the IM formulation was significantly higher than the C,,,ax values for the two IN formulations (p<0.0001).

Bioequivalence was established for the Vitamin B12 IN spray with regard to the gel data based on C,naX
and AUCo.t. The 90% confidence intervals for the loge-transformed C,ax and AUCo_t for the spray and gel formulations fell within the range of 80% to 125%. Additionally, non-inferiority can be assumed when comparing the two IN formulations because the lower bounds of the confidence intervals are greater than 80% for both AUCo_t and C,nax=
CONCLUSIONS:
= The relative bioavailability for the two IN formulations was 0.9715.
Bioavailability for Treatment A (spray) versus Treatment C (IM) was 0.6105, and 0.6284 when comparing Treatment B (gel) versus Treatment C (IM).

= The pliarmacokinetic profiles of the spray formulation and the gel formulation are similar for cmax (1480 pg/mL, 1670 pg/mL, respectively) and AUCo_t (92000 pg*hr/inL, 97000 pg*hr/mL, respectively). Additionally, the median difference for Tmax between the spray and gel IN
formulation was less than 15 minutes (-0.24). The C,naX value for the IM
formulation was significantly higher than the C,nax values for the two IN formulations (p<0.0001).

= Bioequivalence between the Vitamin B12 spray formulation and the Vitamin B12 gel formulation was established using loge transformed 90% confidence intervals for AUCo_t and Cmax. The 90%
confidence intervals for the loge transforined C,,,ax and AUCo_1 for the spray and gel formulations fell within the range of 0.80 to 1.25. Noninferiority can be assumed for the two IN
formulations (Treatment A versus Treatment B).

All Vitamin B 12 formulations were safe and well tolerated by healthy male and female volunteers.

Customer No. 25,315 [00112] As noted above, in certain einbodiments of the invention a miniinuin relative or comparative bioavailability (e.g., in side-by-side test subjects administered comparable doses of intratnuscular cyanocobalainin, or intranasal cyaiiocobalainin, tested for plasma or CSF concentration of cyanocobalainin against suitable control subjects administered sham or placebo preparations) of the intranasal cyanocobalainin fonnulations of the invention will be at least 5%, 6%, or 7% of the bioavailability achieved by intramuscular injection, in some cases at least 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, or 12% or greater.
[00113] The present disclosure provides detailed coinparative bioavailability studies and results to evince these unexpected performance characteristics of the methods and compositions of the invention. As described above, the relative bioavailability for two exemplary intranasal (IN) formulations was 0.9715.
Relative bioavailability when comparing treatinent A (Spray) versus treatment C
(intramuscular = IM) was 0.6105, and 0.6284 when comparing Treatment S(gel) versus Treatment C(IM). The pharmacokinetic profiles of the coinpared cyanocobalainin spray formulation and gel formulation were similar for Cmax (1480 pg/mL, 1670 pg/mL, respectively) and AUCO-t (9200 pg*hr/mL, 9700 pg*hr/mL, respectively). Additionally, the median difference for Tmax between the spray and gel IN formulation was less than 15 minutes (-0.24). The Cmax value for the IM
formulation was significantly liiglier than the Cmax values for the two IN
formulations (p<0.0001).
[00114] While these data are not expressed directly in the form of comparative AUC values for IN versus IM biovailability of cyanocobalamin, the relative AUC
values are readily and accurately derivable from the data presented above. In particular, the comparative bioavailability study results presented above demonstrate that the "relative bioavailability" ratio of an exemplary spray cyanocobalmin formulation compared to IM cyanocobalamin bioavailability, and of an exemplary gel formulation compared to IM bioavailability, is 0.6105, and 0.6284, respectively.
These values represent ratios of the natural log of geometric means of the AUC
based Customer No. 25,315 on nominal doses. These data were dosed norinalized according to conventional practice to the appropriate dose multiple based on a dose of 500 g given intranasal and 100 g given by IM. The skilled artisan will readily coinprehend these data and fully appreciate that the dose norinalized data yield a ratio of bioavailability between an IN cyanocobalainin solution of the invention and IM-administration that reasonably corresponds to the disclosed relative minimuin relative bioavailability of at least about 5%, 6%, or 7%. This deterinination can be made by a standard mathematical operation to derive the dose normalized relative AUC values for an IN
spray and IM injection. In the example provided above, this standard operation/result is 0.6105 X 100 g/500 g X100 = 12%; or a ratio of the AUC between the IN
spray and IM injection of 0.12. In addition, the actual arithmetic AUC are provided above for an exemplary IN cyanocobalamin spray and gel, as 92000 and 97000 pg*hr/mL, respectively. These data likewise evince the corresponding AUC for the IM
injected study coinparator, according to the instaiit disclosure. For example, the arithinetic mean of the AUC for IM is calculated as 147155 pg*hr/mL (as readily derived by reverse mathematical operation from the ratios given above--for example for the spray 92000/147155 = 0.62 ratio). When dose norinalized these data correspond directly to an exemplary relative bioavailability value within the presently-described range of at least 7%, and in other embodiments at least 9%, 10%, 11% or 12% or greater for an IN cyanocobalamin formulation of the invention compared to IM cyanocobalamin bioavailability.

