CA2577437C - Creatine-fatty acids - Google Patents
Creatine-fatty acids Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2577437C CA2577437C CA002577437A CA2577437A CA2577437C CA 2577437 C CA2577437 C CA 2577437C CA 002577437 A CA002577437 A CA 002577437A CA 2577437 A CA2577437 A CA 2577437A CA 2577437 C CA2577437 C CA 2577437C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- creatine
- acid
- fatty acid
- compound
- acetic acid
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 title abstract description 32
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical group 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical group 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011203 carbon fibre reinforced carbon Substances 0.000 claims 5
- CVSVTCORWBXHQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N creatine Chemical compound NC(=[NH2+])N(C)CC([O-])=O CVSVTCORWBXHQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 167
- 229960003624 creatine Drugs 0.000 abstract description 77
- 239000006046 creatine Substances 0.000 abstract description 76
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 57
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 25
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 24
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 24
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 abstract description 24
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 abstract description 12
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 12
- -1 thionyl halide Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 11
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 8
- 230000000153 supplemental effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 19
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 18
- FYSNRJHAOHDILO-UHFFFAOYSA-N thionyl chloride Chemical compound ClS(Cl)=O FYSNRJHAOHDILO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- POULHZVOKOAJMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl undecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O POULHZVOKOAJMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- WWZKQHOCKIZLMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Caprylic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC(O)=O WWZKQHOCKIZLMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 12
- DDRJAANPRJIHGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N creatinine Chemical compound CN1CC(=O)NC1=N DDRJAANPRJIHGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 230000009469 supplementation Effects 0.000 description 11
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 11
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- UKMSUNONTOPOIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Behenic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O UKMSUNONTOPOIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- DRBBFCLWYRJSJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-phosphocreatine Chemical compound OC(=O)CN(C)C(=N)NP(O)(O)=O DRBBFCLWYRJSJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-hexadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 10
- FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butyric acid Natural products CCCC(O)=O FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- VKOBVWXKNCXXDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl stearic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O VKOBVWXKNCXXDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 210000003205 muscle Anatomy 0.000 description 7
- 150000004671 saturated fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 210000002027 skeletal muscle Anatomy 0.000 description 7
- ZKHQWZAMYRWXGA-KQYNXXCUSA-J ATP(4-) Chemical compound C1=NC=2C(N)=NC=NC=2N1[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP([O-])(=O)OP([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O ZKHQWZAMYRWXGA-KQYNXXCUSA-J 0.000 description 6
- ZKHQWZAMYRWXGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Adenosine triphosphate Natural products C1=NC=2C(N)=NC=NC=2N1C1OC(COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)C(O)C1O ZKHQWZAMYRWXGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- GHVNFZFCNZKVNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Decanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCC(O)=O GHVNFZFCNZKVNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 241000282414 Homo sapiens Species 0.000 description 6
- 150000001263 acyl chlorides Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 150000001266 acyl halides Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 229940109239 creatinine Drugs 0.000 description 6
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 6
- FUZZWVXGSFPDMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-hexanoic acid Natural products CCCCCC(O)=O FUZZWVXGSFPDMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- HFRXJVQOXRXOPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N thionyl bromide Chemical compound BrS(Br)=O HFRXJVQOXRXOPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- VZQFJZYVQNXVRY-FPLPWBNLSA-N (z)-hexadec-9-enoyl chloride Chemical compound CCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(Cl)=O VZQFJZYVQNXVRY-FPLPWBNLSA-N 0.000 description 5
- BPKZHCFXDPIIPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[(n'-dodecanoylcarbamimidoyl)-methylamino]acetic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)NC(=N)N(C)CC(O)=O BPKZHCFXDPIIPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- MEJYXFHCRXAUIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[carbamimidoyl(methyl)amino]acetic acid;hydrate Chemical compound O.NC(=N)N(C)CC(O)=O MEJYXFHCRXAUIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 235000021357 Behenic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 235000021314 Palmitic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 229940116226 behenic acid Drugs 0.000 description 5
- 235000011089 carbon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229960004826 creatine monohydrate Drugs 0.000 description 5
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 5
- QTHQYNCAWSGBCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N docosanoyl chloride Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(Cl)=O QTHQYNCAWSGBCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- NQGIJDNPUZEBRU-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecanoyl chloride Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC(Cl)=O NQGIJDNPUZEBRU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229960002446 octanoic acid Drugs 0.000 description 5
- VNVXHHXFIDRQDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N octanoyl bromide Chemical compound CCCCCCCC(Br)=O VNVXHHXFIDRQDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229950007002 phosphocreatine Drugs 0.000 description 5
- 235000021355 Stearic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 150000001262 acyl bromides Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- MBMBGCFOFBJSGT-KUBAVDMBSA-N all-cis-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid Chemical compound CC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCC(O)=O MBMBGCFOFBJSGT-KUBAVDMBSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- YZXBAPSDXZZRGB-DOFZRALJSA-N arachidonic acid Chemical compound CCCCC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCC(O)=O YZXBAPSDXZZRGB-DOFZRALJSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 4
- YRWYFHQUSMOHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexadecanoyl bromide Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(Br)=O YRWYFHQUSMOHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- AOHAPDDBNAPPIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N myristicinic acid Natural products COC1=CC(C(O)=O)=CC2=C1OCO2 AOHAPDDBNAPPIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC(C)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- SECPZKHBENQXJG-FPLPWBNLSA-N palmitoleic acid Chemical compound CCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O SECPZKHBENQXJG-FPLPWBNLSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 210000001057 smooth muscle myoblast Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- CFNWHBTUJLORKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[(n'-hexadec-9-enoylcarbamimidoyl)-methylamino]acetic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)N=C(N)N(C)CC(O)=O CFNWHBTUJLORKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RMDOTNSAHHYINS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[(n'-hexadecanoylcarbamimidoyl)-methylamino]acetic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)NC(=N)N(C)CC(O)=O RMDOTNSAHHYINS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZIKAOZDEMKOWSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[methyl-(n'-octanoylcarbamimidoyl)amino]acetic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC(=O)NC(=N)N(C)CC(O)=O ZIKAOZDEMKOWSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XTWYTFMLZFPYCI-KQYNXXCUSA-N 5'-adenylphosphoric acid Chemical compound C1=NC=2C(N)=NC=NC=2N1[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O XTWYTFMLZFPYCI-KQYNXXCUSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XTWYTFMLZFPYCI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Adenosine diphosphate Natural products C1=NC=2C(N)=NC=NC=2N1C1OC(COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)C(O)C1O XTWYTFMLZFPYCI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- OBETXYAYXDNJHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-ethylcaproic acid Natural products CCCCC(CC)C(O)=O OBETXYAYXDNJHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 235000005911 diet Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- KFEVDPWXEVUUMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N docosanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCCC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 KFEVDPWXEVUUMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 235000004626 essential fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- WQEPLUUGTLDZJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Pentadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O WQEPLUUGTLDZJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 235000003441 saturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 235000021122 unsaturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 150000004670 unsaturated fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-NTGFUMLPSA-N (9Z,12Z)-9,10,12,13-tetratritiooctadeca-9,12-dienoic acid Chemical compound C(CCCCCCC\C(=C(/C\C(=C(/CCCCC)\[3H])\[3H])\[3H])\[3H])(=O)O OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-NTGFUMLPSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (E)-8-Octadecenoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCC(O)=O WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GYSCBCSGKXNZRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-benzothiophene-2-carboxamide Chemical compound C1=CC=C2SC(C(=O)N)=CC2=C1 GYSCBCSGKXNZRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 20:1omega9c fatty acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9-Heptadecensaeure Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000251468 Actinopterygii Species 0.000 description 2
- DPUOLQHDNGRHBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Brassidinsaeure Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O DPUOLQHDNGRHBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical compound [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 101100180402 Caenorhabditis elegans jun-1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 2
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- URXZXNYJPAJJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Erucic acid Natural products CCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O URXZXNYJPAJJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycine Chemical compound NCC(O)=O DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004471 Glycine Substances 0.000 description 2
- 241000282412 Homo Species 0.000 description 2
- 206010020880 Hypertrophy Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 241000124008 Mammalia Species 0.000 description 2
- TUNFSRHWOTWDNC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Myristic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O TUNFSRHWOTWDNC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005642 Oleic acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000021319 Palmitoleic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphur dioxide Chemical compound O=S=O RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003377 acid catalyst Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003929 acidic solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- JAZBEHYOTPTENJ-JLNKQSITSA-N all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid Chemical compound CC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCC(O)=O JAZBEHYOTPTENJ-JLNKQSITSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DTOSIQBPPRVQHS-PDBXOOCHSA-N alpha-linolenic acid Chemical compound CC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O DTOSIQBPPRVQHS-PDBXOOCHSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000020661 alpha-linolenic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000021342 arachidonic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229940114079 arachidonic acid Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- GONOPSZTUGRENK-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzyl(trichloro)silane Chemical compound Cl[Si](Cl)(Cl)CC1=CC=CC=C1 GONOPSZTUGRENK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 description 2
