CA2617791A1 - Method for phytosanitary treatment of timber - Google Patents
Method for phytosanitary treatment of timber Download PDFInfo
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- CA2617791A1 CA2617791A1 CA 2617791 CA2617791A CA2617791A1 CA 2617791 A1 CA2617791 A1 CA 2617791A1 CA 2617791 CA2617791 CA 2617791 CA 2617791 A CA2617791 A CA 2617791A CA 2617791 A1 CA2617791 A1 CA 2617791A1
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Abstract
A method for the phytosanitary treatment of dry timber or timber products. The method involves loading timber or timber products into a chamber comprising a trough containing fluid with a heating unit. The heating unit heats the fluid to generate steam to heat the timber or timber products and to create an environment in the chamber with a relative humidity of greater than 95%. The method further involves heating the core of the timber or timber products to a preset temperature for a predetermined time. The timber or timber product experiences minimal or no further drying during the treatment.
Description
METHOD FOR PHYTOSANITARY TREATMENT OF TIMBER
Technical field This invention relates to a method for the phytosanitary treatment of timber.
Specifically, the invention provides a method of heat treating or sterilising dry timber, and in particular dry timber or timber products, by steam treatment with minimal or no further drying.
Backaround of the invention Many known diseases and pests of trees affect the efficacy of timber production and both the quality and durability of the final wood products. The problems associated with these pests and diseases can have a major impact on the timber industry. An example of one such pest is the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae), which is a significant pest of pine trees in Canada. The beetle preferentially attacks lodgepole pine, one of the most commercially important species of pine in Canada. The beetle burrows under the bark of the pine tree and lays eggs in the sapwood. The larvae of the beetle tunnel through the sap wood and affect the phloem of the tree. In addition, the beetle introduces a fungus (bluestain fungus) to the tree which prevents water and nutrient flow. The tree is effectively girdled through a combination of larval feeding and fungal activity and dies within a few weeks.
The beetle-killed trees eventually lose their foliage and remain in the forest as standing dead wood.
The Canadian Forest Service describes the present outbreak in British Columbia as 'the largest that Canada has ever seen'. One result of this outbreak is that the timber harvest in Canada includes a significant portion of beetle-killed wood. This dry beetle-killed timber has a moisture content of between 10% to 20% oven dry basis (ODB) before processing and also frequently contains checks.
In order to prevent the importation or spread of diseases or pests, most countries impose phytosanitary treatment regimes to International Standard ISPM15 that any timber or timber product must have undergone prior to importation. For example, to enable beetle-killed processed timber to be exported (for example, to the United States of America) the timber must undergo an approved/certified phytosanitary treatment. The phytosanitary treatment rules require that the core of each board is heated and maintained at a temperature of 56 C for at least 30 minutes.
The presently employed technique for phytosanitary treatment uses conventional heat/vent kilns. This involves using a direct heat source to heat the timber or timber products in an enclosed space with circulating air flow via electrically operated fans. Coupled with the reduced moisture content of pre-dried or beetle-killed timber, this results in:
= very slow heat treatment schedules (typically 12 to 18 hours to reach a core temperature of 56 C);
= over-drying of lumber which results in further degradation through drying stress, shrinkage and distortion;
= exacerbation of checks and shakes present in the timber prior to drying;
= high costs in terms of fuel (gas for direct heating of the kiln) and electricity (fan motors).
Therefore, an object of the invention is to provide a method of phytosanitary treatment which reduces the problems associated with the conventional approach, or which at least provides a useful alternative to known phytosanitary treatment methods.
Technical field This invention relates to a method for the phytosanitary treatment of timber.
Specifically, the invention provides a method of heat treating or sterilising dry timber, and in particular dry timber or timber products, by steam treatment with minimal or no further drying.
Backaround of the invention Many known diseases and pests of trees affect the efficacy of timber production and both the quality and durability of the final wood products. The problems associated with these pests and diseases can have a major impact on the timber industry. An example of one such pest is the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae), which is a significant pest of pine trees in Canada. The beetle preferentially attacks lodgepole pine, one of the most commercially important species of pine in Canada. The beetle burrows under the bark of the pine tree and lays eggs in the sapwood. The larvae of the beetle tunnel through the sap wood and affect the phloem of the tree. In addition, the beetle introduces a fungus (bluestain fungus) to the tree which prevents water and nutrient flow. The tree is effectively girdled through a combination of larval feeding and fungal activity and dies within a few weeks.