[00115] Also provided by the instant disclosure are results of a non-blinded, single dose, parallel group study to compare the uptake of Vitamin B12 into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after intranasal and intramuscular administration in healthy male and non-pregnant female volunteers. This study compared CSF levels to plasma levels produced by both formulations.

[00116] Thirty-six healthy male and non-pregnant female subjects, age 18 and over, were enrolled in the study. Eighteen subjects received a single Customer No. 25,315 intranasal dose of 500 mcg delivered as a 0.1 mL spray and eighteen subjects received a single intrainuscular dose of 100 incg delivered intrainuscularly. Each subject visited the clinical site three times in a one-month period. These visits consisted of a screening visit, one dosing visit and a final visit.
[00117] After each dosing, each subject underwent luinbar puncture only once, with the retrieval of a tota14.0 mL of CSF (4 tubes, 1.0 mL per tube). One third of the subjects had a CSF sample collected at 60 minutes post dosing, one third of subjects had a CSF sainple collected at 90 minutes post dosing, and one third of subjects had a CSF sample collected at 120 minutes post dosing [00118] In addition to the above, on the day of dosing 7 mL blood samples were drawn before dosing and post dosing at 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes, and at 0.5, 1, 1%2, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 hours post-dose (prior to discharge).
[00119] The cerebrospinal fluid was evaluated for total Vitamin B12 content.
It was the objective of the study described herein to measure the amount of Vitamin present in the blood and CSF following intramuscular (IM) and nasal administration.
Reference and Test Products [00120] Reference Product: Cyanocobalamin 100mcg intramuscular injection.
[00121] Cyanocobalamin Injection, USP is a sterile solution of cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12) for intramuscular or subcutaneous injection. Each inL contains 1,000 mcg cyanocobalamin.
[00122] Test Product: Vitamin B12 Nasal Spray = 500 mcg/0.1 mL spray. The cyanocobalamin intranasal aqueous solution in this study contained cyanocobalamin at a concentration of 0.5% (percent of total weight), citric acid 0.12%, sodium citrate 0.32%, glycerin 2.23%, 50% benzallconium chloride solution 0.04% and 96.79%
water.
[00123] Vitamin B 12 Nasal Spray was supplied as a 2.3 mL bottle to deliver one dose: 500 mcg/0.1 mL per dose.
[00124] Before intranasal dosing, all subjects were given an orientation of the proper dosing technique and general conduct of the study.

