CA2644417A1 - Lightweight concrete compositions containing antimicrobial agents - Google Patents
Lightweight concrete compositions containing antimicrobial agents Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2644417A1 CA2644417A1 CA002644417A CA2644417A CA2644417A1 CA 2644417 A1 CA2644417 A1 CA 2644417A1 CA 002644417 A CA002644417 A CA 002644417A CA 2644417 A CA2644417 A CA 2644417A CA 2644417 A1 CA2644417 A1 CA 2644417A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- concrete
- particles
- lightweight concrete
- concrete composition
- expanded
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 230
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 211
- 239000004599 antimicrobial Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 64
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 243
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 155
- -1 alkyl methacrylates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 49
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 41
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 33
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000011398 Portland cement Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 210000002421 cell wall Anatomy 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000002518 antifoaming agent Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000011396 hydraulic cement Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 229920001519 homopolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- MYRTYDVEIRVNKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-Divinylbenzene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C MYRTYDVEIRVNKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- 244000090896 Nigella sativa Species 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000016698 Nigella sativa Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- XEFQLINVKFYRCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triclosan Chemical compound OC1=CC(Cl)=CC=C1OC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1Cl XEFQLINVKFYRCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229940000489 arsenate Drugs 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000010440 gypsum Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052602 gypsum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000000951 phenoxy group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(O*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- RLLPVAHGXHCWKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N permethrin Chemical compound CC1(C)C(C=C(Cl)Cl)C1C(=O)OCC1=CC=CC(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 RLLPVAHGXHCWKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- TUBQDCKAWGHZPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylsulfanylmethyl thiocyanate Chemical compound C1=CC=C2SC(SCSC#N)=NC2=C1 TUBQDCKAWGHZPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004129 EU approved improving agent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium oxide Chemical compound [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- DOVLHZIEMGDZIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Cu+3].[O-]B([O-])[O-] Chemical compound [Cu+3].[O-]B([O-])[O-] DOVLHZIEMGDZIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- RRVFEULIGZLJOA-UHFFFAOYSA-I [F-].[F-].[F-].[F-].[F-].[Cr+3].[Cu++] Chemical compound [F-].[F-].[F-].[F-].[F-].[Cr+3].[Cu++] RRVFEULIGZLJOA-UHFFFAOYSA-I 0.000 claims description 4
- KAATUXNTWXVJKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N cypermethrin Chemical compound CC1(C)C(C=C(Cl)Cl)C1C(=O)OC(C#N)C1=CC=CC(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 KAATUXNTWXVJKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- UMGXUWVIJIQANV-UHFFFAOYSA-M didecyl(dimethyl)azanium;bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)CCCCCCCCCC UMGXUWVIJIQANV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000003856 quaternary ammonium compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- LHHPEAQVCCPLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributyltin;hydrate Chemical compound O.CCCC[Sn](CCCC)CCCC LHHPEAQVCCPLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229960003500 triclosan Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004078 waterproofing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- JLHMJWHSBYZWJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-thiazole 1-oxide Chemical class O=S1C=CC=N1 JLHMJWHSBYZWJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- PXMNMQRDXWABCY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)pentan-3-ol Chemical compound C1=NC=NN1CC(O)(C(C)(C)C)CCC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1 PXMNMQRDXWABCY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- JHWIEAWILPSRMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyl-3-pyrimidin-4-ylpropanoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(C)CC1=CC=NC=N1 JHWIEAWILPSRMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940044120 2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- AQBVQIIKUDISJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,4,5-trichloro-2-phenoxyphenol Chemical compound OC1=CC(Cl)=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C1OC1=CC=CC=C1 AQBVQIIKUDISJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- XUIBGCBAMNTLFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC(Cl)=C1OC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1Cl XUIBGCBAMNTLFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940099451 3-iodo-2-propynylbutylcarbamate Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- WYVVKGNFXHOCQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-iodoprop-2-yn-1-yl butylcarbamate Chemical compound CCCCNC(=O)OCC#CI WYVVKGNFXHOCQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- FDHZSJWAYZGGKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-octyl-1,2-thiazole 1-oxide Chemical compound CCCCCCCCC=1C=CS(=O)N=1 FDHZSJWAYZGGKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- DFDBVSYZLJCHQG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,5-dichloro-3-octyl-1,2-thiazole 1-oxide Chemical compound CCCCCCCCC1=NS(=O)C(Cl)=C1Cl DFDBVSYZLJCHQG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylonitrile Chemical compound C=CC#N NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 244000291564 Allium cepa Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000002732 Allium cepa var. cepa Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- DJHGAFSJWGLOIV-UHFFFAOYSA-K Arsenate3- Chemical compound [O-][As]([O-])([O-])=O DJHGAFSJWGLOIV-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 3
- BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Borate Chemical class [O-]B([O-])[O-] BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical class [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000006679 Mentha X verticillata Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000002899 Mentha suaveolens Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000001636 Mentha x rotundifolia Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical class [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000005822 Propiconazole Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical class [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000005839 Tebuconazole Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- GXDVEXJTVGRLNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Cr].[Cu] Chemical compound [Cr].[Cu] GXDVEXJTVGRLNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000005250 alkyl acrylate group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- BMAPBFWRJLPANB-UHFFFAOYSA-L azanium;copper;trioxido(oxo)-$l^{5}-arsane Chemical compound [NH4+].[Cu+2].[O-][As]([O-])([O-])=O BMAPBFWRJLPANB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 159000000009 barium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- JXOXZJCHHKIXMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium(2+);oxido(oxo)borane;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Ba+2].[O-]B=O.[O-]B=O JXOXZJCHHKIXMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000010338 boric acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000005619 boric acid group Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000004657 carbamic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010634 clove oil Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- TVZPLCNGKSPOJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper zinc Chemical compound [Cu].[Zn] TVZPLCNGKSPOJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- NMCCNOZOBBWFMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N davicil Chemical compound CS(=O)(=O)C1=C(Cl)C(Cl)=NC(Cl)=C1Cl NMCCNOZOBBWFMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001993 dienes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- HKIOYBQGHSTUDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N folpet Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)N(SC(Cl)(Cl)Cl)C(=O)C2=C1 HKIOYBQGHSTUDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydridophosphorus(.) (triplet) Chemical compound [PH] BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000003840 hydrochlorides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052588 hydroxylapatite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000171 lavandula angustifolia l. flower oil Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N maleic anhydride Chemical compound O=C1OC(=O)C=C1 FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001711 nigella sativa Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- JPMIIZHYYWMHDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N octhilinone Chemical compound CCCCCCCCN1SC=CC1=O JPMIIZHYYWMHDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- BJEYNNFDAPPGST-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxirene Chemical compound O1C=C1 BJEYNNFDAPPGST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- STJLVHWMYQXCPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N propiconazole Chemical compound O1C(CCC)COC1(C=1C(=CC(Cl)=CC=1)Cl)CN1N=CN=C1 STJLVHWMYQXCPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010671 sandalwood oil Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010677 tea tree oil Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940111630 tea tree oil Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 244000043261 Hevea brasiliensis Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920003052 natural elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920001194 natural rubber Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920003051 synthetic elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000005061 synthetic rubber Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- IZUPBVBPLAPZRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentachlorophenol Chemical compound OC1=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C1Cl IZUPBVBPLAPZRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 4
- RUPBZQFQVRMKDG-UHFFFAOYSA-M Didecyldimethylammonium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)CCCCCCCCCC RUPBZQFQVRMKDG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 2
- 229940027983 antiseptic and disinfectant quaternary ammonium compound Drugs 0.000 claims 2
- IURRXCRWRKQLGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper;quinolin-8-ol Chemical compound [Cu].C1=CN=C2C(O)=CC=CC2=C1.C1=CN=C2C(O)=CC=CC2=C1 IURRXCRWRKQLGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 229960004670 didecyldimethylammonium chloride Drugs 0.000 claims 2
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 142
- 239000012615 aggregate Substances 0.000 description 48
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 46
- 239000012508 resin bead Substances 0.000 description 39
- 239000004794 expanded polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 32
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 32
- 239000010454 slate Substances 0.000 description 32
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 description 28
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 27
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 20
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 19
- 239000004604 Blowing Agent Substances 0.000 description 18
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 17
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 description 14
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 13
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 13
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 13
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 13
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 12
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 description 12
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 11
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 11
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 11
- 239000000375 suspending agent Substances 0.000 description 11
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 10
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 9
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 8
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000002671 adjuvant Substances 0.000 description 7
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 7
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 7
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000010881 fly ash Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 238000001878 scanning electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229920001732 Lignosulfonate Polymers 0.000 description 5
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentane Chemical class CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000003999 initiator Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000007900 aqueous suspension Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000001413 cellular effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 210000003850 cellular structure Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920006248 expandable polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000000813 microbial effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 4
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 235000008733 Citrus aurantifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N D-Glucitol Natural products OC[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000005906 Imidacloprid Substances 0.000 description 3
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000004480 active ingredient Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 235000019441 ethanol Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229940056881 imidacloprid Drugs 0.000 description 3
- YWTYJOPNNQFBPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidacloprid Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)\N=C1/NCCN1CC1=CC=C(Cl)N=C1 YWTYJOPNNQFBPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002917 insecticide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004571 lime Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000011120 plywood Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920005646 polycarboxylate Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000000600 sorbitol Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 3
- WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (E)-8-Octadecenoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCC(O)=O WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 20:1omega9c fatty acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KVAWWXSLBDVXHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-bromo-5-chloro-3h-1,3-benzoxazol-2-one Chemical compound C1=C(Br)C(Cl)=CC2=C1OC(=O)N2 KVAWWXSLBDVXHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9-Heptadecensaeure Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 2
- KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butadiene Chemical compound C=CC=C KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ca+2] UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 208000037041 Community-Acquired Infections Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 206010011409 Cross infection Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 239000005946 Cypermethrin Substances 0.000 description 2
- RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-SQOUGZDYSA-N D-gluconic acid Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-SQOUGZDYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SRBFZHDQGSBBOR-IOVATXLUSA-N D-xylopyranose Chemical compound O[C@@H]1COC(O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O SRBFZHDQGSBBOR-IOVATXLUSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000588724 Escherichia coli Species 0.000 description 2
- YNQLUTRBYVCPMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylbenzene Chemical compound CCC1=CC=CC=C1 YNQLUTRBYVCPMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000233866 Fungi Species 0.000 description 2
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RRHGJUQNOFWUDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isoprene Chemical compound CC(=C)C=C RRHGJUQNOFWUDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical class OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005642 Oleic acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[K+] WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 241000876852 Scorias Species 0.000 description 2
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 235000021355 Stearic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000561 Twaron Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 241000700605 Viruses Species 0.000 description 2
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001252 acrylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000001338 aliphatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000008055 alkyl aryl sulfonates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- CEGOLXSVJUTHNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium tristearate Chemical compound [Al+3].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O CEGOLXSVJUTHNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- 229940063655 aluminum stearate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000003945 anionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000845 anti-microbial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010426 asphalt Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001642 boronic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000012662 bulk polymerization Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000001110 calcium chloride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001628 calcium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001506 calcium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 2
- OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium sulfate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229960005424 cypermethrin Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011152 fibreglass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000417 fungicide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002334 glycols Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000004009 herbicide Substances 0.000 description 2
- BXWNKGSJHAJOGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexadecan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCO BXWNKGSJHAJOGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000006703 hydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 208000015181 infectious disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N isooleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical class CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002667 nucleating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000474 nursing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC(C)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N oleic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920001542 oligosaccharide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 150000002482 oligosaccharides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010451 perlite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019362 perlite Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229920000768 polyamine Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000417 polynaphthalene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920006327 polystyrene foam Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920005990 polystyrene resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000035755 proliferation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000008262 pumice Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N salicylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1O YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004626 scanning electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007655 standard test method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 150000005846 sugar alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000008163 sugars Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000010557 suspension polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000002435 tendon Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H tricalcium bis(phosphate) Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 2
- 229940078499 tricalcium phosphate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 229910000391 tricalcium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000019731 tricalcium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000004762 twaron Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010455 vermiculite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052902 vermiculite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000019354 vermiculite Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- APPOKADJQUIAHP-GGWOSOGESA-N (2e,4e)-hexa-2,4-diene Chemical compound C\C=C\C=C\C APPOKADJQUIAHP-GGWOSOGESA-N 0.000 description 1
- WCLKSQYCWXZMGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3,4-tetrabromo-5,6-dimethoxybenzene Chemical compound COC1=C(Br)C(Br)=C(Br)C(Br)=C1OC WCLKSQYCWXZMGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QMMJWQMCMRUYTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,4,5-tetrachloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C1=C(Cl)C(Cl)=CC(Cl)=C1Cl QMMJWQMCMRUYTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TUSDEZXZIZRFGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-O-galloyl-3,6-(R)-HHDP-beta-D-glucose Natural products OC1C(O2)COC(=O)C3=CC(O)=C(O)C(O)=C3C3=C(O)C(O)=C(O)C=C3C(=O)OC1C(O)C2OC(=O)C1=CC(O)=C(O)C(O)=C1 TUSDEZXZIZRFGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KBPLFHHGFOOTCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Octanol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCO KBPLFHHGFOOTCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SBYMUDUGTIKLCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-chloroethenylbenzene Chemical compound ClC=CC1=CC=CC=C1 SBYMUDUGTIKLCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DXIJHCSGLOHNES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,3-dimethylbut-1-enylbenzene Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 DXIJHCSGLOHNES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CEBRPXLXYCFYGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-methylbut-1-enylbenzene Chemical compound CC(C)C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 CEBRPXLXYCFYGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QJZYHAIUNVAGQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-nitrobicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid Chemical compound C1C2C=CC1C(C(=O)O)C2(C(O)=O)[N+]([O-])=O QJZYHAIUNVAGQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XZIIFPSPUDAGJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-chloro-2-n,2-n-diethylpyrimidine-2,4-diamine Chemical class CCN(CC)C1=NC(N)=CC(Cl)=N1 XZIIFPSPUDAGJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010063409 Acarodermatitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 208000004429 Bacillary Dysentery Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000031729 Bacteremia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000004342 Benzoyl peroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- OMPJBNCRMGITSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzoylperoxide Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(=O)OOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 OMPJBNCRMGITSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004154 Calcium bromate Substances 0.000 description 1
- CBOCVOKPQGJKKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium formate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C=O.[O-]C=O CBOCVOKPQGJKKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- KXDHJXZQYSOELW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbamic acid Chemical class NC(O)=O KXDHJXZQYSOELW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000037384 Clostridium Infections Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010009657 Clostridium difficile colitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010054236 Clostridium difficile infection Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000035473 Communicable disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010010356 Congenital anomaly Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010010741 Conjunctivitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- AVGPOAXYRRIZMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N D-Apiose Natural products OCC(O)(CO)C(O)C=O AVGPOAXYRRIZMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ASNHGEVAWNWCRQ-LJJLCWGRSA-N D-apiofuranose Chemical compound OC[C@@]1(O)COC(O)[C@@H]1O ASNHGEVAWNWCRQ-LJJLCWGRSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ASNHGEVAWNWCRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N D-apiofuranose Natural products OCC1(O)COC(O)C1O ASNHGEVAWNWCRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QXKAIJAYHKCRRA-JJYYJPOSSA-N D-arabinonic acid Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)C(O)=O QXKAIJAYHKCRRA-JJYYJPOSSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N D-gluconic acid Natural products OCC(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)=O RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HMFHBZSHGGEWLO-SOOFDHNKSA-N D-ribofuranose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H]1O HMFHBZSHGGEWLO-SOOFDHNKSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002307 Dextran Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001353 Dextrin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004375 Dextrin Substances 0.000 description 1
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N Dextrotartaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JGFDZZLUDWMUQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Didecyldimethylammonium Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)CCCCCCCCCC JGFDZZLUDWMUQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000194033 Enterococcus Species 0.000 description 1
- IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical compound C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DBVJJBKOTRCVKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Etidronic acid Chemical compound OP(=O)(O)C(O)(C)P(O)(O)=O DBVJJBKOTRCVKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001263 FEMA 3042 Substances 0.000 description 1
- 102000000429 Factor XII Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010080865 Factor XII Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229930091371 Fructose Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000005715 Fructose Substances 0.000 description 1
- RFSUNEUAIZKAJO-ARQDHWQXSA-N Fructose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@](O)(CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O RFSUNEUAIZKAJO-ARQDHWQXSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000005577 Gastroenteritis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HDIFHQMREAYYJW-XGXNLDPDSA-N Glyceryl Ricinoleate Chemical compound CCCCCC[C@@H](O)C\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(O)CO HDIFHQMREAYYJW-XGXNLDPDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000606768 Haemophilus influenzae Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000009889 Herpes Simplex Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000013032 Hydrocarbon resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004354 Hydroxyethyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000663 Hydroxyethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920006309 Invista Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000271 Kevlar® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241000588748 Klebsiella Species 0.000 description 1
- 201000009906 Meningitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 1
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methacrylic acid Chemical class CC(=C)C(O)=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000005647 Mumps Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000202934 Mycoplasma pneumoniae Species 0.000 description 1
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical class O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YXLXNENXOJSQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-L Oxine-copper Chemical compound [Cu+2].C1=CN=C2C([O-])=CC=CC2=C1.C1=CN=C2C([O-])=CC=CC2=C1 YXLXNENXOJSQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229930040373 Paraformaldehyde Natural products 0.000 description 1
- LRBQNJMCXXYXIU-PPKXGCFTSA-N Penta-digallate-beta-D-glucose Natural products OC1=C(O)C(O)=CC(C(=O)OC=2C(=C(O)C=C(C=2)C(=O)OC[C@@H]2[C@H]([C@H](OC(=O)C=3C=C(OC(=O)C=4C=C(O)C(O)=C(O)C=4)C(O)=C(O)C=3)[C@@H](OC(=O)C=3C=C(OC(=O)C=4C=C(O)C(O)=C(O)C=4)C(O)=C(O)C=3)[C@H](OC(=O)C=3C=C(OC(=O)C=4C=C(O)C(O)=C(O)C=4)C(O)=C(O)C=3)O2)OC(=O)C=2C=C(OC(=O)C=3C=C(O)C(O)=C(O)C=3)C(O)=C(O)C=2)O)=C1 LRBQNJMCXXYXIU-PPKXGCFTSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 201000005702 Pertussis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000007100 Pharyngitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010035664 Pneumonia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004721 Polyphenylene oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 1
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GOOHAUXETOMSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene oxide Chemical compound CC1CO1 GOOHAUXETOMSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NRCMAYZCPIVABH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Quinacridone Chemical compound N1C2=CC=CC=C2C(=O)C2=C1C=C1C(=O)C3=CC=CC=C3NC1=C2 NRCMAYZCPIVABH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PYMYPHUHKUWMLA-LMVFSUKVSA-N Ribose Natural products OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)C=O PYMYPHUHKUWMLA-LMVFSUKVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000004808 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000607142 Salmonella Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000447727 Scabies Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010040550 Shigella infections Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229920002125 Sokalan® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 206010041925 Staphylococcal infections Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002174 Styrene-butadiene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930006000 Sucrose Natural products 0.000 description 1
- CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N Sucrose Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfurous acid Chemical compound OS(O)=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tartaric acid Natural products [H+].[H+].[O-]C(=O)C(O)C(O)C([O-])=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GSEJCLTVZPLZKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethanolamine Chemical compound OCCN(CCO)CCO GSEJCLTVZPLZKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000700647 Variola virus Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920000508 Vectran Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004979 Vectran Substances 0.000 description 1
- 206010047400 Vibrio infections Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 235000012544 Viola sororia Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241001106476 Violaceae Species 0.000 description 1
- YDONNITUKPKTIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Nitrilotris(methylene)]trisphosphonic acid Chemical compound OP(O)(=O)CN(CP(O)(O)=O)CP(O)(O)=O YDONNITUKPKTIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylic acid group Chemical group C(C=C)(=O)O NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001154 acute effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000005907 alkyl ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- HMFHBZSHGGEWLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-D-Furanose-Ribose Natural products OCC1OC(O)C(O)C1O HMFHBZSHGGEWLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-PHYPRBDBSA-N alpha-D-galactose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-PHYPRBDBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XYLMUPLGERFSHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-Methylstyrene Chemical compound CC(=C)C1=CC=CC=C1 XYLMUPLGERFSHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-acetylene Natural products C#C HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DIZPMCHEQGEION-UHFFFAOYSA-H aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Al+3].[Al+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O DIZPMCHEQGEION-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- PYMYPHUHKUWMLA-UHFFFAOYSA-N arabinose Natural products OCC(O)C(O)C(O)C=O PYMYPHUHKUWMLA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004760 aramid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006231 aramid fiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- JXLHNMVSKXFWAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N azane;7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole-4-sulfonic acid Chemical compound N.OS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=C(F)C2=NON=C12 JXLHNMVSKXFWAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- SRSXLGNVWSONIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzenesulfonic acid Chemical class OS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 SRSXLGNVWSONIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019400 benzoyl peroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- SRBFZHDQGSBBOR-UHFFFAOYSA-N beta-D-Pyranose-Lyxose Natural products OC1COC(O)C(O)C1O SRBFZHDQGSBBOR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N beta-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003115 biocidal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003139 biocide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004071 biological effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002599 biostatic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001400 block copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000012206 bottled water Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011449 brick Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004566 building material Substances 0.000 description 1
- MTAZNLWOLGHBHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N butadiene-styrene rubber Chemical compound C=CC=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 MTAZNLWOLGHBHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000013844 butane Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000019397 calcium bromate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011148 calcium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940044172 calcium formate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019255 calcium formate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004281 calcium formate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011132 calcium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- ZCZLQYAECBEUBH-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium;octadec-9-enoate Chemical compound [Ca+2].CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC([O-])=O ZCZLQYAECBEUBH-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000014633 carbohydrates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid Chemical class OC(O)=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004359 castor oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019438 castor oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003841 chloride salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003818 cinder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000015165 citric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003750 conditioning effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001186 cumulative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000019425 dextrin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- AAOVKJBEBIDNHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N diazepam Chemical compound N=1CC(=O)N(C)C2=CC=C(Cl)C=C2C=1C1=CC=CC=C1 AAOVKJBEBIDNHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940078672 didecyldimethylammonium Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000013681 dietary sucrose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004205 dimethyl polysiloxane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013870 dimethyl polysiloxane Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000003618 dip coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 206010013023 diphtheria Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 150000002016 disaccharides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003651 drinking water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- NFDRPXJGHKJRLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N edtmp Chemical compound OP(O)(=O)CN(CP(O)(O)=O)CCN(CP(O)(O)=O)CP(O)(O)=O NFDRPXJGHKJRLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004945 emulsification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007720 emulsion polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003925 fat Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003063 flame retardant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009969 flowable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011381 foam concrete Substances 0.000 description 1
- IVJISJACKSSFGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N formaldehyde;1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine Chemical class O=C.NC1=NC(N)=NC(N)=N1 IVJISJACKSSFGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004675 formic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010528 free radical solution polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011953 free-radical catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021485 fumed silica Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229930182830 galactose Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 230000014509 gene expression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000174 gluconic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012208 gluconic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004676 glycans Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-XOQCFJPHSA-N glycerol triricinoleate Natural products CCCCCC[C@@H](O)CC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](COC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CC[C@@H](O)CCCCCC)OC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CC[C@H](O)CCCCCC ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-XOQCFJPHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000578 graft copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000021384 green leafy vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000008282 halocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- RBTKNAXYKSUFRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N heliogen blue Chemical compound [Cu].[N-]1C2=C(C=CC=C3)C3=C1N=C([N-]1)C3=CC=CC=C3C1=NC([N-]1)=C(C=CC=C3)C3=C1N=C([N-]1)C3=CC=CC=C3C1=N2 RBTKNAXYKSUFRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940005740 hexametaphosphate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000004021 humic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 229920006270 hydrocarbon resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000019447 hydroxyethyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001023 inorganic pigment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000077 insect repellent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002452 interceptive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960004903 invert sugar Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910000358 iron sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Fe+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000003350 kerosene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004761 kevlar Substances 0.000 description 1
- 201000003453 lung abscess Diseases 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N maleic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011976 maleic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000609 methyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001923 methylcellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010981 methylcellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000693 micelle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011859 microparticle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002480 mineral oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010446 mineral oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000013379 molasses Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000006082 mold release agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002772 monosaccharides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000010805 mumps infectious disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical class CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PSZYNBSKGUBXEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(S(=O)(=O)O)=CC=CC2=C1 PSZYNBSKGUBXEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004045 organic chlorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012860 organic pigment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000005702 oxyalkylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- FJKROLUGYXJWQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N papa-hydroxy-benzoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 FJKROLUGYXJWQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002866 paraformaldehyde Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 244000045947 parasite Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960000490 permethrin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000002989 phenols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003009 phosphonic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011505 plaster Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000435 poly(dimethylsiloxane) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004584 polyacrylic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001515 polyalkylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000193 polymethacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920006380 polyphenylene oxide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001451 polypropylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001282 polysaccharide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005017 polysaccharide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002689 polyvinyl acetate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011118 polyvinyl acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000036 polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001267 polyvinylpyrrolidone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001103 potassium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011164 potassium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- WSHYKIAQCMIPTB-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium;2-oxo-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)chromen-4-olate Chemical compound [K+].[O-]C=1C2=CC=CC=C2OC(=O)C=1C(CC(=O)C)C1=CC=CC=C1 WSHYKIAQCMIPTB-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 1
- QROGIFZRVHSFLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-1-enylbenzene Chemical class CC=CC1=CC=CC=C1 QROGIFZRVHSFLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000005871 repellent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003128 rodenticide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 201000005404 rubella Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229960004889 salicylic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 208000005687 scabies Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008159 sesame oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011803 sesame oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 201000005113 shigellosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000007873 sieving Methods 0.000 description 1
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019832 sodium triphosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- ITCAUAYQCALGGV-XTICBAGASA-M sodium;(1r,4ar,4br,10ar)-1,4a-dimethyl-7-propan-2-yl-2,3,4,4b,5,6,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene-1-carboxylate Chemical compound [Na+].C([C@@H]12)CC(C(C)C)=CC1=CC[C@@H]1[C@]2(C)CCC[C@@]1(C)C([O-])=O ITCAUAYQCALGGV-XTICBAGASA-M 0.000 description 1
- XCPXWEJIDZSUMF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;dioctyl phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCOP([O-])(=O)OCCCCCCCC XCPXWEJIDZSUMF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011115 styrene butadiene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229960004793 sucrose Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000003871 sulfonates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003459 sulfonic acid esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003319 supportive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920003002 synthetic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000057 synthetic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002258 tannic acid Polymers 0.000 description 1
- LRBQNJMCXXYXIU-NRMVVENXSA-N tannic acid Chemical compound OC1=C(O)C(O)=CC(C(=O)OC=2C(=C(O)C=C(C=2)C(=O)OC[C@@H]2[C@H]([C@H](OC(=O)C=3C=C(OC(=O)C=4C=C(O)C(O)=C(O)C=4)C(O)=C(O)C=3)[C@@H](OC(=O)C=3C=C(OC(=O)C=4C=C(O)C(O)=C(O)C=4)C(O)=C(O)C=3)[C@@H](OC(=O)C=3C=C(OC(=O)C=4C=C(O)C(O)=C(O)C=4)C(O)=C(O)C=3)O2)OC(=O)C=2C=C(OC(=O)C=3C=C(O)C(O)=C(O)C=3)C(O)=C(O)C=2)O)=C1 LRBQNJMCXXYXIU-NRMVVENXSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940033123 tannic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000015523 tannic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011975 tartaric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000002906 tartaric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000012815 thermoplastic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005992 thermoplastic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- ZMZDMBWJUHKJPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiocyanic acid Chemical class SC#N ZMZDMBWJUHKJPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000699 topical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- STCOOQWBFONSKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributyl phosphate Chemical compound CCCCOP(=O)(OCCCC)OCCCC STCOOQWBFONSKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UNXRWKVEANCORM-UHFFFAOYSA-I triphosphate(5-) Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])(=O)OP([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O UNXRWKVEANCORM-UHFFFAOYSA-I 0.000 description 1
- 150000004043 trisaccharides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940124543 ultraviolet light absorber Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000001018 virulence Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003039 volatile agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000341 volatile oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003169 water-soluble polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000080 wetting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004246 zinc acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B16/00—Use of organic materials as fillers, e.g. pigments, for mortars, concrete or artificial stone; Treatment of organic materials specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone
- C04B16/04—Macromolecular compounds
- C04B16/08—Macromolecular compounds porous, e.g. expanded polystyrene beads or microballoons
- C04B16/082—Macromolecular compounds porous, e.g. expanded polystyrene beads or microballoons other than polystyrene based, e.g. polyurethane foam
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B16/00—Use of organic materials as fillers, e.g. pigments, for mortars, concrete or artificial stone; Treatment of organic materials specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone
- C04B16/04—Macromolecular compounds
- C04B16/08—Macromolecular compounds porous, e.g. expanded polystyrene beads or microballoons
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
- C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
- C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
- C04B28/04—Portland cements
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B38/00—Porous mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramic ware; Preparation thereof
- C04B38/009—Porous or hollow ceramic granular materials, e.g. microballoons
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B38/00—Porous mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramic ware; Preparation thereof
- C04B38/08—Porous mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramic ware; Preparation thereof by adding porous substances
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2103/00—Function or property of ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone
- C04B2103/60—Agents for protection against chemical, physical or biological attack
- C04B2103/67—Biocides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2103/00—Function or property of ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone
- C04B2103/60—Agents for protection against chemical, physical or biological attack
- C04B2103/67—Biocides
- C04B2103/69—Fungicides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/00474—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00
- C04B2111/0075—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00 for road construction
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/40—Porous or lightweight materials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2201/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone characterised by specific physical values
- C04B2201/20—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone characterised by specific physical values for the density
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/91—Use of waste materials as fillers for mortars or concrete
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
- Curing Cements, Concrete, And Artificial Stone (AREA)
Abstract
A lightweight concrete composition containing from 10 to 90 volume percent of a cement composition, from 10 to 90 volume percent of particles having an average particle diameter of from 0.2 mm to 8 mm, a bulk density of from 0.03 g/cc to 0.64 g/cc, an aspect ratio of from 1 to 3, and from 0 to 50 volume percent of aggregate, where the particles contain an antimicrobial agent; where the sum of components used does not exceed 100 volume percent, and where after the lightweight concrete composition is set it has a compressive strength of at least 1700 psi as tested according to ASTM C39 after seven days. The concrete composition can be used to make concrete masonry units, construction panels, dining tables, counter surfaces, bench tops, and/or examination tables as well as other articles.