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Substances BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- SECPZKHBENQXJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N cis-palmitoleic acid Natural products CCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O SECPZKHBENQXJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000037213 diet Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000020669 docosahexaenoic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229940090949 docosahexaenoic acid Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 235000020673 eicosapentaenoic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229960005135 eicosapentaenoic acid Drugs 0.000 description 2
- JAZBEHYOTPTENJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N eicosapentaenoic acid Natural products CCC=CCC=CCC=CCC=CCC=CCCCC(O)=O JAZBEHYOTPTENJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DPUOLQHDNGRHBS-KTKRTIGZSA-N erucic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O DPUOLQHDNGRHBS-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000032050 esterification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005886 esterification reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 2
- QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N isooleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229960004488 linolenic acid Drugs 0.000 description 2
- KQQKGWQCNNTQJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N linolenic acid Natural products CC=CCCC=CCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O KQQKGWQCNNTQJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 210000004185 liver Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 235000013372 meat Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000037257 muscle growth Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003387 muscular Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000001087 myotubule Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N oleic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229960002969 oleic acid Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 235000021313 oleic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- PXQPEWDEAKTCGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N orotic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC(=O)NC(=O)N1 PXQPEWDEAKTCGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 210000000496 pancreas Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000005471 saturated fatty acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 2
- 210000000130 stem cell Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- SJRRNWROGBKTKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[(n'-butanoylcarbamimidoyl)-methylamino]acetic acid Chemical compound CCCC(=O)NC(=N)N(C)CC(O)=O SJRRNWROGBKTKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UYCYMUFPAYUXTI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[(n'-decanoylcarbamimidoyl)-methylamino]acetic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCC(=O)NC(=N)N(C)CC(O)=O UYCYMUFPAYUXTI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SICSYBKLVBIEDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[(n'-docos-13-enoylcarbamimidoyl)-methylamino]acetic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)N=C(N)N(C)CC(O)=O SICSYBKLVBIEDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KANZCRXSGHQJCI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[(n'-docosanoylcarbamimidoyl)-methylamino]acetic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)NC(=N)N(C)CC(O)=O KANZCRXSGHQJCI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CEUMCMQMEJMRRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[(n'-hexanoylcarbamimidoyl)-methylamino]acetic acid Chemical compound CCCCCC(=O)NC(=N)N(C)CC(O)=O CEUMCMQMEJMRRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MBCIKFWLYBALHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[(n'-icosanoylcarbamimidoyl)-methylamino]acetic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)NC(=N)N(C)CC(O)=O MBCIKFWLYBALHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XXROLXMSJKODMC-JDPCYWKWSA-N 2-[[n'-[(4z,7z,10z,13z,16z,19z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoyl]carbamimidoyl]-methylamino]acetic acid Chemical compound CC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCC(=O)NC(=N)N(C)CC(O)=O XXROLXMSJKODMC-JDPCYWKWSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DLNGCCQFGNSBOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[carbamimidoyl(methyl)amino]acetic acid;2-oxopropanoic acid Chemical class CC(=O)C(O)=O.NC(=N)N(C)CC(O)=O DLNGCCQFGNSBOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NCHTYQALNFERNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[methyl-(n'-octadecanoylcarbamimidoyl)amino]acetic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)NC(=N)N(C)CC(O)=O NCHTYQALNFERNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RDTRROBYZWHAEX-JPFHKJGASA-N 2-[methyl-[n'-[(6z,9z,12z)-octadeca-6,9,12-trienoyl]carbamimidoyl]amino]acetic acid Chemical compound CCCCC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCC(=O)NC(=N)N(C)CC(O)=O RDTRROBYZWHAEX-JPFHKJGASA-N 0.000 description 1
- GPQCJHBOSRSHSX-NQLNTKRDSA-N 2-[methyl-[n'-[(9z,12z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl]carbamimidoyl]amino]acetic acid Chemical compound CCCCC\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)NC(=N)N(C)CC(O)=O GPQCJHBOSRSHSX-NQLNTKRDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PUVYVWJYQWUGNE-KHPPLWFESA-N 2-[methyl-[n'-[(z)-octadec-9-enoyl]carbamimidoyl]amino]acetic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)NC(=N)N(C)CC(O)=O PUVYVWJYQWUGNE-KHPPLWFESA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004475 Arginine Substances 0.000 description 1
- CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bromide Chemical compound [Br-] CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-K Citrate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N Dextrotartaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000371 Esterases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N Fumaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C\C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ODKSFYDXXFIFQN-BYPYZUCNSA-P L-argininium(2+) Chemical compound NC(=[NH2+])NCCC[C@H]([NH3+])C(O)=O ODKSFYDXXFIFQN-BYPYZUCNSA-P 0.000 description 1
- FFEARJCKVFRZRR-BYPYZUCNSA-N L-methionine Chemical compound CSCC[C@H](N)C(O)=O FFEARJCKVFRZRR-BYPYZUCNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-HZJYTTRNSA-N Linoleic acid Chemical compound CCCCC\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-HZJYTTRNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Malonic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010028311 Muscle hypertrophy Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000008589 Obesity Diseases 0.000 description 1
- LCTONWCANYUPML-UHFFFAOYSA-M Pyruvate Chemical compound CC(=O)C([O-])=O LCTONWCANYUPML-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 208000026214 Skeletal muscle atrophy Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000005903 acid hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012670 alkaline solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001345 alkine derivatives Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- ODKSFYDXXFIFQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N arginine Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CCCNC(N)=N ODKSFYDXXFIFQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003190 augmentative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013060 biological fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008827 biological function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000007942 carboxylates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002843 carboxylic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000001413 cellular effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001860 citric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000030609 dephosphorylation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006209 dephosphorylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001991 dicarboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000000378 dietary effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- UFIVEPVSAGBUSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N dihydroorotic acid Chemical class OC(=O)C1CC(=O)NC(=O)N1 UFIVEPVSAGBUSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000037149 energy metabolism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006911 enzymatic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002270 ergogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000037406 food intake Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodine Chemical compound II PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002427 irreversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000020778 linoleic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-IXWMQOLASA-N linoleic acid Natural products CCCCC\C=C/C\C=C\CCCCCCCC(O)=O OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-IXWMQOLASA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940049920 malate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N malic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)CC(O)=O BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000004060 metabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229930182817 methionine Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000000663 muscle cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000004118 muscle contraction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000012042 muscle hypertrophy Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000020824 obesity Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960005010 orotic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019629 palatability Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 125000002467 phosphate group Chemical group [H]OP(=O)(O[H])O[*] 0.000 description 1
- 230000001766 physiological effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001243 protein synthesis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940076788 pyruvate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008439 repair process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000284 resting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000025185 skeletal muscle atrophy Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000025175 skeletal muscle hypertrophy Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000000419 skeletal muscle satellite cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000002784 stomach Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000013589 supplement Substances 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000014616 translation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000005314 unsaturated fatty acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- DTOSIQBPPRVQHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N α-Linolenic acid Chemical compound CCC=CCC=CCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O DTOSIQBPPRVQHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C279/00—Derivatives of guanidine, i.e. compounds containing the group, the singly-bound nitrogen atoms not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
- C07C279/20—Derivatives of guanidine, i.e. compounds containing the group, the singly-bound nitrogen atoms not being part of nitro or nitroso groups containing any of the groups, X being a hetero atom, Y being any atom, e.g. acylguanidines
- C07C279/22—Y being a hydrogen or a carbon atom, e.g. benzoylguanidines
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
- A23L33/17—Amino acids, peptides or proteins
- A23L33/175—Amino acids
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
- A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Nutrition Science (AREA)
- Mycology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Acyclic And Carbocyclic Compounds In Medicinal Compositions (AREA)
- Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention describes compounds produced from a creatine molecule and a fatty acid molecule. The compounds being in the form of creatine-fatty compounds bound by an amide linkage, or mixtures thereof produced by reacting creatine or derivatives thereof with an appropriate fatty acid in the presence of dichloromethane and a pyridine catalyst, previously reacted with a thionyl halide. The administration of such molecules provides supplemental creatine with enhanced bioavailability and the additional benefits conferred by the specific fatty acid.
Description
Creatine-Fatty Acids Field of the Invention The present invention relates to structures and synthesis of creatine-fatty acid compounds bound via an amide linkage. Another aspect of the present invention relates to a compound comprising a creatine molecule bound to a fatty acid, wherein the fatty acid is preferably a saturated fatty acid and bound to the creatine via an amide linkage.
Background of the Invention Creatine is a naturally occurring amino acid derived from the amino acids glycine, arginine, and methionine. Although it is found in meat and fish, it is also synthesized by humans. Creatine is predominantly used as a fuel source in muscle. About 65% of creatine is stored in the musculature of mammals as phosphocreatine (creatine bound to a phosphate molecule).
Muscular contractions are fueled by the dephosphorylation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to produce adenosine diphosphate (ADP). In the absence of a mechanism to replenish ATP stores, the supply of ATP would be totally consumed in 1-2 seconds. Phosphocreatine serves as a major source of phosphate from which ADP is regenerated to ATP. Within six seconds following the commencement of exercise, muscular concentrations of phosphocreatine drop by almost 50%. Creatine supplementation has been shown to increase the concentration of creatine in the muscle (Harris RC, Soderlund K, Hultman E.