The beetle-killed trees eventually lose their foliage and remain in the forest as standing dead wood.
The Canadian Forest Service describes the present outbreak in British Columbia as 'the largest that Canada has ever seen'. One result of this outbreak is that the timber harvest in Canada includes a significant portion of beetle-killed wood. This dry beetle-killed timber has a moisture content of between 10% to 20% oven dry basis (ODB) before processing and also frequently contains checks.
In order to prevent the importation or spread of diseases or pests, most countries impose phytosanitary treatment regimes to International Standard ISPM15 that any timber or timber product must have undergone prior to importation. For example, to enable beetle-killed processed timber to be exported (for example, to the United States of America) the timber must undergo an approved/certified phytosanitary treatment. The phytosanitary treatment rules require that the core of each board is heated and maintained at a temperature of 56 C for at least 30 minutes.
The presently employed technique for phytosanitary treatment uses conventional heat/vent kilns. This involves using a direct heat source to heat the timber or timber products in an enclosed space with circulating air flow via electrically operated fans. Coupled with the reduced moisture content of pre-dried or beetle-killed timber, this results in:
= very slow heat treatment schedules (typically 12 to 18 hours to reach a core temperature of 56 C);
= over-drying of lumber which results in further degradation through drying stress, shrinkage and distortion;
= exacerbation of checks and shakes present in the timber prior to drying;
= high costs in terms of fuel (gas for direct heating of the kiln) and electricity (fan motors).
Therefore, an object of the invention is to provide a method of phytosanitary treatment which reduces the problems associated with the conventional approach, or which at least provides a useful alternative to known phytosanitary treatment methods.
Summary of the invention In a first aspect, the invention provides a method for the phytosanitary treatment of dry timber or timber products, the method comprising:
loading timber or timber products into a chamber comprising a trough containing fluid, and also comprising a heating means for heating the fluid to generate steam;
heating the fluid to generate steam to heat the timber or timber products and to create an environment in the chamber with a relative humidity of greater than 95%; and heating the core of the timber or timber products to a preset temperature for a predetermined time, wherein the timber or timber product experiences minimal or no further drying during the treatment.
Preferably, the chamber is pre-heated before loading the timber or timber product.
Preferably, the heating means to heat the fluid is a heat exchanger in communication with the fluid. Most preferably, the heat exchanger is positioned within the fluid.
Preferably, the chamber is thermally insulated and substantially sealed to reduce energy losses and to allow for the effective control of the temperature and humidity levels within the chamber.
Preferably, the steam circulates within the chamber by natural convection.
loading timber or timber products into a chamber comprising a trough containing fluid, and also comprising a heating means for heating the fluid to generate steam;
heating the fluid to generate steam to heat the timber or timber products and to create an environment in the chamber with a relative humidity of greater than 95%; and heating the core of the timber or timber products to a preset temperature for a predetermined time, wherein the timber or timber product experiences minimal or no further drying during the treatment.
Preferably, the chamber is pre-heated before loading the timber or timber product.
Preferably, the heating means to heat the fluid is a heat exchanger in communication with the fluid. Most preferably, the heat exchanger is positioned within the fluid.
Preferably, the chamber is thermally insulated and substantially sealed to reduce energy losses and to allow for the effective control of the temperature and humidity levels within the chamber.
Preferably, the steam circulates within the chamber by natural convection.
A fluid collection means may be positioned within the chamber to collect condensed fluid, which is then pumped back to the trough.
The temperature of the chamber may be controlled by a control system in communication with one or more temperature sensors within the chamber.
Similarly, the humidity of the chamber may be controlled by a control system in communication with one or more humidity sensors within the chamber. The duration of treatment of the timber or timber product may also be controlled by a control system in communication with one or more temperature and/or humidity sensors within the chamber.
In particular, the relative humidity within the chamber may be maintained at 100% at various and selected temperatures as controlled by the control system.