Description
LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE COMPOSITIONS
CONTAINING ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention The present invention is directed to novel compositions, materials, methods of their use and methods of their manufacture that are generally useful as agents in the construction and building trades. More specifically, the compounds of the present invention can be used in construction and building applications that benefit from a relatively lightweight, extendable, moldable, pourable, material that has high strength and often improved insulation properties.
CONTAINING ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention The present invention is directed to novel compositions, materials, methods of their use and methods of their manufacture that are generally useful as agents in the construction and building trades. More specifically, the compounds of the present invention can be used in construction and building applications that benefit from a relatively lightweight, extendable, moldable, pourable, material that has high strength and often improved insulation properties.
2. Description of the Prior Art In the field of preparation and use of lightweight cementitious materials, such as so-called lightweight concrete, the materials that have been available to the trades up until now have generally required the addition of various constituents to achieve a strong but lightweight concrete mass that has a high homogeneity of constituents and which is uniformly bonded throughout the mass.
U.S. Patent Nos. 3,214,393, 3,257,338 and 3,272,765 disclose concrete mixtures that contain cement, a primary aggregate, particulate expanded styrene polymer, and a homogenizing and/or a surface-active additive.
U.S. Patent No. 3,021,291 discloses a method of making cellular concrete by incorporating into the concrete mixture, prior to casting the mixture, a polymeric material that will expand under the influence of heat during curing. The shape and size of the polymeric particles is not critical.
U.S. Patent No. 5,580,378 discloses a lightweight cementitious product made up of an aqueous cementitious mixture that can include fly ash, Portland cement, sand, lime and, as a weight saving component, micronized polystyrene particles having particle sizes in the range of 50 to 2000 m and a density of about 1 lb/ft3. The mixture can be poured into molded products such as foundation walls, roof tiles, bricks and the like.
The product can also be used as a mason's mortar, a plaster, a stucco or a texture.
JP 9 071 449 discloses a lightweight concrete that includes Portland cement and a lightweight aggregate such as foamed polystyrene, perlite or vermiculite as a part or all parts of the aggregate. The foamed polystyrene has a granule diameter of 0.1-10 mm and a specific gravity of 0.01-0.08.
U.S. Patent Nos. 5,580,378, 5,622,556, and 5,725,652 disclose lightweight cementitious products made up of an aqueous cementitious mixture that includes cement and expanded shale, clay, slate, fly ash, and/or lime, and a weight saving component, which is micronized polystyrene particles having particle sizes in the range of 50 to 2000 m, and characterized by having water contents in the range of from about 0.5% to 50% v/v.
U.S. Patent No. 4,265,964 discloses lightweight compositions for structural units such as wallboard panels and the like, which contain low density expandable thermoplastic granules; a cementitious base material, such as, gypsum; a surfactant; an additive which acts as a frothing agent to incorporate an appropriate amount of air into the mixture; a film forming component; and a starch. The expandable thermoplastic granules are expanded as fully as possible.
WO 98 02 397 discloses lightweight-concrete roofing tiles made by molding a hydraulic binder composition containing synthetic resin foams as the aggregate and having a specific gravity of about 1.6 to 2.
WO 00/61519 discloses a lightweight concrete that includes a blend of from around 40 % to 99 % of organic polymeric material and from 1%
to around 60 % of an air entraining agent. The blend is used for preparing lightweight concrete that uses polystyrene aggregate. The blend is required to disperse the polystyrene aggregate and to improve the bond between the polystyrene aggregate and surrounding cementitious binder.
WO 01/66485 discloses a lightweight cementitious mixture containing by volume: 5 to 80 % cement, 10 to 65 % expanded polystyrene particles; 10 to 90 % expanded mineral particles; and water sufficient to make a paste with a substantially even distribution of expanded polystyrene after proper mixing.
U.S. Patent No. 6,851,235 discloses a building block that includes a mixture of water, cement, and expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam beads that have a diameter from 3.18 mm (1/8 inch) to 9.53 mm (3/8 inch) in the proportions of from 68 to 95 liters (18 to 25 gallons) water; from 150 to 190 kg (325 to 425 Ib) cement; and from 850 to 1400 liters (30 to 50 cubic feet) EPS beads.
U.S. Patent No. 5,913,791 discloses a building block that has a cement-based attachment layer on one or both exterior surfaces of the block that receives and holds a penetrating fastener such as a nail, screw, staple, or the like. One cement-based layer contains water, cement, and expanded polystyrene foam beads in first proportions and a second exterior surface contains water, cement, and expanded polystyrene foam beads in second proportions different than the first proportions.
Generally, the prior art recognizes the utility of using expanded polymers, in some form, in concrete compositions, to reduce the overall weight of the compositions. The expanded polymers are primarily added to take up space and create voids in the concrete and the amount of "air space" in the expanded polymer is typically maximized to achieve this objective. Generally, the prior art assumes that expanded polymer particles will lower the strength and/or structural integrity of lightweight concrete compositions. Further, concrete articles made from prior art lightweight concrete compositions have at best inconsistent physical properties, such as Young's modulus, thermal conductivity, and compressive strength, and typically demonstrate less than desirable physical properties.
In many instances, the ability to utilize articles made of lightweight concrete is limited because such products include minute empty spaces
U.S. Patent Nos. 3,214,393, 3,257,338 and 3,272,765 disclose concrete mixtures that contain cement, a primary aggregate, particulate expanded styrene polymer, and a homogenizing and/or a surface-active additive.
U.S. Patent No. 3,021,291 discloses a method of making cellular concrete by incorporating into the concrete mixture, prior to casting the mixture, a polymeric material that will expand under the influence of heat during curing. The shape and size of the polymeric particles is not critical.
U.S. Patent No. 5,580,378 discloses a lightweight cementitious product made up of an aqueous cementitious mixture that can include fly ash, Portland cement, sand, lime and, as a weight saving component, micronized polystyrene particles having particle sizes in the range of 50 to 2000 m and a density of about 1 lb/ft3. The mixture can be poured into molded products such as foundation walls, roof tiles, bricks and the like.
The product can also be used as a mason's mortar, a plaster, a stucco or a texture.
JP 9 071 449 discloses a lightweight concrete that includes Portland cement and a lightweight aggregate such as foamed polystyrene, perlite or vermiculite as a part or all parts of the aggregate. The foamed polystyrene has a granule diameter of 0.1-10 mm and a specific gravity of 0.01-0.08.
U.S. Patent Nos. 5,580,378, 5,622,556, and 5,725,652 disclose lightweight cementitious products made up of an aqueous cementitious mixture that includes cement and expanded shale, clay, slate, fly ash, and/or lime, and a weight saving component, which is micronized polystyrene particles having particle sizes in the range of 50 to 2000 m, and characterized by having water contents in the range of from about 0.5% to 50% v/v.
U.S. Patent No. 4,265,964 discloses lightweight compositions for structural units such as wallboard panels and the like, which contain low density expandable thermoplastic granules; a cementitious base material, such as, gypsum; a surfactant; an additive which acts as a frothing agent to incorporate an appropriate amount of air into the mixture; a film forming component; and a starch. The expandable thermoplastic granules are expanded as fully as possible.
WO 98 02 397 discloses lightweight-concrete roofing tiles made by molding a hydraulic binder composition containing synthetic resin foams as the aggregate and having a specific gravity of about 1.6 to 2.
WO 00/61519 discloses a lightweight concrete that includes a blend of from around 40 % to 99 % of organic polymeric material and from 1%
to around 60 % of an air entraining agent. The blend is used for preparing lightweight concrete that uses polystyrene aggregate. The blend is required to disperse the polystyrene aggregate and to improve the bond between the polystyrene aggregate and surrounding cementitious binder.
WO 01/66485 discloses a lightweight cementitious mixture containing by volume: 5 to 80 % cement, 10 to 65 % expanded polystyrene particles; 10 to 90 % expanded mineral particles; and water sufficient to make a paste with a substantially even distribution of expanded polystyrene after proper mixing.
U.S. Patent No. 6,851,235 discloses a building block that includes a mixture of water, cement, and expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam beads that have a diameter from 3.18 mm (1/8 inch) to 9.53 mm (3/8 inch) in the proportions of from 68 to 95 liters (18 to 25 gallons) water; from 150 to 190 kg (325 to 425 Ib) cement; and from 850 to 1400 liters (30 to 50 cubic feet) EPS beads.
U.S. Patent No. 5,913,791 discloses a building block that has a cement-based attachment layer on one or both exterior surfaces of the block that receives and holds a penetrating fastener such as a nail, screw, staple, or the like. One cement-based layer contains water, cement, and expanded polystyrene foam beads in first proportions and a second exterior surface contains water, cement, and expanded polystyrene foam beads in second proportions different than the first proportions.
Generally, the prior art recognizes the utility of using expanded polymers, in some form, in concrete compositions, to reduce the overall weight of the compositions. The expanded polymers are primarily added to take up space and create voids in the concrete and the amount of "air space" in the expanded polymer is typically maximized to achieve this objective. Generally, the prior art assumes that expanded polymer particles will lower the strength and/or structural integrity of lightweight concrete compositions. Further, concrete articles made from prior art lightweight concrete compositions have at best inconsistent physical properties, such as Young's modulus, thermal conductivity, and compressive strength, and typically demonstrate less than desirable physical properties.
In many instances, the ability to utilize articles made of lightweight concrete is limited because such products include minute empty spaces
-3-where microbes are able to proliferate. Many of the microbes growing on such concrete articles products possess the ability to cause infection and contamination. Of particular concern are products designed for repeated human contact, such as dining tables, counter surfaces, bench tops and examination tables, walls and floors in hospitals, schools, restaurants, etc.
Therefore, there is a need in the art for lightweight concrete compositions that provide lightweight concrete articles having predictable and desirable physical properties and decreased microbial proliferation that overcome the above-described problems.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a lightweight concrete composition containing from 10 to 90 volume percent of a cement composition, from 10 to 90 volume percent of particles having an average particle diameter of from 0.2 mm to 8 mm, a bulk density of from 0.028 g/cc to 0.64 g/cc, an aspect ratio of from 1 to 3, where the particles include an antimicrobial agent, and from 0 to 50 volume percent of aggregate where the sum of components used does not exceed 100 volume percent; and where after the lightweight cementitious composition is set for seven days, it has a compressive strength of at least 1700 psi as tested according to ASTM
C39.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a scanning electron micrograph of the surface of a prepuff bead used in the invention;
FIG. 2 is a scanning electron micrograph of the interior of a prepuff bead used in the invention;
FIG. 3 is a scanning electron micrograph of the surface of a prepuff bead used in the invention;
FIG. 4 is a scanning electron micrograph of the interior of a prepuff bead used in the invention;
Therefore, there is a need in the art for lightweight concrete compositions that provide lightweight concrete articles having predictable and desirable physical properties and decreased microbial proliferation that overcome the above-described problems.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a lightweight concrete composition containing from 10 to 90 volume percent of a cement composition, from 10 to 90 volume percent of particles having an average particle diameter of from 0.2 mm to 8 mm, a bulk density of from 0.028 g/cc to 0.64 g/cc, an aspect ratio of from 1 to 3, where the particles include an antimicrobial agent, and from 0 to 50 volume percent of aggregate where the sum of components used does not exceed 100 volume percent; and where after the lightweight cementitious composition is set for seven days, it has a compressive strength of at least 1700 psi as tested according to ASTM
C39.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a scanning electron micrograph of the surface of a prepuff bead used in the invention;
FIG. 2 is a scanning electron micrograph of the interior of a prepuff bead used in the invention;
FIG. 3 is a scanning electron micrograph of the surface of a prepuff bead used in the invention;
FIG. 4 is a scanning electron micrograph of the interior of a prepuff bead used in the invention;
-4-FIG. 5 is a scanning electron micrograph of the surface of a prepuff bead used in the invention; and FIG. 6 is a scanning electron micrograph of the interior of a prepuff bead used in the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTtON OF THE INVENTION
Other than in the operating examples or where otherwise indicated, all numbers or expressions referring to quantities of ingredients, reaction conditions, etc. used in the specification and claims are to be understood as modified in all instances by the term "about." Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the following specification and attached claims are approximations that can vary depending upon the desired properties, which the present invention desires to obtain. At the very least, and not as an a#tempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques.
Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible. Any numerical values, however, inherently contain certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements.
Also, it should be understood that any numerical range recited herein is intended to include all sub-ranges subsumed therein. For example, a range of "1 to 10" is intended to include all sub-ranges between and including the recited minimum value of 1 and the recited maximum value of 10; that is, having a minimum value equal to or greater than 1 and a maximum value of equal to or less than 10. Because the disclosed numerical ranges are continuous, they include every value between the minimum and maximum values. Unless expressly indicated
DETAILED DESCRIPTtON OF THE INVENTION
Other than in the operating examples or where otherwise indicated, all numbers or expressions referring to quantities of ingredients, reaction conditions, etc. used in the specification and claims are to be understood as modified in all instances by the term "about." Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the following specification and attached claims are approximations that can vary depending upon the desired properties, which the present invention desires to obtain. At the very least, and not as an a#tempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques.
Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible. Any numerical values, however, inherently contain certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements.
Also, it should be understood that any numerical range recited herein is intended to include all sub-ranges subsumed therein. For example, a range of "1 to 10" is intended to include all sub-ranges between and including the recited minimum value of 1 and the recited maximum value of 10; that is, having a minimum value equal to or greater than 1 and a maximum value of equal to or less than 10. Because the disclosed numerical ranges are continuous, they include every value between the minimum and maximum values. Unless expressly indicated
-5-otherwise, the various numerical ranges specified in this application are approximations.
As used herein, the term "particles containing void spaces" refer to expanded polymer particles, prepuff particles, and other particles that include cellular and/or honeycomb-type chambers at least some of which are cornpletely enclosed, that contain air or a specific gas or combination of gasses, as a non-limiting example prepuff particles as described herein.
As used herein the terms "cement" and "cementitious' refer to materials that bond a concrete or other monolithic product, not the final product itself. In particular, hydraulic cement refers to a material that sets and hardens by undergoing a hydration reaction in the presence of a sufficient quantity of water to produce a final hardened product.
As used herein, the term "cementitious mixture" refers to a composition that includes a cement material, and one or more fillers, adjuvants, or other aggregates and/or materials known in the art that form a slurry that hardens upon curing. Cement materials include, but are not limited to, hydraulic cement, gypsum, gypsum compositions, lime and the like and may or may not include water. Adjuvants and fillers include, but are not limited to sand, clay, fly ash, aggregate, air entrainment agents, colorants, water reducers/superplasticizers, and the like.
As used herein, the term "concrete" refers to a hard strong building material made by mixing a cementitious mixture with sufficient water to cause the cementitious mixture to set and bind the entire mass.
As used herein, the term "antimicrobial agent" refers to biocides, fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, and other such materials that are capable of destroying or inhibiting the growth of microorganisms, non-limiting examples of which include bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites.
As used herein, all volume and weight percentages anticipate the use of a certain volume or weight of water. The particuiar amounts when referring to a dry-mix or ready-mix composition would be in the same proportions anticipating that the commensurate amount of water will be
As used herein, the term "particles containing void spaces" refer to expanded polymer particles, prepuff particles, and other particles that include cellular and/or honeycomb-type chambers at least some of which are cornpletely enclosed, that contain air or a specific gas or combination of gasses, as a non-limiting example prepuff particles as described herein.
As used herein the terms "cement" and "cementitious' refer to materials that bond a concrete or other monolithic product, not the final product itself. In particular, hydraulic cement refers to a material that sets and hardens by undergoing a hydration reaction in the presence of a sufficient quantity of water to produce a final hardened product.
As used herein, the term "cementitious mixture" refers to a composition that includes a cement material, and one or more fillers, adjuvants, or other aggregates and/or materials known in the art that form a slurry that hardens upon curing. Cement materials include, but are not limited to, hydraulic cement, gypsum, gypsum compositions, lime and the like and may or may not include water. Adjuvants and fillers include, but are not limited to sand, clay, fly ash, aggregate, air entrainment agents, colorants, water reducers/superplasticizers, and the like.
As used herein, the term "concrete" refers to a hard strong building material made by mixing a cementitious mixture with sufficient water to cause the cementitious mixture to set and bind the entire mass.
As used herein, the term "antimicrobial agent" refers to biocides, fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, and other such materials that are capable of destroying or inhibiting the growth of microorganisms, non-limiting examples of which include bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites.
As used herein, all volume and weight percentages anticipate the use of a certain volume or weight of water. The particuiar amounts when referring to a dry-mix or ready-mix composition would be in the same proportions anticipating that the commensurate amount of water will be
-6-added to the dry-mix or ready-mix when it is to be finally formulated, mixed and otherwise readied for use.
All compositional ranges expressed herein are limited in total to and do not exceed 100 percent (volume percent or weight percent) in practice.
Where multiple components can be present in a composition, the sum of the maximum amounts of each component can exceed 100 percent, with the understanding that, and as those skilled in the art readily understand, that the amounts of the components actually used will conform to the maximum of 100 percent.
As used herein, the terms "(meth) acrylic" and "(meth)acrylate" are meant to include both acrylic and methacrylic acid derivatives, such as the corresponding alkyl esters often referred to as acrylates and (meth)acrylates, which the term "(meth)acrylate" is meant to encompass.
As used herein, the term "polymer" is meant to encompass, without limitation, homopolymers, copolymers, graft copolymers, and blends and combinations thereof.
In its broadest context, the present invention provides a method of controlling air entrainment in a formed article. The formed article can be made from any formable material, where particles containing void spaces are used to entrain air in a structurally supportive manner. Any suitable formable material can be used, so long as the particles containing void spaces are not damaged during the forming process.
As used herein, the term "composite material" refers to a solid material which includes two or more substances having different physical characteristics and in which each substance retains its identity while contributing desirable properties to the whole. As a non-limiting example, composite materials can include concrete within which prepuff beads are uniformly dispersed and embedded.
Thus, the present invention is directed to methods of controlling air entrainment where an article is formed by combining a formable material and particles containing an antimicrobial agent and void spaces to provide a mixture and placing the mixture in a form.
All compositional ranges expressed herein are limited in total to and do not exceed 100 percent (volume percent or weight percent) in practice.
Where multiple components can be present in a composition, the sum of the maximum amounts of each component can exceed 100 percent, with the understanding that, and as those skilled in the art readily understand, that the amounts of the components actually used will conform to the maximum of 100 percent.
As used herein, the terms "(meth) acrylic" and "(meth)acrylate" are meant to include both acrylic and methacrylic acid derivatives, such as the corresponding alkyl esters often referred to as acrylates and (meth)acrylates, which the term "(meth)acrylate" is meant to encompass.
As used herein, the term "polymer" is meant to encompass, without limitation, homopolymers, copolymers, graft copolymers, and blends and combinations thereof.
In its broadest context, the present invention provides a method of controlling air entrainment in a formed article. The formed article can be made from any formable material, where particles containing void spaces are used to entrain air in a structurally supportive manner. Any suitable formable material can be used, so long as the particles containing void spaces are not damaged during the forming process.
As used herein, the term "composite material" refers to a solid material which includes two or more substances having different physical characteristics and in which each substance retains its identity while contributing desirable properties to the whole. As a non-limiting example, composite materials can include concrete within which prepuff beads are uniformly dispersed and embedded.
Thus, the present invention is directed to methods of controlling air entrainment where an article is formed by combining a formable material and particles containing an antimicrobial agent and void spaces to provide a mixture and placing the mixture in a form.
-7-Although the appiication discloses in detail cementitious mixtures with polymer particles that contain antimicrobial agents, the concepts and embodiments described herein can be applied by those skilled in the art to the other applications described above.
Embodiments of the present invention are directed to lightweight concrete (LWC) compositions that include a cementitious mixture and polymer particles that contain one or more antimicrobial agents.
Surprisingly, it has been found that the size, composition, structure, and physical properties of the expanded polymer particles, and in some instances their resin bead precursors, can greatly affect the physical properties of LWC articles made from the LWC compositions of the invention. Of particular note is the relationship between bead size and expanded polymer particle density on the physical properties of the resulting LWC articles.
In an embodiment of the invention, the cementitious mixture can be an aqueous cementitious mixture.
The polymer particles, which can optionally be expanded polymer particles, are present in the LWC composition at a level of at least 10, in some instances at least 15, in other instances at least 20, in particular situations up to 25, in some cases at least 30, and in other cases at least 35 volume percent and up to 90, in some cases up to 85, in other cases up to 78, in some instances up to 75, in other instance up to 65, in particular instances up to 60, in some cases up to 50, and in other cases up to 40 volume percent based on the total volume of the LWC composition. The amount of polymer will vary depending on the particular physical properties desired in a finished LWC article. The amount of polymer particles in the LWC composition can be any value or can range between any of the values recited above.
The polymer particles can include any particles derived from any suitable expandable thermoplastic material. The actual polymer particles are selected based on the particular physical properties desired in a finished LWC article. As a non-limiting example, the polymer particles,
Embodiments of the present invention are directed to lightweight concrete (LWC) compositions that include a cementitious mixture and polymer particles that contain one or more antimicrobial agents.
Surprisingly, it has been found that the size, composition, structure, and physical properties of the expanded polymer particles, and in some instances their resin bead precursors, can greatly affect the physical properties of LWC articles made from the LWC compositions of the invention. Of particular note is the relationship between bead size and expanded polymer particle density on the physical properties of the resulting LWC articles.
In an embodiment of the invention, the cementitious mixture can be an aqueous cementitious mixture.
The polymer particles, which can optionally be expanded polymer particles, are present in the LWC composition at a level of at least 10, in some instances at least 15, in other instances at least 20, in particular situations up to 25, in some cases at least 30, and in other cases at least 35 volume percent and up to 90, in some cases up to 85, in other cases up to 78, in some instances up to 75, in other instance up to 65, in particular instances up to 60, in some cases up to 50, and in other cases up to 40 volume percent based on the total volume of the LWC composition. The amount of polymer will vary depending on the particular physical properties desired in a finished LWC article. The amount of polymer particles in the LWC composition can be any value or can range between any of the values recited above.
The polymer particles can include any particles derived from any suitable expandable thermoplastic material. The actual polymer particles are selected based on the particular physical properties desired in a finished LWC article. As a non-limiting example, the polymer particles,
-8-
9 PCT/US2007/006731 which can optionally be expanded polymer particles, can include one or more polymers selected from homopolymers of vinyl aromatic monomers;
copolymers of at least one vinyl aromatic monomer with one or more of divinylbenzene, conjugated dienes, alkyl methacrylates, alkyl acrylates, acrylonitrile, and/or maleic anhydride; polyolefins; polycarbonates;
polyesters; polyamides; natural rubbers; synthetic rubbers; and combinations thereof.
In an embodiment of the invention, the polymer particles include thermoplastic homopolymers or copolymers selected from homopolymers derived from vinyl aromatic monomers including styrene, isopropylstyrene, alpha-methylstyrene, nuclear methylstyrenes, chlorostyrene, tert-butylstyrene, and the like, as well as copolymers prepared by the copotymerization of at least one vinyl aromatic monomer as described above with one or more other monomers, non-limiting examples being divinylbenzene, conjugated dienes (non-limiting examples being butadiene, isoprene, 1, 3- and 2,4- hexadiene), alkyl methacrylates, alkyl acrylates, acrylonitrile, and maleic anhydride, wherein the vinyl aromatic monomer is present in at least 50% by weight of the copolymer. In an embodiment of the invention, styrenic polymers are used, particularly polystyrene. However, other suitable polymers can be used, such as poiyolefins (e.g. polyethylene, polypropylene), polycarbonates, polyphenylene oxides, and mixtures thereof.
In a particular embodiment of the invention, the polymer particles are expandable polystyrene (EPS) particles. These particles can be in the form of beads, granules, or other particles convenient for expansion and molding operations.
In the present invention, particles polymerized in a suspension process, which are essentially spherical resin beads, are useful as polymer particles or for making expanded polymer particles. However, polymers derived from solution and bulk polymerization techniques that are extruded and cut into particle sized resin bead sections can also be used.
In an embodiment of the invention, resin beads (unexpanded) containing any of the polymers or polymer compositions described herein have a particle size of at least 0.2, in some situations at least 0.33, in some cases at least 0.35, in other cases at least 0.4, in some instances at least 0.45 and in other instances at least 0.5 mm. Also, the resin beads can have a particle size of up to 3, in some instances up to 2, in other instances up to 2.5, in some cases up to 2.25, in other cases up to 2, in some situations up to 1.5 and in other situations up to 1 mm. In this embodiment, the physical properties of LWC articles made according to the invention have inconsistent or undesirable physical properties when resin beads having particle sizes outside of the above described ranges are used to make the expanded polymer particles. The resin beads used in this embodiment can be any value or can range between any of the values recited above.
The expandable thermoplastic particles or resin beads can optionally be impregnated using any conventional method with a suitable blowing agent. As a non-limiting example, the impregnation can be achieved by adding the blowing agent to the aqueous suspension during the polymerization of the polymer, or atternatively by re-suspending the polymer particles in an aqueous medium and then incorporating the blowing agent as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 2,983,692. Any gaseous material or material which will produce gases on heating can be used as the blowing agent. Conventional blowing agents include aliphatic hydrocarbons containing 4 to 6 carbon atoms in the molecule, such as butanes, pentanes, hexanes, and the halogenated hydrocarbons, e.g.
CFC's and HCFC's, which boil at a temperature below the softening point of the polymer chosen. Mixtures of these aliphatic hydrocarbon blowing agents can also be used.
Alternatively, water can be blended with these aiiphatic hydrocarbons blowing agents or water can be used as the sole blowing agent as taught in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,127,439; 6,160,027; and 6,242,540 in these patents, water-retaining agents are used. The weight percentage of
copolymers of at least one vinyl aromatic monomer with one or more of divinylbenzene, conjugated dienes, alkyl methacrylates, alkyl acrylates, acrylonitrile, and/or maleic anhydride; polyolefins; polycarbonates;
polyesters; polyamides; natural rubbers; synthetic rubbers; and combinations thereof.
In an embodiment of the invention, the polymer particles include thermoplastic homopolymers or copolymers selected from homopolymers derived from vinyl aromatic monomers including styrene, isopropylstyrene, alpha-methylstyrene, nuclear methylstyrenes, chlorostyrene, tert-butylstyrene, and the like, as well as copolymers prepared by the copotymerization of at least one vinyl aromatic monomer as described above with one or more other monomers, non-limiting examples being divinylbenzene, conjugated dienes (non-limiting examples being butadiene, isoprene, 1, 3- and 2,4- hexadiene), alkyl methacrylates, alkyl acrylates, acrylonitrile, and maleic anhydride, wherein the vinyl aromatic monomer is present in at least 50% by weight of the copolymer. In an embodiment of the invention, styrenic polymers are used, particularly polystyrene. However, other suitable polymers can be used, such as poiyolefins (e.g. polyethylene, polypropylene), polycarbonates, polyphenylene oxides, and mixtures thereof.
In a particular embodiment of the invention, the polymer particles are expandable polystyrene (EPS) particles. These particles can be in the form of beads, granules, or other particles convenient for expansion and molding operations.
In the present invention, particles polymerized in a suspension process, which are essentially spherical resin beads, are useful as polymer particles or for making expanded polymer particles. However, polymers derived from solution and bulk polymerization techniques that are extruded and cut into particle sized resin bead sections can also be used.