Customer No. 25,315 32 [00125] The subjects were instructed to gently blow his/her nose. The subjects reinained in a seated position, and the primed IN applicator was inseited into the nostril by the subject, under the direction of the study staff. During dosing, the contralateral nostril was closed with the forefinger. Subjects were instructed to tilt their heads slightly back for dosing and to return their heads to an upright position while sniffing in gently irmnediately following dosing. According to this protocol, a 0.1 mL
dose of vitamin B12 spray was released into the nasal cavity of each subject (a dose is a single application to one nostril). Subjects were instructed to refrain froin blowing their nose for 1 hour following IN treatment.
[00126] After dosing, each subject underwent lumbar puncture, involving the retrieval of 4.0 mL of CSF (4 tubes, 1.0 mL per tube). One third of subjects from each group had a CSF sample collected at 60 ininutes post dosing, one third of subjects had a CSF sample collected at 90 ininutes post dosing, and one third of subjects had a CSF
sainple collected at 120 ininutes post dosing. At the appropriate tiine after dosing, the investigator positioned the patient appropriately for lumbar puncture. The lumbar area was prepared and draped in the usual aseptic fashion. Local anesthesia was utilized (1% xylocaine, 1-5 mL). Upon reaching a state of adequate anesthesia, a spinal needle (20 or 22G) was introduced into the spinal canal, at the level deemed appropriate by the Investigator. The CSF samples were collected 60, 90 or 120 minutes after administration. A total of 4.0 mL of CSF were collected from each patient, and distributed into 4 separate collection tubes. The tubes were appropriately labeled with a patient identifier and submitted for bioanalytical analysis.
Upon completion of CSF collection, the spinal needle was removed.
[00127] The levels of vitamin B 12 were determined in both the CSF and blood serum using Vitamin B12 concentrations in the CSF will be analyzed for determination of Vitamin B12 using a validated TOSOH Nex. lA procedure.

Customer No. 25,315 33 Results and Conclusion [00128] The data showed that the ratio of vitainin B 12 to serum was higher in those individuals receiving intranasal administration of vitainin B 12 than those receiving intralnuscular injections of vitainin B 12.

[00129] The average ratio (B12 CSF/B12 Seruin x 100) ranged from 1.1 to 1.9 for those individuals receiving intranasal administration of vitamin B 12 while those who received intrainuscular injections of vitamin B 12 had an average ratio ranging from 0.17 to 0.24. This is a surprising result in that intranasal administration only has about a 7-12% bioavailability in the blood serum relative to intrainuscular injection of vitamin B 12. This indicates that intranasal administration of vitamin B 12 reaches the CSF much more effectively than by intramuscular injection.
Customer No. 25,315 34 Production of a Cyanocobalainin Solution [00130] A 4000 g batch of a cyanocobalamin solution of the present invention was prepared, which had a concentration of 500 mcg/0.1 g of solution.

Starting Materials I. Formula Record Ingredient Name Theoretical Weight (Grams) Cyanocobalamin, USP 20.0 Citric Acid, USP (Anhydrous) 4.8 Sodium Citrate, USP (Dihydrate) 12.8 Glycerin, USP 89.2 Benzalkonium Chloride Solution, NF (50%) 1.6 Purified Water, USP 3871.6*

[00131] The 3871.6 grams of water was placed in a stainless steel container, which had been placed on a hot plate. The water was heated to about 30 C and stirred. Into the heated water was added 12.8 g of sodium citrate while the water was being stirred at 300 rpm for 5 minutes. The 4.8 g of citric acid was then added and stirred for 10 minutes. Into this mixture was added 20.0 g of cyanocobalamin and stirred for minutes at 30 C at 300 rpm. The hot plate was then turned off. The 89.2 g of glycerin was added and stirred for 5 minutes at 300 rpm. Into the cyanocobalamin solution was then added 1.6 g of an aqueous solution containing 50% by weight of Benzalkonium Chloride was added to the solution and stirred for 5 minutes at rpm. The pH was then measured and adjusted if the pH was not with the 4.5-5.5 range. Additional water was added to bring the weight of the solution to 4000 g.
Customer No. 25,315 [00132] This exainple describes an exemplary pharmaceutical composition of the invention coinprising an aqueous solution of salmon cyanocobalainin at a concentration sufficient to produce therapeutically effective plasma concentrations, delivered via an actuator to produce an aerosol of said solution, wherein the spray pattern ellipticity ratio of said aerosol is between 1.00 and 1.40 when measured at a height of 30 cm distance from the actuator tip.

[00133] The volume of the aerosol can be between about 5 microliters and 1.0 ml, preferably between 20 and 200 microliters.