Preferably, the timber is heated to provide a core temperature of the timber of at least 56 C.
More preferably, the predetermined temperature is maintained for at least 30 minutes.
The method may be used for treating dry or partially dry beetle-killed timber, which has an initial moisture content of between 10% to 20% ODB prior to treatment.
In a second aspect, the invention relates to timber or timber product when treated by the method of the first aspect of the invention.
The temperature of the chamber may be controlled by a control system in communication with one or more temperature sensors within the chamber.
Similarly, the humidity of the chamber may be controlled by a control system in communication with one or more humidity sensors within the chamber. The duration of treatment of the timber or timber product may also be controlled by a control system in communication with one or more temperature and/or humidity sensors within the chamber.
In particular, the relative humidity within the chamber may be maintained at 100% at various and selected temperatures as controlled by the control system.
Preferably, the timber is heated to provide a core temperature of the timber of at least 56 C.
More preferably, the predetermined temperature is maintained for at least 30 minutes.
The method may be used for treating dry or partially dry beetle-killed timber, which has an initial moisture content of between 10% to 20% ODB prior to treatment.
In a second aspect, the invention relates to timber or timber product when treated by the method of the first aspect of the invention.
Brief description of the drawings The invention will now be explained by way of example with reference to the following drawings, in which:
Figure 1 shows a cross section of a chamber for use in the method of the invention; and Figure 2 shows the air temperature of the chamber and the core temperature of the timber or timber product over time when treating timber or timber product according to the method of the invention.
It is to be understood that further aspects of the invention may become apparent from the following description with reference to the figures given by way of example only.
Detailed description of preferred embodiments With reference to Figure 1, the method involves the placement of the dry timber or timber products in a chamber (1). The chamber (1) is thermally insulated and substantially sealed. The timber or timber product is generally stacked in layers (in strip) on a trolley that is rolled into the chamber (1) along rails or along the ground. Other conveying means could otherwise be used, as would be readily apparent to a person skilled in the art.
The chamber may be pre-heated before loading the timber or timber product.
After the timber has entered the chamber (1), the chamber is substantially sealed.
Figure 1 shows a cross section of a chamber for use in the method of the invention; and Figure 2 shows the air temperature of the chamber and the core temperature of the timber or timber product over time when treating timber or timber product according to the method of the invention.
It is to be understood that further aspects of the invention may become apparent from the following description with reference to the figures given by way of example only.
Detailed description of preferred embodiments With reference to Figure 1, the method involves the placement of the dry timber or timber products in a chamber (1). The chamber (1) is thermally insulated and substantially sealed. The timber or timber product is generally stacked in layers (in strip) on a trolley that is rolled into the chamber (1) along rails or along the ground. Other conveying means could otherwise be used, as would be readily apparent to a person skilled in the art.
The chamber may be pre-heated before loading the timber or timber product.
After the timber has entered the chamber (1), the chamber is substantially sealed.
Within the chamber (1) is a trough (2) filled with fluid. Heat is applied to a heat exchanger (3) within the trough (2), or in communication with fluid from the trough, to heat the fluid and generate steam.
It is envisaged that the trough could also be located outside the chamber with vents venting into the chamber through which the heated steam from fluid in the trough is released into the chamber.
Heat can be applied directly to the heat exchanger steam generator, for example by a direct gas firing system within the heat exchanger (3).
Alternatively, heat can be generated externally and provided indirectly by such means as thermal oil, steam, high pressure hot water or the like.
The hot steam circulates in the chamber (1) via natural convection and heats the timber or timber product to a desired temperature for a predetermined time to achieve phytosanitary treatment to International Standard ISPM15. It is preferred that the steam filled chamber reaches a relative humidity level of at least 95%.
The predetermined temperature and time of the treatment can vary and will depend on the amount and type of timber or timber product in the chamber, the regulations imposed, and the types of pests and/or diseases to be treated. For example, for timber and timber product derived from beetle-killed pine to be exported, the timber or timber product must be heated to a core temperature of 56 C for at least 30 minutes.
The chamber (1) can include a fluid collection means (not shown) for collecting the condensed fluid. Ideally, the fluid collection means channels, via a pump, the condensed fluid back into the trough (2), thereby recycling the fluid.