In an embodiment of the invention, resin beads (unexpanded) containing any of the polymers or polymer compositions described herein have a particle size of at least 0.2, in some situations at least 0.33, in some cases at least 0.35, in other cases at least 0.4, in some instances at least 0.45 and in other instances at least 0.5 mm. Also, the resin beads can have a particle size of up to 3, in some instances up to 2, in other instances up to 2.5, in some cases up to 2.25, in other cases up to 2, in some situations up to 1.5 and in other situations up to 1 mm. In this embodiment, the physical properties of LWC articles made according to the invention have inconsistent or undesirable physical properties when resin beads having particle sizes outside of the above described ranges are used to make the expanded polymer particles. The resin beads used in this embodiment can be any value or can range between any of the values recited above.
The expandable thermoplastic particles or resin beads can optionally be impregnated using any conventional method with a suitable blowing agent. As a non-limiting example, the impregnation can be achieved by adding the blowing agent to the aqueous suspension during the polymerization of the polymer, or atternatively by re-suspending the polymer particles in an aqueous medium and then incorporating the blowing agent as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 2,983,692. Any gaseous material or material which will produce gases on heating can be used as the blowing agent. Conventional blowing agents include aliphatic hydrocarbons containing 4 to 6 carbon atoms in the molecule, such as butanes, pentanes, hexanes, and the halogenated hydrocarbons, e.g.
CFC's and HCFC's, which boil at a temperature below the softening point of the polymer chosen. Mixtures of these aliphatic hydrocarbon blowing agents can also be used.
Alternatively, water can be blended with these aiiphatic hydrocarbons blowing agents or water can be used as the sole blowing agent as taught in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,127,439; 6,160,027; and 6,242,540 in these patents, water-retaining agents are used. The weight percentage of
-10-water for use as the blowing agent can range from I to 20%_ The texts of U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,127,439, 6,160,027 and 6,242,540 are incorporated herein by reference.
The impregnated polymer particles or resin beads are optionally expanded to a bulk density of at least 1.75 lb/ft3 (0.028 g/cc), in some circumstances at least 2 lb/ft3 (0.032 g/cc) in other circumstances at least 3 Ib/ft3 (0.048 g/cc) and in particular circumstances at least 3.25 lb/ft3 (0.052 g/cc) or 3.5 Ib/ft3 (0.056 g/cc). When non-expanded resin beads are used higher bulk density beads can be used. As such, the bulk density can be as high as 40 lb/ft3 (0.64 g/cc). In other situations, the polymer particles are at least partially expanded and the bulk density can be up to 35 lb/ft3 (0.56 g/cc), in some cases up to 30 lb/ft3 (0.48 g/cc), in other cases up to 25 Ib/ft3 (0.4 g/cc), in some instances up to 20 lb/ft3 (0.32 g/cc), in other instances up to 15 lb/ft3 (0.24 g/cc) and in certain circumstances up to 10 Iblft3 (0.16 g/cc). The bulk density of the polymer particles can be any value or range between any of the values recited above. The bulk density of the polymer particles, resin beads and/or prepuff particles is determined by weighing a known volume of polymer particles, beads and/or prepuff particles (aged 24 hours at ambient conditions).
In embodiments of the present invention, the impregnation step can include impregnating the polymer particles or resin beads with an antimicrobial agent. As a non-limiting example, polymer particles, resin beads and/or prepuff particles can be impregnated with antimicrobial agents using the methods disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 6,033,731, the relevant portions of which are incorporated herein by reference.
In these embodiments of the invention, thermoplastic beads can be polymerized in a conventional suspension or emulsion polymerization. In many cases, thermoplastics containing a major amount of a vinyl aromatic monomer and a minor amount of one or more copolymerizable monomers can be polymerized using a thermal and/or free radical initiation. The monomer(s) is/are suspended or dispersed in a different, non-
The impregnated polymer particles or resin beads are optionally expanded to a bulk density of at least 1.75 lb/ft3 (0.028 g/cc), in some circumstances at least 2 lb/ft3 (0.032 g/cc) in other circumstances at least 3 Ib/ft3 (0.048 g/cc) and in particular circumstances at least 3.25 lb/ft3 (0.052 g/cc) or 3.5 Ib/ft3 (0.056 g/cc). When non-expanded resin beads are used higher bulk density beads can be used. As such, the bulk density can be as high as 40 lb/ft3 (0.64 g/cc). In other situations, the polymer particles are at least partially expanded and the bulk density can be up to 35 lb/ft3 (0.56 g/cc), in some cases up to 30 lb/ft3 (0.48 g/cc), in other cases up to 25 Ib/ft3 (0.4 g/cc), in some instances up to 20 lb/ft3 (0.32 g/cc), in other instances up to 15 lb/ft3 (0.24 g/cc) and in certain circumstances up to 10 Iblft3 (0.16 g/cc). The bulk density of the polymer particles can be any value or range between any of the values recited above. The bulk density of the polymer particles, resin beads and/or prepuff particles is determined by weighing a known volume of polymer particles, beads and/or prepuff particles (aged 24 hours at ambient conditions).
In embodiments of the present invention, the impregnation step can include impregnating the polymer particles or resin beads with an antimicrobial agent. As a non-limiting example, polymer particles, resin beads and/or prepuff particles can be impregnated with antimicrobial agents using the methods disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 6,033,731, the relevant portions of which are incorporated herein by reference.
In these embodiments of the invention, thermoplastic beads can be polymerized in a conventional suspension or emulsion polymerization. In many cases, thermoplastics containing a major amount of a vinyl aromatic monomer and a minor amount of one or more copolymerizable monomers can be polymerized using a thermal and/or free radical initiation. The monomer(s) is/are suspended or dispersed in a different, non-
-11-hydrocarbon, typically aqueous, phase and the polymerization takes place in the dispersed monomer droplets (e.g. suspension) or in a micelle into which monomer diffuses from the monomer droplets (e.g. emulsion).
The monomers are suspended in water from about 50 to 500 parts (in many cases, about 75 to 250 parts) by weight per 100 parts by weight of the monomers using an effective amount of one or more suitable.
suspending agents. Any of the suspending agents useful in the suspension polymerization of vinyl aromatic polymers can be used. Non-limiting examples of suitable suspending agents include finely divided water insoluble inorganic substances such as tricalcium phosphate, and the like as well as water-soluble polymers such as polyvinyl alcohol, alkyl aryl sulfonates, hydroxyethyl cellulose, polyacrylic acid, methyl cellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, and low molecular weight (often having less than about 5,000 polyalkylene glycols repeat units (e.g. polyethylene glycols and polypropylene glycols) and the like. Auxiliary suspending agents such as sodium linear alky(benzene sulfonates may also be employed. The use of tricalcium phosphate together with a sodium linear alkylbenzene sulfonate is particularly useful. The amount of the suspending agent necessary will vary depending on a number of factors but will generally be from about 0.01 to I part by weight per 100 parts by weight of the vinyl aromatic polymer. One or more surfactants such as a polyoxyalkylene derivative of sorbitan monolaurate or other fatty acid ester, an ethylene oxide/propylene oxide block copolymer, or other non-ionic or anionic surface active agent can be added to the aqueous suspension if desired.
The amount of surfactant can be from about 0.01 to 1 part by weight per 100 parts by weight of monomer.
In addition to the monomers, the aqueous suspension can further include a free radical initiator or free radical initiator system. The free radical generator can be a peroxide such as.hydrogen peroxide or benzoyl peroxide, or a persuifate initiator.
The reaction mixture is heated to initiate polymerization, either thermally or by a free radical catalyst. After the monomers are polymerized
The monomers are suspended in water from about 50 to 500 parts (in many cases, about 75 to 250 parts) by weight per 100 parts by weight of the monomers using an effective amount of one or more suitable.
suspending agents. Any of the suspending agents useful in the suspension polymerization of vinyl aromatic polymers can be used. Non-limiting examples of suitable suspending agents include finely divided water insoluble inorganic substances such as tricalcium phosphate, and the like as well as water-soluble polymers such as polyvinyl alcohol, alkyl aryl sulfonates, hydroxyethyl cellulose, polyacrylic acid, methyl cellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, and low molecular weight (often having less than about 5,000 polyalkylene glycols repeat units (e.g. polyethylene glycols and polypropylene glycols) and the like. Auxiliary suspending agents such as sodium linear alky(benzene sulfonates may also be employed. The use of tricalcium phosphate together with a sodium linear alkylbenzene sulfonate is particularly useful. The amount of the suspending agent necessary will vary depending on a number of factors but will generally be from about 0.01 to I part by weight per 100 parts by weight of the vinyl aromatic polymer. One or more surfactants such as a polyoxyalkylene derivative of sorbitan monolaurate or other fatty acid ester, an ethylene oxide/propylene oxide block copolymer, or other non-ionic or anionic surface active agent can be added to the aqueous suspension if desired.
The amount of surfactant can be from about 0.01 to 1 part by weight per 100 parts by weight of monomer.
In addition to the monomers, the aqueous suspension can further include a free radical initiator or free radical initiator system. The free radical generator can be a peroxide such as.hydrogen peroxide or benzoyl peroxide, or a persuifate initiator.
The reaction mixture is heated to initiate polymerization, either thermally or by a free radical catalyst. After the monomers are polymerized
-12-to form particles or beads (generally resulting from the suspension process) or microparticles (generally resulting from the emulsion process), they may be separated from the aqueous phase and washed. The thermoplastic polymer beads are typically from about 0.1 to 2 mm in average diameter.
Generally, the polymer bead is impregnated with a blowing agent as described herein to make expandable thermoplastic beads (polystyrene).
In the suspension process the polymer beads can be impregnated either concurrently with the later part of the polymerization or after polymerization. In the impregnation process the blowing agent, together with the antimicrobial agent, are added to an aqueous suspension containing "polymeric beads. The suspensions, together with the blowing agent and the antimicrobial agent, are maintained at a temperature typically from about 60 C to 110 C for a period of time from about 2 to 4 hours by which time the blowing agent and insecticide have impregnated the polymeric beads. The beads are then separated from the emulsion, optionally washed and dried. ' In bulk polymerization, the monomer(s), as described above, include one or more vinyl aromatic monomers and copolymerizable monomers, are fed to one or more reactors in a chain or series of reactors at increasing temperatures up to about 230 in which the monomers are polymerized to increasing conversion of at least about 65% conversion.
The polymer leaves the last reactor in the chain, in the case of a tower process as illustrated in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,658,946 and 3,660,535, or the last horizontal reactor in the chain, in the of processes as illustrated in U.S.
Patent No. 3,903,202, and travels through a preheater. The preheater heats the polymer melt to a temperature of from about 200 C to about 270 C to increase the vapor pressure of the volatiles and reduce the viscosity of the melt to permit it to foam. The polymer melt is then passed typically through a zone of lowered pressure such as a falling strand devolatilizer or an extruder having vacuum ports to remove unreacted monomer and solvent (ethylbenzene) from the polymer. The polymer is
Generally, the polymer bead is impregnated with a blowing agent as described herein to make expandable thermoplastic beads (polystyrene).
In the suspension process the polymer beads can be impregnated either concurrently with the later part of the polymerization or after polymerization. In the impregnation process the blowing agent, together with the antimicrobial agent, are added to an aqueous suspension containing "polymeric beads. The suspensions, together with the blowing agent and the antimicrobial agent, are maintained at a temperature typically from about 60 C to 110 C for a period of time from about 2 to 4 hours by which time the blowing agent and insecticide have impregnated the polymeric beads. The beads are then separated from the emulsion, optionally washed and dried. ' In bulk polymerization, the monomer(s), as described above, include one or more vinyl aromatic monomers and copolymerizable monomers, are fed to one or more reactors in a chain or series of reactors at increasing temperatures up to about 230 in which the monomers are polymerized to increasing conversion of at least about 65% conversion.
The polymer leaves the last reactor in the chain, in the case of a tower process as illustrated in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,658,946 and 3,660,535, or the last horizontal reactor in the chain, in the of processes as illustrated in U.S.
Patent No. 3,903,202, and travels through a preheater. The preheater heats the polymer melt to a temperature of from about 200 C to about 270 C to increase the vapor pressure of the volatiles and reduce the viscosity of the melt to permit it to foam. The polymer melt is then passed typically through a zone of lowered pressure such as a falling strand devolatilizer or an extruder having vacuum ports to remove unreacted monomer and solvent (ethylbenzene) from the polymer. The polymer is
-13-then typically extruded as strands, cooled, generally in a water bath, and chopped into pellets.
The resulting beads are stored preferably in a cool dark environment. When used to produce a foam product, typically the beads are first partially expanded and then placed in a mold and fully expanded resulting in a fusion of the foamed beads and a closed cell foam.
Generally, for construction industry purposes, the foam will take the form of a sheet.
In some embodiments of the invention, the antimicrobial agents are included in the monomer mixture polymerized to form the polymer particles or resin beads. As a non-limiting example, polymer particles, resin beads and/or prepuff particles are formed with antimicrobial agents in the monomer mixture using the methods disclosed in U.S. Patent No.
6,080,796, the relevant portions of which are incorporated herein by reference.
In this embodiment, the polymerization processes outlined above can be used and the antimicrobial agents can be dissolved in one or more of the monomers, in many cases the vinyl aromatic monomer, which in many instances includes styrene, used to prepare the thermoplastic in accordance with the present invention. In some embodiments of the invention, the antimicrobial agent is included in the monomer(s) in an amount of from about 100 to about 10,000 parts per million (ppm) (corresponding to from about 0.01 to about 1 weight %), in some cases from about 300 to about 5,000 ppm (corresponding to from about 0.03 to about 0.5 weight %) based on the total weight of the monomer(s). In the case where the thermoplastic is a homopolymer the amount of antimicrobial agent in the monomer should correspond to the amount of antimicrobial agent in the polymer. In some embodiments of the invention, when the thermoplastic is a copolymer, then the amount of antimicrobial agent in the monomer(s) is selected so that the amount of antimicrobial agent in the resulting polymer is in the range from about 300 to about 5,000 ppm based on the weight of the polymer.
The resulting beads are stored preferably in a cool dark environment. When used to produce a foam product, typically the beads are first partially expanded and then placed in a mold and fully expanded resulting in a fusion of the foamed beads and a closed cell foam.
Generally, for construction industry purposes, the foam will take the form of a sheet.
In some embodiments of the invention, the antimicrobial agents are included in the monomer mixture polymerized to form the polymer particles or resin beads. As a non-limiting example, polymer particles, resin beads and/or prepuff particles are formed with antimicrobial agents in the monomer mixture using the methods disclosed in U.S. Patent No.
6,080,796, the relevant portions of which are incorporated herein by reference.
In this embodiment, the polymerization processes outlined above can be used and the antimicrobial agents can be dissolved in one or more of the monomers, in many cases the vinyl aromatic monomer, which in many instances includes styrene, used to prepare the thermoplastic in accordance with the present invention. In some embodiments of the invention, the antimicrobial agent is included in the monomer(s) in an amount of from about 100 to about 10,000 parts per million (ppm) (corresponding to from about 0.01 to about 1 weight %), in some cases from about 300 to about 5,000 ppm (corresponding to from about 0.03 to about 0.5 weight %) based on the total weight of the monomer(s). In the case where the thermoplastic is a homopolymer the amount of antimicrobial agent in the monomer should correspond to the amount of antimicrobial agent in the polymer. In some embodiments of the invention, when the thermoplastic is a copolymer, then the amount of antimicrobial agent in the monomer(s) is selected so that the amount of antimicrobial agent in the resulting polymer is in the range from about 300 to about 5,000 ppm based on the weight of the polymer.
-14-The thermoplastic in this embodiment can be polymerized in any conventional manner and further processed as described above.
In other embodiments of the invention, the antimicrobial agents are impregnated into the polymer particles or resin beads along with the blowing agent. In still other embodiments of the invention, the antimicrobial agents are directly impregnated into the polymer particles or resin beads or are part of a solution that is impregnated into the polymer particles or resin beads. The methods of impregnation those disclosed herein regarding blowing agents.
The expansion step is conventionally carried out by heating the impregnated beads via any conventional heating medium, such as steam, hot air, hot water, or radiant heat. One generally accepted method for accomplishing the pre-expansion of impregnated thermoplastic particles is taught in U.S. Pat. No. 3,023,175.
The impregnated polymer particles can be foamed cellular polymer particles as taught in U.S. patent aplalication Ser. No. 101021,716, the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference. The foamed cellular particles can be polystyrene that are expanded and contain a volatile blowing agent at a level of less than 14 wt %, in some situations less than 6 wt %, in some cases ranging from about 2 wt % to about 5 wt %, and in other cases ranging from about 2.5 wt % to about 3.5 wt %
based on the weight of the polymer.
An interpolymer of a polyolefin and in situ polymerized vinyl aromatic monomers that can be included in the expanded thermoplastic resin or polymer particles according to the invention is disclosed in U.S.
Patent Nos. 4,303,756 and 4,303,757 and U.S. Application Publication 2004/0152795, the relevant portions of which are herein incorporated by reference.
The polymer particles can include. customary ingredients and additives, such as flame retardants, pigments, dyes, colorants, plasticizers, mold release agents, stabilizers, ultraviolet light absorbers, mold prevention agents, antioxidants, rodenticides, insect repellants, and
In other embodiments of the invention, the antimicrobial agents are impregnated into the polymer particles or resin beads along with the blowing agent. In still other embodiments of the invention, the antimicrobial agents are directly impregnated into the polymer particles or resin beads or are part of a solution that is impregnated into the polymer particles or resin beads. The methods of impregnation those disclosed herein regarding blowing agents.
The expansion step is conventionally carried out by heating the impregnated beads via any conventional heating medium, such as steam, hot air, hot water, or radiant heat. One generally accepted method for accomplishing the pre-expansion of impregnated thermoplastic particles is taught in U.S. Pat. No. 3,023,175.
The impregnated polymer particles can be foamed cellular polymer particles as taught in U.S. patent aplalication Ser. No. 101021,716, the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference. The foamed cellular particles can be polystyrene that are expanded and contain a volatile blowing agent at a level of less than 14 wt %, in some situations less than 6 wt %, in some cases ranging from about 2 wt % to about 5 wt %, and in other cases ranging from about 2.5 wt % to about 3.5 wt %
based on the weight of the polymer.
An interpolymer of a polyolefin and in situ polymerized vinyl aromatic monomers that can be included in the expanded thermoplastic resin or polymer particles according to the invention is disclosed in U.S.
Patent Nos. 4,303,756 and 4,303,757 and U.S. Application Publication 2004/0152795, the relevant portions of which are herein incorporated by reference.
The polymer particles can include. customary ingredients and additives, such as flame retardants, pigments, dyes, colorants, plasticizers, mold release agents, stabilizers, ultraviolet light absorbers, mold prevention agents, antioxidants, rodenticides, insect repellants, and
-15-so on. Typical pigments include, without limitation, inorganic pigments such as carbon black, graphite, expandable graphite, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, and iron oxide, as well as organic pigments such as quinacridone reds and violets and copper phthalocyanine blues and greens.
In a particular embodiment of the invention the pigment is carbon black, a non-limiting example of such a material being EPS SIL.VER , available from NOVA Chemicals Inc.
In another particular embodiment of the invention the pigment is graphite, a non-limiting example of such a material being NEOPOR , available from BASF Aktiengesellschaft Corp., Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany.
When materials such as carbon black and/or graphite are included in the polymer particles, improved insulating properties, as exemplified by higher R values for materials containing carbon black or graphite (as determined using ASTM - C518), are provided. As such, the R value of the expanded polymer partictes containing carbon black and/or graphite or materials made from such polymer particles are at least 5% higher than observed for particles or resulting articles that do not contain carbon black and/or graphite.
The expanded polymer particles or prepuff particles can have an average particle size of at least 0.2, in some circumstances at least 0.3, in other circumstances at least 0.5, in some cases at least 0_75, in other cases at least"0.9 and in some instances at least 1 mm and can be up to 8, in some circumstances up to 6, in other circumstances up to 5, in some cases up to 4, in other cases up to 3, and in some instances up to 2.5 mm.
When the size of the expanded polymer particles or prepuff particles are too small or too large, the physical properties of LWC articies made using the present LWC composition can be undesirable. The average particle size of the expanded polymer particles or prepuff particles can be any value and can range between any of the values recited above. The average particle size of the expanded polymer particles or prepuff particles can be determined using laser diffraction techniques or by screening
In a particular embodiment of the invention the pigment is carbon black, a non-limiting example of such a material being EPS SIL.VER , available from NOVA Chemicals Inc.
In another particular embodiment of the invention the pigment is graphite, a non-limiting example of such a material being NEOPOR , available from BASF Aktiengesellschaft Corp., Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany.
When materials such as carbon black and/or graphite are included in the polymer particles, improved insulating properties, as exemplified by higher R values for materials containing carbon black or graphite (as determined using ASTM - C518), are provided. As such, the R value of the expanded polymer partictes containing carbon black and/or graphite or materials made from such polymer particles are at least 5% higher than observed for particles or resulting articles that do not contain carbon black and/or graphite.
The expanded polymer particles or prepuff particles can have an average particle size of at least 0.2, in some circumstances at least 0.3, in other circumstances at least 0.5, in some cases at least 0_75, in other cases at least"0.9 and in some instances at least 1 mm and can be up to 8, in some circumstances up to 6, in other circumstances up to 5, in some cases up to 4, in other cases up to 3, and in some instances up to 2.5 mm.
When the size of the expanded polymer particles or prepuff particles are too small or too large, the physical properties of LWC articies made using the present LWC composition can be undesirable. The average particle size of the expanded polymer particles or prepuff particles can be any value and can range between any of the values recited above. The average particle size of the expanded polymer particles or prepuff particles can be determined using laser diffraction techniques or by screening
-16-according to mesh size using mechanical separation methods well known in the art.
In an embodiment of the invention, the polymer particles or expanded polymer particles have a minimum average cell wall thickness, which helps to provide desirable physical properties to LWC articles made using the present LWC composition. The average cell wall thickness and inner cellular dimensions can be determined using scanning electron microscopy techniques known in the art. The expanded polymer particles can have an average cell wall thickness of at least 0.15 m, in some cases at least 0.2 m and in other cases at least 0.25 m. Not wishing to be bound to any particular theory, it is believed that a desirable average cell wall thickness results when resin beads having the above-described dimensions are expanded to the above-described densities.
In an embodiment of the invention, the polymer beads are optionally expanded to form the expanded polymer particles such that a desirable cell wall thickness as described above is achieved. Though many variables can impact the wall thickness, it is desirable, in this embodiment, to limit the expansion of the polymer bead so as to achieve a desired wall thickness and resulting expanded polymer particle strength. Optimizing processing steps and blowing agents can expand the polymer beads to a minimum of 1.75 lblft3 (0.028 g/cc). This property of the expanded polymer bulk density, can be described by pcf (lb/ft3) or by an expansion factor (cc/g).
As used herein, the term "expansion factor" refers to the volume a given weight of expanded polymer bead occupies, typically expressed as cc/g.
In order to provide expanded polymer particles with desirable cell wall thickness and strength, the expanded polymer particles are not expanded to their maximum expansion factor; as -such an -extreme expansion yields particles with undesirably thin cell walls and insufficient strength. Further, the polymer beads can be expanded at least 5%, in some cases at least 10%, and in other cases at least 15% of their
In an embodiment of the invention, the polymer particles or expanded polymer particles have a minimum average cell wall thickness, which helps to provide desirable physical properties to LWC articles made using the present LWC composition. The average cell wall thickness and inner cellular dimensions can be determined using scanning electron microscopy techniques known in the art. The expanded polymer particles can have an average cell wall thickness of at least 0.15 m, in some cases at least 0.2 m and in other cases at least 0.25 m. Not wishing to be bound to any particular theory, it is believed that a desirable average cell wall thickness results when resin beads having the above-described dimensions are expanded to the above-described densities.
In an embodiment of the invention, the polymer beads are optionally expanded to form the expanded polymer particles such that a desirable cell wall thickness as described above is achieved. Though many variables can impact the wall thickness, it is desirable, in this embodiment, to limit the expansion of the polymer bead so as to achieve a desired wall thickness and resulting expanded polymer particle strength. Optimizing processing steps and blowing agents can expand the polymer beads to a minimum of 1.75 lblft3 (0.028 g/cc). This property of the expanded polymer bulk density, can be described by pcf (lb/ft3) or by an expansion factor (cc/g).
As used herein, the term "expansion factor" refers to the volume a given weight of expanded polymer bead occupies, typically expressed as cc/g.
In order to provide expanded polymer particles with desirable cell wall thickness and strength, the expanded polymer particles are not expanded to their maximum expansion factor; as -such an -extreme expansion yields particles with undesirably thin cell walls and insufficient strength. Further, the polymer beads can be expanded at least 5%, in some cases at least 10%, and in other cases at least 15% of their
-17-maximum expansion factor. However, so as not to cause the cell wall thickness to be too thin, the polymer beads are expanded up to 80%, in some cases up to 75%, in other cases up to 70%, in some instances up to 65%, in other instances up to 60%, in some circumstances up to 55%, and in other circumstances up to 50% of their maximum expansion factor. The polymer beads can be expanded to any degree indicated above or the expansion can range between any of the values recited above. Typically, the polymer beads or prepuff particles do not further expand when formulated into the present cementitious compositions and do not further expand while the cementitious compositions set, cure and/or harden.
As used herein, the term "prepuff' refers to an expandable particle, resin and/or bead that has been expanded, but has not been expanded to its maximum expansion factor.
The prepuff or expanded polymer particles typically have a cellular structure or honeycomb interior portion and a generally smooth continuous polymeric surface as an outer surface, i.e., a substantially continuous outer layer. The smooth continuous surface can be observed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques at 1000X magnification.
SEM observations do not indicate the presence of holes in the outer surface of the prepuff or expanded polymer particles, as shown in Figs. 1,3 and 5. Cutting sections of the prepuff or expanded polymer particles and taking SEM observations reveals the generally honeycomb structure of the interior of the prepuff or expanded polymer particles, as shown in Figs. 2, 4 and 6.
The polymer particles or expanded polymer particles can have any cross-sectional shape that allows for providing desirable physical properties in LWC articles. In an embodiment of the invention, the expanded polymer particles have a circular, oval or elliptical cross-section shape. In embodiments of the invention, the prepuff or expanded polymer particles have an aspect ratio of 1, in some cases at least 1 and the aspect ratio can be up to 3, in some cases up to 2 and in other cases up to 1.5.
As used herein, the term "prepuff' refers to an expandable particle, resin and/or bead that has been expanded, but has not been expanded to its maximum expansion factor.
The prepuff or expanded polymer particles typically have a cellular structure or honeycomb interior portion and a generally smooth continuous polymeric surface as an outer surface, i.e., a substantially continuous outer layer. The smooth continuous surface can be observed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques at 1000X magnification.
SEM observations do not indicate the presence of holes in the outer surface of the prepuff or expanded polymer particles, as shown in Figs. 1,3 and 5. Cutting sections of the prepuff or expanded polymer particles and taking SEM observations reveals the generally honeycomb structure of the interior of the prepuff or expanded polymer particles, as shown in Figs. 2, 4 and 6.
The polymer particles or expanded polymer particles can have any cross-sectional shape that allows for providing desirable physical properties in LWC articles. In an embodiment of the invention, the expanded polymer particles have a circular, oval or elliptical cross-section shape. In embodiments of the invention, the prepuff or expanded polymer particles have an aspect ratio of 1, in some cases at least 1 and the aspect ratio can be up to 3, in some cases up to 2 and in other cases up to 1.5.
-18-The aspect ratio of the prepuff or expanded polymer particles can be any value or range between any of the values recited above.
In embodiments of the invention, the antimicrobial agents are included with the polymer particles, resin beads, expanded polymer particles and/or prepuff particles by, coating the antimicrobial agents onto the surface of the particles. The coating can be applied using conventional techniques, non-limiting examples of which include dip coating and spray coating.
In this embodiment, the antimicrobial agents are desirably selected based on having strong affinities to the surface of the polymer particles, resin beads, expanded polymer particles and/or prepuff particles while not interfering with cement hydration reactions. Such antimicrobial agents are desirably stable in high temperature and alkaline conditions (pH>10).
In particular embodiments of the invention, the particle treatment occurs in the presence of water or an organic solvent, with the antimicrobial agent of the particle, either through loading, chemical reaction or other mechanism, often occurring upon contact of the antimicrobial agents with the particles.
When applying antimicrobial agents as a coating, the polymer particles, resin beads, expanded polymer particles and/or prepuff particles can be treated with antimicrobial agents using chemical reaction and/or physical forces to bond or attach the antimicrobial agents to the surface of the polymer particles, resin beads, expanded polymer particles and/or prepuff particles. The particle treatment method can include pressure impregnation or concentration diffusion or other techniques with the aid of gradients of pressure, temperature, concentration, pH or other ionic strengths.