[00134] This test method describes the procedure for characterizing plume geometry of the cyanocobalainin nasal solution formulations using the SprayView NSP system. The plume geometry is characterized using a SprayView High Speed Optical Spray Characterization System (SprayView NSP) with Integrated SprayView NSx actuation station (Image Therin Engineering, Inc., Sudbury, MA) according to the methods described in U.S. Patent No. 6,665,421 and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20030018416 published January 23, 2003.

[00135] Using the formulation of table 1 the spray characterization and droplet size of the formulation in both a 3 mL bottle both having a nasal Spray Pump w/
Safety Clip, Pfeiffer SAP # 65550, which delivers a dose of 0.1mL per squirt and has a diptube length of 36.05 mm.

[00136] The droplet size data are shown in the following table.
Droplet Size for Nasal Spray Bottle and Pfeiffer SAP # 60548 %<10 Dio D50 D9o Span micromet lmL Salmon cyanocobalamin 12.5 26.9 55.3 1.6 5.1 Customer No. 25,315 Below are listed the spray pattern results:

Spray Pattern MajorAxis MinorAxis EllipticityRatio Active 3mL 35.3mm 30.8 mm 1.14 Customer No. 25,315

Claims

1. A stable pharmaceutical aqueous solution of cyanocobalamin comprised of cyanocobalamin and water wherein said solution of cyanocobalamin is suitable for intranasal administration, has a viscosity less than about 1000 cPs, and wherein said solution of cyanocobalamin has a bioavailability of cyanocobalamin when administered intranasally of at least about 5% relative to an intramuscular injection of cyanocobalamin.

2. The aqueous solution of cyanocobalamin of claim 1, wherein the solution is comprised of citric acid, and sodium citrate and water and has a pH of about 4-6.

3. The aqueous solution of claim 2 wherein the pH of the solution is about 5.

4. The aqueous solution of claim 2 further comprised of a humectant.

5. The aqueous solution of claim 4 wherein the humectant is selected from the group consisting of sorbitol, propylene glycol, and glycerin.

6. The aqueous solution of claim 5 wherein the humectant is glycerin.

7. The aqueous solution of claim 6 wherein the glycerin is present at a concentration of about 2.23%.

8. The aqueous solution of claim 2 wherein the solution is further comprised of a preservative.

9. The aqueous solution of claim 8 wherein the preservative is selected from the group consisting of benzyl alcohol, chlorobutanol and benzalkonium chloride.

10. The aqueous solution of claim 9 wherein the preservative is benzalkonium chloride.

11. The aqueous solution of claim 10 wherein the benzalkonium chloride is present in solution at a concentration of about 0.02%.

12. The aqueous solution of claim 2 wherein cyanocobalamin is present at about concentration 0.5% percent of total weight, citric acid is present at a concentration of about 0.12%, sodium citrate is present at a concentration of about 0.32%.

13. The aqueous solution of claim 12 wherein the pH of the solution.

14. The aqueous solution of claim 12 further comprised of a humectant.

15. The aqueous solution of claim 14 wherein the humectant is selected from the group consisting of sorbitol, propylene glycol, and glycerin.

16. The aqueous solution of claim 15 wherein the humectant is glycerin.

17. The aqueous solution of claim 16 wherein glycerin is present in solution at a concentration of about 2.23%.

18. The aqueous solution of claim 12 further comprised of a preservative.

19. The aqueous solution of claim 18 wherein the preservative is selected from the group consisting of benzyl alcohol, chlorobutanol and benzalkonium chloride.

20. The aqueous solution of claim 19 wherein the preservative is benzalkonium chloride.

21. The aqueous solution of claim 20 wherein the benzalkonium chloride is present in solution at a concentration of about 0.02%.

22. The aqueous solution of claim 1 wherein the solution of cyanocobalamin has at least about 7% bioavailability relative to an intramuscular injection of cyanocobalamin.