Elevation of creatine in resting and exercised muscle of normal subjects by creatine supplementation. Clin Sci (Lond). 1992 Sep;83(3):367-74) and further, the supplementation enables an increase in the resynthesis of phosphocreatine (Greenhaff PL, Bodin K, Soderlund K, Hultman E. Effect of oral creatine supplementation on skeletal muscle phosphocreatine resynthesis. Am J Physiol.
1994 May;266(5 Pt 1):E725-30) leading to a rapid replenishment of ATP within the first two minutes following the commencement of exercise. Through this mechanism, creatine is able to improve strength and reduce fatigue (Greenhaff PL, Casey A, Short AH, Harris R, Soderlund K, Hultman E. Influence of oral creatine supplementatirn of muscle torque during repeated bouts of maximal in man. Clir~ Sci (Lond). 1993 May.34(5):565-71).
The beneficial effects of creatine supplementation with regard to skeletal muscle are apparently not restricted to the role of creatine in energy metabolism.
It has been shown that creatine supplementation in combination with strength training results in specific, measurable physiological changes in skeletal muscle compared to strength training alone. For example, creatine supplementation amplifies the strength training-induced increase of human skeletal satellite cells as well as the number of myonuclei in human skeletal muscle fibres (Olsen S, _d P, Kadi F, Tufekovic G, Verney J, Olesen JL, Suetta C, Kjaer M.
r~eritation augments the increase in .a- :~e cell and myonuclei nUrnher in human skeletal muscle induced by strength training. J Physiol. 2006 Jun 1;573(Pt 2):525-34). Satellite cells are the stem cells of adult muscle.
They are normally maintained in a quiescent state and become activated to fulfill roles of routine maintenance, repair and hypertrophy (Zammit PS, Partridge TA, Yablonka-Reuveni Z. The Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cell: The Stem Cell That
Background of the Invention Creatine is a naturally occurring amino acid derived from the amino acids glycine, arginine, and methionine. Although it is found in meat and fish, it is also synthesized by humans. Creatine is predominantly used as a fuel source in muscle. About 65% of creatine is stored in the musculature of mammals as phosphocreatine (creatine bound to a phosphate molecule).
Muscular contractions are fueled by the dephosphorylation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to produce adenosine diphosphate (ADP). In the absence of a mechanism to replenish ATP stores, the supply of ATP would be totally consumed in 1-2 seconds. Phosphocreatine serves as a major source of phosphate from which ADP is regenerated to ATP. Within six seconds following the commencement of exercise, muscular concentrations of phosphocreatine drop by almost 50%. Creatine supplementation has been shown to increase the concentration of creatine in the muscle (Harris RC, Soderlund K, Hultman E.
Elevation of creatine in resting and exercised muscle of normal subjects by creatine supplementation. Clin Sci (Lond). 1992 Sep;83(3):367-74) and further, the supplementation enables an increase in the resynthesis of phosphocreatine (Greenhaff PL, Bodin K, Soderlund K, Hultman E. Effect of oral creatine supplementation on skeletal muscle phosphocreatine resynthesis. Am J Physiol.
1994 May;266(5 Pt 1):E725-30) leading to a rapid replenishment of ATP within the first two minutes following the commencement of exercise. Through this mechanism, creatine is able to improve strength and reduce fatigue (Greenhaff PL, Casey A, Short AH, Harris R, Soderlund K, Hultman E. Influence of oral creatine supplementatirn of muscle torque during repeated bouts of maximal in man. Clir~ Sci (Lond). 1993 May.34(5):565-71).
The beneficial effects of creatine supplementation with regard to skeletal muscle are apparently not restricted to the role of creatine in energy metabolism.
It has been shown that creatine supplementation in combination with strength training results in specific, measurable physiological changes in skeletal muscle compared to strength training alone. For example, creatine supplementation amplifies the strength training-induced increase of human skeletal satellite cells as well as the number of myonuclei in human skeletal muscle fibres (Olsen S, _d P, Kadi F, Tufekovic G, Verney J, Olesen JL, Suetta C, Kjaer M.
r~eritation augments the increase in .a- :~e cell and myonuclei nUrnher in human skeletal muscle induced by strength training. J Physiol. 2006 Jun 1;573(Pt 2):525-34). Satellite cells are the stem cells of adult muscle.
They are normally maintained in a quiescent state and become activated to fulfill roles of routine maintenance, repair and hypertrophy (Zammit PS, Partridge TA, Yablonka-Reuveni Z. The Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cell: The Stem Cell That
2 Came In From the Cold. J Histochem Cytochem. 2006 Aug 9). 'True' muscle hypertrophy can be defined as "as an increase in fiber diameter without an apparent increase in the number of muscle fibers, accompanied by enhanced protein synthesis and augmented contractile force" (Sartorelli V, Fulco M.
Molecular and cellular determinants of skeletal muscle atrophy and hypertrophy.
ScoSTKF.. .',A! 27;20(.)4(244)1:re11). Postnatal muscle growth involves both myofiber hypertrophy and increased numbers of myonuclei - the source of which are satellite cells (Olsen S, Aagaard P, Kadi F, Tufekovic G, Verney J, Olesen JL, Suetta C, Kjaer M. Creatine supplementation augments the increase in satellite cell and myonuclei number in human skeletal muscle induced by strength training. J Physiol. 2006 Jun 1;573(Pt 2):525-34).
Although creatine is used predominantly in muscle cells and most of the total creatine pool is found in muscle, creatine is actually synthesized in the liver and pancreas. Thus, the musculature's creatine concentration is maintained by the uptake of creatine from the blood stream regardless of whether the source of creatine is endogenous, i.e. synthesized by the liver or pancreas, or dietary, i.e.
natural food sources or supplemental sources. The creatine content of an average 70 kg male is approximately 120 g with about 2 g being excreted as creatinine per day (Williams MH, Branch JD. Creatine supplementation and exercise performance: an update. J Am Coll Nutr. 1998 Jun;17(3):216-34). A
typical omnivorous diet supplies approximately 1 g of creatine daily, while diets higher in meat and fish will supply more creatine. As a point of reference, a g uncooked steak contains about 2 g of creatine which equates to more than two
Molecular and cellular determinants of skeletal muscle atrophy and hypertrophy.
ScoSTKF.. .',A! 27;20(.)4(244)1:re11). Postnatal muscle growth involves both myofiber hypertrophy and increased numbers of myonuclei - the source of which are satellite cells (Olsen S, Aagaard P, Kadi F, Tufekovic G, Verney J, Olesen JL, Suetta C, Kjaer M. Creatine supplementation augments the increase in satellite cell and myonuclei number in human skeletal muscle induced by strength training. J Physiol. 2006 Jun 1;573(Pt 2):525-34).
Although creatine is used predominantly in muscle cells and most of the total creatine pool is found in muscle, creatine is actually synthesized in the liver and pancreas. Thus, the musculature's creatine concentration is maintained by the uptake of creatine from the blood stream regardless of whether the source of creatine is endogenous, i.e. synthesized by the liver or pancreas, or dietary, i.e.
natural food sources or supplemental sources. The creatine content of an average 70 kg male is approximately 120 g with about 2 g being excreted as creatinine per day (Williams MH, Branch JD. Creatine supplementation and exercise performance: an update. J Am Coll Nutr. 1998 Jun;17(3):216-34). A
typical omnivorous diet supplies approximately 1 g of creatine daily, while diets higher in meat and fish will supply more creatine. As a point of reference, a g uncooked steak contains about 2 g of creatine which equates to more than two
3 8 oz. steaks per day. Since most studies examining creatine supplementation employ dosages ranging from 2-20 g.per day it is unrealistic to significantly increase muscle creatine stores through merely food sources alone. Therefore, supplemental sources of creatine are an integral component of increasing, and subsequently maintaining supraphysiological, muscular creatine leveis.
Creatine supplementation, thus results in positive physiological effects on skeletal muscle, such as: performance improvements during brief high-intensity anaerobic exercise, increased strength and enhanced muscle growth.
Creatine monohydrate is a commonly used supplement. Creatine monohydrate is soluble in water at a rate of 75 ml of water per gram of creatine.
Ingestion of creatine monohydrate, therefore, requires large amounts of water to be co-ingested. Additionally, in aqueous solutions creatine is known to convert to creatinine via an irreversible, pH-dependent, non-enzymatic reaction. Aqueous and alkaline solutions contain an equilibrium mixture of creatine and creatinin.e.
In acidic solutions, on the other hand, the formation of creatinine is complete.
Creatinine is devoid of the ergogenic beneficial effects of creatine. It is therefore desirable to provide, for use in individuals, e.g. animals and humans, forms and derivatives of creatine with improved characteristics such as stability and solubility.
Furthermore, it would be advantageous to do so in a manner that provides additional functionality as compared to creatine monohydrate alone.
The manufacture of hydrosoluble creatine salts with various organic acids have been described. U.S. Pat. No. 5,886,040
Creatine supplementation, thus results in positive physiological effects on skeletal muscle, such as: performance improvements during brief high-intensity anaerobic exercise, increased strength and enhanced muscle growth.
Creatine monohydrate is a commonly used supplement. Creatine monohydrate is soluble in water at a rate of 75 ml of water per gram of creatine.