Advantageously, the antimicrobial agents incorporated into or on to the polymer particles, resin beads, expanded polymer particles and/or prepuff particles inhibit microorganism growth and thus improve the biological resistance of the particles and the concrete containing them.
Since the particles are part of the concrete composition, the improvement
In embodiments of the invention, the antimicrobial agents are included with the polymer particles, resin beads, expanded polymer particles and/or prepuff particles by, coating the antimicrobial agents onto the surface of the particles. The coating can be applied using conventional techniques, non-limiting examples of which include dip coating and spray coating.
In this embodiment, the antimicrobial agents are desirably selected based on having strong affinities to the surface of the polymer particles, resin beads, expanded polymer particles and/or prepuff particles while not interfering with cement hydration reactions. Such antimicrobial agents are desirably stable in high temperature and alkaline conditions (pH>10).
In particular embodiments of the invention, the particle treatment occurs in the presence of water or an organic solvent, with the antimicrobial agent of the particle, either through loading, chemical reaction or other mechanism, often occurring upon contact of the antimicrobial agents with the particles.
When applying antimicrobial agents as a coating, the polymer particles, resin beads, expanded polymer particles and/or prepuff particles can be treated with antimicrobial agents using chemical reaction and/or physical forces to bond or attach the antimicrobial agents to the surface of the polymer particles, resin beads, expanded polymer particles and/or prepuff particles. The particle treatment method can include pressure impregnation or concentration diffusion or other techniques with the aid of gradients of pressure, temperature, concentration, pH or other ionic strengths.
Advantageously, the antimicrobial agents incorporated into or on to the polymer particles, resin beads, expanded polymer particles and/or prepuff particles inhibit microorganism growth and thus improve the biological resistance of the particles and the concrete containing them.
Since the particles are part of the concrete composition, the improvement
-19-in the biological resistance of the particles in turn enhances the durability of the particle - cement composite material.
The antimicrobial agents can be included into and/or on to the polymer particles, resin beads, expanded polymer particles and/or prepuff particles at a level of at least 0.01, in some cases at least 0.05 and in other cases at least 0.1 weight percent based on the weight of the particles.
Also, the antimicrobial agents can be included into andlor on to the polymer particles, resin beads, expanded polymer particles and/or prepuff particles at a level of up to 20, in some cases up to 15, in other cases up to 10, in some instances up to 5 and in other instances up to 3 weight percent based on the weight of the particles. The amount of antimicrobial agents contained with the particles will depend on the types of antimicrobial agents, treatment processes and the final product requirements. The amount of antimicrobial agent can be any value & can range between any of the values recited above.
The antimicrobial agent treated particles include polymer particles, resin beads, expanded polymer particles and/or prepuff particles incorporated with chemicals that destroy or inhibit microorganism growth.
The antimicrobial agents are desirably placed in the locations on the polymer particles, resin beads, expanded polymer particles and/or prepuff particles where biological activities are most likely to occur. As a non-limiting example, antimicrobial agents can be applied to the inner and outer surfaces of water conducting channels and/or pores in the cast light weight concrete composition where microorganisms are most likely to grow and to cause damage.
The antimicrobial agents used in the invention can include one or more of the various fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, and other such materials known in the art. As non-limiting examples, the antimicrobial agents can include sodium, potassium,.calcium, zinc, copper, and barium salts of carbonate, silicate, sulfate, halide, and borate in all forms; zinc carboxylates; boric acids; sodium dichromate; copper chrome arsenate (CCA); chromated copper borate (CBC); ammoniacal copper arsenate
The antimicrobial agents can be included into and/or on to the polymer particles, resin beads, expanded polymer particles and/or prepuff particles at a level of at least 0.01, in some cases at least 0.05 and in other cases at least 0.1 weight percent based on the weight of the particles.
Also, the antimicrobial agents can be included into andlor on to the polymer particles, resin beads, expanded polymer particles and/or prepuff particles at a level of up to 20, in some cases up to 15, in other cases up to 10, in some instances up to 5 and in other instances up to 3 weight percent based on the weight of the particles. The amount of antimicrobial agents contained with the particles will depend on the types of antimicrobial agents, treatment processes and the final product requirements. The amount of antimicrobial agent can be any value & can range between any of the values recited above.
The antimicrobial agent treated particles include polymer particles, resin beads, expanded polymer particles and/or prepuff particles incorporated with chemicals that destroy or inhibit microorganism growth.
The antimicrobial agents are desirably placed in the locations on the polymer particles, resin beads, expanded polymer particles and/or prepuff particles where biological activities are most likely to occur. As a non-limiting example, antimicrobial agents can be applied to the inner and outer surfaces of water conducting channels and/or pores in the cast light weight concrete composition where microorganisms are most likely to grow and to cause damage.
The antimicrobial agents used in the invention can include one or more of the various fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, and other such materials known in the art. As non-limiting examples, the antimicrobial agents can include sodium, potassium,.calcium, zinc, copper, and barium salts of carbonate, silicate, sulfate, halide, and borate in all forms; zinc carboxylates; boric acids; sodium dichromate; copper chrome arsenate (CCA); chromated copper borate (CBC); ammoniacal copper arsenate
-20-(ACA); ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate (ACZA); copper chromium fluoride (CFK); copper chromium fluoroborate (CCFB); copper chromium phosphorous (CCP); propiconazole tebuconazole; organo-chloride such as pentachtorophenol (PCP); quaternary ammonium compounds (AAC);
copper 8-hydroxyquinoline or copper oxene; tri-n-butyltin oxide (TBTO); tri-n-butyltin naphthenate (TBTN); didecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB); didecyldimethylammonium chtoride (DDAC); silver ions, mercury ions, carbamates, isothiazolones, chlorinated phenoxy and polyhexamethylene beguanidide hydrochlorides, and combinations thereof.
Other antimicrobial agents that can be used in the invention include, but are not limited to 1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl]-4,5-dihydro-N-nirto-1 H-imidazol-2-amine and 3-(2,2-dichloroetheriyl)-2,2-di-methylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)-methyl ester (cypermethrin), the active ingredient in, for example, Demon TC sold by Zeneca; 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid (3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl ester (permethrin), the active ingredient in, for example, Dragnet FT and Torpedo sold by Zeneca; and 1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl]-4,5-dihydro-N-nirto-1 H-imidazol-2-amine (imidacloprid), the active ingredient in, for example, Premise sold by Bayer.
Non-limiting examples of some specific antimicrobial agents include, but are not limited to barium metaborate monohydrate (sold under the trade-mark Busan 11 -Ml, manufactured by Buckman Labs), 2-N-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one Vinyzene IT (sold under the trade-mark Skane Morton, manufactured by DOW), octyl isothiazolone, dichloro-octyl isothiazolone, trichlorophenoxy phenol, Triclosan, 10,10'-oxybisphenoarsine Vinyzene BP (sold under the trademark Morton, manufactured by DOW), silver-hydroxyapatite complex (sold under the trade-mark Apacider, manufactured by Sangi Co. Ltd.), 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-4(methyl sulphonyl) pyridine (sold under the trade-mark Densi I, manufactured by ICI), 2-(thiocyanomethylthio) benzothiazole (sold under the trade-mark Busan 1030, manufactured by Buckman Labs), N-
copper 8-hydroxyquinoline or copper oxene; tri-n-butyltin oxide (TBTO); tri-n-butyltin naphthenate (TBTN); didecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB); didecyldimethylammonium chtoride (DDAC); silver ions, mercury ions, carbamates, isothiazolones, chlorinated phenoxy and polyhexamethylene beguanidide hydrochlorides, and combinations thereof.
Other antimicrobial agents that can be used in the invention include, but are not limited to 1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl]-4,5-dihydro-N-nirto-1 H-imidazol-2-amine and 3-(2,2-dichloroetheriyl)-2,2-di-methylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)-methyl ester (cypermethrin), the active ingredient in, for example, Demon TC sold by Zeneca; 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid (3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl ester (permethrin), the active ingredient in, for example, Dragnet FT and Torpedo sold by Zeneca; and 1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl]-4,5-dihydro-N-nirto-1 H-imidazol-2-amine (imidacloprid), the active ingredient in, for example, Premise sold by Bayer.
Non-limiting examples of some specific antimicrobial agents include, but are not limited to barium metaborate monohydrate (sold under the trade-mark Busan 11 -Ml, manufactured by Buckman Labs), 2-N-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one Vinyzene IT (sold under the trade-mark Skane Morton, manufactured by DOW), octyl isothiazolone, dichloro-octyl isothiazolone, trichlorophenoxy phenol, Triclosan, 10,10'-oxybisphenoarsine Vinyzene BP (sold under the trademark Morton, manufactured by DOW), silver-hydroxyapatite complex (sold under the trade-mark Apacider, manufactured by Sangi Co. Ltd.), 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-4(methyl sulphonyl) pyridine (sold under the trade-mark Densi I, manufactured by ICI), 2-(thiocyanomethylthio) benzothiazole (sold under the trade-mark Busan 1030, manufactured by Buckman Labs), N-
-21-(trichloromethyl thio)-phthalimide (sold under the trade-mark Fungitrol (t, manufactured by Huels), 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate (sold under the trade-mark Po(yphase AF-1, manufactured by Troy Chemical), . This list is by no means exhaustive but includes some representatives which can be applied according to the current invention to control biodegradative processes.
Other antimicrobial agents that can be used include, as non-limiting examples, PHMD, Triclosan, lrgansan DP300, MICROBAN products, chlorinated phenoxy 5-cholor-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenol, polyhexamethlyene biguanidie hydrochloride, CH3635, Ster-zac, 5-Chotro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol, Cholro-2-)2,4-dichloror)phenol, Chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenol, Lexol 300, Tncciloro-2-hydroxydiphenyt ether, and the antimicrobial agents described in the following U.S. Patents, the relevant portions of which are herein incorporated by reference; U.S.
Pat. Nos. 5,586,643, 5,288,480, 4,098,877, 5,069,907 and 5,238,749.
Many of these compounds are soid by the Microban Products Company, Huntsville, N.C. Other suitable chemical components having known antimicrobial, biocidal or biostatic characteristics may also be used in the present invention.
Non-limiting examples of natural antimicrobial agents that can be used in the invention include, but are not limited to essential oils such as tea tree oil, mint oil, leleshwa oil, sandalwood oil, clove oil, lavender oil, nigella sativa (Black cumin) oil, onion and combinations thereof.
The polymer particles, resin beads, expanded polymer particles and/or prepuff particles are impregnated and/or surface treated with one or more antimicrobial agents listed above, depending on the particular attributes needed for a specific application of ttie present light weight concrete composition. In embodiments of the invention, the antimicrobial agent is incorporated into the polymer particles, resin beads, expanded polymer particles and/or prepuff particles in the light weight concrete composition, which is formed and set to provide an article with one or more surfaces that can have human contact. Thus, there is incorporated
Other antimicrobial agents that can be used include, as non-limiting examples, PHMD, Triclosan, lrgansan DP300, MICROBAN products, chlorinated phenoxy 5-cholor-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenol, polyhexamethlyene biguanidie hydrochloride, CH3635, Ster-zac, 5-Chotro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol, Cholro-2-)2,4-dichloror)phenol, Chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenol, Lexol 300, Tncciloro-2-hydroxydiphenyt ether, and the antimicrobial agents described in the following U.S. Patents, the relevant portions of which are herein incorporated by reference; U.S.
Pat. Nos. 5,586,643, 5,288,480, 4,098,877, 5,069,907 and 5,238,749.
Many of these compounds are soid by the Microban Products Company, Huntsville, N.C. Other suitable chemical components having known antimicrobial, biocidal or biostatic characteristics may also be used in the present invention.
Non-limiting examples of natural antimicrobial agents that can be used in the invention include, but are not limited to essential oils such as tea tree oil, mint oil, leleshwa oil, sandalwood oil, clove oil, lavender oil, nigella sativa (Black cumin) oil, onion and combinations thereof.
The polymer particles, resin beads, expanded polymer particles and/or prepuff particles are impregnated and/or surface treated with one or more antimicrobial agents listed above, depending on the particular attributes needed for a specific application of ttie present light weight concrete composition. In embodiments of the invention, the antimicrobial agent is incorporated into the polymer particles, resin beads, expanded polymer particles and/or prepuff particles in the light weight concrete composition, which is formed and set to provide an article with one or more surfaces that can have human contact. Thus, there is incorporated
- 22 -therein an effective amount of an antimicrobial agent. In many embodiments of the invention, the antimicrobial agent incorporated therein is resistant to growth of fungus, yeast, viruses, and/or Gram-positive and/or Gram-negative bacteria including Staph, E. coli, Klebsiella and Salmonella.
tn some embodiments of the invention, and not being bound to any.
single theory, it is believed that when used, the antimicrobial agent migrates through the polymer particles, resin beads, expanded polymer particles and/or prepuff particles to the exposed surface of the concrete until equilibrium of the antimicrobial agent's internal vapor pressure is reached. If the antimicrobial agent is removed by friction or other means, more antimicrobial agent will move to the surface until the agent's internal vapor pressure is once again at equilibrium.
When solid antimicrobial agents are used, they are in contact with the surface of the concrete by way of their presence in the polymer particles, resin beads, expanded polymer partictes and(or prepuff particles.
The cementitious mixture is present in the LWC composition at a level of at least 10, in some instances at least 15, in other instances at least 22, in some cases at least 40 and in other cases at least 50 volume percent and can be present at a level of up to 90, in some circumstances up to 85, in other circumstances up to 80, in particular cases up to 75, in some cases up to 70, in other cases up to 65, and in some instances up to 60 volume percent of the LWC composition. The cementitious mixture can be present in the LWC composition at any level stated above and can range between any of the levels stated above.
In an embodiment of the invention, the cementitious mixture includes a hydraulic cement composition. The hydraulic cement composition can be present at a level of at least 3, in certain situations at least 5, in some cases at least 7.5,. and in other cases at Ieast 9 volume percent and can be present at levels up to 40, in some cases up to 35, in other cases up to 32.5, and in some instances up to 30 volume percent of the cementitious mixture. The cementitious mixture can include the
tn some embodiments of the invention, and not being bound to any.
single theory, it is believed that when used, the antimicrobial agent migrates through the polymer particles, resin beads, expanded polymer particles and/or prepuff particles to the exposed surface of the concrete until equilibrium of the antimicrobial agent's internal vapor pressure is reached. If the antimicrobial agent is removed by friction or other means, more antimicrobial agent will move to the surface until the agent's internal vapor pressure is once again at equilibrium.
When solid antimicrobial agents are used, they are in contact with the surface of the concrete by way of their presence in the polymer particles, resin beads, expanded polymer partictes and(or prepuff particles.
The cementitious mixture is present in the LWC composition at a level of at least 10, in some instances at least 15, in other instances at least 22, in some cases at least 40 and in other cases at least 50 volume percent and can be present at a level of up to 90, in some circumstances up to 85, in other circumstances up to 80, in particular cases up to 75, in some cases up to 70, in other cases up to 65, and in some instances up to 60 volume percent of the LWC composition. The cementitious mixture can be present in the LWC composition at any level stated above and can range between any of the levels stated above.
In an embodiment of the invention, the cementitious mixture includes a hydraulic cement composition. The hydraulic cement composition can be present at a level of at least 3, in certain situations at least 5, in some cases at least 7.5,. and in other cases at Ieast 9 volume percent and can be present at levels up to 40, in some cases up to 35, in other cases up to 32.5, and in some instances up to 30 volume percent of the cementitious mixture. The cementitious mixture can include the
-23-hydraulic cement composition at any of the above-stated levels or at levels ranging between any of levels stated above.
in a particular embodiment of the invention, the hydraulic cement composition can be one or more materials selected from Portland cements, pozzolana cements, gypsum cements, aluminous cements, magnesia cements, silica cements, and slag cements. In a particular embodiment of the invention the cement composition is type 111 Portland cement.
In an embodiment of the invention, the cementitious mixture can optionally include other aggregates and adjuvants known in the art including but not limited to sand, additional aggregate, plasticizers and/or fibers. Suitable fibers include, but are not limited to glass fibers, silicon carbide, aramid fibers, polyester, carbon fibers, composite fibers, fiberglass, and combinations thereof as well as fabric containing the above-mentioned fibers, and fabric containing combinations of the above-mentioned fibers.
Non-limiting examples of fibers that can be used in the invention include MeC-GRID and C-GRID available from TechFab, LLC, Anderson, SC, KEVLAR available from E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington DE, TWARON'5 available from Teijin Twaron B.V., Arnheim, the Netherlands, SPECTRA available from Honeywell International Inc., Morristown, NJ, DACRONO available from Invista North America S.A.R.L. Corp. Wilmington, DE, and VECTRAN available from Hoechst Cellanese Corp., New York, NY. The fibers can be used in a mesh structure, intertwined, interwoven, and oriented in any desirable direction.
In a particular embodiment of the invention fibers can make up at least 0.1, in some cases at least 0.5, in other cases at least 1, and in some instances at least 2 volume percent of the LWC composition. Further, fibers can provide up to 10, in some cases up to 8, in other cases up to 7, and in some instances up to 5 volume percent of the LWC composition.
The amount of fibers is adjusted to provide desired properties to the LWC
in a particular embodiment of the invention, the hydraulic cement composition can be one or more materials selected from Portland cements, pozzolana cements, gypsum cements, aluminous cements, magnesia cements, silica cements, and slag cements. In a particular embodiment of the invention the cement composition is type 111 Portland cement.
In an embodiment of the invention, the cementitious mixture can optionally include other aggregates and adjuvants known in the art including but not limited to sand, additional aggregate, plasticizers and/or fibers. Suitable fibers include, but are not limited to glass fibers, silicon carbide, aramid fibers, polyester, carbon fibers, composite fibers, fiberglass, and combinations thereof as well as fabric containing the above-mentioned fibers, and fabric containing combinations of the above-mentioned fibers.
Non-limiting examples of fibers that can be used in the invention include MeC-GRID and C-GRID available from TechFab, LLC, Anderson, SC, KEVLAR available from E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington DE, TWARON'5 available from Teijin Twaron B.V., Arnheim, the Netherlands, SPECTRA available from Honeywell International Inc., Morristown, NJ, DACRONO available from Invista North America S.A.R.L. Corp. Wilmington, DE, and VECTRAN available from Hoechst Cellanese Corp., New York, NY. The fibers can be used in a mesh structure, intertwined, interwoven, and oriented in any desirable direction.
In a particular embodiment of the invention fibers can make up at least 0.1, in some cases at least 0.5, in other cases at least 1, and in some instances at least 2 volume percent of the LWC composition. Further, fibers can provide up to 10, in some cases up to 8, in other cases up to 7, and in some instances up to 5 volume percent of the LWC composition.
The amount of fibers is adjusted to provide desired properties to the LWC
-24-composition. The amount of fibers can be any value or range between any of the values recited above.
Further to this embodiment, the additional aggregate can include, but is not limited to, one or more materials selected from common aggregates such as sand, stone, and gravel_ Common lightweight aggregates can include ground granulated blast furnace slag, fly ash, glass, silica, expanded slate and clay; insulating aggregates such as pumice, perlite, vermiculite, scoria, and diatomite; LWC aggregate such as expanded shale, expanded slate, expanded clay, expanded slag, fumed silica, pelletized aggregate, extruded fly ash, tuff,- and macrolite; and masonry aggregate such as expanded shale, clay, slate, expanded blast furnace slag, sintered fly ash, coal cinders, pumice, scoria, and pelletized aggregate.
When included, the other aggregates and adjuvants are present in the cementitious mixture at a level of at least 0.5, in some cases at least 1, in other cases at least 2.5, in some instances at least 5 and in other instances at least 10 volume percent of the cementitious mixture. Also, the other aggregates and adjuvants can be present at a level of up to 95, in some cases up to 90, in other cases up to 85, in some instances up to 65 and in other instances up to.60 volume percent of the cementitious mixture. The other aggregates and adjuvants can be present in the cementitious mixture at any of the levels indicated above or can range between any of the levels indicated above.
In an embodiment of the invention, all or a portion of the sand or other fine aggregate used in the present cementitious mixture and/or lightweight concrete composition has a fineness modulus of less than 2, in some cases less than 1.9 and in other cases less than 1.8. As used herein, "fineness modulus" or "FM" refers to an empirical factor that gives a relative measure of the proportions of fine and coarse particfes in an aggregate. FM is a value used to indicate the relative fineness or coarseness of a fine aggregate and can be determined according to ASTM
C 117. Although ASTM C 117 can be consulted for precise details, and is
Further to this embodiment, the additional aggregate can include, but is not limited to, one or more materials selected from common aggregates such as sand, stone, and gravel_ Common lightweight aggregates can include ground granulated blast furnace slag, fly ash, glass, silica, expanded slate and clay; insulating aggregates such as pumice, perlite, vermiculite, scoria, and diatomite; LWC aggregate such as expanded shale, expanded slate, expanded clay, expanded slag, fumed silica, pelletized aggregate, extruded fly ash, tuff,- and macrolite; and masonry aggregate such as expanded shale, clay, slate, expanded blast furnace slag, sintered fly ash, coal cinders, pumice, scoria, and pelletized aggregate.
When included, the other aggregates and adjuvants are present in the cementitious mixture at a level of at least 0.5, in some cases at least 1, in other cases at least 2.5, in some instances at least 5 and in other instances at least 10 volume percent of the cementitious mixture. Also, the other aggregates and adjuvants can be present at a level of up to 95, in some cases up to 90, in other cases up to 85, in some instances up to 65 and in other instances up to.60 volume percent of the cementitious mixture. The other aggregates and adjuvants can be present in the cementitious mixture at any of the levels indicated above or can range between any of the levels indicated above.
In an embodiment of the invention, all or a portion of the sand or other fine aggregate used in the present cementitious mixture and/or lightweight concrete composition has a fineness modulus of less than 2, in some cases less than 1.9 and in other cases less than 1.8. As used herein, "fineness modulus" or "FM" refers to an empirical factor that gives a relative measure of the proportions of fine and coarse particfes in an aggregate. FM is a value used to indicate the relative fineness or coarseness of a fine aggregate and can be determined according to ASTM
C 117. Although ASTM C 117 can be consulted for precise details, and is
-25-incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, it can be summarized as follows. The FM is obtained by sieving a 500-gram sample of sand through a series of standard sieves (Nos. 4, 8, 16, 30, 50, and 100). The weight retained on each sieve is converted into a cumulative percentage retained, starting with the No. 4 sieve. Tfie sum of the six percentages are divided by 100. The resulting answer is the fineness modulus.
In a particular embodiment of the invention sand and/or other fine aggregate can make up at least 10, in some cases at least 15, in other cases at least 20 volume percent of the LWC composition. Further, sand and/or other fine aggregate can provide up to 50, in some cases up to 45, in other cases up to 40, and in sorne'instances up to 35 volume percent of the LWC composition. The amount of sand and/or other fine aggregate is adjusted to provide desired properties to the LWC composition. The amount of sand and/or other fine aggregate can be any value or range between any of the values recited above.
In a particular embodiment of the invention coarse aggregate (aggregate having an FM value of greater than 4) can make up at least 1, in some cases at least 2, and in other cases at least 3 volume percent of the LWC composition. Further, coarse aggregate can provide up to 20, in some cases up to 15, in other cases up to 10, and in some instances up to 8 volume percent of the LWC composition. The amount of coarse aggregate is adjusted to provide desired properties to the LWC
composition. The amount of coarse aggregate sand can be any value or range between any of the values recited above.
In embodiments of the invention, the lightweight concrete compositions can contain one or more additives, non-limiting examples of such being anti-foam agents, water-proofing agents, dispersing agents, set-accelerators, set-retarders, plasticizing agents, superplasticizing agents, freezing point decreasing agents, adhesiveness-improving agents, and colorants. The additives are typically present at less than one percent by weight with respect to total weight of the composition, but can be present at from 0.1 to 3 weight percent.
In a particular embodiment of the invention sand and/or other fine aggregate can make up at least 10, in some cases at least 15, in other cases at least 20 volume percent of the LWC composition. Further, sand and/or other fine aggregate can provide up to 50, in some cases up to 45, in other cases up to 40, and in sorne'instances up to 35 volume percent of the LWC composition. The amount of sand and/or other fine aggregate is adjusted to provide desired properties to the LWC composition. The amount of sand and/or other fine aggregate can be any value or range between any of the values recited above.
In a particular embodiment of the invention coarse aggregate (aggregate having an FM value of greater than 4) can make up at least 1, in some cases at least 2, and in other cases at least 3 volume percent of the LWC composition. Further, coarse aggregate can provide up to 20, in some cases up to 15, in other cases up to 10, and in some instances up to 8 volume percent of the LWC composition. The amount of coarse aggregate is adjusted to provide desired properties to the LWC
composition. The amount of coarse aggregate sand can be any value or range between any of the values recited above.
In embodiments of the invention, the lightweight concrete compositions can contain one or more additives, non-limiting examples of such being anti-foam agents, water-proofing agents, dispersing agents, set-accelerators, set-retarders, plasticizing agents, superplasticizing agents, freezing point decreasing agents, adhesiveness-improving agents, and colorants. The additives are typically present at less than one percent by weight with respect to total weight of the composition, but can be present at from 0.1 to 3 weight percent.
- 26 -Suitable dispersing agents or plasticizers that can be used in the invention include, but are not limited to hexametaphosphate, tripolyphosphate, polynaphthalene sulphonate, sutphonated polyamine and combinations thereof.
Suitable plasticizing agents that can be used in the invention include, but are not limited to polyhydroxycarboxylic acids or salts thereof, polycarboxylates or salts thereof; lignosulfonates, polyethylene glycols, and combinations thereof.
Suitable superplasticizing agents that can be used in the invention include, but are not limited to alkaline or earth alkaline metal salts of lignin sulfonates; lignosulfonates, alkaline or earth alkaline metal salts of highly condensed naphthalene sulfonic acid/formaldehyde condensates;
polynaphthalene sulfonates, alkaline or earth alkaline metal salts of one or more polycarboxylates (such as poly(meth)acrylates and the polycarboxylate comb copolymers desc(bed in U.S. Patent No. 6,800,129, the relevant portions of which are herein incorporated by reference);
alkaline or earth alkaline metal salts of melamine/formaldehyde/sulfite condensates; sulfonic acid esters; carbohydrate esters; and combinations thereof.
Suitable set-accelerators that can be used in the invention include, but are not limited to soluble chloride salts (such as calcium chloride), triethanolamine, paraformaldehyde, soluble formate salts (such as calcium formate), sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium sulfate, 12CaO=7AI2O3, sodium sulfate, aluminum sulfate, iron sulfate, the alkali metal nitrateJsulfonated aromatic hydrocarbon aliphatic aldehyde condensates disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,026,723, the water soluble surfactant accelerators disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,298,394, the methylol derivatives of amino acids accelerators disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,211,751, and the mixtures of thiocyanic acid salts, alkanotamines, .
and nitric acid salts disclosed in U.S. Patent No. Re. 35,194, the relevant portions of which are herein incorporated by reference, and combinations thereof.
Suitable plasticizing agents that can be used in the invention include, but are not limited to polyhydroxycarboxylic acids or salts thereof, polycarboxylates or salts thereof; lignosulfonates, polyethylene glycols, and combinations thereof.
Suitable superplasticizing agents that can be used in the invention include, but are not limited to alkaline or earth alkaline metal salts of lignin sulfonates; lignosulfonates, alkaline or earth alkaline metal salts of highly condensed naphthalene sulfonic acid/formaldehyde condensates;
polynaphthalene sulfonates, alkaline or earth alkaline metal salts of one or more polycarboxylates (such as poly(meth)acrylates and the polycarboxylate comb copolymers desc(bed in U.S. Patent No. 6,800,129, the relevant portions of which are herein incorporated by reference);
alkaline or earth alkaline metal salts of melamine/formaldehyde/sulfite condensates; sulfonic acid esters; carbohydrate esters; and combinations thereof.
Suitable set-accelerators that can be used in the invention include, but are not limited to soluble chloride salts (such as calcium chloride), triethanolamine, paraformaldehyde, soluble formate salts (such as calcium formate), sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium sulfate, 12CaO=7AI2O3, sodium sulfate, aluminum sulfate, iron sulfate, the alkali metal nitrateJsulfonated aromatic hydrocarbon aliphatic aldehyde condensates disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,026,723, the water soluble surfactant accelerators disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,298,394, the methylol derivatives of amino acids accelerators disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,211,751, and the mixtures of thiocyanic acid salts, alkanotamines, .
and nitric acid salts disclosed in U.S. Patent No. Re. 35,194, the relevant portions of which are herein incorporated by reference, and combinations thereof.