The chamber (1) may also include sensors, such as temperature and/or humidity sensors to sense conditions within the chamber (1).
It is envisaged that the trough could also be located outside the chamber with vents venting into the chamber through which the heated steam from fluid in the trough is released into the chamber.
Heat can be applied directly to the heat exchanger steam generator, for example by a direct gas firing system within the heat exchanger (3).
Alternatively, heat can be generated externally and provided indirectly by such means as thermal oil, steam, high pressure hot water or the like.
The hot steam circulates in the chamber (1) via natural convection and heats the timber or timber product to a desired temperature for a predetermined time to achieve phytosanitary treatment to International Standard ISPM15. It is preferred that the steam filled chamber reaches a relative humidity level of at least 95%.
The predetermined temperature and time of the treatment can vary and will depend on the amount and type of timber or timber product in the chamber, the regulations imposed, and the types of pests and/or diseases to be treated. For example, for timber and timber product derived from beetle-killed pine to be exported, the timber or timber product must be heated to a core temperature of 56 C for at least 30 minutes.
The chamber (1) can include a fluid collection means (not shown) for collecting the condensed fluid. Ideally, the fluid collection means channels, via a pump, the condensed fluid back into the trough (2), thereby recycling the fluid.
The chamber (1) may also include sensors, such as temperature and/or humidity sensors to sense conditions within the chamber (1).
The method may also be controlled by a control system, such as an automated control system operated by a computer program, which is able to monitor readings from the temperature and/or humidity sensors and control and maintain the conditions within the chamber (1) to achieve optimal conditions for phytosanitary treatment. For example, by monitoring one or more temperature sensors positioned in various locations within the chamber, the control system can determine whether more or less heat is required within the chamber to treat the particular type of timber and amount of timber within the chamber.
Similarly, by monitoring one or more humidity sensors positioned in various locations within the chamber, the control system can determine whether the required level of humidity has been reached to treat the particular type and amount of timber within the chamber.
The control system can also calculate and control the duration of time for which timber must be treated within the chamber, by monitoring the humidity sensor(s), the temperature sensor(s), or both.
The control system can also be configured to provide 100% relative humidity within the chamber at various and selected temperatures as desired for the treatment of the particular type and amount of timber being treated.
It has been found that the method of the invention is particularly suitable for the treatment of dry or partially dry beetle-killed timber that has an initial moisture content of between 10% to 20% ODB prior to treatment.
Preferably, the timber or timber product does not lose moisture during the phytosanitary treatment method of the invention, therefore enhancing or maintaining the timber quality and machinability. For this reason, high humidity levels at 95% relative humidity and higher are preferred.
Similarly, by monitoring one or more humidity sensors positioned in various locations within the chamber, the control system can determine whether the required level of humidity has been reached to treat the particular type and amount of timber within the chamber.
The control system can also calculate and control the duration of time for which timber must be treated within the chamber, by monitoring the humidity sensor(s), the temperature sensor(s), or both.
The control system can also be configured to provide 100% relative humidity within the chamber at various and selected temperatures as desired for the treatment of the particular type and amount of timber being treated.
It has been found that the method of the invention is particularly suitable for the treatment of dry or partially dry beetle-killed timber that has an initial moisture content of between 10% to 20% ODB prior to treatment.
Preferably, the timber or timber product does not lose moisture during the phytosanitary treatment method of the invention, therefore enhancing or maintaining the timber quality and machinability. For this reason, high humidity levels at 95% relative humidity and higher are preferred.
Example:
A 326 bdft stack of 50 mm thick x 100 mm wide (2" by 4") pine at 15%
moisture content (base density of t400 kg/m3) was heated from 20 C using the steam generator system and method of the invention as described above.
Heat-up rates in the cores of 10 boards were measured. As shown in Figure 2, the core temperature reached 56 C (132 F) in < 1 hour, with fillet air temperatures reaching about 85 C (wet bulb) at that time.
A dynamic heat flow model was used to predict that if the wood was at -20 C
it would take approximately 0.9 hours for the core temperature to reach 56 C.