Ingestion of creatine monohydrate, therefore, requires large amounts of water to be co-ingested. Additionally, in aqueous solutions creatine is known to convert to creatinine via an irreversible, pH-dependent, non-enzymatic reaction. Aqueous and alkaline solutions contain an equilibrium mixture of creatine and creatinin.e.
In acidic solutions, on the other hand, the formation of creatinine is complete.
Creatinine is devoid of the ergogenic beneficial effects of creatine. It is therefore desirable to provide, for use in individuals, e.g. animals and humans, forms and derivatives of creatine with improved characteristics such as stability and solubility.
Furthermore, it would be advantageous to do so in a manner that provides additional functionality as compared to creatine monohydrate alone.
The manufacture of hydrosoluble creatine salts with various organic acids have been described. U.S. Pat. No. 5,886,040
4 purports to describe a creatine pyruvate salt with enhanced palatability which is resistant to acid hydrolysis.
U.S. Patent No. 5,973,199, purports to describe hydrosoluble organic salts of creatine as single combination of one mole of creatine monohydrate with one mole of the following organic acids: citrate, malate, fumarate and tartarate individually. The resultant salts described therein are claimed to be from 3 to 15 times more soluble, in aqueous solution, than creatine itself.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,166,249, purports to describe a creatine pyruvic acid salt that is highly stable and soluble. It is further purported that the pyruvate included in the salt may be useful to treat obesity, prevent the formation of free radicals and enhance long-term performance.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,211,407 purports to describe dicreatine and tricreatine citrates and a method of making the same. These dicreatine and tricreatine salts are claimed to be stable in acidic solutions, thus hampering the undesirabie conversion of creatine to creatinine.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,838,562, purports to describe a process for the synthesis of mono, di, or tricreatine orotic acid, thioorotic acid, and dihydroorotic acid salts which are claimed to have increased oral absorption and bioavailability due to an inherent stability in aqueous solution. It is further claimed that the heterocyclic acid portion of the salt acts synergistically with creatine.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,109,373, purports to describe creatine salts of dicarboxylic acids with enhanced aqueous solubility.
The above disclosed patents recite creatine salts, methods of synthesis of the salts, and uses thereof. However, nothing in any of the disclosed patents teaches, suggests or discloses a compound comprising a creatine molecule bound to a fatty acid.
In addition to salts, creatine esters have also been described. U.S. Pat.
No. 6,897,334 describes method for producing creatine esters with lower alcohols i.e. one to four carbon atoms, using acid catalysts. It is stated that creatine esters are more soluble than creatine. It is further stated that the protection of the carboxylic acid moiety of the creatine molecule by ester-formation stabilizes the compound by preventing its conversion to creatinine.
The creatine esters are said to be converted into creatine by esterases i.e.
enzymes that cleave ester bonds, found in a variety of cells and biological fluids.
Fatty acids are carboxylic acids, often containing a long, unbranched chain of carbon atoms and are either saturated or unsaturated. Saturated fatty acids do not contain double bonds or other functional groups, but contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms, with the exception of the carboxylic acid group. In contrast, unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds between adjacent carbon atoms, of the chains, in cis or trans configuration The human body can produce all but two of the fatty acids it requires, thus, essential fatty acids are fatty acids that must be obtained from food sources due to an inability of the body to synthesize them, yet are required for normal biological function. The essential fatty acids being linoleic acid and a-linolenic acid.
Examples of saturated fatty acids include, but are not limited to myristic or tetradecanoic acid, palmitic or hexadecanoic acid, stearic or octadecanoic acid, arachidic or eicosanoic acid, behenic or docosanoic acid, butyric or butanoic acid, caproic or hexanoic acid, caprylic or octanoic acid, capric or decanoic acid, and lauric or dodecanoic acid, wherein the aforementioned comprise from at least 4 carbons to 22 carbons in the chain.
Examples of unsaturated fatty acids include, but are not limited to oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, paimitoleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and erucic acid, wherein the aforementioned comprise from at least 4 carbons to 22 carbons in the chain.
Fatty acids are capable of undergoing chemical reactions common to carboxylic acids. Of particular relevance to the present invention are the formation of salts and the formation of esters. The majority of the above referenced patents are creatine salts. These salts, esterification via carboxylate reactivity, may essentially be formed, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
7,109,373, through a relatively simple reaction by mixing a molar excess of creatine or derivative thereof with an aqueous dicarboxylic acid and heating from room temperature to about 50 C.
Alternatively, a creatine-fatty acid may be synthesized through ester formation. The formation of creatine esters has been described (Dox AW, Yoder L. Esterification of Creatine. J. Biol. Chem. 1922, 67, 671-673). These are typically formed by reacting creatine with an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst at temperatures from 35 C to 50 C as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
6,897,334.
While the above referenced creatine compounds have attempted to address issues such as stability and solubility in addition to, and in some cases, attempting to add increased functionality as compared to creatine alone, no description has yet been made of any creatine-fatty acid compound, particularly a comprising a saturated fatty acid.
Summary of the Invention In the present invention, compounds are disclosecd, where the compounds comprise a molecule of creatine bound to a fatty acid, via an amide linkage, and having a structure of Formula 1:
Formula 1 R'C~N"C11 NC~,OH
H I II
where:
R is an alkyl group, preferably saturated, and containing from about 3 to a maximum of 21 carbons.
Another aspect of the invention comprises the use of a saturated fatty acid in the production of compounds disclosed herein.
A further aspect of the present invention comprises the use of an unsaturated fatty in the production of compounds disclosed herein.
Detailed Description of the Invention In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details.
The present invention relates to routes of synthesis of creatine-fatty acid compounds bound via an amide linkage. In addition, specific benefits are conferred by the particular fatty acid used to form the compounds in addition to, and separate from, the creatine substituent.
As used herein, the term 'fatty acid' includes both saturated, i.e. an alkane chain as known in the art, having no double bonds between carbons of the chain and having the maximum number of hydrogen atoms, and unsaturated, i.e. an alkene or alkyne chain, having at least one double or alternatively triple bond between carbons of the chain, respectively, and further terminating the chain in a carboxylic acid as is commonly known in the art, wherein the hydrocarbon chain is not less then four carbon atoms. Furthermore, essential fatty acids are herein understood to be included by the term 'fatty acid'.
As used herein, "creatine" refers to the chemical N-methyl-N-guanyl Glycine, (CAS Registry No. 57-00-1), also known as, (alpha-methyl guanido) acetic acid, N-(aminoiminomethyl)-N-glycine, Methylglycocyamine, Methylguanidoacetic Acid, or N-Methyl-N-guanylglycine. Additionally, as used herein, "creatine" also includes derivatives of creatine such as esters, and amides, and salts, as well as other derivatives, including derivatives having pharmacoproperties upon metabolism to an active form.
According to the present invention, the compounds disclosed herein comprise a creatine molecule bound to a fatty acid, wherein the fatty acid is preferably a saturated fatty acid. Furthermore, the creatine and fatty acid being bound by an amide linkage and having a structure according to Formula 1. The aforementioned compound being prepared according to the reaction as set forth for the purposes of the description in Scheme 1:
Scheme 1 0 0 Step 1 0 C + S 35 C
R--' 0H X~ X 0.5 - 2 h R X
Step 2 H2C"C"OH
pyr(cat.) I
DCM HN~ N~
-15 C-- r.t ~C CH3 where: NH2 R= alkane or alkene (C = 3 to 21) 5 X=Cl,Br,F,orI
R'-C-~ N'-CN"C~C,OH
H I II
With reference to Scheme 1, in Step 1 an acyl halide (4) is produced via reaction of a fatty acid (2) with a thionyl halide (3).
In various embodiments of the present invention, the fatty acid of (2) is selected from the saturated fatty acid group comprising butyric or butanoic acid, caproic or hexanoic acid, caprylic or octanoic acid, capric or decanoic acid, lauric or dodecanoic acid, myristic or tetradecanoic acid, palmitic or hexadecanoic acid, stearic or octadecanoic acid, arachidic or eicosanoic acid, and behenic or docosanoic acid.
In additional or alternative embodiments of the present invention, the fatty acid of (2) is selected from the unsaturated fatty acid group comprising oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, palmitoleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and erucic acid.
Furthermore the thionyl halide of (3) is selected from the group consisting of fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine, the preferred method using chlorine or bromine.
The above reaction proceeds under conditions of heat ranging between from about 35 C to about 50 C and stirring over a period from about 0.5 hours to about 2 hours during which time the gases sulfur dioxide and acidic gas, wherein the acidic gas species is dependent on the species of thionyl halide employed, are evolved. Preferably, the reactions proceed at about 50'C for about 1.25 hours.
Step 2 describes the addition of the prepared acyl halide (3) to a suspension of creatine (5) in dichloromethane (DCM), in the presence of catalytic pyridine (pyr), to form the desired creatine-fatty acid amide (1). The addition of the acyl halide takes place at temperatures between about -15 C and about 0'C and with vigorous stirring. Following complete addition of the acyl halide the reaction continues to stir and is allowed to warm to room temperature before the target amide compound is isolated, the amide compound being a creatine fatty acid compound.