23. A stable pharmaceutical aqueous solution of cyanocobalamin comprised of cyanocobalamin at a concentration of about 0.5% of total weight of solution, citric acid at a concentration of about 0.12%, sodium citrate at a concentration of about 0.32%, glycerin at a concentration of about 2.23%, benzalkonium chloride at concentration of about 0.02% and water wherein said solution of cyanocobalamin is suitable for intranasal administration, has a viscosity less than about 1000 cPs, and wherein said solution of cyanocobalamin has a bioavailability of cyanocobalamin when administered intranasally of at least about 5% relative to an intramuscular injection of cyanocobalamin.

24. A method for administering cyanocobalamin comprised of infusing the nose with an aqueous solution of cyanocobalamin, wherein the solution of cyanocobalamin has a viscosity of less than 1000 cPs, and wherein said solution of cyanocobalamin has a bioavailability of cyanocobalamin of about 5% relative to an intramuscular injection of cyanocobalamin.

25. The method of claim 24 wherein the solution of cyanocobalamin is further comprised of citric acid and sodium citrate wherein the solution has a pH of from about 4-6.

26. The method of claim 25 wherein the pH of the solution is about 5.

27. The method of claim 25 wherein cyanocobalamin is present in solution at a concentration of between 0.5-1% by weight.

28. The method of claim 27 wherein the concentration of cyanocobalamin in solution is about 0.5%.

29. The method of claim 28 wherein the citric acid is present in solution at a concentration of about 0.12%, and the sodium citrate is present in solution at a concentration of about 0.32%, in water.

30. A method for administering cyanocobalamin comprised of infusing the nose with an aqueous solution of cyanocobalamin wherein said aqueous solution of cyanocobalamin is comprised of cyanocobalamin at a concentration of about 0.5% of total weight of solution, citric acid at a concentration of about 0.12%, sodium citrate at a concentration of about 0.32%, glycerin at a concentration of about 2.23%, benzalkonium chloride at concentration of about 0.02% and water wherein said solution of cyanocobalamin is suitable for intranasal administration, has a viscosity less than about 1000 cPs, and wherein said solution of cyanocobalamin has a bioavailability of cyanocobalamin when administered intranasally of at least about 5% relative to an intramuscular injection of cyanocobalamin.

31. A method for elevating the vitamin B12 levels in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) comprising administering intranasally a sufficient amount of a solution of cyanocobalamin so that the average ratio of vitamin B12 in the CSF to that in the blood serum (B12 CSF/B12 Serum x 100) is increased to at least about 1.1, wherein said aqueous solution of cyanocobalamin is comprised of cyanocobalamin at a concentration of about 0.5% of total weight of solution, citric acid at a concentration of about 0.12%, sodium citrate at a concentration of about 0.32%, glycerin at a concentration of about 2.23%, benzalkonium chloride at concentration of about 0.02% and water wherein said solution of cyanocobalamin is suitable for intranasal administration, has a viscosity less than about 1000 cPs, and wherein said solution of cyanocobalamin has a bioavailability of cyanocobalamin when administered intranasally of at least about 5% relative to an intramuscular injection of cyanocobalamin.

32. A pharmaceutical kit for nasal drug delivery comprising:
an aqueous solution of cyanocobalamin and excipients in a container and;
a droplet-generating actuator attached to said container and fluidly connected to the cyanocobalamin solution in the container; wherein said actuator produces a spray of the cyanocobalamin solution through a tip of the actuator when said actuator is engaged, wherein said spray of cyanocobalamin solution has a spray pattern ellipticity ratio of from about 1.0 to about 1.4 when measured at a height of 3.0 cm from the actuator tip.

33. The kit of claim 32 wherein said spray comprises droplets wherein less than 5% of said droplets are less than 10 µm in size.

34. The kit of claim 32 wherein the aqueous solution of cyanocobalamin has a viscosity of less than 1000 cPs, and wherein said solution of cyanocobalamin has a bioavailability of cyanocobalamin of about 5% relative to an intramuscular injection of cyanocobalamin.

35. The kit of claim 34 wherein the spray is comprised of droplets of the cyanocobalamin solution wherein less than 5% of the droplets are less than 10 µm in size.

36. The kit of claim 3 wherein the spray has a spray pattern major axis and minor axis of between 25 and 40 mm each.

37. The kit of claim 34 wherein the solution of cyanocobalamin is further comprised of citric acid and sodium citrate wherein the solution has a pH of from about 4-6.