The method of the invention provides a means to sterilise a 50 mm (2") thick board to meet international phytosanitary requirements in less than 4 hours, even if the timber is frozen.
In addition, the method of the invention provides improved timber grade recovery. The high relative humidity environment (up to 100% relative humidity) within the chamber prevents the dry (t15% moisture content) beetle-killed timber from drying any further. Since the timber is prevented from drying further, there is no drying stress induced warping or distortion, no further aggravation of checks in freshly sawn timber, and no over drying of the timber or timber product.
The method of the invention also provides a large reduction in thermal energy use compared with conventional methods. The thermal energy used during the phytosanitary treatment method of the invention is all directed toward the heating of the timber itself, since there is no further drying of the timber.
The method of the invention provides efficient energy transfer into the timber and uses the latent energy content of the steam by a process called "heat of wetting" as the steam condenses on the lumber surface.
A 326 bdft stack of 50 mm thick x 100 mm wide (2" by 4") pine at 15%
moisture content (base density of t400 kg/m3) was heated from 20 C using the steam generator system and method of the invention as described above.
Heat-up rates in the cores of 10 boards were measured. As shown in Figure 2, the core temperature reached 56 C (132 F) in < 1 hour, with fillet air temperatures reaching about 85 C (wet bulb) at that time.
A dynamic heat flow model was used to predict that if the wood was at -20 C
it would take approximately 0.9 hours for the core temperature to reach 56 C.
The method of the invention provides a means to sterilise a 50 mm (2") thick board to meet international phytosanitary requirements in less than 4 hours, even if the timber is frozen.
In addition, the method of the invention provides improved timber grade recovery. The high relative humidity environment (up to 100% relative humidity) within the chamber prevents the dry (t15% moisture content) beetle-killed timber from drying any further. Since the timber is prevented from drying further, there is no drying stress induced warping or distortion, no further aggravation of checks in freshly sawn timber, and no over drying of the timber or timber product.
The method of the invention also provides a large reduction in thermal energy use compared with conventional methods. The thermal energy used during the phytosanitary treatment method of the invention is all directed toward the heating of the timber itself, since there is no further drying of the timber.
The method of the invention provides efficient energy transfer into the timber and uses the latent energy content of the steam by a process called "heat of wetting" as the steam condenses on the lumber surface.
The short cycle reduces energy loss through the chamber wall, roof, doors, foundation and leaks.
Thus, the use of steam to phytosanitise timber or timber products has been found to have a number of advantages. Firstly, because the steam raises the humidity within the chamber to 95% or greater relative humidity, the method of the invention does not further dry the timber or timber product. This is of particular benefit to pre-dried timber and timber product such as beetle-killed pine, which has a low moisture content. Preventing the further drying of the timber or timber product during phytosanitisation avoids stress induced warping or distortion of the timber or timber product that can easily occur in conventional phytosanitisation methods. Additionally, there is no further aggravation of checks in freshly sawn timber. Furthermore, over drying of the timber of timber products is prevented.
It has also been found that the method of the invention is able to heat timber, even frozen timber, to the desired temperature and complete the phytosanitary process in a far shorter time than using the conventional dry kiln system of the prior art. Thus, the method of the invention offers the benefit of an improved turnaround time and reduced energy use, which results in over all lower costs.
Wherein in the foregoing description, reference has been made to features having known equivalents, those equivalents are hereby incorporated as if they had been specifically set forth.
Although the method of the invention has been described with reference to a specific example, it is to be appreciated that improvements and/or modifications may be made thereto without departing from the scope of the invention.
Thus, the use of steam to phytosanitise timber or timber products has been found to have a number of advantages. Firstly, because the steam raises the humidity within the chamber to 95% or greater relative humidity, the method of the invention does not further dry the timber or timber product. This is of particular benefit to pre-dried timber and timber product such as beetle-killed pine, which has a low moisture content. Preventing the further drying of the timber or timber product during phytosanitisation avoids stress induced warping or distortion of the timber or timber product that can easily occur in conventional phytosanitisation methods. Additionally, there is no further aggravation of checks in freshly sawn timber. Furthermore, over drying of the timber of timber products is prevented.