In various embodiments, according to aforementioned, using the saturated fatty acids, the following compounds are produced: 2-(3-butyryl-1-methylguanidino)acetic acid, 2-(3-hexanoyl-l-methylguanidino)acetic acid, 2-(1-methyl-3-octanoylguanidino)acetic acid, 2-(3-decanoyl-l-methylguanidino)acetic acid, 2-(3-dodecanoyl-1 -methylguanidino)acetic acid, 2-(1 -methyl-3-tetradecanoguanidino)acetic acid, 2-(1-methyl-3-palmitoylguanidino)acetic acid, 2-(1 -methyl-3-stearoylguanidino)acetic acid, 2-(3-icosanoyl-l-methylguanidino)acetic acid, and 2-(3-dodecanoyl-1-methylguanidino)acetic acid.
In additional embodiments, according to aforementioned, using the unsaturated fatty acids, the following compounds are produced: (Z)-2-(3-hexadec-9-enoyl-1 -methylguanidino)acetic acid, (Z)-2-(1-methyl-3-oleoylguanidino)acetic acid, (Z)-2-(3-docos-13-enoyl-l-methylguanidino)acetic acid, 2-(1-methyl-3-(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoylguanidino)acetic acid, 2-(1-methyl-3-(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoylguanidino)acetic acid, 2-(1-methyl-3-(6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadeca-6,9,12-trienoylguanidino)acetic acid, 2-(3-(5Z,8Z,11 Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoyl-l-methylguanidino)acetic acid, 2-(3-(5Z,8Z,11 Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenoyl-l-methylguanidino)acetic acid, 2-(3-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoyl-l-methylguanidino)acetic acid.
The following examples illustrate specific creatine-fatty acids and routes of synthesis thereof. One of skill in the art may envision various other combinations within the scope of the present invention, considering examples with reference to the specification herein provided.
Example 1 2-(1-methyl-3-octanoylguanidino)acetic acid H2 ,OH
H C CNC
In a dry 2-necked, round bottomed flask, equipped with a magnetic stirrer and fixed with a separatory funnel, containing 10.07ml (130mmol) of thionyl bromide, and a water condenser, is placed 10.30ml (65mmol) of octanoic acid.
Addition of the thionyl bromide is completed with heating to about 50 C over the course of about 50 minutes. When addition of the thionyl bromide is complete the mixture is heated and stirred for an additional hour. The water condenser is then replaced with a distillation side arm condenser and the crude mixture is distilled. The crude distillate in the receiving flask is then fractionally distilled to obtain the acyl bromide, octanoyl bromide. This acyl bromide, 4.88g (30mmol), is put into a dry separatory funnel and combined with 25ml of dry dichloromethane for use in the next step of the reaction.
In a dry 3-necked, round bottomed flask, equipped with a magnetic stirrer, a thermometer, a nitrogen inlet tube and the dropping funnel containing the octanoyl bromide solution, 7.08g (54mmol) of creatine is suspended, with stirring, in 50m1 of dry dichloromethane. To this suspension a catalytic amount (0.1 mmol) of pyridine is also added. The suspension is stirred in a dry ice and acetone bath to a temperature of between to about -10 C and 0 C. When the target temperature is reached the drop wise addition of octanoyl bromide is commenced. Addition of octanoyl bromide continues, with cooling and stirring, until all of the octanoyl bromide is added, after which the reaction is allowed to warm to room temperature with constant stirring. The solution is then filtered to remove any remaining creatine and the volatile dichloromethane and pyridine are removed under reduced pressure yielding 2-(1-methyl-3-octanoylguanidino)acetic acid.
Example 2 2-(3-dodecanoyl-1 -methylguanidino)acetic acid H C CCCOH
In a dry 2-necked, round bottomed flask, equipped with a magnetic stirrer and fixed with a separatory funnel, containing 13.13m1 (180mmol) of thionyl chloride, and a water condenser, is placed 20.03g (100mmol) of dodecanoic acid. Addition of the thionyl chloride is completed with heating to about 45 C
over the course of about 30 minutes. When addition of the thionyl chloride is complete the mixture is heated and stirred for an additional 45 minutes. The water condenser is then replaced with a distillation side arm condenser and the crude mixture is distilled. The crude distillate in the receiving flask is then fractionally distilled to obtain the acyl chloride, dodecanoyl chloride. This acyl chloride, 7.65g (35mmol), is put into a dry separatory funnel and combined with 50ml of dry dichloromethane for use in the next step of the reaction.
In a dry 3-necked, round bottomed flask, equipped with a magnetic stirrer, a thermometer, a nitrogen inlet tube and the dropping funnel containing the dodecanoyl chloride solution, 7.34g (56mmol) of creatine is suspended, with stirring, in 50ml of dry dichloromethane. To this suspension a catalytic amount (0.1 mmol) of pyridine is also added. The suspension is stirred in a dry ice and acetone bath to a temperature of between about -15 C and 0 C. When the target temperature is reached the drop wise addition of dodecanoyl chloride is commenced. Addition of dodecanoyl chloride continues, with cooling and stirring, until all of the dodecanoyl chloride is added, after which the reaction is allowed to warm to room temperature with constant stirring. The solution is then filtered to remove any remaining creatine, and the volatile dichloromethane and pyridine are removed under reduced pressure yielding 2-(3-dodecanoyl-1-methylguanidino)acetic acid.
Example 3 2-(1-methyl-3-palmitoylguanidino)acetic acid H C CC C~N'C~N/~C~OH
3 H2' H I II
In a dry 2-necked, round bottomed flask, equipped with a magnetic stirrer and fixed with a separatory funnel, containing 7.75m1 (100mmol) of thionyl bromide, and a water condenser, is placed 12.82g (50mmol) of palmitic acid.
Addition of the thionyl bromide is completed with heating to about 50 C over the course of about 50 minutes. When addition of the thionyl bromide is complete the mixture is heated and stirred for an additional hour. The water condenser is then replaced with a distillation side arm condenser and the crude mixture is distilled. The crude distillate in the receiving flask is then fractionally distilled to obtain the acyl bromide, palmitoyl bromide. This acyl bromide, 16.02g (50mmol), is put into a dry separatory funnel and combined with 75ml of dry dichloromethane for use in the next step of the reaction.
In a dry 3-necked, round bottomed flask, equipped with a magnetic stirrer, a thermometer, a nitrogen inlet tube and the dropping funnel containing the palmitoyl bromide solution, 10.99g (60mmol) of creatine is suspended, with stirring, in 100mI of dry dichloromethane. To this suspension a catalytic amount (0.1 mmol) of pyridine is also added. The suspension is stirred in a dry ice and acetone bath to a temperature of between to about -10 C and 0 C. When the target temperature is reached the drop wise addition of paimitoyl bromide is commenced. Addition of palmitoyl bromide continues, with cooling and stirring, until all of the palmitoyl bromide is added, after which the reaction is allowed to warm to room temperature with constant stirring. The solution is then filtered to remove any remaining creatine and the volatile dichloromethane and pyridine are removed under reduced pressure yielding 2-(1-methyl-3-palmitoylguanidino)acetic acid.
Example 4 2-(3-docosanoyl-l-methylguanidino)acetic acid H C C" C C~N~C"NC, OH
3 H2 i H I I I
In a dry 2-necked, round bottomed flask, equipped with a magnetic stirrer and fixed with a separatory funnel, containing 7.88m1 (108mmol) of thionyl chloride, and a water condenser, is placed 20.44g (60mmol) of docosanoic acid.
Addition of the thionyl chloride is completed with heating to about 45 C over the course of about 30 minutes. When addition of the thionyl chloride is complete the mixture is heated and stirred for an additional 70 minutes. The water condenser is then replaced with a distillation side arm condenser and the crude mixture is distilled. The crude distillate in the receiving flask is then fractionally distilled to obtain the acyl chloride, docosanoyl chloride. This acyl chloride, 21.60g (60mmol), is put into a dry separatory funnel and combined with 100mI
of dry dichloromethane for use in the next step of the reaction.
In a dry 3-necked, round bottomed flask, equipped with a magnetic stirrer, a thermometer, a nitrogen inlet tube and the dropping funnel containing the docosanoyl chloride solution, 12.59g (96mmol) of creatine is suspended, with stirring, in 100mI of dry dichloromethane. To this suspension a catalytic amount (0.1 mmol) of pyridine is also added. The suspension is stirred in a dry ice and acetone bath to a temperature of between about -15 C and 0'C. When the target temperature is reached the drop wise addition of docosanoyl chloride is commenced. Addition of docosanoyl chloride continues, with cooling and stirring, until all of the docosanoyl chloride is added, after which the reaction is allowed to warm to room temperature with constant stirring. The solution is then filtered to remove any remaining creatine, and the volatile dichloromethane and pyridine are removed under reduced pressure yielding 2-(3-dodecanoyl-l-methylguanidino)acetic acid.