-27-Suitable set-retarders that can be used in the invention include, but are not limited to lignosulfonates, hydroxycarboxylic acids (such as gluconic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, maleic acid, salicylic acid, glucoheptonic acid, arabonic acid, acid, and inorganic or organic salts thereof such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium and triethanolamine salt), cardonic acid, sugars, modified sugars, phosphates, borates, siiico filuorides, calcium bromate, calcium sulfate, sodium sulfate, monosaccharides such as glucose, fructose, galactose, saccharose, xylose, apiose, ribose and invert sugar, oligosaccharides such as disaccharides and trisaccharides, such oligosaccharides as dextrin, polysaccharides such as dextran, and other saccharides such as molasses containing these; sugar alcohols such as sorbitol; magnesium silicofluoride; phosphoric acid and salts thereof, or borate esters;
aminocarboxylic acids and salts thereof; alkali-soluble proteins; humic acid; tannic acid; phenols; polyhydric alcohols such as glycerol;
phosphonic acids and derivatives thereof, such as aminotri(methylenephosphonic acid), 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid, ethylenediaminetetra(methylene-phosphonic acid), diethyfenetriaminepenta(methylenephosphonic acid), and alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts thereof, and combinations of the set- retarders indicated above.
Suitable defoaming agents that can be used in the invention include, but are not limited to silicone-based defoaming agents (such-as dimethylpolysitoxane, diemthylsilicone oil, silicone paste, silicone emulsions, organic group-modified polysiloxanes (polyorganosiloxanes such as dimethylpolysiloxane), fluorosilicone oils, etc.), alkyl phosphates (such as tributyl phosphate, sodium octylphosphate, etc.), mineral oil-based defoaming agents (such as kerosene, liquid paraf8n, etc.), fat- or oil-based defoaming agents (such as animal or vegetable.oils, sesame oil, castor oil, alkylene oxide adducts derived therefrom, etc.), fatty acid-based defoaming agents (such as oleic acid, stearic acid, and alkylene oxide adducts derived therefrom, etc.), fatty acid ester-based defoaming agents
aminocarboxylic acids and salts thereof; alkali-soluble proteins; humic acid; tannic acid; phenols; polyhydric alcohols such as glycerol;
phosphonic acids and derivatives thereof, such as aminotri(methylenephosphonic acid), 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid, ethylenediaminetetra(methylene-phosphonic acid), diethyfenetriaminepenta(methylenephosphonic acid), and alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts thereof, and combinations of the set- retarders indicated above.
Suitable defoaming agents that can be used in the invention include, but are not limited to silicone-based defoaming agents (such-as dimethylpolysitoxane, diemthylsilicone oil, silicone paste, silicone emulsions, organic group-modified polysiloxanes (polyorganosiloxanes such as dimethylpolysiloxane), fluorosilicone oils, etc.), alkyl phosphates (such as tributyl phosphate, sodium octylphosphate, etc.), mineral oil-based defoaming agents (such as kerosene, liquid paraf8n, etc.), fat- or oil-based defoaming agents (such as animal or vegetable.oils, sesame oil, castor oil, alkylene oxide adducts derived therefrom, etc.), fatty acid-based defoaming agents (such as oleic acid, stearic acid, and alkylene oxide adducts derived therefrom, etc.), fatty acid ester-based defoaming agents
-28-(such as glycerol monoricinolate, alkenyisuccinic acid derivatives, sorbitol monolaurate, sorbitol trioleate, natural waxes, etc.), oxyalkylene type defoaming agents, alcohol-based defoaming agents: octyl alcohol, hexadecyl alcohol, acetylene alcohols, glycols, etc.), amide-based defoaming agents (such as acrylate polyamines, etc.), metal salt-based defoaming agents (such as aluminum stearate, calcium oleate, etc.) and combinations of the above-described defoaming agents.
Suitable freezing point decreasing agents that can be used in the invention include, but are not limited to ethyl alcohol, calcium chloride, potassium chloride, and combinations thereof.
Suitable adhesiveness-improving agents that can be used in the invention include, but are not limited to polyvinyl acetate, styrene-butadiene, homopolymers and copolymers of (meth)acrytate esters, and combinations thereof.
Suitable water-repellent or water-proofing agents that can be used in the invention include, but are not limited to fatty acids (such as stearic acid or oleic acid), lower alkyl fatty acid esters (such as butyl stearate), fatty acid salts (such as calcium or aluminum stearate), silicones, wax emulsions, hydrocarbon resins, bitumen, fats and oils, silicones, paraffins, asphalt, waxes, and combinations thereof. Although not used in many embodiments of the invention, when used suitable air-entraining agents include, but are not limited to vinsol resins, sodium abietate, fatty acids and salts thereof, tensides, alkyl-aryl-sulfonates, phenol ethoxylates, lignosulfonates, and mixtures thereof.
The cementitious mixture, expanded polymer particles, and any other aggregates, additives and/or adjuvants are mixed using methods well known in the art. In an embodiment of the invention a liquid, in some instances water, is also mixed into the other ingredients.
. In an embodiment of the invention, a dry mixture (i.e., containing minimal or no added water) can be produced, packaged and stored for future use. Such a dry mixture or "ready mix" can later be mixed with water to provide the lightweight concrete compositions described herein.
Suitable freezing point decreasing agents that can be used in the invention include, but are not limited to ethyl alcohol, calcium chloride, potassium chloride, and combinations thereof.
Suitable adhesiveness-improving agents that can be used in the invention include, but are not limited to polyvinyl acetate, styrene-butadiene, homopolymers and copolymers of (meth)acrytate esters, and combinations thereof.
Suitable water-repellent or water-proofing agents that can be used in the invention include, but are not limited to fatty acids (such as stearic acid or oleic acid), lower alkyl fatty acid esters (such as butyl stearate), fatty acid salts (such as calcium or aluminum stearate), silicones, wax emulsions, hydrocarbon resins, bitumen, fats and oils, silicones, paraffins, asphalt, waxes, and combinations thereof. Although not used in many embodiments of the invention, when used suitable air-entraining agents include, but are not limited to vinsol resins, sodium abietate, fatty acids and salts thereof, tensides, alkyl-aryl-sulfonates, phenol ethoxylates, lignosulfonates, and mixtures thereof.
The cementitious mixture, expanded polymer particles, and any other aggregates, additives and/or adjuvants are mixed using methods well known in the art. In an embodiment of the invention a liquid, in some instances water, is also mixed into the other ingredients.
. In an embodiment of the invention, a dry mixture (i.e., containing minimal or no added water) can be produced, packaged and stored for future use. Such a dry mixture or "ready mix" can later be mixed with water to provide the lightweight concrete compositions described herein.
-29-In an embodiment of the invention, the concrete composition is a dispersion where the cementitious mixture provides, at least in part, a continuous phase and the polymer particles and/or expanded polymer particles exist as a dispersed phase of discrete particles in the continuous phase.
As a particular and non-limiting embodiment of the invention, the concrete composition is substantially free of wetting agents or dispersing agents used to stabilize the dispersion.
As a non-limiting embodiment of the invention and as not wishing to be limited to any single theory, some factors that can affect the performance of the present LWC composition include the volume fraction of the expanded resin bead, the average expanded bead size and the microstructure created by the inter-bead spacing within the concrete. In this embodiment, the inter-bead spacing can be estimated using a two-dimensional model. For simplicity in description, the inter-bead spacing can be limited to the bead radius. Additionally, and without meaning to limit the invention in any way, it is assumed in this embodiment that the beads are arranged in a cubic lattice, bead size distribution in the LWC
composition is not considered, and the distribution of expanded bead area in the cross-section is not considered. In order to calculate the number of beads per sample, a three-dimensional test cylinder is assumed.
The smaller the expanded bead size, the greater the number of expanded beads required to maintain the same expanded bead volume fraction as described by equation 1 below. As the number of expanded beads increases exponentially, the spacing between the expanded beads decreases.
Nb = K/B3 (1) Nb represents the number of expanded beads.
A LWC test specimen with diameter D and height H (usually 2" X 4"
or 6" X 12"), containing dispersed expanded polymer beads of average
As a particular and non-limiting embodiment of the invention, the concrete composition is substantially free of wetting agents or dispersing agents used to stabilize the dispersion.
As a non-limiting embodiment of the invention and as not wishing to be limited to any single theory, some factors that can affect the performance of the present LWC composition include the volume fraction of the expanded resin bead, the average expanded bead size and the microstructure created by the inter-bead spacing within the concrete. In this embodiment, the inter-bead spacing can be estimated using a two-dimensional model. For simplicity in description, the inter-bead spacing can be limited to the bead radius. Additionally, and without meaning to limit the invention in any way, it is assumed in this embodiment that the beads are arranged in a cubic lattice, bead size distribution in the LWC
composition is not considered, and the distribution of expanded bead area in the cross-section is not considered. In order to calculate the number of beads per sample, a three-dimensional test cylinder is assumed.
The smaller the expanded bead size, the greater the number of expanded beads required to maintain the same expanded bead volume fraction as described by equation 1 below. As the number of expanded beads increases exponentially, the spacing between the expanded beads decreases.
Nb = K/B3 (1) Nb represents the number of expanded beads.
A LWC test specimen with diameter D and height H (usually 2" X 4"
or 6" X 12"), containing dispersed expanded polymer beads of average
-30-expanded bead diameter B, and a given volume fraction Vd contains an amount of expanded polymer beads Nb given by equation 1:
Note that Nb is inversely proportional to the cube of the expanded polymer bead diameter. The constant of proportionality, K= 1.5 VdHD2, is a number that is dependent only on the sample size and the volume fraction of expanded polymer beads. Thus for a given sample size, and known expanded polymer bead volume fraction, the number of beads increases to a third power as the bead diameter decreases.
As a non-limiting example, for a 2" X 4" LWC specimen, at 90 pcf (Ib/ft3) (corresponding to expanded polymer bead 43% volume fraction with pre-puff bulk density of 1.25 pcf), the number of beads increases fourfold and sevenfold moving from a 0.65 mm bead to 0.4 mm and 0.33 mm beads respectively. At 2.08 pcf, the increase in the number of beads is sixfold and sevenfold for 0.4 mm and 0.33 mm beads respectively. At 5 pcf, the increases are twofold and threefold respectively. Thus, the density correlates to the bead size. As shown below, the density also affects the cell wall thickness. The strength of a concrete matrix populated by expanded beads is typically affected by the cell wall stiffness and thickness.
In an embodiment of the invention, where monodisperse spherical cells are assumed, it can be shown that the mean cell diameter d is related to the mean wall thickness S by equation 2:
d = cS 1 2 I ~ P/PS
(2) where p is the density of the foam and p.S is the density of the solid polymer bead.
Thus for a given polymer, depending on the particular expansion process used, one can obtain the same. cell wall thickness (at a given cell size) or the same cell size at various values of 15. The density is
Note that Nb is inversely proportional to the cube of the expanded polymer bead diameter. The constant of proportionality, K= 1.5 VdHD2, is a number that is dependent only on the sample size and the volume fraction of expanded polymer beads. Thus for a given sample size, and known expanded polymer bead volume fraction, the number of beads increases to a third power as the bead diameter decreases.
As a non-limiting example, for a 2" X 4" LWC specimen, at 90 pcf (Ib/ft3) (corresponding to expanded polymer bead 43% volume fraction with pre-puff bulk density of 1.25 pcf), the number of beads increases fourfold and sevenfold moving from a 0.65 mm bead to 0.4 mm and 0.33 mm beads respectively. At 2.08 pcf, the increase in the number of beads is sixfold and sevenfold for 0.4 mm and 0.33 mm beads respectively. At 5 pcf, the increases are twofold and threefold respectively. Thus, the density correlates to the bead size. As shown below, the density also affects the cell wall thickness. The strength of a concrete matrix populated by expanded beads is typically affected by the cell wall stiffness and thickness.
In an embodiment of the invention, where monodisperse spherical cells are assumed, it can be shown that the mean cell diameter d is related to the mean wall thickness S by equation 2:
d = cS 1 2 I ~ P/PS
(2) where p is the density of the foam and p.S is the density of the solid polymer bead.
Thus for a given polymer, depending on the particular expansion process used, one can obtain the same. cell wall thickness (at a given cell size) or the same cell size at various values of 15. The density is
-31-controlled not only by the cell size but also by varying the thickness of the cell wall.
The table below exemplifies the variation of expanded polymer bead density with bead size for three classes of beads.
Bead Density (pcf) Foam Particle Expansion facto Average Number of -Size, Size (cc/g) beads for 43%
microns mm volume fraction 650 2.00 1.764 31 96,768 650 3.00 1.541 21 145,152 650 4.00 1.400 16 193,536 400 2.00 1.086 31 415,233 400 3.00 0.949 21 622,849 400 4.00 0.862 16 830,466 330 2.00 0.896 31 739,486 330 3.00 0.783 21 1,109,229 330 4.00 0.711 16 1,478,972 Desirable microstructures and/or morphologies can fall into distinct classes. The first is a bi-continous or co-continuous composite with special interfaces and the second includes special inclusions in a connected matrix. The effective properties of both bi-continous and singly connected microstructures are described by known optimal cross-property bounds.
In many cases, the smaller the beads, the greater the number of beads required to maintain the same expanded polymer bead volume fraction as described by equation 1. As the number of beads increases exponentially, the spacing between the beads decreases.
The optimal bounds can be described by a number of relations representing critical numbers or limits. As a non-limiting example, for a given volume fraction, there is often a critical bead size corresponding to a critical number of beads that can be dispersed to provide a desired morphology such that all the beads are isolated and the concrete is singly
The table below exemplifies the variation of expanded polymer bead density with bead size for three classes of beads.
Bead Density (pcf) Foam Particle Expansion facto Average Number of -Size, Size (cc/g) beads for 43%
microns mm volume fraction 650 2.00 1.764 31 96,768 650 3.00 1.541 21 145,152 650 4.00 1.400 16 193,536 400 2.00 1.086 31 415,233 400 3.00 0.949 21 622,849 400 4.00 0.862 16 830,466 330 2.00 0.896 31 739,486 330 3.00 0.783 21 1,109,229 330 4.00 0.711 16 1,478,972 Desirable microstructures and/or morphologies can fall into distinct classes. The first is a bi-continous or co-continuous composite with special interfaces and the second includes special inclusions in a connected matrix. The effective properties of both bi-continous and singly connected microstructures are described by known optimal cross-property bounds.
In many cases, the smaller the beads, the greater the number of beads required to maintain the same expanded polymer bead volume fraction as described by equation 1. As the number of beads increases exponentially, the spacing between the beads decreases.
The optimal bounds can be described by a number of relations representing critical numbers or limits. As a non-limiting example, for a given volume fraction, there is often a critical bead size corresponding to a critical number of beads that can be dispersed to provide a desired morphology such that all the beads are isolated and the concrete is singly
-32-connected. It is also possible to form a morphology where all of the beads are non-isolated but contacting.
Finite efement anafysis of a 2-dimensional cross section was performed using ANSYS (a finite element analysis program available from ANSYS Inc., Canonsburg, PA). In the finite element mesh of the cross-section, the beads are modeled as non-contacting or isolated -circles in a singly connected concrete matrix.
The results demonstrate that under loading, the stresses build up in a direction perpendicular to the load axis. The maximum stress concentrations are at the horizontal boundary between the expanded polymer beads, which tend to be deformed from a circular shape to an elliptical shape.
In a particular embodiment of the invention, the concrete composition contains at least some of the expanded polymer particles or prepuff particles arranged in a cubic or hexagonal lattice.
in an embodiment of the invention, the present LWC composition is substantially free of air entraining agents, which are typically added to create air cells or voids in a batch of concrete.
In another embodiment of the invention, the LWC composition can include reinforcement fibers. Such fibers act as reinforcing components, having a large aspect ratio, that is, their length/diameter ratio is high, so that a load is transferred across potential points of fracture. Non-limiting examples of suitable fibers include fiberglass strands of approximately one to one and three fourths inches in length, although any material can be used that has a higher Young's modulus than the matrix of the cementitious mixture, polypropylene fiber and other fibers as described above:
The LWC compositions according to the invention can be set and/or hardened to form final concrete articles.using methods well known in the art.
The density of the set and/or hardened final concrete articles containing the LWC composition of the invention can be at least 40 Ib/ft3
Finite efement anafysis of a 2-dimensional cross section was performed using ANSYS (a finite element analysis program available from ANSYS Inc., Canonsburg, PA). In the finite element mesh of the cross-section, the beads are modeled as non-contacting or isolated -circles in a singly connected concrete matrix.
The results demonstrate that under loading, the stresses build up in a direction perpendicular to the load axis. The maximum stress concentrations are at the horizontal boundary between the expanded polymer beads, which tend to be deformed from a circular shape to an elliptical shape.
In a particular embodiment of the invention, the concrete composition contains at least some of the expanded polymer particles or prepuff particles arranged in a cubic or hexagonal lattice.
in an embodiment of the invention, the present LWC composition is substantially free of air entraining agents, which are typically added to create air cells or voids in a batch of concrete.
In another embodiment of the invention, the LWC composition can include reinforcement fibers. Such fibers act as reinforcing components, having a large aspect ratio, that is, their length/diameter ratio is high, so that a load is transferred across potential points of fracture. Non-limiting examples of suitable fibers include fiberglass strands of approximately one to one and three fourths inches in length, although any material can be used that has a higher Young's modulus than the matrix of the cementitious mixture, polypropylene fiber and other fibers as described above:
The LWC compositions according to the invention can be set and/or hardened to form final concrete articles.using methods well known in the art.
The density of the set and/or hardened final concrete articles containing the LWC composition of the invention can be at least 40 Ib/ft3
-33-(0.64 g/cc), in some cases at least 45 lb/ft3 (0.72 glcc) and in other cases at least 50 lb/ft3 (0.8 glcc) lb/ft3 and the density can be up to 130 Ib/ft3 (2.1 g/cc), in some cases 120 Ib/ft3 (1.9 g/cc), in other cases up to 115 Ib/ft3 (1.8 g/cc), in some circumstances up to 110 Ib/ft3 (1.75 g/cc), in other circumstances up to 105 lb/ft3 (1.7 g/cc), in some instances up to 100 lb/ft3 (1.6 g/cc), and in other instances up to 95 Ib/ft3 (1.5 g/cc). The density of the present concrete articles can be any value and can range between any of the values recited above. The density of the LWC composition is determined according to ASTM C 138.
In a particular embodiment of the invention, the LWC composition contains containing from 10 to 60 volume percent of a cement composition that includes type III Portland Cement; from 20 to 78 volume percent of expanded polymer particles having an average particle diameter of from 0.2 mm to 5 mm, a bulk density of from 0.032 g/cc to 0.56 g/cc, and an aspect ratio of from 1 to 2; from 5 to 35 volume percent of one or more aggregates; and from 0.1 to I volume percent of one or more additives selected from anti-foam agents, water-proofing agents, dispersing agents, set-accelerators, set-retarders, plasticizing agents, superplasticizing agents, freezing point decreasing agents, adhesiveness-improving agents, colorants and combinations thereof; where the sum of components used does not exceed 100 volume percent and where after the lightweight cementitious composition is set, it has a compressive strength of at least 2000 psi as tested according to ASTM C39 after seven days.
The LWC compositions can be used in most, if not all, applications where traditional concrete formulations are used. As non-limiting examples, the present LWC compositions can be used in structural and architectural applications, non-limiting examples being party walls, ICF or SIP structures, bird baths, benches, shingles, siding, drywall, cement board, decorative pillars or archways for buildings, etc., furniture or household applications such as counter tops, in-floor radiant heating systems, floors (primary and secondary), tilt-up walls, sandwich waii panels, as a stucco coating, road and airport safety applications such as
In a particular embodiment of the invention, the LWC composition contains containing from 10 to 60 volume percent of a cement composition that includes type III Portland Cement; from 20 to 78 volume percent of expanded polymer particles having an average particle diameter of from 0.2 mm to 5 mm, a bulk density of from 0.032 g/cc to 0.56 g/cc, and an aspect ratio of from 1 to 2; from 5 to 35 volume percent of one or more aggregates; and from 0.1 to I volume percent of one or more additives selected from anti-foam agents, water-proofing agents, dispersing agents, set-accelerators, set-retarders, plasticizing agents, superplasticizing agents, freezing point decreasing agents, adhesiveness-improving agents, colorants and combinations thereof; where the sum of components used does not exceed 100 volume percent and where after the lightweight cementitious composition is set, it has a compressive strength of at least 2000 psi as tested according to ASTM C39 after seven days.
The LWC compositions can be used in most, if not all, applications where traditional concrete formulations are used. As non-limiting examples, the present LWC compositions can be used in structural and architectural applications, non-limiting examples being party walls, ICF or SIP structures, bird baths, benches, shingles, siding, drywall, cement board, decorative pillars or archways for buildings, etc., furniture or household applications such as counter tops, in-floor radiant heating systems, floors (primary and secondary), tilt-up walls, sandwich waii panels, as a stucco coating, road and airport safety applications such as
-34-arresting walls, Jersey Barriers, sound barriers and walls, retaining walls, runway arresting systems, air entrained concrete, runaway truck ramps, flowable excavatable backfill, and road construction applications such as road bed material and bridge deck material.
Additionally, LWC articles according to the invention readily accept direct attachment of screws, as a non-limiting example drywall screws and nails, which can be attached by traditional, pneumatic, or powder actuated devices. This allows easy attachment of materials such as plywood, drywall, studs and other materials commonly used in the construction industry, which cannot be done using traditional concrete formulations.
When the LWC corripositions of the invention are used in road bed construction, the polymer particles can aid in preventing and or minimizing crack propagation, especially when water freeze-thaw is involved.
In an embodiment of the invention, the set and/or hardened LWC
compositions according to the invention are used in structural applications and can have a minimum compressive strength for load bearing masonry structural applications of at least 1700 psi (119.5 kgf/cm2), in other cases at least 1800 psi (126.5 kgf/cm2), in some instances at least 1900 psi, and in other instances at least 2000 psi (140.6 kgf/cm2). For structural lightweight concrete the compositions can have a minimum compressive strength of at least 2500 psi (175.8 kgf/cm2). Compressive strengths are determined according to ASTM C39 at seven days.
Although ASTM C39 can be consulted for precise details, and is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, it can be summarized as providing a test method that consists of applying a compressive axial load to molded cylinders or cores at a rate which is within a prescribed range until failure occurs. The testing machine is equipped with two steel bearing blocks with hardened faces, one which is a spherically seated block that will bear on the upper surface of the specimen, and the other.a solid block on which the specimen rests. The load is applied at a rate of movement (platen to crosshead measurement) corresponding to a stress rate on the specimen of 35 7 psi/s (0.25 + 0.05 Mpa/s). The compressive
Additionally, LWC articles according to the invention readily accept direct attachment of screws, as a non-limiting example drywall screws and nails, which can be attached by traditional, pneumatic, or powder actuated devices. This allows easy attachment of materials such as plywood, drywall, studs and other materials commonly used in the construction industry, which cannot be done using traditional concrete formulations.
When the LWC corripositions of the invention are used in road bed construction, the polymer particles can aid in preventing and or minimizing crack propagation, especially when water freeze-thaw is involved.
In an embodiment of the invention, the set and/or hardened LWC
compositions according to the invention are used in structural applications and can have a minimum compressive strength for load bearing masonry structural applications of at least 1700 psi (119.5 kgf/cm2), in other cases at least 1800 psi (126.5 kgf/cm2), in some instances at least 1900 psi, and in other instances at least 2000 psi (140.6 kgf/cm2). For structural lightweight concrete the compositions can have a minimum compressive strength of at least 2500 psi (175.8 kgf/cm2). Compressive strengths are determined according to ASTM C39 at seven days.
Although ASTM C39 can be consulted for precise details, and is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, it can be summarized as providing a test method that consists of applying a compressive axial load to molded cylinders or cores at a rate which is within a prescribed range until failure occurs. The testing machine is equipped with two steel bearing blocks with hardened faces, one which is a spherically seated block that will bear on the upper surface of the specimen, and the other.a solid block on which the specimen rests. The load is applied at a rate of movement (platen to crosshead measurement) corresponding to a stress rate on the specimen of 35 7 psi/s (0.25 + 0.05 Mpa/s). The compressive
-35-load is applied until the load indicator shows that the load is decreasing steadily and the specimen displays a well-defined fracture pattern. The compressive strength is calculated by dividing the maximum load carried by the specimen during the test by the cross-sectional area of the specimen.
The compositions of the invention are well suited to the fabrication of molded construction articles and materials, non-limiting examples of such include wall panels including tilt-up wall panels, T beams, double T
beams, roofing tiles, roof panels, ceiling panels, floor panels, I beams, foundation walls and the like. The compositions exhibit greater strength than prior art LWC compositions.
tn an embodiment of the invention, the molded construction articles and materials can be pre-cast andfor pre-stressed.
As used herein, "pre-cast" concrete refers to concrete poured into a mold or cast of a required shape and allowed to cure and/or harden before being taken out and put into a desired position.
As used herein, "pre-stressed" concrete refers to concrete whose tension has been improved by using prestressing tendons (in many cases high tensile steel cable or rods), which are used to provide a clamping load producing a compressive strength that offsets the tensile stress that the concrete member would otherwise experience due to a bending load. Any suitable method known in the art can be used to pre-stress concrete.
Suitable methods inctude, but are not limited to Pre-tensioned concrete, where concrete is cast around already tensioned tendons, and post-tensioned concrete, where compression is applied after the pouring and curing processes.
A particular advantage that the present invention provides is that the set concrete composition and/or molded construction articles formed from such compositions can be readily cut and/or sectioned using conventional methods as opposed to having to use specialized concrete or diamond tipped cutting blades and/or saws. This provides substantial time and cost savings when customizing concrete articles.
The compositions of the invention are well suited to the fabrication of molded construction articles and materials, non-limiting examples of such include wall panels including tilt-up wall panels, T beams, double T
beams, roofing tiles, roof panels, ceiling panels, floor panels, I beams, foundation walls and the like. The compositions exhibit greater strength than prior art LWC compositions.
tn an embodiment of the invention, the molded construction articles and materials can be pre-cast andfor pre-stressed.
As used herein, "pre-cast" concrete refers to concrete poured into a mold or cast of a required shape and allowed to cure and/or harden before being taken out and put into a desired position.
As used herein, "pre-stressed" concrete refers to concrete whose tension has been improved by using prestressing tendons (in many cases high tensile steel cable or rods), which are used to provide a clamping load producing a compressive strength that offsets the tensile stress that the concrete member would otherwise experience due to a bending load. Any suitable method known in the art can be used to pre-stress concrete.
Suitable methods inctude, but are not limited to Pre-tensioned concrete, where concrete is cast around already tensioned tendons, and post-tensioned concrete, where compression is applied after the pouring and curing processes.
A particular advantage that the present invention provides is that the set concrete composition and/or molded construction articles formed from such compositions can be readily cut and/or sectioned using conventional methods as opposed to having to use specialized concrete or diamond tipped cutting blades and/or saws. This provides substantial time and cost savings when customizing concrete articles.
-36-The compositions can be readily cast into molds according to methods well known to those of skill in the art for, as non-limiting examples, roofing tiles, paver, or other articles in virtualiy any three dimensional configuration desired, including configurations having certain topical textures such as having the appearance of wooden shakes, slate shingles or smooth faced ceramic tiles: A typical shingle can have approximate dimensions of ten inches in width by seventeen inches in length by one and three quarters inches in thickness. In the molding of roofing materials, the addition of an air entrainment agent makes the final product more weatherproof in terms of resistance to free2e/thaw degradation.
When foundation walls are poured using the LWC compositions of the invention, the walls can be taken above grade due to the lighter weight. Ordinarily, the lower part of the foundation wall has a tendency to blow outwards under the sheer weight of the concrete mixture, but the lighter weight of the compositions of the invention tend to (essen the chances of this happening. Foundation walls prepared using the present LWC compositions can readily take conventional fasteners used in conventional foundation wall construction.
In an ernbodiment of the invention, the concrete compositions according to the invention are formed, set and/or hardened in the form of a concrete masonry unit. As used herein, the term "concrete masonry unit"
refers to a hollow or solid concrete article including, but not limited to scored, split face, ribbed, fluted, ground face, slumped and paving stone varieties. Embodiments of the invention provide walls that include, at least in part, concrete masonry units made according to the invention.
In an embodiment of the invention, the molded construction articles and materials and concrete masonry units described above are capable of receiving and holding penetrating fasteners, non-limiting examples of such include nails, screws, staples and the like. This can be beneficial in that surface coverings can be attached directly to the molded construction
When foundation walls are poured using the LWC compositions of the invention, the walls can be taken above grade due to the lighter weight. Ordinarily, the lower part of the foundation wall has a tendency to blow outwards under the sheer weight of the concrete mixture, but the lighter weight of the compositions of the invention tend to (essen the chances of this happening. Foundation walls prepared using the present LWC compositions can readily take conventional fasteners used in conventional foundation wall construction.
In an ernbodiment of the invention, the concrete compositions according to the invention are formed, set and/or hardened in the form of a concrete masonry unit. As used herein, the term "concrete masonry unit"
refers to a hollow or solid concrete article including, but not limited to scored, split face, ribbed, fluted, ground face, slumped and paving stone varieties. Embodiments of the invention provide walls that include, at least in part, concrete masonry units made according to the invention.