38. The kit of claim 37 wherein the pH of the solution is about 5.

39. The kit of claim 34 wherein cyanocobalamin is present in solution at a concentration of between 0.5-1 % by weight.

40. The kit of claim 39 wherein the concentration of cyanocobalamin in solution is about 0.5% by weight.

41. The kit of claim 37 wherein the citric acid is present in solution at a concentration of about 0.12%, and the sodium citrate is present in solution at a concentration of about 0.32%, in water.

42. The kit of claim 34 wherein the cyanocobalamin spray is comprised of droplets of the cyanocobalamin solution wherein 50% of the droplets are 26.9 µm or less in size.

43. The kit of claim 34 wherein the cyanocobalamin spray is comprised of droplets of the cyanocobalamin solution, wherein 90% of the droplets are 55.3 µm or less in size.

44. The kit of claim 34 wherein the cyanocobalamin spray produces droplets of the solution, and wherein 10% of the droplets are 12.5 µm or less in size.

45. A kit for administering intranasally a cyanocobalamin solution comprised of a container, a solution of cyanocobalamin in the container, and an actuator attached to said container, wherein a spray of cyanocobalamin solution is expelled through a tip of said actuator when said actuator is engaged wherein said aqueous solution of cyanocobalamin is comprised of cyanocobalamin at a concentration of about 0.5% of total weight of solution, citric acid at a concentration of about 0.12%, sodium citrate at a concentration of about 0.32%, glycerin at a concentration of about 2.23%, benzalkonium chloride at concentration of about 0.02% and water wherein said solution of cyanocobalamin is suitable for intranasal administration, has a viscosity less than about 1000 cPs, and wherein said solution of cyanocobalamin has a bioavailability of cyanocobalamin when administered intranasally of at least about 5% relative to an intramuscular injection of cyanocobalamin, and wherein the spray has a spray pattern ellipticity ratio of from about 1.0 to about 1.4 when measured at a height of 3.0 cm from the actuator tip.

46. The kit of claim 45 wherein the cyanocobalamin spray is comprised of droplets of the cyanocobalamin solution, wherein less than 5% of the droplets of the cyanocobalamin spray are less than 10 µm in size.

47. The kit of claim 45 wherein the cyanocobalamin spray is comprised of droplets of the cyanocobalamin solution, and wherein 50% of the droplets of the cyanocobalamin spray are 26.9 µm or less in size.

48. The kit of claim 45 wherein the cyanocobalamin spray produces droplets of the solution, and wherein 90% of the droplets are 55.3 µm or less in size.

49. The kit of claim 45 wherein the cyanocobalamin spray produces droplets of the solution, and wherein 10% of the droplets are 12.5 µm or less in size.

50. The kit of claim 45 wherein the spray has a spray pattern major axis of about 35.3 mm and a minor axis of about 30.8 mm.

51. A method for administering cyanocobalamin intranasally comprised of providing an aqueous solution of cyanocobalamin, wherein the solution of cyanocobalamin has a viscosity of less than 1000 cPs, and wherein said solution of cyanocobalamin has a bioavailability of cyanocobalamin of about 5% relative to an intramuscular injection of cyanocobalamin, wherein the cyanocobalamin formulation is administered into a nose of an individual through an actuator tip as a spray, wherein the spray has a spray pattern ellipticity ratio of from about 1.0 to about 1.4 when measured at a height of 3.0 cm from the actuator tip.

52. The method of claim 51 wherein the spray produces droplets, wherein less than 5% of the droplets are less than 10 µm in size.

53. The method of claim 51 wherein the spray has a spray pattern major axis and minor axis of between 25 and 40 mm each.

54. The method of claim 51 wherein the solution of cyanocobalamin is further comprised of citric acid and sodium citrate wherein the solution has a pH of from about 4-6.

55. The method of claim 51 wherein the pH of the solution is about 5.

56. The method of claim 51 wherein cyanocobalamin is present in solution at a concentration of between 0.5-1 % by weight.