Example 5 (Z)-2-(3-hexadec-9-enoyl-1 -methylguanidino)acetic acid H2 H H Hz II II H2 H C C'C C=C" C C~C C~N~C~N"C~C,OH
In a dry 2-necked, round bottomed flask, equipped with a magnetic stirrer and fixed with a separatory funnel, containing 13.15m1 (180mmol) of thionyl chloride, and a water condenser, is placed 28.45m1 (100mmol) of palmitoleic acid. Addition of the thionyl chloride is completed with heating to about 40 C
over the course of about 30 minutes. When addition of the thionyl chloride is complete the mixture is heated and stirred for an additional 55 minutes. The water condenser is then replaced with a distillation side arm condenser and the crude mixture is distilled. The crude distillate in the receiving flask is then fractionally distilled to obtain the acyl chloride, (Z)-hexadec-9-enoyl chloride.
This acyl chloride, 10.95g (40mmol), is put into a dry separatory funnel and combined with 75ml of dry dichloromethane for use in the next step of the reaction.
In a dry 3-necked, round bottomed flask, equipped with a magnetic stirrer, a thermometer, a nitrogen inlet tube and the dropping funnel containing the (Z)-hexadec-9-enoyl chloride solution, 8.39g (64mmol) of creatine is suspended, with stirring, in 75ml of dry dichloromethane. To this suspension a catalytic amount (0.1 mmol) of pyridine is also added. The suspension is stirred in a dry ice and acetone bath to a temperature of between about -15 C and 0 C. When the target temperature is reached the drop wise addition of (Z)-hexadec-9-enoyl chloride is commenced. Addition of (Z)-hexadec-9-enoyl chloride continues, with cooling and stirring, until all of the (Z)-hexadec-9-enoyl chloride is added, after which the reaction is allowed to warm to room temperature with constant stirring. The solution is then filtered to remove any remaining creatine, and the volatile dichloromethane and pyridine are removed under reduced pressure yielding (Z)-2-(3-hexadec-9-enoyl-l-methylguanidino)acetic acid.
Thus while not wishing to be bound by theory, it is understood that reacting a creatine or derivative thereof with a fatty acid or derivative thereof to form an amide can be used enhance the bioavailability of the creatine or derivative thereof by improving stability of the creatine moiety in terms of resistance to hydrolysis in the stomach and blood and by increasing solubility and absorption. Furthermore, it is understood that, dependent upon the specific fatty acid, for example, saturated fatty acids form straight chains allowing mammals to store chemical energy densely, or derivative thereof employed in the foregoing synthesis, additional fatty acid-specific benefits, separate from the creatine substituent, will be conferred.
Extensions and Alternatives In the foregoing specification, the invention has been described with a specific embodiment thereof; however, it will be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention.
U.S. Patent No. 5,973,199, purports to describe hydrosoluble organic salts of creatine as single combination of one mole of creatine monohydrate with one mole of the following organic acids: citrate, malate, fumarate and tartarate individually. The resultant salts described therein are claimed to be from 3 to 15 times more soluble, in aqueous solution, than creatine itself.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,166,249, purports to describe a creatine pyruvic acid salt that is highly stable and soluble. It is further purported that the pyruvate included in the salt may be useful to treat obesity, prevent the formation of free radicals and enhance long-term performance.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,211,407 purports to describe dicreatine and tricreatine citrates and a method of making the same. These dicreatine and tricreatine salts are claimed to be stable in acidic solutions, thus hampering the undesirabie conversion of creatine to creatinine.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,838,562, purports to describe a process for the synthesis of mono, di, or tricreatine orotic acid, thioorotic acid, and dihydroorotic acid salts which are claimed to have increased oral absorption and bioavailability due to an inherent stability in aqueous solution. It is further claimed that the heterocyclic acid portion of the salt acts synergistically with creatine.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,109,373, purports to describe creatine salts of dicarboxylic acids with enhanced aqueous solubility.
The above disclosed patents recite creatine salts, methods of synthesis of the salts, and uses thereof. However, nothing in any of the disclosed patents teaches, suggests or discloses a compound comprising a creatine molecule bound to a fatty acid.
In addition to salts, creatine esters have also been described. U.S. Pat.
No. 6,897,334 describes method for producing creatine esters with lower alcohols i.e. one to four carbon atoms, using acid catalysts. It is stated that creatine esters are more soluble than creatine. It is further stated that the protection of the carboxylic acid moiety of the creatine molecule by ester-formation stabilizes the compound by preventing its conversion to creatinine.
The creatine esters are said to be converted into creatine by esterases i.e.
enzymes that cleave ester bonds, found in a variety of cells and biological fluids.
Fatty acids are carboxylic acids, often containing a long, unbranched chain of carbon atoms and are either saturated or unsaturated. Saturated fatty acids do not contain double bonds or other functional groups, but contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms, with the exception of the carboxylic acid group. In contrast, unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds between adjacent carbon atoms, of the chains, in cis or trans configuration The human body can produce all but two of the fatty acids it requires, thus, essential fatty acids are fatty acids that must be obtained from food sources due to an inability of the body to synthesize them, yet are required for normal biological function. The essential fatty acids being linoleic acid and a-linolenic acid.
Examples of saturated fatty acids include, but are not limited to myristic or tetradecanoic acid, palmitic or hexadecanoic acid, stearic or octadecanoic acid, arachidic or eicosanoic acid, behenic or docosanoic acid, butyric or butanoic acid, caproic or hexanoic acid, caprylic or octanoic acid, capric or decanoic acid, and lauric or dodecanoic acid, wherein the aforementioned comprise from at least 4 carbons to 22 carbons in the chain.
Examples of unsaturated fatty acids include, but are not limited to oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, paimitoleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and erucic acid, wherein the aforementioned comprise from at least 4 carbons to 22 carbons in the chain.
Fatty acids are capable of undergoing chemical reactions common to carboxylic acids. Of particular relevance to the present invention are the formation of salts and the formation of esters. The majority of the above referenced patents are creatine salts. These salts, esterification via carboxylate reactivity, may essentially be formed, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
7,109,373, through a relatively simple reaction by mixing a molar excess of creatine or derivative thereof with an aqueous dicarboxylic acid and heating from room temperature to about 50 C.
Alternatively, a creatine-fatty acid may be synthesized through ester formation. The formation of creatine esters has been described (Dox AW, Yoder L. Esterification of Creatine. J. Biol. Chem. 1922, 67, 671-673). These are typically formed by reacting creatine with an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst at temperatures from 35 C to 50 C as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
6,897,334.
While the above referenced creatine compounds have attempted to address issues such as stability and solubility in addition to, and in some cases, attempting to add increased functionality as compared to creatine alone, no description has yet been made of any creatine-fatty acid compound, particularly a comprising a saturated fatty acid.
Summary of the Invention In the present invention, compounds are disclosecd, where the compounds comprise a molecule of creatine bound to a fatty acid, via an amide linkage, and having a structure of Formula 1:
Formula 1 R'C~N"C11 NC~,OH
H I II
where:
R is an alkyl group, preferably saturated, and containing from about 3 to a maximum of 21 carbons.
Another aspect of the invention comprises the use of a saturated fatty acid in the production of compounds disclosed herein.
A further aspect of the present invention comprises the use of an unsaturated fatty in the production of compounds disclosed herein.
Detailed Description of the Invention In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details.
The present invention relates to routes of synthesis of creatine-fatty acid compounds bound via an amide linkage. In addition, specific benefits are conferred by the particular fatty acid used to form the compounds in addition to, and separate from, the creatine substituent.
As used herein, the term 'fatty acid' includes both saturated, i.e. an alkane chain as known in the art, having no double bonds between carbons of the chain and having the maximum number of hydrogen atoms, and unsaturated, i.e. an alkene or alkyne chain, having at least one double or alternatively triple bond between carbons of the chain, respectively, and further terminating the chain in a carboxylic acid as is commonly known in the art, wherein the hydrocarbon chain is not less then four carbon atoms. Furthermore, essential fatty acids are herein understood to be included by the term 'fatty acid'.
As used herein, "creatine" refers to the chemical N-methyl-N-guanyl Glycine, (CAS Registry No. 57-00-1), also known as, (alpha-methyl guanido) acetic acid, N-(aminoiminomethyl)-N-glycine, Methylglycocyamine, Methylguanidoacetic Acid, or N-Methyl-N-guanylglycine. Additionally, as used herein, "creatine" also includes derivatives of creatine such as esters, and amides, and salts, as well as other derivatives, including derivatives having pharmacoproperties upon metabolism to an active form.
According to the present invention, the compounds disclosed herein comprise a creatine molecule bound to a fatty acid, wherein the fatty acid is preferably a saturated fatty acid. Furthermore, the creatine and fatty acid being bound by an amide linkage and having a structure according to Formula 1. The aforementioned compound being prepared according to the reaction as set forth for the purposes of the description in Scheme 1:
Scheme 1 0 0 Step 1 0 C + S 35 C
R--' 0H X~ X 0.5 - 2 h R X
Step 2 H2C"C"OH
pyr(cat.) I
DCM HN~ N~
-15 C-- r.t ~C CH3 where: NH2 R= alkane or alkene (C = 3 to 21) 5 X=Cl,Br,F,orI
R'-C-~ N'-CN"C~C,OH
H I II
With reference to Scheme 1, in Step 1 an acyl halide (4) is produced via reaction of a fatty acid (2) with a thionyl halide (3).