In an embodiment of the invention, the molded construction articles and materials and concrete masonry units described above are capable of receiving and holding penetrating fasteners, non-limiting examples of such include nails, screws, staples and the like. This can be beneficial in that surface coverings can be attached directly to the molded construction
-37-articles and materials and concrete masonry units molded construction articles and materials and concrete masonry units.
In an embodiment of the invention, a standard 2'/2 inch drywall screw can be screwed into a poured and set surface containing the present light weight concrete composition, to a depth of 1'S2 inches, and is not removed when a force of at least 500, in some cases at least 600 and in other cases at least 700 and up to 800 pounds of force is applied perpendicular to the surface screwed into for one, in some cases five and in other cases ten minutes.
The present invention is also directed to buildings that include the LWC compositions according to the invention.
The present invention also provides a method of making an optimized lightweight concrete article that includes:
identifying the desired density and strength properties of a set lightweight concrete composition;
determining the type, size and density of polymer beads to be expanded for use in the light weight concrete composition;
determining the size and density the polymer beads are to be expanded to;
expanding the polymer beads to form expanded polymer beads;
dispersing the expanded polymer beads in a cementitious mixture to form the light weight concrete composition;
and allowing the light weight concrete composition to set in a desired form.
The desired density and strength properties of the set and/or hardened LWC composition are determined based.on the intended application.
In an embodiment of the invention, the type, size and density of polymer beads to be expanded and the size and density the polymer
In an embodiment of the invention, a standard 2'/2 inch drywall screw can be screwed into a poured and set surface containing the present light weight concrete composition, to a depth of 1'S2 inches, and is not removed when a force of at least 500, in some cases at least 600 and in other cases at least 700 and up to 800 pounds of force is applied perpendicular to the surface screwed into for one, in some cases five and in other cases ten minutes.
The present invention is also directed to buildings that include the LWC compositions according to the invention.
The present invention also provides a method of making an optimized lightweight concrete article that includes:
identifying the desired density and strength properties of a set lightweight concrete composition;
determining the type, size and density of polymer beads to be expanded for use in the light weight concrete composition;
determining the size and density the polymer beads are to be expanded to;
expanding the polymer beads to form expanded polymer beads;
dispersing the expanded polymer beads in a cementitious mixture to form the light weight concrete composition;
and allowing the light weight concrete composition to set in a desired form.
The desired density and strength properties of the set and/or hardened LWC composition are determined based.on the intended application.
In an embodiment of the invention, the type, size and density of polymer beads to be expanded and the size and density the polymer
- 38 -beads are to be expanded to can be determined based on empirical and/or published data.
In another embodiment of the invention finite element analysis can be used to determine the type, size and density of polymer beads to be expanded and the size and density the polymer beads are to be expanded to. -The resulting lightweight concrete composition is allowed to set and/or harden to provide LWC articles and concrete masonry units as described above.
The present invention provides for Introducing an antimicrobial agent into the manufacturing process of light weight concrete based articles, which leads to products with decreased microbial proliferation, which can diminish the amount of community acquired and nosocomial infections.
It is to be understood that the products of the instant invention will inhibit the growth of a broad range of microorganisms on their surfaces because of the incorporated of antimicrobial agents in the polymer particles, resin beads, expanded polymer particles and/or prepuff particles in the light weight concrete composition. Examples of diseases which can be inhibited by the antimicrobial effect of the present surface of the data processing products include, but are not iimited to the following infectious diseases which can be transmitted though indirect contact or via droplets:
bacteremia, conjunctivitis, clostridium difficile infection, cutaneous and pharyngeal diphtheria, enterococcus, escherichia coli 0157:1i7, haemophilus influenza, herpes simplex, meningitis, mucocutaneous, mumps, mycoplasma pneumoniae, pertussis, pharyngitis, gastroenteritis, rubella (congenital), scabies, shigellosis, smallpox, staphylococcal infection, pneumonia (lung abscess), streptococcal infect'son, varicella, vibrio infection.
Particular light weight concrete based articles that can beneficially be produced using the present compositions are products designed for repeated human contact, such as dining tables, counter surfaces, bench
In another embodiment of the invention finite element analysis can be used to determine the type, size and density of polymer beads to be expanded and the size and density the polymer beads are to be expanded to. -The resulting lightweight concrete composition is allowed to set and/or harden to provide LWC articles and concrete masonry units as described above.
The present invention provides for Introducing an antimicrobial agent into the manufacturing process of light weight concrete based articles, which leads to products with decreased microbial proliferation, which can diminish the amount of community acquired and nosocomial infections.
It is to be understood that the products of the instant invention will inhibit the growth of a broad range of microorganisms on their surfaces because of the incorporated of antimicrobial agents in the polymer particles, resin beads, expanded polymer particles and/or prepuff particles in the light weight concrete composition. Examples of diseases which can be inhibited by the antimicrobial effect of the present surface of the data processing products include, but are not iimited to the following infectious diseases which can be transmitted though indirect contact or via droplets:
bacteremia, conjunctivitis, clostridium difficile infection, cutaneous and pharyngeal diphtheria, enterococcus, escherichia coli 0157:1i7, haemophilus influenza, herpes simplex, meningitis, mucocutaneous, mumps, mycoplasma pneumoniae, pertussis, pharyngitis, gastroenteritis, rubella (congenital), scabies, shigellosis, smallpox, staphylococcal infection, pneumonia (lung abscess), streptococcal infect'son, varicella, vibrio infection.
Particular light weight concrete based articles that can beneficially be produced using the present compositions are products designed for repeated human contact, such as dining tables, counter surfaces, bench
- 39 -tops, examination tables and the components for building and construction described above.
In particular embodiments of the invention, the articles and building and construction products are used in or to construct restaurants, health care facilities including hospitals, extended-care facilities, sub-acute care facilities, skilled nursing facilities, nursing homes, assisted living centers and rehabilitation centers. These types of buildings represent sites where acute medical care is delivered by trained health care personnel. It is well recognized that the above mentioned sites harbor microorganisms that possess markedly greater virulence. Thus, the present invention helps to prevent infections resulting from these microorganisms that have an increased threat of causing morbidity and mortality.
Thus, another advantage of the present invention is that it has the potential to decrease health care costs. If community acquired and nosocomial infections decrease, there will be fewer days spent in the hospital, at clinics and away from work. In addition, the constant uprising of resistant microbes would be on the decline, for there would be fewer places for them to proliferate, and, thus, fewer areas for such microbes to infect the general population.
The present invention will further be described by reference to the following examples. The following examples are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to be limiting. Unless otherwise indicated, all percentages are by weight and Portland cement is used unless otherwise specified.
EXAMPLES
Unless otherwise indicated, the following materials were utilized:
^ Type III Portland Cement ^ Mason Sand (165 pcf bulk density, 2.64 specific gravity, fineness modulus = 1.74) ^ Potable Water - ambient temperature (-70 F / 21 C) ^ Expandable Polystyrene - M97BC, F271C, F271M, F271T
(NOVA Chemicals Inc., Pittsburgh, PA)
In particular embodiments of the invention, the articles and building and construction products are used in or to construct restaurants, health care facilities including hospitals, extended-care facilities, sub-acute care facilities, skilled nursing facilities, nursing homes, assisted living centers and rehabilitation centers. These types of buildings represent sites where acute medical care is delivered by trained health care personnel. It is well recognized that the above mentioned sites harbor microorganisms that possess markedly greater virulence. Thus, the present invention helps to prevent infections resulting from these microorganisms that have an increased threat of causing morbidity and mortality.
Thus, another advantage of the present invention is that it has the potential to decrease health care costs. If community acquired and nosocomial infections decrease, there will be fewer days spent in the hospital, at clinics and away from work. In addition, the constant uprising of resistant microbes would be on the decline, for there would be fewer places for them to proliferate, and, thus, fewer areas for such microbes to infect the general population.
The present invention will further be described by reference to the following examples. The following examples are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to be limiting. Unless otherwise indicated, all percentages are by weight and Portland cement is used unless otherwise specified.
EXAMPLES
Unless otherwise indicated, the following materials were utilized:
^ Type III Portland Cement ^ Mason Sand (165 pcf bulk density, 2.64 specific gravity, fineness modulus = 1.74) ^ Potable Water - ambient temperature (-70 F / 21 C) ^ Expandable Polystyrene - M97BC, F271C, F271M, F271T
(NOVA Chemicals Inc., Pittsburgh, PA)
-40-^ EPS Resin - 1037C (NOVA Chemicals, Inc.) ^ 'O2 inch Expanded Slate (Carolina Stalite Company, Salisbury, NC - 89.5 pcf bulk density 11.43 specific gravity) Unless otherwise indicated, all compositions were prepared under laboratory conditions using a model 42N-5 blender (Charles Ross & Son Company, Hauppauge, NY) having a 7-ft3 working capacity body with a single shaft paddle. The mixer was operated at 34 rpm. Conditioning was performed in a LH-10 Temperature and Humidity Chamber (manufactured by Associated Environmental Systems, Ayer, MA). Samples were molded in 6" x 12" single use plastic cylinder molds with flat caps and were tested in triplicate. Compression testing was performed on a Forney FX250/300 Compression Tester (Forney Incorporated, Hermitage, PA), which hydraulically applies a vertical load at a desired'rate. All other peripheral materials (slump cone, tamping rods, etc.) adhered to the applicable ASTM test method. The following ASTM test methods and procedures were followed:
^ ASTM C470 - Standard Specification for Molds for Forming Concrete Test Cylinders Vertically ^ ASTM C192 - Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Laboratory = ASTM C330 - Standard Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Structural Concrete ^ ASTM C511 - Standard Specification for Mixing Rooms, Moist Cabinets, Moist Rooms, and Water Storage Tanks Used in the Testing of Hydraulic Cements and Concretes ^ ASTM C143 - Standard Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement Concrete ^ ASTM C1231 - Standard Practice for Use of Unbonded Caps in Determination.of Compressive Strength of Hardened .
Concrete Cylinders = ASTM C39 - Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens
^ ASTM C470 - Standard Specification for Molds for Forming Concrete Test Cylinders Vertically ^ ASTM C192 - Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Laboratory = ASTM C330 - Standard Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Structural Concrete ^ ASTM C511 - Standard Specification for Mixing Rooms, Moist Cabinets, Moist Rooms, and Water Storage Tanks Used in the Testing of Hydraulic Cements and Concretes ^ ASTM C143 - Standard Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement Concrete ^ ASTM C1231 - Standard Practice for Use of Unbonded Caps in Determination.of Compressive Strength of Hardened .
Concrete Cylinders = ASTM C39 - Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens
-41-Cylinders were kept capped and at ambient laboratory conditions for 24 hours. All cylinders were then aged for an additional 6 days at 23 2 C, 95% relative humidity. The test specimens were then tested.
Example 1 Polystyrene in unexpanded bead form (M97BC - 0.65 mm, F271T -0.4 mm, and F271 M - 0.33 mm) was pre-expanded into EPS foam (prepuff) particles of varying densities as shown in the table below.
Bead Bead Prepuff Particle Bulk Mean Density, Standard deviation, Type Size, pm lb/ft3 Mean Size, m pm F271 M 330 2.32 902 144 F271 M 330 3.10 824 80 F271 M 330 4.19 725 103 F271T 400 2.40 1027 176 F271T 400 3.69 1054 137 F271T 400 4.57 851 141 M97BC 650 2.54 1705 704 M97BC 650 3.29 1474 587 M97BC 650 5.27 1487 584 The data show that the prepuff particle size varies inversely with the expanded density of the material.
Example 2 Polystyrene in unexpanded bead form (0.65 mm, 0.4 mm, and 0.33 mm) was pre-expanded into prepuff particles with a bulk density of 2 lb/ft3 as shown in the table below. The prepuff particles were formulated into a LWC composition, in a 3.5 cubic foot drum mixer, that included 46.5 wt.%
(25.3 vol.%) Portland cement, 16.3 wt.% (26.3 vol.%) water, and 1.2 wt.%
(26.4 vol.%) prepuff particles. The resulting LWC compositions had a concrete density of 90 lb/ft2. The average compressive strength (determined according to ASTM C39, seven day break test) is shown in the table below.
Example 1 Polystyrene in unexpanded bead form (M97BC - 0.65 mm, F271T -0.4 mm, and F271 M - 0.33 mm) was pre-expanded into EPS foam (prepuff) particles of varying densities as shown in the table below.
Bead Bead Prepuff Particle Bulk Mean Density, Standard deviation, Type Size, pm lb/ft3 Mean Size, m pm F271 M 330 2.32 902 144 F271 M 330 3.10 824 80 F271 M 330 4.19 725 103 F271T 400 2.40 1027 176 F271T 400 3.69 1054 137 F271T 400 4.57 851 141 M97BC 650 2.54 1705 704 M97BC 650 3.29 1474 587 M97BC 650 5.27 1487 584 The data show that the prepuff particle size varies inversely with the expanded density of the material.
Example 2 Polystyrene in unexpanded bead form (0.65 mm, 0.4 mm, and 0.33 mm) was pre-expanded into prepuff particles with a bulk density of 2 lb/ft3 as shown in the table below. The prepuff particles were formulated into a LWC composition, in a 3.5 cubic foot drum mixer, that included 46.5 wt.%
(25.3 vol.%) Portland cement, 16.3 wt.% (26.3 vol.%) water, and 1.2 wt.%
(26.4 vol.%) prepuff particles. The resulting LWC compositions had a concrete density of 90 lb/ft2. The average compressive strength (determined according to ASTM C39, seven day break test) is shown in the table below.
-42-Prepuff Bead Particle Concrete Bulk Density, Density, Mean Size, pm lb/ft3 Ib/ft3 Com ressive Strength, si 650 2.00 90 1405 400 2.00 90 1812 330 2.00 90 1521 The data show that as the mean unexpanded bead size decreases, at a constant prepuff particle density, that surprisingly higher compressive strength does not necessarily result from ever decreasing unexpanded bead size as suggested in the prior art. More particularly, the data show that an optimum unexpanded bead size with respect to compressive strength at 2.00 pcf exists when loaded to obtain 90 pcf concrete density.
This optimum appears to be between 330 microns and 650 microns for this particular formulation.
Example 3 Since the prepuff particle density also impacts the overall concrete density, changing the EPS density requires a change in the EPS loading level to maintain a constant concrete density. This relationship holds only as long as the total amount of prepuff particles is not so large as to compromise the strength of the surrounding concrete matrix. The relationship between the prepuff particle density and loading level provides additional opportunities to optimize concrete strength while controlling the overall concrete density.
Polystyrene in unexpanded bead form (0.65 mm) was pre-expanded into prepuff particles having varying densities as shown in the table below. The prepuff particles were formulated into LWC compositions containing the components shown in the table below, in a 3.5 cubic foot drum mixer, and each having a concrete density of 90 lb/ft3.
This optimum appears to be between 330 microns and 650 microns for this particular formulation.
Example 3 Since the prepuff particle density also impacts the overall concrete density, changing the EPS density requires a change in the EPS loading level to maintain a constant concrete density. This relationship holds only as long as the total amount of prepuff particles is not so large as to compromise the strength of the surrounding concrete matrix. The relationship between the prepuff particle density and loading level provides additional opportunities to optimize concrete strength while controlling the overall concrete density.
Polystyrene in unexpanded bead form (0.65 mm) was pre-expanded into prepuff particles having varying densities as shown in the table below. The prepuff particles were formulated into LWC compositions containing the components shown in the table below, in a 3.5 cubic foot drum mixer, and each having a concrete density of 90 lb/ft3.
- 43 -Sample A Sample B Sample C
Prepuff Particle Bulk 1.26 3.29 5.37 Density lb/ft3 Portland Cement, wt.% (vol. 46.7 (28.5) 46.2 (22.1) 45.8 (18.9) %
Water, wt.% (vol. %) 16.4 29.8 16.2 23 16.1 19.7 EPS, wt.% (vol. /p 0.7 16.8 1.8 35.6 2.6 44.9 Sand, wt.% (vol. %) 36.2 24.9 35.8 (19.3) 35.5 16.5 The following data table numerically depicts the relationship between prepuff density and concrete strength at a constant concrete density of 90 lb/ft3.
Bead Prepuff Particle Concrete Mean Size, Compressive pm Bulk Densi , lblfk3 Densi ; lb/ft3 Strength, psi Sampl A 650 1.26 90 1463 Sampl B 650 3.29 90 1497 Sample C 650 5.37 90 2157 The data show that as the prepuff particle density increases, the compressive strength of the LWC composition also increases at constant concrete density.
Example 4 Polystyrene in unexpanded bead form (0.65 mm) was pre-expanded into prepuff particles having a bulk density of 1.1 lb/ft3 as shown in the table below. The prepuff particles were formulated into LWC
compositions, in a 3.5 cubic foot drum mixer, containing the components shown in the table below.
Prepuff Particle Bulk 1.26 3.29 5.37 Density lb/ft3 Portland Cement, wt.% (vol. 46.7 (28.5) 46.2 (22.1) 45.8 (18.9) %
Water, wt.% (vol. %) 16.4 29.8 16.2 23 16.1 19.7 EPS, wt.% (vol. /p 0.7 16.8 1.8 35.6 2.6 44.9 Sand, wt.% (vol. %) 36.2 24.9 35.8 (19.3) 35.5 16.5 The following data table numerically depicts the relationship between prepuff density and concrete strength at a constant concrete density of 90 lb/ft3.
Bead Prepuff Particle Concrete Mean Size, Compressive pm Bulk Densi , lblfk3 Densi ; lb/ft3 Strength, psi Sampl A 650 1.26 90 1463 Sampl B 650 3.29 90 1497 Sample C 650 5.37 90 2157 The data show that as the prepuff particle density increases, the compressive strength of the LWC composition also increases at constant concrete density.
Example 4 Polystyrene in unexpanded bead form (0.65 mm) was pre-expanded into prepuff particles having a bulk density of 1.1 lb/ft3 as shown in the table below. The prepuff particles were formulated into LWC
compositions, in a 3.5 cubic foot drum mixer, containing the components shown in the table below.
-44-Sample D Sample Sample E F
Prepuff Particle Bulk 1.1 1.1 1.1 Density Ib/ft3 Portland Cement, wt.% 46.8 (21.6) 46.3 46.1 vol. Io (18.9) (16.6) Water, wt.% (vol. %) 16.4 22.5 17 (20.6) 17 (18.2) EPS, wt.% vol. % 0.6(37) 0.9 (44) 1.1 50.$
Sand, wt.% (vol. %) 36.2 (18.9) 35.9 35.8 (16.5) (14.5) The following data table numerically depicts the relationship between prepuff loading, concrete strength and concrete density.
Bead Prepuff Particle Concrete Mean Size, Bulk Density, - Density, Compressive m IbIft3 ib/ft3 Strength, psi Sample D 650 1.1 89.6 1252 Sample E 650 1.1 80.9 982 Sam le F 650 1.1 72.4 817 The data show that as prepuff particle loading in the LWC
composition increases at constant foam particle density, the light weight concrete density and compressive strength decreases.
Example 5 Polystyrene in unexpanded bead form (0.65 mm) was pre-expanded into prepuff particles having various densities as shown in the table below. The prepuff particles were formulated into LWC compositions, in a 3.5 cubic foot drum mixer, containing the components shown in the table below.
Prepuff Particle Bulk 1.1 1.1 1.1 Density Ib/ft3 Portland Cement, wt.% 46.8 (21.6) 46.3 46.1 vol. Io (18.9) (16.6) Water, wt.% (vol. %) 16.4 22.5 17 (20.6) 17 (18.2) EPS, wt.% vol. % 0.6(37) 0.9 (44) 1.1 50.$
Sand, wt.% (vol. %) 36.2 (18.9) 35.9 35.8 (16.5) (14.5) The following data table numerically depicts the relationship between prepuff loading, concrete strength and concrete density.
Bead Prepuff Particle Concrete Mean Size, Bulk Density, - Density, Compressive m IbIft3 ib/ft3 Strength, psi Sample D 650 1.1 89.6 1252 Sample E 650 1.1 80.9 982 Sam le F 650 1.1 72.4 817 The data show that as prepuff particle loading in the LWC
composition increases at constant foam particle density, the light weight concrete density and compressive strength decreases.
Example 5 Polystyrene in unexpanded bead form (0.65 mm) was pre-expanded into prepuff particles having various densities as shown in the table below. The prepuff particles were formulated into LWC compositions, in a 3.5 cubic foot drum mixer, containing the components shown in the table below.
-45-Sample G Sample H Sample I Sample J
Prepuff Particle 1.1 2.3 3.1 4.2 Bulk Density ibift3 Portland Cement, 46.8 (21.6) 46.8 (26.8) 46.8 (28.4) 46.8 (29.7) wt.% Vol. %) Water, wt.% (vol. 16.4 (22.5) 16.4 (28) 16.4 (29.6) 16.4 (31) %
EPS, wt.% (vol. 0.6 (37) 0.6 (21.8) 0.6 (17.2) 0.6 (13.4) %
Sand, wt.% (vol. 36.2 (18.9) 36.2 (23.4) 36.2 (24.8) 36.2(25.9) %
The following table numerically depicts the relationship between prepuff density and concrete strength at a constant concrete prepuff loading based on the weight of the formulation.
Prepuff Bead Particle Concrete Mean Size, Bulk Density, Density, Compressive m Ib/ft3 Ib/ft3 Strength, psi Sample G 650 1.1 89.6 1252 Sample H 650 2.32 109.6 1565 Sample 1 650 3.1 111.7 2965 Sam le J 650 4.2 116.3 3045 The data show that as prepuff particle density in the light weight concrete composition increases at constant prepuff particle loading (by weight),tight weight concrete density and compressive strength increases.
Example 6 Polystyrene in unexpanded bead form (0.65 mm) was pre-expanded into prepuff particles having various densities as shown in the table below. The prepuff particles were formulated into LWC compositions, in a 3.5 cubic foot drum mixer, containing the components shown in the table below.
Prepuff Particle 1.1 2.3 3.1 4.2 Bulk Density ibift3 Portland Cement, 46.8 (21.6) 46.8 (26.8) 46.8 (28.4) 46.8 (29.7) wt.% Vol. %) Water, wt.% (vol. 16.4 (22.5) 16.4 (28) 16.4 (29.6) 16.4 (31) %
EPS, wt.% (vol. 0.6 (37) 0.6 (21.8) 0.6 (17.2) 0.6 (13.4) %
Sand, wt.% (vol. 36.2 (18.9) 36.2 (23.4) 36.2 (24.8) 36.2(25.9) %
The following table numerically depicts the relationship between prepuff density and concrete strength at a constant concrete prepuff loading based on the weight of the formulation.
Prepuff Bead Particle Concrete Mean Size, Bulk Density, Density, Compressive m Ib/ft3 Ib/ft3 Strength, psi Sample G 650 1.1 89.6 1252 Sample H 650 2.32 109.6 1565 Sample 1 650 3.1 111.7 2965 Sam le J 650 4.2 116.3 3045 The data show that as prepuff particle density in the light weight concrete composition increases at constant prepuff particle loading (by weight),tight weight concrete density and compressive strength increases.
Example 6 Polystyrene in unexpanded bead form (0.65 mm) was pre-expanded into prepuff particles having various densities as shown in the table below. The prepuff particles were formulated into LWC compositions, in a 3.5 cubic foot drum mixer, containing the components shown in the table below.
- 46 -Sample L Sample M
Prepuff Particle Bulk 1.1 3.1 Density ib/ft3 Portland Cement, wt.% 46.3 (18.9) 46.2 (21.4) vol. %) Water, wt.% vot. %) 17 (20.6) 16.2 22.3 EPS, wt.% (vol. % 0.9 44 1.8 (37.5) Sand, wt.% vol. %) 35.9 16.5 35.8 (18.7) The following table numerically depicts the relationship between prepuff density and concrete strength at a constant concrete density.
Prepuff Bead Particle Concrete Mean Size, Bulk Density, Density, Compressive pm Ibtft3 Ib/ft3 Strength, psi Sample 650 1.1 80.9 982 Sample M 650 3.1 79.8 1401 The data show that as prepuff particle density in the LWC
composition increases at constant concrete density, the compressive strength of the LWC increases.
Example 7 Polystyrene in unexpanded bead form (0.65 mm) was pre-expanded into prepuff particles having various densities as shown in the table below. The prepuff particles were formulated into LWC compositions, in a 3.5 cubic foot drum mixer, containing the components shown in the table below.
Sample N Sample 0 Prepuff Particle Bulk 3.9 5.2 Density Ibtft3 Portland Cement, wt.% 46 (21.5) 45.6(21.4) vol. %
Water, wt.% vol. %) 16.1 22.4 16 22.3 EPS, wt.% (vol. %) 2.3 37.3 3(37.5) Sand, wt.% vol. %) 35.6 (18.8) 35.4 (18.7)
Prepuff Particle Bulk 1.1 3.1 Density ib/ft3 Portland Cement, wt.% 46.3 (18.9) 46.2 (21.4) vol. %) Water, wt.% vot. %) 17 (20.6) 16.2 22.3 EPS, wt.% (vol. % 0.9 44 1.8 (37.5) Sand, wt.% vol. %) 35.9 16.5 35.8 (18.7) The following table numerically depicts the relationship between prepuff density and concrete strength at a constant concrete density.
Prepuff Bead Particle Concrete Mean Size, Bulk Density, Density, Compressive pm Ibtft3 Ib/ft3 Strength, psi Sample 650 1.1 80.9 982 Sample M 650 3.1 79.8 1401 The data show that as prepuff particle density in the LWC
composition increases at constant concrete density, the compressive strength of the LWC increases.
Example 7 Polystyrene in unexpanded bead form (0.65 mm) was pre-expanded into prepuff particles having various densities as shown in the table below. The prepuff particles were formulated into LWC compositions, in a 3.5 cubic foot drum mixer, containing the components shown in the table below.
Sample N Sample 0 Prepuff Particle Bulk 3.9 5.2 Density Ibtft3 Portland Cement, wt.% 46 (21.5) 45.6(21.4) vol. %
Water, wt.% vol. %) 16.1 22.4 16 22.3 EPS, wt.% (vol. %) 2.3 37.3 3(37.5) Sand, wt.% vol. %) 35.6 (18.8) 35.4 (18.7)
- 47 -The following data table numerically depicts the relationship between prepuff density and concrete strength at a constant concrete density.
Bead Pre uff Particle Concrete Mean Size, Bulk Density, Density, Compressive m Ibift3 1b/ft3 Strength, psi Sample ' N 650 3.9 85.3 1448 Sample 0 650 5.2 84.3 1634 The data show that as prepuff particle density in the LWC
composition increases at constant concrete density, the compressive strength of the LWC increases.
Example 8 The following examples demonstrate the use of expanded slate as an aggregate in combination with the prepuff particles of the present invention. Polystyrene in unexpanded bead form was pre-expanded into prepuff particles having various densities as shown in the table below. The prepuff particles were formulated into LWC compositions, in a 3.5 cubic foot drum mixer, containing the components shown in the table below.
Bead Pre uff Particle Concrete Mean Size, Bulk Density, Density, Compressive m Ibift3 1b/ft3 Strength, psi Sample ' N 650 3.9 85.3 1448 Sample 0 650 5.2 84.3 1634 The data show that as prepuff particle density in the LWC
composition increases at constant concrete density, the compressive strength of the LWC increases.
Example 8 The following examples demonstrate the use of expanded slate as an aggregate in combination with the prepuff particles of the present invention. Polystyrene in unexpanded bead form was pre-expanded into prepuff particles having various densities as shown in the table below. The prepuff particles were formulated into LWC compositions, in a 3.5 cubic foot drum mixer, containing the components shown in the table below.
-48-Mixed expanded Example P Example Q
slate/EPS runs Bead Mean Size, 0.33 0.4 micron Prepuff Particle 5.24 4.5 Bulk Density, pef Wei ht %
Cement 19.84% 21.02%
EPS 1.80% 1 _44 l0 Ex anded slate 42.02% 39.07%
Water 6.96% 7.36%
Volume %
Cement 9.53% 10.34%
EPS 22.71% 21.74%
Ex anded slate 41.91% 39.91%
Water 9.95% 10.78%
LWC density c 90.9 93.7 LWC strength (psi) 1360.0 1800.0 The data show that desirable light weight concrete can be obtained using the prepuff of the present invention and expanded slate as aggregate in light weight concrete compositions.