57. The method of claim 56 wherein the concentration of cyanocobalamin in solution is about 0.5%.

58. The method of claim 51 wherein the citric acid is present in solution at a concentration of about 0.12%, and the sodium citrate is present in solution at a concentration of about 0.32%, in water.

59. The method of claim 51 wherein the cyanocobalamin spray produces droplets of the solution, and wherein 50% of the droplets are 26.9 µm or less in size.

60. The method of claim 51 wherein the cyanocobalamin spray produces droplets of the solution, and wherein 90% of the droplets are 55.3 µm or less in size.

61. The method of claim 51 wherein the cyanocobalamin spray produces droplets of the solution, and wherein 10% of the droplets are 12.5 µm or less in size.

62. A method for administering cyanocobalamin comprised of providing an aqueous solution of cyanocobalamin wherein said aqueous solution of cyanocobalamin is comprised of cyanocobalamin at a concentration of about 0.5% of total weight of solution, citric acid at a concentration of about 0.12%, sodium citrate at a concentration of about 0.32%, glycerin at a concentration of about 2.23%, benzalkonium chloride at concentration of about 0.02% and water wherein said solution of cyanocobalamin is suitable for intranasal administration, has a viscosity less than about 1000 cPs, and wherein said solution of cyanocobalamin has a bioavailability of cyanocobalamin when administered intranasally of at least about 5% relative to an intramuscular injection of cyanocobalamin, and wherein the cyanocobalamin solution is administered into a nose of an individual through an actuator tip as a spray, wherein the spray has a spray pattern ellipticity ratio of from about 1.0 to about 1.4 when measured at a height of 3.0 cm from the actuator tip.

63. The method of claim 62 wherein the cyanocobalamin spray produces droplets of the solution, wherein less than 5% of the droplets are less than 10 µm in size.

64. The method of claim 62 wherein the cyanocobalamin spray produces droplets of the solution, and wherein 50% of the droplets are 26.9 µm or less in size.

65. The method of claim 62 wherein the cyanocobalamin spray produces droplets of the solution, and wherein 90% of the droplets are 55.3 µm or less in size.

66. The method of claim 62 wherein the cyanocobalamin spray produces droplets of the solution, and wherein 10% of the droplets are 12.5 µm or less in size.

67. The method of claim 62 wherein the spray has a spray pattern major axis and a minor axis of about 25-40 mm each.

68. A method for elevating the vitamin B12 levels in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) comprising administering intranasally a sufficient amount of a solution of cyanocobalamin so that the average ratio of vitamin B 12 in the CSF to that in the blood serum (E12 CSF/B12 Serum × 100) is increased to at least about 1.1, wherein said aqueous solution of cyanocobalamin is comprised of cyanocobalamin at a concentration of about 0.5% of total weight of solution, citric acid at a concentration of about 0.12%, sodium citrate at a concentration of about 0.32%, glycerin at a concentration of about 2.23%, benzalkonium chloride at concentration of about 0.02% and water wherein said solution of cyanocobalamin is suitable for intranasal administration, has a viscosity less than about 1000 cPs, and wherein said solution of cyanocobalamin has a bioavailability of cyanocobalamin when administered intranasally of at least about 5% relative to an intramuscular injection of cyanocobalamin, and wherein the cyanocobalamin solution is administered into a nose of an individual through an actuator tip as a spray, wherein the spray has a spray pattern ellipticity ratio of from about 1.0 to about 1.4 when measured at a height of 3.0 cm from the actuator tip.

69. The method of claim 68 wherein the cyanocobalamin spray produces droplets of the solution, wherein less than 5 % of the droplets are less than 10 µm in size.

70. The method of claim 68 wherein the cyanocobalamin spray produces droplets of the solution, and wherein 50% of the droplets are 26.9 µm or less in size.

71. The method of claim 68 herein the cyanocobalamin spray produces droplets of the solution, and wherein 90% of the droplets are 55.3 µm or less in size.

72. The method of claim 68 wherein the cyanocobalamin spray produces droplets of the solution, and wherein 10% of the droplets are 12.5 µm or less in size.

73. The method of claim 68 wherein the spray has a spray pattern major axis and a minor axis of between 25-40 mm each.