It has also been found that the method of the invention is able to heat timber, even frozen timber, to the desired temperature and complete the phytosanitary process in a far shorter time than using the conventional dry kiln system of the prior art. Thus, the method of the invention offers the benefit of an improved turnaround time and reduced energy use, which results in over all lower costs.
Wherein in the foregoing description, reference has been made to features having known equivalents, those equivalents are hereby incorporated as if they had been specifically set forth.
Although the method of the invention has been described with reference to a specific example, it is to be appreciated that improvements and/or modifications may be made thereto without departing from the scope of the invention.
Claims (15)
1. A method for the phytosanitary treatment of dry timber or timber products, the method comprising:
loading timber or timber products into a chamber comprising a trough containing fluid, and also comprising a heating means for heating the fluid to generate steam;
heating the fluid to generate steam to heat the timber or timber products and to create an environment in the chamber with a relative humidity of greater than 95%; and heating the core of the timber or timber products to a preset temperature for a predetermined time, wherein the timber or timber product experiences minimal or no further drying during the treatment.
loading timber or timber products into a chamber comprising a trough containing fluid, and also comprising a heating means for heating the fluid to generate steam;
heating the fluid to generate steam to heat the timber or timber products and to create an environment in the chamber with a relative humidity of greater than 95%; and heating the core of the timber or timber products to a preset temperature for a predetermined time, wherein the timber or timber product experiences minimal or no further drying during the treatment.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the chamber is pre-heated before loading the timber or timber product.
3. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the heating means to heat the fluid is a heat exchanger in communication with the fluid.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the heat exchanger is positioned within the fluid.
5. The method of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the chamber is thermally insulated and substantially sealed.
6. The method of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the steam circulates within the chamber by natural convection.
7. The method of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein fluid collection means, positioned within the chamber, collects condensed fluid, which is then pumped back to the trough.
8. The method of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the temperature of the chamber is controlled by a control system in communication with one or more temperature sensors within the chamber.
9. The method of any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the humidity of the chamber is controlled by a control system in communication with one or more humidity sensors within the chamber.
10. The method of any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the duration of treatment of the timber or timber product is controlled by a control system in communication with one or more temperature and/or humidity sensors within the chamber.
11. The method of any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the relative humidity within the chamber is 100% at various and selected temperatures as controlled by the control system.
12. The method of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the timber is heated to provide a core temperature of the timber of at least 56 °C.
13. The method of any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the predetermined temperature is maintained for at least 30 minutes.
14. The method of any one of claims 1 to 13, for treating dry or partially dry beetle-killed timber, which has an initial moisture content of between 10% to 20% ODB prior to treatment.
15. Timber or timber product when treated by the method of any one of claims 1 to 14.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| NZ553908 | 2007-03-16 | ||
| NZ55390807 | 2007-03-16 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2617791A1 true CA2617791A1 (en) | 2008-09-16 |
Family
ID=39764629
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2617791 Abandoned CA2617791A1 (en) | 2007-03-16 | 2008-01-11 | Method for phytosanitary treatment of timber |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA2617791A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2010099586A2 (en) * | 2009-03-05 | 2010-09-10 | Fitolog Controle De Pragas Ltda | System and method for phytosanitary thermal treatment of wood packaging materials and the like. |
| CN105538452A (en) * | 2016-02-05 | 2016-05-04 | 唐山港集团股份有限公司 | Steaming insecticidal treatment method for softwood stock with diameter smaller than or equal to 60 cm |
-
2008
- 2008-01-11 CA CA 2617791 patent/CA2617791A1/en not_active Abandoned
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2010099586A2 (en) * | 2009-03-05 | 2010-09-10 | Fitolog Controle De Pragas Ltda | System and method for phytosanitary thermal treatment of wood packaging materials and the like. |
| WO2010099586A3 (en) * | 2009-03-05 | 2010-11-11 | Fitolog Controle De Pragas Ltda | System and method for phytosanitary thermal treatment of wood packaging materials and the like. |
| CN105538452A (en) * | 2016-02-05 | 2016-05-04 | 唐山港集团股份有限公司 | Steaming insecticidal treatment method for softwood stock with diameter smaller than or equal to 60 cm |
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| Date | Code | Title | Description |
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| FZDE | Dead |