Example 9 The following examples demonstrate the use of expanded slate as an aggregate used in combination with the prepuff particles of the present invention. Polystyrene in unexpanded bead form was pre-expanded into prepuff particles having various densities as shown in the table below. The prepuff particles were formulated into LWC compositions, in a 3.5 cubic foot drum mixer, containing the components shown in the table below.
slate/EPS runs Bead Mean Size, 0.33 0.4 micron Prepuff Particle 5.24 4.5 Bulk Density, pef Wei ht %
Cement 19.84% 21.02%
EPS 1.80% 1 _44 l0 Ex anded slate 42.02% 39.07%
Water 6.96% 7.36%
Volume %
Cement 9.53% 10.34%
EPS 22.71% 21.74%
Ex anded slate 41.91% 39.91%
Water 9.95% 10.78%
LWC density c 90.9 93.7 LWC strength (psi) 1360.0 1800.0 The data show that desirable light weight concrete can be obtained using the prepuff of the present invention and expanded slate as aggregate in light weight concrete compositions.
Example 9 The following examples demonstrate the use of expanded slate as an aggregate used in combination with the prepuff particles of the present invention. Polystyrene in unexpanded bead form was pre-expanded into prepuff particles having various densities as shown in the table below. The prepuff particles were formulated into LWC compositions, in a 3.5 cubic foot drum mixer, containing the components shown in the table below.
- 49 -N \ ~ ~ o~ \ o ~ a ~ CA
o a r p O=d p r- M d M Nc~ ce) ~ p M M~~~~ ~ C7 0 ~ N dp O ~
x e-' T
w ~'qh Nt 03 00 d O.pa r- o~= =~,M N O d' n E O Ch tti tL~ r N d p CO CO Cfl O di Q ~ Opp M M r r r N C') r' r x W
QCD gz O CO Q
v C; M a) d'= c* s o rn o 04 d' ~ o c~ M o Ci b~r O p ~ p r ~ N Q ~ p X w o 0 0 0 0 0 0 ~ p o ~ OD
-~~ 04 \\ r- ~ d rp 'C} M Q
0 rE O M M p r M r~-- O p w M~ O N p x ~- r W
O O o O~ O O O O \
~ ~ 1:~ 0 O N M O~~ r~- M N CV p M
E d~ ~ N ~- Ndp ~ N N~ O CV p K r W
CN
CD
o 0 0~ o o o o 0 0 C7 ~ O d' a C~ p tD GO QLC) i` 6 p r~
p~ -'d ~ t^ p N N p ~ M N CpV p W
C"
E
E o r ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~
.t~~ ~ N(jW(n2NO ~ a~(pWU)~ ~ >
co 4-- cu > u) ai m 3 C- E
o U
o a r p O=d p r- M d M Nc~ ce) ~ p M M~~~~ ~ C7 0 ~ N dp O ~
x e-' T
w ~'qh Nt 03 00 d O.pa r- o~= =~,M N O d' n E O Ch tti tL~ r N d p CO CO Cfl O di Q ~ Opp M M r r r N C') r' r x W
QCD gz O CO Q
v C; M a) d'= c* s o rn o 04 d' ~ o c~ M o Ci b~r O p ~ p r ~ N Q ~ p X w o 0 0 0 0 0 0 ~ p o ~ OD
-~~ 04 \\ r- ~ d rp 'C} M Q
0 rE O M M p r M r~-- O p w M~ O N p x ~- r W
O O o O~ O O O O \
~ ~ 1:~ 0 O N M O~~ r~- M N CV p M
E d~ ~ N ~- Ndp ~ N N~ O CV p K r W
CN
CD
o 0 0~ o o o o 0 0 C7 ~ O d' a C~ p tD GO QLC) i` 6 p r~
p~ -'d ~ t^ p N N p ~ M N CpV p W
C"
E
E o r ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~
.t~~ ~ N(jW(n2NO ~ a~(pWU)~ ~ >
co 4-- cu > u) ai m 3 C- E
o U
-50-Example 10 One-foot square, 4 inch thick concrete forms were made by pouring formulations prepared according to examptes X and Y in the table below into forms and allowing the formulations to set for 24 hours.
Example X Example V.
bead size (mm) 0.4 0.65 Prepuff density Ib./ft3 3.4 4.9 wt p/o Cement 35.0% 33.1%
Sand 23.2% 45.4%
EPS 1.5% 2.9%
Slate 26.3% 0.0%
Water 14.0% 13.2 total 100.0%
water/cement 0.40 40.0%
Volume %
Cement 16.1% 16.0%
Sand 12.1% 24.7%
EPS 27.3% 40.3%
Slate 25.2% 0.0%
Water 19.2% 19.1%
total 100.0%
com ressive strength (psi) 2536 2109 density (pcf) 91.1 90.6 After 7 days, a one-foot square, ~'2 inch sheet of plywood was fastened directly to the formed concrete. A minimum of one-inch penetration was required for adequate fastening. The results are shown in the table below.
Example X Example V.
bead size (mm) 0.4 0.65 Prepuff density Ib./ft3 3.4 4.9 wt p/o Cement 35.0% 33.1%
Sand 23.2% 45.4%
EPS 1.5% 2.9%
Slate 26.3% 0.0%
Water 14.0% 13.2 total 100.0%
water/cement 0.40 40.0%
Volume %
Cement 16.1% 16.0%
Sand 12.1% 24.7%
EPS 27.3% 40.3%
Slate 25.2% 0.0%
Water 19.2% 19.1%
total 100.0%
com ressive strength (psi) 2536 2109 density (pcf) 91.1 90.6 After 7 days, a one-foot square, ~'2 inch sheet of plywood was fastened directly to the formed concrete. A minimum of one-inch penetration was required for adequate fastening. The results are shown in the table below.
51-Fastener Example X Exam le Y
7d coated nails attachment No penetration when slate is 100% penetration and encountered attachment removal Easily removed Could not be manually removed from the concrete without mechanical assistance 2 '/2 inch standard d wall screw attachment No penetration when slate is 100% penetration and encountered attachment. Screw broke before concrete failed.
removal Easily removed Could not be manually removed from the concrete without mechanical assistance.
Screw could be removed and reinserted with no change in holding power.
The data demonstrates that the present light-weight concrete composition, without slate, provides superior gripping capability with plywood using standard fasteners compared to traditional expanded slate formulations, while slate containing concrete did not readily accept fasteners. This represents an improvement over the prior art as the time consuming practice of fixing anchors into the concrete to enable the fasteners to grip thereto can be eliminated.
10.
Example 11 One-foot square, 4 inch thick concrete forms were made by pouring the formulations of Examples X and Y into forms and allowing the formulations to set for 24 hours. After 7 days, a one-foot square, '/2 inch sheet of standard drywall sheet was fastened directly to the formed concrete using standard 1~/ inch drywall screws. A minimum of one-inch
7d coated nails attachment No penetration when slate is 100% penetration and encountered attachment removal Easily removed Could not be manually removed from the concrete without mechanical assistance 2 '/2 inch standard d wall screw attachment No penetration when slate is 100% penetration and encountered attachment. Screw broke before concrete failed.
removal Easily removed Could not be manually removed from the concrete without mechanical assistance.
Screw could be removed and reinserted with no change in holding power.
The data demonstrates that the present light-weight concrete composition, without slate, provides superior gripping capability with plywood using standard fasteners compared to traditional expanded slate formulations, while slate containing concrete did not readily accept fasteners. This represents an improvement over the prior art as the time consuming practice of fixing anchors into the concrete to enable the fasteners to grip thereto can be eliminated.
10.
Example 11 One-foot square, 4 inch thick concrete forms were made by pouring the formulations of Examples X and Y into forms and allowing the formulations to set for 24 hours. After 7 days, a one-foot square, '/2 inch sheet of standard drywall sheet was fastened directly to the formed concrete using standard 1~/ inch drywall screws. A minimum of one-inch
-52-screw penetration was required for adequate fastening. The results are shown in the table below.
Fastener Example X Example Y
1 3/4 inch standard d wall screw attachment No penetration when slate is 100% penetration and encountered attachment. Screw could penetrate through the drywall.
removal Easily removed. Could not be manually removed from the concrete without mechanical assistance.
Screw could be removed and reinserted with no change in holding power-The data demonstrates that the present light-weight concrete composition, without slate, provides superior gripping capability compared to traditional expanded slate formulations, which did not readily accept fasteners. This represents an improvement over the prior art as the time consuming practice of fastening nailing studs to the concrete to allow for attaching the drywall thereto can be eliminated.
Example 12 Two-foot square, 4 inch thick concrete forms were made by pouring the formulations Examples X and Y into a form and allowing the formulations to set for 24 hours. After 7 days, a three foot long, 2"x4" stud was fastened directly to the formed concrete using standard 16d nails. A
minimum of two-inch nail penetration was required for adequate fastening.
The results are shown in the table below.
Fastener Example X Example Y
1 3/4 inch standard d wall screw attachment No penetration when slate is 100% penetration and encountered attachment. Screw could penetrate through the drywall.
removal Easily removed. Could not be manually removed from the concrete without mechanical assistance.
Screw could be removed and reinserted with no change in holding power-The data demonstrates that the present light-weight concrete composition, without slate, provides superior gripping capability compared to traditional expanded slate formulations, which did not readily accept fasteners. This represents an improvement over the prior art as the time consuming practice of fastening nailing studs to the concrete to allow for attaching the drywall thereto can be eliminated.
Example 12 Two-foot square, 4 inch thick concrete forms were made by pouring the formulations Examples X and Y into a form and allowing the formulations to set for 24 hours. After 7 days, a three foot long, 2"x4" stud was fastened directly to the formed concrete using standard 16d nails. A
minimum of two-inch nail penetration was required for adequate fastening.
The results are shown in the table below.
-53-Fastener Example X Example Y
16d nail attachmenfi No penetration when slate is 100% penetration and encountered attachment.
removal Easily removed. Could not be manually removed from the concrete without mechanical assistance.
The data demonstrates that the present light-weight concrete composition, without slate, provides superior gripping capability compared to traditional expanded slate formulations, which did not readily accept fasteners. This represents an improvement over the prior art as the expensive and time consuming practice of using TAPCON (available from Illinois Tool Works Inc., Glenview, Illinois) or similar fasteners, lead anchors, or other methods known in the art to fasten studs to concrete can be eliminated.
Example 13 Concrete without additional aggregate was made using the ingredients shown in the table below.
16d nail attachmenfi No penetration when slate is 100% penetration and encountered attachment.
removal Easily removed. Could not be manually removed from the concrete without mechanical assistance.
The data demonstrates that the present light-weight concrete composition, without slate, provides superior gripping capability compared to traditional expanded slate formulations, which did not readily accept fasteners. This represents an improvement over the prior art as the expensive and time consuming practice of using TAPCON (available from Illinois Tool Works Inc., Glenview, Illinois) or similar fasteners, lead anchors, or other methods known in the art to fasten studs to concrete can be eliminated.
Example 13 Concrete without additional aggregate was made using the ingredients shown in the table below.
-54-If') Q~'=' e- C7 m lc~l N r Q
W~ o'~ c~ N m ~~i= Q 0) ~ rn ru CO O N p 00 Q Q[` ~
W~~~ o ch ~h ~ r ~ ~ M c.t ~ ai et l` LO O O Q Q Q 00 00 d- Q
p tn 0 ~,M~ ,~, Q Crj CO Cp Lf~ r- 00 OO
W~ N M N
LL. M d' Q O Q N Q Q N o0 r- C) ~ p~ m e-- r M Q' ~ N M~ f~ 0~0 W
LLJ V`~- M cfl 00 O d; CO QLO r- et o LO
M U) r N ~
W LNl. p M r r Cfl 1`
M N N
0~`~ !~ O M CO O t0 ~ d d ~ p~ r~ Ooo oo M I r v'- Cfl I~- L[) r 1~ a?
~ N N c7 r-.
(U) Cn u DO O Q O C1p r 7 Q
p O r N~i M t~ Q cV- ~ N M~ ti o~0 r m~ r M CO oO N~ Q I-- OD ~= Q
tt? tt? OC) ~j I` Q CA Cf~ cM DO ~ 0~O
W LNL r r Ch 'd ~-- - N ce) N
I;t N~ pp d U) p 6) O r lt} 'd" p ~~ M r- d Cfl CO d- r- tf~ M
W LNL. M ln Q r r- N Ch CV r Q
~
E F c ~
Q,f C ~ +==o r=. ~ U
Li- C L N
CL) U3 N a ~ ~ =~ ~ ~ ~ W m E E ~ W f/3 a~ ~ at U ~ U~ a .D a x LU
E
O
W~ o'~ c~ N m ~~i= Q 0) ~ rn ru CO O N p 00 Q Q[` ~
W~~~ o ch ~h ~ r ~ ~ M c.t ~ ai et l` LO O O Q Q Q 00 00 d- Q
p tn 0 ~,M~ ,~, Q Crj CO Cp Lf~ r- 00 OO
W~ N M N
LL. M d' Q O Q N Q Q N o0 r- C) ~ p~ m e-- r M Q' ~ N M~ f~ 0~0 W
LLJ V`~- M cfl 00 O d; CO QLO r- et o LO
M U) r N ~
W LNl. p M r r Cfl 1`
M N N
0~`~ !~ O M CO O t0 ~ d d ~ p~ r~ Ooo oo M I r v'- Cfl I~- L[) r 1~ a?
~ N N c7 r-.
(U) Cn u DO O Q O C1p r 7 Q
p O r N~i M t~ Q cV- ~ N M~ ti o~0 r m~ r M CO oO N~ Q I-- OD ~= Q
tt? tt? OC) ~j I` Q CA Cf~ cM DO ~ 0~O
W LNL r r Ch 'd ~-- - N ce) N
I;t N~ pp d U) p 6) O r lt} 'd" p ~~ M r- d Cfl CO d- r- tf~ M
W LNL. M ln Q r r- N Ch CV r Q
~
E F c ~
Q,f C ~ +==o r=. ~ U
Li- C L N
CL) U3 N a ~ ~ =~ ~ ~ ~ W m E E ~ W f/3 a~ ~ at U ~ U~ a .D a x LU
E
O
- 55 -The data shows that the average prepuff size required to provide maximum compressive strength compositions is dependant, to some degree, on the expansion factor of the prepuff. Focusing on average prepuff size alone does not provide a good indicator of maximum potential concrete strength. This point is illustrated by comparing examples 'BB and FF. Example FF (1.54 mm size) does not provide maximum compressive strength at an 18X expansion factor, yet it is near the maximum strength that can be obtained from beads expanded 48X.
Using a combination of prepuff size and expansion factor can provide an indicator for maximum concrete strength. As an example, example AA (prepuff size, 1.35 mm and expansion factor 48) provides 93 pcf concrete with a compressive strength of 1750 psi while a similarly sized prepuff, example II (prepuff size 1.41 mm and expansion factor 12) provides 90 pcf concrete with a significantly higher compressive strength of 2100 psi. Thus smaller prepuff size and a lower expansion factor can provide higher compressive strength in the present light weight concrete composition within an optimum range of prepuff particle size.
Example 14 Concrete with expanded slate as an aggregate was made using the ingredients shown in the table below.
Using a combination of prepuff size and expansion factor can provide an indicator for maximum concrete strength. As an example, example AA (prepuff size, 1.35 mm and expansion factor 48) provides 93 pcf concrete with a compressive strength of 1750 psi while a similarly sized prepuff, example II (prepuff size 1.41 mm and expansion factor 12) provides 90 pcf concrete with a significantly higher compressive strength of 2100 psi. Thus smaller prepuff size and a lower expansion factor can provide higher compressive strength in the present light weight concrete composition within an optimum range of prepuff particle size.
Example 14 Concrete with expanded slate as an aggregate was made using the ingredients shown in the table below.
-56-M
d; Op C4 ~ O N O co ~t O r lt~
0 M~ ~~O `M N~ Ci~ O) ~ lf) O) CQ
W~ N N r M r ~-T I` O ` N W N O r O? O LP~ N O M M N r N r CU ~~t LL7 ~
N N .--N
CL
0) ~ T- Q
CS) M r r ~
ll! INL C7 M N~' N ~ tQ O N~~ N ~
o~~. Cp M~ N O M t` O CO ~ r WLL O M 0 r M N O cr) ~ ~ r i~ C~r) ~ O
Z c- d d pp O O CD OD N OCo N (D 0 C10 r M ~ M N Mm N
M O
~
W
s- fl m co 0R M
t~J O
ti W~ O M Q r M~ M r M~ N
J e~- d- d L[> CD M N M I` O r 0 W LNL o M6 M
r' C~ `_ ~ ti- a o ~t d; co O N CO 00 N r tt~ W tN Ci M 0~ M ao ~ ~ ~ ~ M ~
oo O M O c> 00 W N C~ M C~j r M ~~h Cfl C~ tf~ 6 N N
O
m E E
m E a) l1- o C CU
Ca- a) fV G \ ~ C (/) a) (D co (1) W co cn 2 a~i t! W ' E
=3 4~i ti~ W ~?~ u 75 V W > V W (D
C6 cn a w
d; Op C4 ~ O N O co ~t O r lt~
0 M~ ~~O `M N~ Ci~ O) ~ lf) O) CQ
W~ N N r M r ~-T I` O ` N W N O r O? O LP~ N O M M N r N r CU ~~t LL7 ~
N N .--N
CL
0) ~ T- Q
CS) M r r ~
ll! INL C7 M N~' N ~ tQ O N~~ N ~
o~~. Cp M~ N O M t` O CO ~ r WLL O M 0 r M N O cr) ~ ~ r i~ C~r) ~ O
Z c- d d pp O O CD OD N OCo N (D 0 C10 r M ~ M N Mm N
M O
~
W
s- fl m co 0R M
t~J O
ti W~ O M Q r M~ M r M~ N
J e~- d- d L[> CD M N M I` O r 0 W LNL o M6 M
r' C~ `_ ~ ti- a o ~t d; co O N CO 00 N r tt~ W tN Ci M 0~ M ao ~ ~ ~ ~ M ~
oo O M O c> 00 W N C~ M C~j r M ~~h Cfl C~ tf~ 6 N N
O
m E E
m E a) l1- o C CU
Ca- a) fV G \ ~ C (/) a) (D co (1) W co cn 2 a~i t! W ' E
=3 4~i ti~ W ~?~ u 75 V W > V W (D
C6 cn a w
- 57 -The data indicates that while the EPS volume required to maintain approximately 90 pcf density concrete decreases somewhat linearly as the slate concentration increases; the present light weight concrete's strength increases exponentially as the amount of slate in the formulation increases. This relationship highlights the potentially significant impact of including aggregates in the present light weight concrete formulation and demonstrates the potential for optimizing the amount of EPS and aggregates in the formulation to maximize strength at a desired density. In addition, the cost of various components can also be included in such a design and the light weight concrete formulation can be optimized for both maximum strength and lowest cost.
Example 15 Concrete with unexpanded EPS (1037C) and no additional aggregate was made using the ingredients shown in the table below.
Ex. JJ Ex. KK Ex. LL
bead size (mm) 0.51 0.51 0.51 Density c 40 40 40 Expansion Factor 1 1 1 wt%
Cement 38.7 33.0 28.8 Sand 0 21.6 37.8 EPS 43.9 30.4 20.4 Water 17.4 14.9 13.0 Volume %
Cement 16.0 16.0 16.0 Sand 0 11.8 23.6 EPS 62.6 50.7 38.9 Slate 21.4 21.4 21.4 Water 16.0 16.0 16.0 compressive 2558 2860 3100 strength (psi) density (pcf) 76 89 100
Example 15 Concrete with unexpanded EPS (1037C) and no additional aggregate was made using the ingredients shown in the table below.
Ex. JJ Ex. KK Ex. LL
bead size (mm) 0.51 0.51 0.51 Density c 40 40 40 Expansion Factor 1 1 1 wt%
Cement 38.7 33.0 28.8 Sand 0 21.6 37.8 EPS 43.9 30.4 20.4 Water 17.4 14.9 13.0 Volume %
Cement 16.0 16.0 16.0 Sand 0 11.8 23.6 EPS 62.6 50.7 38.9 Slate 21.4 21.4 21.4 Water 16.0 16.0 16.0 compressive 2558 2860 3100 strength (psi) density (pcf) 76 89 100
-58-
59 PCT/US2007/006731 The data show that unexpanded polystyrene resin beads (-40 pcf bulk density) can provide a light weight concrete composition having surprisingly high compressive strength (2500-3200 psi) at low density (76 - 100 pcf).
Example 16 Prepuff from F271T bead expanded to 1.2 lblft3, F271 C bead expanded to 1.3 lb/ft3 and M97BC bead expanded to 1.5 Ib/ft3were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The surface and inner ceNs of each are shown in FIGS. 20 and 21 (F271T), 22 and 23 (F271C), and 24 and 25 (M97BC) respectively.
As shown in FIGS. 25, 27 and 29, the external structure of the prepuff particles was generally spherical in shape having a continuous surface outer surface or skin. As shown in FIGS. 26, 28 and 30, the internal cellular structure of the prepuff samples resembles a honeycomb-type structure.
The size of the prepuff particles was also measured using SEM, the results are shown in the table below.
(microns) T prepuff C prepuff BC prepuff 1.2 pcf) 1.3 pcf) 1.5 pd) Outer diameter 1216 1360 1797 Internal cell size 42.7 52.1 55.9 Internal cell wall 0.42 0.34 0.24 Cell wall / cell 0.0098 0.0065 0.0043 size C prepuff (3.4 BC prepuff (3.1 c c Outer diameter - 1133 1294 Internal cell size -- 38.2 31.3 Internal cell wall -- 0.26 0.47 Cell wall / cell -- 0.0068 0.0150 size Taken with all of the data presented above, the data provide an indication that internal cellular structure might affect the strength of a light weight concrete formulation.
When used in light weight concrete compositions, the prepuff particles can impact the overall strength of the concrete in two ways. First, the larger particles, which have a lower density, change the concrete matrix surrounding the prepuff particle and secondly, the lower density prepuff particle is less rigid due to the cell structure of the foamed particle.
Since the strength of the concrete depends, at least to some extent, on the strength of the prepuff particles, increased prepuff particle strength should result in greater light weight concrete strength. The potential strength increase can be limited by the extent to which it impacts the concrete matrix. The data in the present examples suggest that the original bead particle size can be optimized to provide an optimally sized prepuff particle (which is controlled by the prepuff density), which results in the highest possible lightweight concrete strength.
In other words, within an optimum prepuff particle size and optimum density range, the wall thickness of the prepuff will provide sufficient support to allow the present light weight concrete composition to have better strength than light weight concrete compositions in the prior art.
The data presented herein demonstrate that unlike the presumption and approach taken in the prior art, expanded EPS particles can do surprisingly more than act simply as a void space in the concrete. More specifically, the structure and character of the prepuff particles used in the present invention can significantly enhance the strength of the resulting light weight concrete composition.
Example 17 This example demonstrates the use of fasteners with the present light weight concrete composition and related pull-out strength. This evaluation was used to compare the load capacity of a screw directly installed in the present light weight concrete (approximately 90 pcf) with
Example 16 Prepuff from F271T bead expanded to 1.2 lblft3, F271 C bead expanded to 1.3 lb/ft3 and M97BC bead expanded to 1.5 Ib/ft3were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The surface and inner ceNs of each are shown in FIGS. 20 and 21 (F271T), 22 and 23 (F271C), and 24 and 25 (M97BC) respectively.
As shown in FIGS. 25, 27 and 29, the external structure of the prepuff particles was generally spherical in shape having a continuous surface outer surface or skin. As shown in FIGS. 26, 28 and 30, the internal cellular structure of the prepuff samples resembles a honeycomb-type structure.
The size of the prepuff particles was also measured using SEM, the results are shown in the table below.
(microns) T prepuff C prepuff BC prepuff 1.2 pcf) 1.3 pcf) 1.5 pd) Outer diameter 1216 1360 1797 Internal cell size 42.7 52.1 55.9 Internal cell wall 0.42 0.34 0.24 Cell wall / cell 0.0098 0.0065 0.0043 size C prepuff (3.4 BC prepuff (3.1 c c Outer diameter - 1133 1294 Internal cell size -- 38.2 31.3 Internal cell wall -- 0.26 0.47 Cell wall / cell -- 0.0068 0.0150 size Taken with all of the data presented above, the data provide an indication that internal cellular structure might affect the strength of a light weight concrete formulation.
When used in light weight concrete compositions, the prepuff particles can impact the overall strength of the concrete in two ways. First, the larger particles, which have a lower density, change the concrete matrix surrounding the prepuff particle and secondly, the lower density prepuff particle is less rigid due to the cell structure of the foamed particle.
Since the strength of the concrete depends, at least to some extent, on the strength of the prepuff particles, increased prepuff particle strength should result in greater light weight concrete strength. The potential strength increase can be limited by the extent to which it impacts the concrete matrix. The data in the present examples suggest that the original bead particle size can be optimized to provide an optimally sized prepuff particle (which is controlled by the prepuff density), which results in the highest possible lightweight concrete strength.
In other words, within an optimum prepuff particle size and optimum density range, the wall thickness of the prepuff will provide sufficient support to allow the present light weight concrete composition to have better strength than light weight concrete compositions in the prior art.
The data presented herein demonstrate that unlike the presumption and approach taken in the prior art, expanded EPS particles can do surprisingly more than act simply as a void space in the concrete. More specifically, the structure and character of the prepuff particles used in the present invention can significantly enhance the strength of the resulting light weight concrete composition.
Example 17 This example demonstrates the use of fasteners with the present light weight concrete composition and related pull-out strength. This evaluation was used to compare the load capacity of a screw directly installed in the present light weight concrete (approximately 90 pcf) with
-60-conventional concrete fasteners installed in normal weight and traditional lightweight concrete.
Fastener pullout testing was performed on three types of concrete:
normal weight, 143 pcf (sample MM, 140 pcf normal concrete), lightweight concrete using expanded slate (123 pcf) (sample NN, 120 pcf LWC), and lightweight concrete with EPS (87 pcf) (sample 00, 90 pcf LWC) made as described above according to the formulations in the following table.
Sample MM Sample NN Sample 00 140 pcf 120 pcf 90 pcf EPS bead size (mm) -- -- 0.51 density (pcf) -- -- 3.37 wt%
cement 20.2 24.8 32.9 sand 34.6 36.4 52.7 EPS -- -- 1.86 3/8 "pea gravel 37.6 -- --'/2 " expanded slate -- 29.4 --Water 7.7 9.41 12.51 vol%
cement 16.0 16 16 sand 30.9 26.5 28.9 3/8" pea gravel 35.0 -- --1/2" expanded slate -- 39.4 --Water 18.1 18.1 18.12 Com ressive 4941 9107 2137 strength (psi) density ( c 143 123 87 An apparatus was built that allowed weights to be hung vertically from each fastener using gravity to apply a load in line with the axis of the fastener. The 90 pcf LWC had 2'/" standard drywall screws directly
Fastener pullout testing was performed on three types of concrete:
normal weight, 143 pcf (sample MM, 140 pcf normal concrete), lightweight concrete using expanded slate (123 pcf) (sample NN, 120 pcf LWC), and lightweight concrete with EPS (87 pcf) (sample 00, 90 pcf LWC) made as described above according to the formulations in the following table.
Sample MM Sample NN Sample 00 140 pcf 120 pcf 90 pcf EPS bead size (mm) -- -- 0.51 density (pcf) -- -- 3.37 wt%
cement 20.2 24.8 32.9 sand 34.6 36.4 52.7 EPS -- -- 1.86 3/8 "pea gravel 37.6 -- --'/2 " expanded slate -- 29.4 --Water 7.7 9.41 12.51 vol%
cement 16.0 16 16 sand 30.9 26.5 28.9 3/8" pea gravel 35.0 -- --1/2" expanded slate -- 39.4 --Water 18.1 18.1 18.12 Com ressive 4941 9107 2137 strength (psi) density ( c 143 123 87 An apparatus was built that allowed weights to be hung vertically from each fastener using gravity to apply a load in line with the axis of the fastener. The 90 pcf LWC had 2'/" standard drywall screws directly
-61-installed to approximately I f" depth. The 120 pcf LWC had two types of fasteners installed into predrilled holes: 2 3/4" TAPCON metal screw-type masonry fastening anchors (Illinois Tool Works Inc., Glenview, IL) installed approximately 2" deep and standard 2%4" expanding wedge-clip bolt/nut anchors installed approximately 1'/a" deep. The 140 pcf normal concrete also had two types of fasteners installed into predrilled holes: 2 3/4"
TAPCON anchors installed approximately 2" deep and standard 2 expanding wedge-clip bolt/nut anchors installed approximately 1114" deep.
One of the drywall screws in the light weight concrete was backed out and re-installed into the same fastener hole for testing. Also one of the TAPCON screws was removed and reinstalled to evaluate any loss in capacity. The following tables show the data and loadings for each anchor/fastener tested.
TAPCON anchors installed approximately 2" deep and standard 2 expanding wedge-clip bolt/nut anchors installed approximately 1114" deep.
One of the drywall screws in the light weight concrete was backed out and re-installed into the same fastener hole for testing. Also one of the TAPCON screws was removed and reinstalled to evaluate any loss in capacity. The following tables show the data and loadings for each anchor/fastener tested.