In various embodiments of the present invention, the fatty acid of (2) is selected from the saturated fatty acid group comprising butyric or butanoic acid, caproic or hexanoic acid, caprylic or octanoic acid, capric or decanoic acid, lauric or dodecanoic acid, myristic or tetradecanoic acid, palmitic or hexadecanoic acid, stearic or octadecanoic acid, arachidic or eicosanoic acid, and behenic or docosanoic acid.
In additional or alternative embodiments of the present invention, the fatty acid of (2) is selected from the unsaturated fatty acid group comprising oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, palmitoleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and erucic acid.
Furthermore the thionyl halide of (3) is selected from the group consisting of fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine, the preferred method using chlorine or bromine.
The above reaction proceeds under conditions of heat ranging between from about 35 C to about 50 C and stirring over a period from about 0.5 hours to about 2 hours during which time the gases sulfur dioxide and acidic gas, wherein the acidic gas species is dependent on the species of thionyl halide employed, are evolved. Preferably, the reactions proceed at about 50'C for about 1.25 hours.
Step 2 describes the addition of the prepared acyl halide (3) to a suspension of creatine (5) in dichloromethane (DCM), in the presence of catalytic pyridine (pyr), to form the desired creatine-fatty acid amide (1). The addition of the acyl halide takes place at temperatures between about -15 C and about 0'C and with vigorous stirring. Following complete addition of the acyl halide the reaction continues to stir and is allowed to warm to room temperature before the target amide compound is isolated, the amide compound being a creatine fatty acid compound.
In various embodiments, according to aforementioned, using the saturated fatty acids, the following compounds are produced: 2-(3-butyryl-1-methylguanidino)acetic acid, 2-(3-hexanoyl-l-methylguanidino)acetic acid, 2-(1-methyl-3-octanoylguanidino)acetic acid, 2-(3-decanoyl-l-methylguanidino)acetic acid, 2-(3-dodecanoyl-1 -methylguanidino)acetic acid, 2-(1 -methyl-3-tetradecanoguanidino)acetic acid, 2-(1-methyl-3-palmitoylguanidino)acetic acid, 2-(1 -methyl-3-stearoylguanidino)acetic acid, 2-(3-icosanoyl-l-methylguanidino)acetic acid, and 2-(3-dodecanoyl-1-methylguanidino)acetic acid.
In additional embodiments, according to aforementioned, using the unsaturated fatty acids, the following compounds are produced: (Z)-2-(3-hexadec-9-enoyl-1 -methylguanidino)acetic acid, (Z)-2-(1-methyl-3-oleoylguanidino)acetic acid, (Z)-2-(3-docos-13-enoyl-l-methylguanidino)acetic acid, 2-(1-methyl-3-(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoylguanidino)acetic acid, 2-(1-methyl-3-(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoylguanidino)acetic acid, 2-(1-methyl-3-(6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadeca-6,9,12-trienoylguanidino)acetic acid, 2-(3-(5Z,8Z,11 Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoyl-l-methylguanidino)acetic acid, 2-(3-(5Z,8Z,11 Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenoyl-l-methylguanidino)acetic acid, 2-(3-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoyl-l-methylguanidino)acetic acid.
The following examples illustrate specific creatine-fatty acids and routes of synthesis thereof. One of skill in the art may envision various other combinations within the scope of the present invention, considering examples with reference to the specification herein provided.
Example 1 2-(1-methyl-3-octanoylguanidino)acetic acid H2 ,OH
H C CNC
In a dry 2-necked, round bottomed flask, equipped with a magnetic stirrer and fixed with a separatory funnel, containing 10.07ml (130mmol) of thionyl bromide, and a water condenser, is placed 10.30ml (65mmol) of octanoic acid.
Addition of the thionyl bromide is completed with heating to about 50 C over the course of about 50 minutes. When addition of the thionyl bromide is complete the mixture is heated and stirred for an additional hour. The water condenser is then replaced with a distillation side arm condenser and the crude mixture is distilled. The crude distillate in the receiving flask is then fractionally distilled to obtain the acyl bromide, octanoyl bromide. This acyl bromide, 4.88g (30mmol), is put into a dry separatory funnel and combined with 25ml of dry dichloromethane for use in the next step of the reaction.
In a dry 3-necked, round bottomed flask, equipped with a magnetic stirrer, a thermometer, a nitrogen inlet tube and the dropping funnel containing the octanoyl bromide solution, 7.08g (54mmol) of creatine is suspended, with stirring, in 50m1 of dry dichloromethane. To this suspension a catalytic amount (0.1 mmol) of pyridine is also added. The suspension is stirred in a dry ice and acetone bath to a temperature of between to about -10 C and 0 C. When the target temperature is reached the drop wise addition of octanoyl bromide is commenced. Addition of octanoyl bromide continues, with cooling and stirring, until all of the octanoyl bromide is added, after which the reaction is allowed to warm to room temperature with constant stirring. The solution is then filtered to remove any remaining creatine and the volatile dichloromethane and pyridine are removed under reduced pressure yielding 2-(1-methyl-3-octanoylguanidino)acetic acid.
Example 2 2-(3-dodecanoyl-1 -methylguanidino)acetic acid H C CCCOH
In a dry 2-necked, round bottomed flask, equipped with a magnetic stirrer and fixed with a separatory funnel, containing 13.13m1 (180mmol) of thionyl chloride, and a water condenser, is placed 20.03g (100mmol) of dodecanoic acid. Addition of the thionyl chloride is completed with heating to about 45 C
over the course of about 30 minutes. When addition of the thionyl chloride is complete the mixture is heated and stirred for an additional 45 minutes. The water condenser is then replaced with a distillation side arm condenser and the crude mixture is distilled. The crude distillate in the receiving flask is then fractionally distilled to obtain the acyl chloride, dodecanoyl chloride. This acyl chloride, 7.65g (35mmol), is put into a dry separatory funnel and combined with 50ml of dry dichloromethane for use in the next step of the reaction.
In a dry 3-necked, round bottomed flask, equipped with a magnetic stirrer, a thermometer, a nitrogen inlet tube and the dropping funnel containing the dodecanoyl chloride solution, 7.34g (56mmol) of creatine is suspended, with stirring, in 50ml of dry dichloromethane. To this suspension a catalytic amount (0.1 mmol) of pyridine is also added. The suspension is stirred in a dry ice and acetone bath to a temperature of between about -15 C and 0 C. When the target temperature is reached the drop wise addition of dodecanoyl chloride is commenced. Addition of dodecanoyl chloride continues, with cooling and stirring, until all of the dodecanoyl chloride is added, after which the reaction is allowed to warm to room temperature with constant stirring. The solution is then filtered to remove any remaining creatine, and the volatile dichloromethane and pyridine are removed under reduced pressure yielding 2-(3-dodecanoyl-1-methylguanidino)acetic acid.
Example 3 2-(1-methyl-3-palmitoylguanidino)acetic acid H C CC C~N'C~N/~C~OH
3 H2' H I II
In a dry 2-necked, round bottomed flask, equipped with a magnetic stirrer and fixed with a separatory funnel, containing 7.75m1 (100mmol) of thionyl bromide, and a water condenser, is placed 12.82g (50mmol) of palmitic acid.
Addition of the thionyl bromide is completed with heating to about 50 C over the course of about 50 minutes. When addition of the thionyl bromide is complete the mixture is heated and stirred for an additional hour. The water condenser is then replaced with a distillation side arm condenser and the crude mixture is distilled. The crude distillate in the receiving flask is then fractionally distilled to obtain the acyl bromide, palmitoyl bromide. This acyl bromide, 16.02g (50mmol), is put into a dry separatory funnel and combined with 75ml of dry dichloromethane for use in the next step of the reaction.
In a dry 3-necked, round bottomed flask, equipped with a magnetic stirrer, a thermometer, a nitrogen inlet tube and the dropping funnel containing the palmitoyl bromide solution, 10.99g (60mmol) of creatine is suspended, with stirring, in 100mI of dry dichloromethane. To this suspension a catalytic amount (0.1 mmol) of pyridine is also added. The suspension is stirred in a dry ice and acetone bath to a temperature of between to about -10 C and 0 C. When the target temperature is reached the drop wise addition of paimitoyl bromide is commenced. Addition of palmitoyl bromide continues, with cooling and stirring, until all of the palmitoyl bromide is added, after which the reaction is allowed to warm to room temperature with constant stirring. The solution is then filtered to remove any remaining creatine and the volatile dichloromethane and pyridine are removed under reduced pressure yielding 2-(1-methyl-3-palmitoylguanidino)acetic acid.
Example 4 2-(3-docosanoyl-l-methylguanidino)acetic acid H C C" C C~N~C"NC, OH
3 H2 i H I I I
In a dry 2-necked, round bottomed flask, equipped with a magnetic stirrer and fixed with a separatory funnel, containing 7.88m1 (108mmol) of thionyl chloride, and a water condenser, is placed 20.44g (60mmol) of docosanoic acid.
Addition of the thionyl chloride is completed with heating to about 45 C over the course of about 30 minutes. When addition of the thionyl chloride is complete the mixture is heated and stirred for an additional 70 minutes. The water condenser is then replaced with a distillation side arm condenser and the crude mixture is distilled. The crude distillate in the receiving flask is then fractionally distilled to obtain the acyl chloride, docosanoyl chloride. This acyl chloride, 21.60g (60mmol), is put into a dry separatory funnel and combined with 100mI
of dry dichloromethane for use in the next step of the reaction.
In a dry 3-necked, round bottomed flask, equipped with a magnetic stirrer, a thermometer, a nitrogen inlet tube and the dropping funnel containing the docosanoyl chloride solution, 12.59g (96mmol) of creatine is suspended, with stirring, in 100mI of dry dichloromethane. To this suspension a catalytic amount (0.1 mmol) of pyridine is also added. The suspension is stirred in a dry ice and acetone bath to a temperature of between about -15 C and 0'C. When the target temperature is reached the drop wise addition of docosanoyl chloride is commenced. Addition of docosanoyl chloride continues, with cooling and stirring, until all of the docosanoyl chloride is added, after which the reaction is allowed to warm to room temperature with constant stirring. The solution is then filtered to remove any remaining creatine, and the volatile dichloromethane and pyridine are removed under reduced pressure yielding 2-(3-dodecanoyl-l-methylguanidino)acetic acid.
Example 5 (Z)-2-(3-hexadec-9-enoyl-1 -methylguanidino)acetic acid H2 H H Hz II II H2 H C C'C C=C" C C~C C~N~C~N"C~C,OH
In a dry 2-necked, round bottomed flask, equipped with a magnetic stirrer and fixed with a separatory funnel, containing 13.15m1 (180mmol) of thionyl chloride, and a water condenser, is placed 28.45m1 (100mmol) of palmitoleic acid. Addition of the thionyl chloride is completed with heating to about 40 C
over the course of about 30 minutes. When addition of the thionyl chloride is complete the mixture is heated and stirred for an additional 55 minutes. The water condenser is then replaced with a distillation side arm condenser and the crude mixture is distilled. The crude distillate in the receiving flask is then fractionally distilled to obtain the acyl chloride, (Z)-hexadec-9-enoyl chloride.
This acyl chloride, 10.95g (40mmol), is put into a dry separatory funnel and combined with 75ml of dry dichloromethane for use in the next step of the reaction.
In a dry 3-necked, round bottomed flask, equipped with a magnetic stirrer, a thermometer, a nitrogen inlet tube and the dropping funnel containing the (Z)-hexadec-9-enoyl chloride solution, 8.39g (64mmol) of creatine is suspended, with stirring, in 75ml of dry dichloromethane. To this suspension a catalytic amount (0.1 mmol) of pyridine is also added. The suspension is stirred in a dry ice and acetone bath to a temperature of between about -15 C and 0 C. When the target temperature is reached the drop wise addition of (Z)-hexadec-9-enoyl chloride is commenced. Addition of (Z)-hexadec-9-enoyl chloride continues, with cooling and stirring, until all of the (Z)-hexadec-9-enoyl chloride is added, after which the reaction is allowed to warm to room temperature with constant stirring. The solution is then filtered to remove any remaining creatine, and the volatile dichloromethane and pyridine are removed under reduced pressure yielding (Z)-2-(3-hexadec-9-enoyl-l-methylguanidino)acetic acid.
Thus while not wishing to be bound by theory, it is understood that reacting a creatine or derivative thereof with a fatty acid or derivative thereof to form an amide can be used enhance the bioavailability of the creatine or derivative thereof by improving stability of the creatine moiety in terms of resistance to hydrolysis in the stomach and blood and by increasing solubility and absorption. Furthermore, it is understood that, dependent upon the specific fatty acid, for example, saturated fatty acids form straight chains allowing mammals to store chemical energy densely, or derivative thereof employed in the foregoing synthesis, additional fatty acid-specific benefits, separate from the creatine substituent, will be conferred.
Extensions and Alternatives In the foregoing specification, the invention has been described with a specific embodiment thereof; however, it will be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims (21)
1. A compound having the general structure:
wherein R is selected from the group consisting of alkanes and alkenes;
said alkanes and alkenes having from 3 to 21 carbons.
wherein R is selected from the group consisting of alkanes and alkenes;
said alkanes and alkenes having from 3 to 21 carbons.
2. The compound according to claim 1 wherein R is an alkane having 3 to 5 carbons.
3. The compound of claim 2 having a molecular weight of between about 201 and about 229.
4. The compound according to claim 1 wherein R is an alkane having 7 to 9 carbons.
5. The compound of claim 4 having a molecular weight of between about 257 and about 285.
6. The compound according to claim 1 wherein R is an alkane having 11 to 13 carbons.
7. The compound of claim 6 having a molecular weight of between about 313 and about 341.
8. The compound according to claim 1 wherein R is an alkane having 15 to 17 carbons.
9. The compound of claim 8 having a molecular weight of between about 369 and about 398.
10. The compound according to claim 1 wherein R is an alkane having 19 to 21 carbons.
11. The compound of claim 10 having a molecular weight of between about 425 and about 454.
12. The compound according to claim 1 wherein R is an alkene having at least one carbon-carbon double bond, comprising 3 to 5 carbons.
13. The compound of claim 12 having a molecular weight of between about 199 and about 227.
14. The compound according to claim 1 wherein R is an alkene having at least one carbon-carbon double bond, comprising 7 to 9 carbons.
15. The compound of claim 14 having, a molecular weight of between about 251 and about 283.
16. The compound according to claim 1 wherein R is an alkene having at least one carbon-carbon double bond, comprising 11 to 13 carbons.
17. The compound of claim 16 having a molecular weight of between about 303 and about 339.
18. The compound according to claim 1 wherein R is an alkene having at least one carbon-carbon double bond, comprising 15 to 17 carbons.
19. The compound of claim 18 having a molecular weight of between about 355 and about 396.
20. The compound according to claim 1 wherein R is an alkene having at least one carbon-carbon double bond, comprising 19 to 21 carbons.
21. The compound of claim 20 having a molecular weight of between about 407 and about 452.
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CA002577437A CA2577437C (en) | 2007-02-20 | 2007-02-20 | Creatine-fatty acids |
CA 2622478 CA2622478A1 (en) | 2007-02-20 | 2008-02-20 | Creatine-fatty acids |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CA002577437A CA2577437C (en) | 2007-02-20 | 2007-02-20 | Creatine-fatty acids |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CA2577437A1 CA2577437A1 (en) | 2007-05-21 |
CA2577437C true CA2577437C (en) | 2008-02-12 |
Family
ID=38066769
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CA002577437A Expired - Fee Related CA2577437C (en) | 2007-02-20 | 2007-02-20 | Creatine-fatty acids |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
CA (1) | CA2577437C (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2234965A4 (en) * | 2007-12-18 | 2011-01-19 | Northern Innovations And Formulations Corp | Creatinol-fatty acid esters |
-
2007
- 2007-02-20 CA CA002577437A patent/CA2577437C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA2577437A1 (en) | 2007-05-21 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US7511163B2 (en) | Creatine-fatty acids | |
WO2008101310A1 (en) | Creatine-fatty acids | |
CA2577439C (en) | Creatine-fatty acids | |
US20080200704A1 (en) | Preparation of amino acid-fatty acid amides | |
WO1999043312A1 (en) | Aqueous creatine solution and process of producing a stable, bioavailable aqueous creatine solution | |
WO2008101309A1 (en) | Creatine-fatty acids | |
US7314945B1 (en) | Creatine-fatty acids | |
CA2577437C (en) | Creatine-fatty acids | |
US20080254198A1 (en) | Method of Preparing Creatine Ester Salts and Uses Thereof | |
CA2622478A1 (en) | Creatine-fatty acids | |
CA2408528C (en) | Creatine salt having enhanced nutritional and therapeutic efficacy and compositions containing same | |
AU2001290939A1 (en) | Creatine ester pronutrient compounds and formulations | |
EP1324760A4 (en) | Creatine ester pronutrient compounds and formulations | |
Piermatti et al. | Synthesis and characterization of carnitine nitro-derivatives | |
US7714154B2 (en) | Preparation of amino acid-fatty acid anhydrides | |
US7511162B2 (en) | Preparation of amino acid-fatty acid anhydrides | |
AU733272B2 (en) | Solid compositions suitable for oral administration comprising non hygroscopic salts of L-carnitine and alkanoyl-L-carnitine with 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid | |
KR870001319B1 (en) | Preparation process of amino-carnitines | |
CA2383755C (en) | Non-hygroscopic salts of active ingredients having therapeutical and/or nutritional activities and orally administrable compositions containing same | |
BRPI0115019B1 (en) | solid compositions suitable for oral administration containing non-hygroscopic salts of l-carnitine and l-carnitines and alkanoyl with taurine chloride and glycine chloride | |
WO2008138090A1 (en) | Preparation of amino acid-fatty acid anhydrides | |
JP5072601B2 (en) | Stable salt of 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate | |
CA2621925A1 (en) | Preparation of amino acid-fatty acid anhydrides | |
CA2611532C (en) | Creatinol-fatty acid esters | |
AU2007362563A1 (en) | Creatinol-fatty acid esters |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
EEER | Examination request | ||
MKLA | Lapsed |
Effective date: 20220221 |
|
MKLA | Lapsed |
Effective date: 20220221 |