-62-U c C c c c E E S .~ .~ ~ E
~2 a) -0 :2 = Q 0 O Q O Q
r.+ cv) ++ r =a+ c- r r r-. e-A A A A A
(!) C~ C%a t-=' CJ~ n C/~ (/? ~ fn ~
ti A A A A A
ta tCS ttf Vj ~ N
N Q Q L- Q LO ~ d. Q
co ..0 1~- f'- -p (D tn 00 M r co =
N' r C6 r ta r ~-- c6 c- M
+r U) t~ _ N t+ y fa co m Ei W w w c c c c c c -c ~r a r' -ty U') p +.n -Q to -c ~ ~ ~ 0~O. ~ Co, ~ rn N
00 0~- c~Q oo oco or-L
W W W W ~ W Z ~ W
Z 0) c a 3 c ~ c p_ c z -a-' H ~ m =
a.. ~.. ~ d d f j N~ t j N~ Z N~~~ N h ` N N
1 N J N Q J CV ~ CV ti ---~ N 0 N
c~ s iv ~: U :;:1 d 0 p=
U U Q V p U y V V U
() Cn co ao Q tu co to Q
E E
Cfl~' yV J M~='J d~ C LnC~ c QU
c~ v c ~
J J fl-3 N
o q V co ~ c~ ~
v~ o cl3 c) cn~
Q a ~ ¾
~2 a) -0 :2 = Q 0 O Q O Q
r.+ cv) ++ r =a+ c- r r r-. e-A A A A A
(!) C~ C%a t-=' CJ~ n C/~ (/? ~ fn ~
ti A A A A A
ta tCS ttf Vj ~ N
N Q Q L- Q LO ~ d. Q
co ..0 1~- f'- -p (D tn 00 M r co =
N' r C6 r ta r ~-- c6 c- M
+r U) t~ _ N t+ y fa co m Ei W w w c c c c c c -c ~r a r' -ty U') p +.n -Q to -c ~ ~ ~ 0~O. ~ Co, ~ rn N
00 0~- c~Q oo oco or-L
W W W W ~ W Z ~ W
Z 0) c a 3 c ~ c p_ c z -a-' H ~ m =
a.. ~.. ~ d d f j N~ t j N~ Z N~~~ N h ` N N
1 N J N Q J CV ~ CV ti ---~ N 0 N
c~ s iv ~: U :;:1 d 0 p=
U U Q V p U y V V U
() Cn co ao Q tu co to Q
E E
Cfl~' yV J M~='J d~ C LnC~ c QU
c~ v c ~
J J fl-3 N
o q V co ~ c~ ~
v~ o cl3 c) cn~
Q a ~ ¾
- 63 -The holding power of the drywall screws in the 90 pcf LWC was surprisingly high as they did not easily break or tear from the concrete.
The drywall screws were easy to install, only requiring a standard size electric drill. The gripping strength of the drywall screws in the 90 pcf LWC
was such that if the applied drilling torque was not stopped before the screw head reached the surface of the concrete, the head of the screw would twist off. All of the fasteners held the 740 lbs. of load for at least minutes except the backed out and re-inserted drywall screw in the 90 pcf LWC, which held 700 lbs. for 30 seconds before tearing loose from the concrete. This drywall screw did not break at the failure point, but pulled out of the concrete.
Taking the above data as a whole, it has been demonstrated that an optimum prepuff bead size exists (as a non-limiting example, approximately 450 - 550 pm resin beads expanded to an expansion factor of approximately 10-20 cc/g to a prepuff diameter of approximately 750 to 1400 pm for 90 pcf lightweight concrete) to maximize the compressive strength of the present light weight concrete formulations. The compressive strength of the present light weight concrete formulations can be increased by increasing the present EPS prepuff bead density.
Unexpanded polystyrene resin (-40 pef bulk density) yietds LWC of high compress+ve strength (2500-3200 psi) considering the low density (76 -100 pcf). Aggregates can be used in the present light weight concrete formulations. The present light weight concrete formulations, without course aggregates, provide a concrete composition, which may be directly fastened to using standard drills and screws. When the EPS prepuff beads are expanded to low bulk densities (for example < I pcf), the beads have a weak internal cellular structure, which creates a weaker foam, and in turn provides a light weight concrete composition having a lower compressive strength.
The drywall screws were easy to install, only requiring a standard size electric drill. The gripping strength of the drywall screws in the 90 pcf LWC
was such that if the applied drilling torque was not stopped before the screw head reached the surface of the concrete, the head of the screw would twist off. All of the fasteners held the 740 lbs. of load for at least minutes except the backed out and re-inserted drywall screw in the 90 pcf LWC, which held 700 lbs. for 30 seconds before tearing loose from the concrete. This drywall screw did not break at the failure point, but pulled out of the concrete.
Taking the above data as a whole, it has been demonstrated that an optimum prepuff bead size exists (as a non-limiting example, approximately 450 - 550 pm resin beads expanded to an expansion factor of approximately 10-20 cc/g to a prepuff diameter of approximately 750 to 1400 pm for 90 pcf lightweight concrete) to maximize the compressive strength of the present light weight concrete formulations. The compressive strength of the present light weight concrete formulations can be increased by increasing the present EPS prepuff bead density.
Unexpanded polystyrene resin (-40 pef bulk density) yietds LWC of high compress+ve strength (2500-3200 psi) considering the low density (76 -100 pcf). Aggregates can be used in the present light weight concrete formulations. The present light weight concrete formulations, without course aggregates, provide a concrete composition, which may be directly fastened to using standard drills and screws. When the EPS prepuff beads are expanded to low bulk densities (for example < I pcf), the beads have a weak internal cellular structure, which creates a weaker foam, and in turn provides a light weight concrete composition having a lower compressive strength.
-64-Example 18 This example demonstrates making partially expanded resin beads where an antimicrobial agent is placed in the monomer mixture.
Cypermethrin was dissolved in styrene monomer at a level of 0.3 weight %. The styrene monomer was suspended in an aqueous phase in the presence of 0.20 weight % of a primary inorganic suspending agent and 0.25 weight % of a secondary anionic surfactant suspending agent, based on the weight of the styrene monomer. Low and high temperature peroxide initiators were added at levels of 0.34 and 0.066 weight %, respectively.
Nucleation agents were also added at levels of 0.2 weight %. The resulting suspension was heated to 900. The first phase of the polymerization of styrene monomer to polymer was carried out at 90 C over 5.5 hours. The suspension was then heated to 1300 C. The second phase of the polymerization was carried out at 130 C over 2 hours. The resulting beads were washed, dried and re-suspended in water with additional primary suspension agent. The suspension was heated from 70-115 C over 2.5 hours as 7.2 weight % of pentane was added to the system. The system was held at 115 C for 1.5 hours to fully impregnate the polystyrene beads.
The resulting beads were then washed, dried and lubed with 0.15 weight % stearate. The resulting beads were then partially expanded in steam.
After aging, the pre-expanded beads were placed in a closed mold and heated to 115 C to fully expand and fuse them together. The result is a sheet or shape of foam. No negative performance characteristics were observed in the blowing of the foam.
Example 19 This example describes how the partially expanded beads from Example 18 are used in light-weight concrete.
The partially expanded beads from Example 18 are formulated into the LWC composition described below, in a 3.5 cubic foot drum mixer.
Cypermethrin was dissolved in styrene monomer at a level of 0.3 weight %. The styrene monomer was suspended in an aqueous phase in the presence of 0.20 weight % of a primary inorganic suspending agent and 0.25 weight % of a secondary anionic surfactant suspending agent, based on the weight of the styrene monomer. Low and high temperature peroxide initiators were added at levels of 0.34 and 0.066 weight %, respectively.
Nucleation agents were also added at levels of 0.2 weight %. The resulting suspension was heated to 900. The first phase of the polymerization of styrene monomer to polymer was carried out at 90 C over 5.5 hours. The suspension was then heated to 1300 C. The second phase of the polymerization was carried out at 130 C over 2 hours. The resulting beads were washed, dried and re-suspended in water with additional primary suspension agent. The suspension was heated from 70-115 C over 2.5 hours as 7.2 weight % of pentane was added to the system. The system was held at 115 C for 1.5 hours to fully impregnate the polystyrene beads.
The resulting beads were then washed, dried and lubed with 0.15 weight % stearate. The resulting beads were then partially expanded in steam.
After aging, the pre-expanded beads were placed in a closed mold and heated to 115 C to fully expand and fuse them together. The result is a sheet or shape of foam. No negative performance characteristics were observed in the blowing of the foam.
Example 19 This example describes how the partially expanded beads from Example 18 are used in light-weight concrete.
The partially expanded beads from Example 18 are formulated into the LWC composition described below, in a 3.5 cubic foot drum mixer.
-65-Sample PP
Portland Cement, wt.% vol. %) 46 21.5 Water, wt.% (vol. %) 16.1 22.4 Prepuff Beads of Example 18, wt.% (vol. 2.3 (37.3) %) Sand, wt.% (vol. %) 35.6 18.8 Cylinders are prepared using the formulations according to Sample N and Sample PP. The surface of the sample PP cylinders does not support microbial growth as well as the surface of the sample made using the formulation of Sample N.
Example 20 This example demonstrates making partially expanded resin beads where an antimicrobial agent is impregnated into resin beads. Styrene monomer was suspended in an aqueous phase in the presence of 0.20 weight % of a primary inorganic suspending agent and 0.25 weight % of a secondary anionic surfactant suspending agent, based on the weight of the styrene monomer. Low and high temperature peroxide initiators were added at levels of 0.34 and 0.066 weight %, respectively. Nucleation agents were also added at levels of 0.2 weight %. The resulting suspension was heated to 90 C and the first phase of the polymerization of styrene monomer to polymer was carried out over 5.5 hours. The suspension was then heated from 90 -115 C and the second phase of the polymerization was carried out over 2 hours. The resulting beads were washed, dried and re-suspended in water with 0.6 weight % primary suspending agent. lmidacloprid was added to the suspension at 0.03 weight % based on the weight of the polymer in the absence of any additional solvent for the imidacloprid. The suspension was heated from 70 -115 C over 2.5 hours as 7.2 weight % of pentane was added to the system. The system was held at 115 C for 1.5 hours to fully impregnate the polystyrene beads with the blowing agent and the imidacloprid. The
Portland Cement, wt.% vol. %) 46 21.5 Water, wt.% (vol. %) 16.1 22.4 Prepuff Beads of Example 18, wt.% (vol. 2.3 (37.3) %) Sand, wt.% (vol. %) 35.6 18.8 Cylinders are prepared using the formulations according to Sample N and Sample PP. The surface of the sample PP cylinders does not support microbial growth as well as the surface of the sample made using the formulation of Sample N.
Example 20 This example demonstrates making partially expanded resin beads where an antimicrobial agent is impregnated into resin beads. Styrene monomer was suspended in an aqueous phase in the presence of 0.20 weight % of a primary inorganic suspending agent and 0.25 weight % of a secondary anionic surfactant suspending agent, based on the weight of the styrene monomer. Low and high temperature peroxide initiators were added at levels of 0.34 and 0.066 weight %, respectively. Nucleation agents were also added at levels of 0.2 weight %. The resulting suspension was heated to 90 C and the first phase of the polymerization of styrene monomer to polymer was carried out over 5.5 hours. The suspension was then heated from 90 -115 C and the second phase of the polymerization was carried out over 2 hours. The resulting beads were washed, dried and re-suspended in water with 0.6 weight % primary suspending agent. lmidacloprid was added to the suspension at 0.03 weight % based on the weight of the polymer in the absence of any additional solvent for the imidacloprid. The suspension was heated from 70 -115 C over 2.5 hours as 7.2 weight % of pentane was added to the system. The system was held at 115 C for 1.5 hours to fully impregnate the polystyrene beads with the blowing agent and the imidacloprid. The
-66-resulting beads were then washed, dried and lubed with 0.15 weight %
stearate. The resulting beads were then partially expanded in steam.
Example 21 This example describes how the partially expanded beads from Example 20 are used in light-weight concrete.
The partially expanded beads from Example 20 are formulated into the LWC composition described below, in a 3.5 cubic foot drum mixer.
Sample QQ
Portland Cement, wt.% vol. %) 46 (21.5) Water, wt.% (vol. %) 16.1 22.4 Prepuff Beads of Example 20, wt.% (vol. 2.3 (37.3) %
Sand, wt.% (vol. %) 35.6 18.8 Cylinders are prepared using the formulations according to Sample N and Sample QQ. The surface of the Sample QQ cylinders does not support microbial growth as well as the surface of the sample made using the formulation of Sample N.
The present invention has been described with reference to specific details of particular embodiments thereof. it is not intended that such details be regarded as limitations upon the scope of the invention except insofar as and to the extent that they are included in the accompanying claims.
stearate. The resulting beads were then partially expanded in steam.
Example 21 This example describes how the partially expanded beads from Example 20 are used in light-weight concrete.
The partially expanded beads from Example 20 are formulated into the LWC composition described below, in a 3.5 cubic foot drum mixer.
Sample QQ
Portland Cement, wt.% vol. %) 46 (21.5) Water, wt.% (vol. %) 16.1 22.4 Prepuff Beads of Example 20, wt.% (vol. 2.3 (37.3) %
Sand, wt.% (vol. %) 35.6 18.8 Cylinders are prepared using the formulations according to Sample N and Sample QQ. The surface of the Sample QQ cylinders does not support microbial growth as well as the surface of the sample made using the formulation of Sample N.
The present invention has been described with reference to specific details of particular embodiments thereof. it is not intended that such details be regarded as limitations upon the scope of the invention except insofar as and to the extent that they are included in the accompanying claims.
- 67 -
Claims (18)
1. A lightweight concrete composition comprising from 10 to 90 volume percent of a cement composition, from 10 to 90 volume percent of particles having an average particle diameter of from 0.2 mm to 8 mm, a bulk density of from 0.028 g/cc to 0.64 g/cc, an aspect ratio of from 1 to 3, and from 0 to 50 volume percent of aggregate; wherein the sum of components used does not exceed 100 volume percent; and wherein the particles contain from 0.01 to 20 percent, based on the weight of the particles, of an antimicrobial agent.
2. The lightweight concrete composition according to Claim 1, wherein after the lightweight concrete composition is set for seven days, has a compressive strength of at least 1700 psi as tested according to ASTM C39.
3. The lightweight concrete composition according to Claim 1, wherein the particles have a substantially continuous outer layer.
4. The lightweight concrete composition according to Claim 1, wherein the particles comprise expanded polymer particles having an inner cell wall thickness of at least at least 0.15 µm.
5. The lightweight concrete composition according to Claim 1, wherein the particles comprise expanded polymer particles comprising one or more polymers selected from the group consisting of homopolymers of vinyl aromatic monomers; copolymers of at least one vinyl aromatic monomer with one or more of divinylbenzene, conjugated dienes, alkyl methacrylates, alkyl acrylates, acrylonitrile, and/or maleic anhydride; polyolefins; polycarbonates; polyesters;
polyamides; natural rubbers; synthetic rubbers; and combinations thereof.
polyamides; natural rubbers; synthetic rubbers; and combinations thereof.
6. The lightweight concrete composition according to Claim 1, wherein the particles comprise expanded polymer particles having an average particle size of from about 0.3 mm to about 5 mm.
7. The lightweight concrete composition according to Claim 1, wherein the antimicrobial agent includes one or more agents selected from the group consisting of sodium, potassium, calcium, zinc, copper, and barium salts of carbonate, silicate, sulfate, halide, and borate in all forms; zinc carboxylates; boric acids; sodium dichromate; copper chrome arsenate; chromated copper borate; ammoniacal copper arsenate; ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate; copper chromium fluoride; copper chromium fluoroborate; copper chromium phosphorous; propiconazole tebuconazole; pentachlorophenol;
quaternary ammonium compounds; copper 8-hydroxyquinoline, copper oxene; tri-n-butyltin oxide; tri-n-butyltin naphthenate;
didecyldimethylammonium bromide; didecyldimethylammonium chloride; silver ions; mercury ions; carbamates; isothiazolones;
chlorinated phenoxy and polyhexamethylene beguanidide hydrochlorides; barium metaborate monohydrate; 2-N-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one; octyl isothiazolone, dichloro-octyl isothiazolone, trichlorophenoxy phenol, Triclosan, 10,10'-oxybisphenoarsine;
silver-hydroxyapatite complex; 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-4(methyl sulphonyl) pyridine; 2-(thiocyanomethylthio) benzothiazole; N-(trichloromethyl thio)-phthalimide; 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate; chlorinated phenoxy 5-cholor-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenol; polyhexamethlyene biguanidie hydrochloride; 5-Cholro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol, Cholro-2-)2,4-dichloror)phenol;
Chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenol; Trchloro-2-hydroxydiphenyl ether; 1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl]-4,5-dihydro-N-nirto-1H-imidazol-2-amine; 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-di-methylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)-methyl ester; 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-carboxylic acid (3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl ester; 1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl]-4,5-dihydro-N-nirto-1H-imidazol-2-amine; tea tree oil; mint oil; leleshwa oil; sandalwood oil; clove oil; lavender oil;
nigella sativa (Black cumin) oil; onion and combinations thereof.
quaternary ammonium compounds; copper 8-hydroxyquinoline, copper oxene; tri-n-butyltin oxide; tri-n-butyltin naphthenate;
didecyldimethylammonium bromide; didecyldimethylammonium chloride; silver ions; mercury ions; carbamates; isothiazolones;
chlorinated phenoxy and polyhexamethylene beguanidide hydrochlorides; barium metaborate monohydrate; 2-N-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one; octyl isothiazolone, dichloro-octyl isothiazolone, trichlorophenoxy phenol, Triclosan, 10,10'-oxybisphenoarsine;
silver-hydroxyapatite complex; 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-4(methyl sulphonyl) pyridine; 2-(thiocyanomethylthio) benzothiazole; N-(trichloromethyl thio)-phthalimide; 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate; chlorinated phenoxy 5-cholor-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenol; polyhexamethlyene biguanidie hydrochloride; 5-Cholro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol, Cholro-2-)2,4-dichloror)phenol;
Chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenol; Trchloro-2-hydroxydiphenyl ether; 1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl]-4,5-dihydro-N-nirto-1H-imidazol-2-amine; 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-di-methylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)-methyl ester; 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-carboxylic acid (3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl ester; 1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl]-4,5-dihydro-N-nirto-1H-imidazol-2-amine; tea tree oil; mint oil; leleshwa oil; sandalwood oil; clove oil; lavender oil;
nigella sativa (Black cumin) oil; onion and combinations thereof.
8. The lightweight concrete composition according to Claim 1, wherein the cement composition comprises a hydraulic cement composition.
9. The lightweight concrete composition according to Claim 8, wherein the hydraulic cement comprises one or more materials selected from the group consisting of Portland cements, pozzolana cements, gypsum cements, gypsum compositions, aluminous cements, magnesia cements, silica cements, and slag cements.
10. The lightweight concrete composition according to Claim 1, wherein the cementitious mixture comprises sand, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, plasticizers and/or fibers.
11. The lightweight concrete composition according to Claim 1 having a density of from about 40 to about 130 lb./ft3.
12. The lightweight concrete composition according to Claim 1 molded and set in the form of a construction article.
13. The lightweight concrete composition according to Claim 1 set in the form of a concrete masonry unit.
14. The lightweight concrete composition according to Claim 1 set in the form of a dining table, counter surface, bench top, or examination table.
15. The lightweight concrete composition according to Claim 1 set in the form of a construction panel.
16. A lightweight concrete composition comprising from 10 to 60 volume percent of a cement composition that includes type III Portland Cement;
from 20 to 78 volume percent of expanded polymer particles having an average particle diameter of from 0.2 mm to mm, a bulk density of from 0.032 g/cc to 0.56 g/cc, and an aspect ratio of from 1 to 2 and comprising from 0.01 to 20 percent by weight of an antimicrobial agent;
from 5 to 35 volume percent of one or more aggregates, from 0.1 to 1 volume percent of one or more additives selected from anti-foam agents, water-proofing agents, dispersing agents, set-accelerators, set-retarders, plasticizing agents, superplasticizing agents, freezing point decreasing agents, adhesiveness-improving agents, colorants and combinations thereof; and wherein the sum of components used does not exceed 100 volume percent.
from 20 to 78 volume percent of expanded polymer particles having an average particle diameter of from 0.2 mm to mm, a bulk density of from 0.032 g/cc to 0.56 g/cc, and an aspect ratio of from 1 to 2 and comprising from 0.01 to 20 percent by weight of an antimicrobial agent;
from 5 to 35 volume percent of one or more aggregates, from 0.1 to 1 volume percent of one or more additives selected from anti-foam agents, water-proofing agents, dispersing agents, set-accelerators, set-retarders, plasticizing agents, superplasticizing agents, freezing point decreasing agents, adhesiveness-improving agents, colorants and combinations thereof; and wherein the sum of components used does not exceed 100 volume percent.
17. The lightweight concrete composition according to Claim 16, wherein after the lightweight concrete composition is set, it has a compressive strength of .at least 1700.psi as tested according to ASTM C39 after seven days.
18. The lightweight concrete composition according to Claim 16, wherein the antimicrobial agent includes one or more agents selected from the group consisting of sodium, potassium, calcium, zinc, copper, and barium salts of carbonate, silicate, sulfate, halide, and borate in all forms; zinc carboxylates; boric acids; sodium dichromate; copper chrome arsenate; chromated copper borate;
ammoniacal copper arsenate; ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate;
copper chromium fluoride; copper chromium fluoroborate; copper chromium phosphorous; propiconazole tebuconazole;
pentachlorophenol; quaternary ammonium compounds; copper 8-hydroxyquinoline, copper oxene; tri-n-butyltin oxide; tri-n-butyltin naphthenate; didecyldimethylammonium bromide; didecyldimethyl-ammonium chloride; silver ions; mercury ions; carbamates;
isothiazolones; chlorinated phenoxy and polyhexamethylene beguanidide hydrochlorides; barium metaborate monohydrate; 2-N-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one; octyl isothiazolone, dichloro-octyl isothiazolone, trichlorophenoxy phenol, Triclosan, 10,10'-oxybisphenoarsine; silver-hydroxyapatite complex; 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-4(methyl sulphonyl) pyridine; 2-(thiocyanomethylthio) benzothiazole; N-(trichloromethyl thio)-phthalimide; 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate; chlorinated phenoxy 5-cholor-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenol; polyhexamethlyene biguanidie hydrochloride; 5-Cholro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol, Cholro-2-(2,4-dichloro)phenol; Chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenol;
Trhciloro-2-hydroxydiphenyl ether; 1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl]-4,5-dihydro-N-nirto-1H-imidazol-2-amine; 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-di-methylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)-methyl ester; 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-carboxylic acid (3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl ester; 1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl]-4,5-dihydro-N-nirto-1H-imidazol-2-amine; tea tree oil; mint oil; leleshwa oil; sandalwood oil; clove oil; lavender oil;
nigella sativa (Black cumin) oil; onion and combinations thereof.
ammoniacal copper arsenate; ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate;
copper chromium fluoride; copper chromium fluoroborate; copper chromium phosphorous; propiconazole tebuconazole;
pentachlorophenol; quaternary ammonium compounds; copper 8-hydroxyquinoline, copper oxene; tri-n-butyltin oxide; tri-n-butyltin naphthenate; didecyldimethylammonium bromide; didecyldimethyl-ammonium chloride; silver ions; mercury ions; carbamates;
isothiazolones; chlorinated phenoxy and polyhexamethylene beguanidide hydrochlorides; barium metaborate monohydrate; 2-N-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one; octyl isothiazolone, dichloro-octyl isothiazolone, trichlorophenoxy phenol, Triclosan, 10,10'-oxybisphenoarsine; silver-hydroxyapatite complex; 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-4(methyl sulphonyl) pyridine; 2-(thiocyanomethylthio) benzothiazole; N-(trichloromethyl thio)-phthalimide; 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate; chlorinated phenoxy 5-cholor-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenol; polyhexamethlyene biguanidie hydrochloride; 5-Cholro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol, Cholro-2-(2,4-dichloro)phenol; Chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenol;
Trhciloro-2-hydroxydiphenyl ether; 1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl]-4,5-dihydro-N-nirto-1H-imidazol-2-amine; 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-di-methylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)-methyl ester; 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-carboxylic acid (3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl ester; 1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl]-4,5-dihydro-N-nirto-1H-imidazol-2-amine; tea tree oil; mint oil; leleshwa oil; sandalwood oil; clove oil; lavender oil;
nigella sativa (Black cumin) oil; onion and combinations thereof.
Applications Claiming Priority (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US11/387,198 US7644548B2 (en) | 2005-03-22 | 2006-03-22 | Lightweight concrete compositions |
US11/387,198 | 2006-03-22 | ||
US11/521,210 | 2006-09-14 | ||
US11/521,210 US7632348B2 (en) | 2005-03-22 | 2006-09-14 | Lightweight concrete compositions containing antimicrobial agents |
PCT/US2007/006731 WO2007111859A2 (en) | 2006-03-22 | 2007-03-16 | Lightweight concrete compositions containing antimicrobial agents |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CA2644417A1 true CA2644417A1 (en) | 2007-10-04 |
Family
ID=56290930
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CA002644417A Abandoned CA2644417A1 (en) | 2006-03-22 | 2007-03-16 | Lightweight concrete compositions containing antimicrobial agents |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP2001818A4 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2007229845A1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2644417A1 (en) |
MX (1) | MX2008011645A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2007111859A2 (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2009152617A1 (en) * | 2008-06-20 | 2009-12-23 | Vidabode Group Inc. | Concrete mixtures containing expanded polystyrene (eps) beads coated with a coating composition |
Families Citing this family (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN101774223B (en) * | 2010-01-12 | 2011-11-30 | 广东工业大学 | Method for preparing recycled aggregate concrete from steel fiber rubber and slag |
CN101830029B (en) * | 2010-01-12 | 2012-01-25 | 广东工业大学 | Preparation method for steel fiber ABS/PC plastic reclaimed aggregate concrete |
ES2364564B2 (en) * | 2010-02-26 | 2012-03-20 | Guillermo Miro Escudero | ANTIBACTERIAL TERRACE AND MANUFACTURING METHOD OF THE SAME |
US20140261074A1 (en) * | 2013-03-18 | 2014-09-18 | Cimsa Cimento Sanayi Ve Ticaret Anonim Sirketi | Antibacterial portland cement |
ES2556167B2 (en) * | 2014-07-10 | 2016-09-30 | Universitat Politècnica De Catalunya | Biological growth inhibitor additive in concrete structures and use |
CN105236859A (en) * | 2015-09-11 | 2016-01-13 | 江苏锦宇环境工程有限公司 | Polystyrene nanometer microsphere filled foaming cement thermal insulation plate preparation method |
CN114434595B (en) * | 2022-04-11 | 2022-06-14 | 山东景明生态园林有限公司 | Low-shrinkage high-strength concrete and preparation method thereof |
Family Cites Families (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3214393A (en) * | 1963-02-20 | 1965-10-26 | Koppers Co Inc | Concrete mixture containing expanded polystyrene and a homogenizing agent |
BE659803A (en) * | 1964-05-18 | |||
US3869295A (en) * | 1970-03-30 | 1975-03-04 | Andrew D Bowles | Uniform lightweight concrete and plaster |
US5725652A (en) * | 1994-12-19 | 1998-03-10 | Shulman; David M. | Lightweight, low water content expanded shale, clay and slate cementitious compositions and methods of their production and use |
WO2006029085A1 (en) * | 2004-09-03 | 2006-03-16 | Microban Products Company | Antimicrobial cementitious compositions |
-
2007
- 2007-03-16 CA CA002644417A patent/CA2644417A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2007-03-16 MX MX2008011645A patent/MX2008011645A/en unknown
- 2007-03-16 EP EP07753364A patent/EP2001818A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2007-03-16 AU AU2007229845A patent/AU2007229845A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2007-03-16 WO PCT/US2007/006731 patent/WO2007111859A2/en active Application Filing
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2009152617A1 (en) * | 2008-06-20 | 2009-12-23 | Vidabode Group Inc. | Concrete mixtures containing expanded polystyrene (eps) beads coated with a coating composition |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
MX2008011645A (en) | 2008-09-22 |
WO2007111859A2 (en) | 2007-10-04 |
WO2007111859A3 (en) | 2008-07-31 |
EP2001818A2 (en) | 2008-12-17 |
AU2007229845A1 (en) | 2007-10-04 |
EP2001818A4 (en) | 2011-03-09 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US7632348B2 (en) | Lightweight concrete compositions containing antimicrobial agents | |
CA2601642C (en) | Lightweight concrete compositions | |
US7658797B2 (en) | Lightweight concrete compositions | |
US20080227891A1 (en) | Methods for making concrete compositions | |
CA2644417A1 (en) | Lightweight concrete compositions containing antimicrobial agents | |
CA2644416C (en) | Lightweight concrete compositions |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
FZDE | Dead |
Effective date: 20130318 |