CA2560091A1 - Fastener networks - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention provides a fastener (212) for use in a network of fasteners (220). The fastener (212) has address means which serve to distinguish. the fastener (212) from the other fasteners in the network (220). The fastener (212) is adapted for distribution throughout an assembly (210), either in an ordered pattern, or to form a three~-dimensional network, or both. A network (220) or system of such fasteners is also provided.

Description

FASTENER NETWORKS
Technical Field This invention relates to fasteners. In particular, this invention relates to a particular type of network of fasteners.
s Background Art Monitoring of equipment status is becoming increasingly. important. As one example, an aircraft monitoring system has been introduced recently under the name "Airplane Health Management". The intention of such a monitoring system is to assist in streamlining aircraft maintenance and to minimise disruption to flight schedules.
A monitoring systeTa. such as the"Airplane Health Management" system desirably can carry out the functions of collecting data about the aircraft ~or other equipment being monitored and transmit the data to a central or remote processing system. For the .
aircraft example, the remote processing system may be on board the aircraft or it may be on the ground, so that problems, or potential problems, have already been identified is before the aircraft lands. Maintenance can then be ready with the necessary labour schedule and/or parts to service the aircraft.
It is understood that aircraft maintenance is a significant cost, which at present is continuing to increase. It is also understood that a 10% reduction in maintenance costs may increase net profit by up to 40%.
as It is an obj ect of this invention to facilitate monitoring systems, especially monitoring systems in aircraft, but not limited to that application. It is a further object of this invention to enable not only monitoring but also a system which enables an action to be taken in.response to the situation monitored.
Reference is made to International Patent Application No. PCTlAU20031000759, (the 2s contents of which are incorporated herein by reference) which was published as

2 W02QQ4/OOI235 ("the International Patent Application"). The International Patent Application discloses in its second aspect a network or system of fasteners, in which each fastener includes an address means to distinguish that fastener from the other fasteners in the network. The fastener can be any fastener, including the fastener disclosed in the first aspect of the invention in the International Patent Application.
The fastener in that first aspect may be intelligent and may have a second function which makes use of the intelligence or switching capacity of the fastener. An example is given of a vehicle which has several of the fasteners in intelligent form.
The fasteners have a first function which enables the fixing and releasing of light bulbs in the vehicle.
1o The fasteners have a second function, which is to sense the amount of ambient light and to turn the Light bulbs on or off depending on the amount of light sensed.
Data as to the amount of arnbient~ light is sent to a. central processor which activates the fastener according to desired criteria as to automatic switching on or off of the lights.
The International Patent Application also . discloses that the fastener may include a is sensor able to convey information as to the condition of the fastening element included in the fastener in one embodiment and the actuating means (in the same embodiment).
The sensor may sense the current state of the fastening element (engaged or disengaged). The sensor may sense to allow optimised control of the application of energy to the actuation means. The sensor may sense in order to report performance, 2o degradation or impending. failure of the fastening element or actuation means.
Disclosure of the Invention The invention provides a fastener for use in a network of fasteners, the fastener including an address means to distinguish the fastener from the other fasteners in the network and being adapted for distribution throughput the assembly, either:
2s (i) in an ordered pattern; or (ii) to form a three-dimensional network;

3 or both. The invention also provides a network of such fasteners, also referred to below as a "system".
The present invention represents a further aspect of the network of fasteners disclosed in the International Patent Application: In this further aspect, the network of fasteners has one or more of the following characterisfiics.
(a) the fasteners are distributed throughout an assembly in an ordered pattern;
(b) the fasteners are distributed throughout an assembly to form a three dimensional network. ~ .
As already indicated in the International Patent Application, the fasteners may be any Io suitable fasteners, including those disclosed in the International Patent Application.
The fastener may be any other suitable fastener. One example is the bolt assembly farming subject of International Patent Application No. PCT/AU03l001539.
Another example is the fastener forming subject of International Patent Application No.
PCT/AU2004/000371. The contents of both specifications are imported herein by ~s reference.
Tlie address means is intended to enable a network system to identify the fastener, for the purpose of establishing communications and addressing commands, such as a command to cause activation of actuating means.
The fastener may have actuating means which is any suitable actuating means and 2o which will depend to a large extent on the nature of the fastener. Examples of actuating means are as follows: magnetic (linear solenoid), magnetic (rotary solenoid), magnetic (linear actuator), magnetic (motor), piezo-elecfiric, electrostatic, thermal (shape memory alloy), thermal (bimetallic), thermal (state change), pneumatic, hydraulic, chemical, pyrotechnic or explosive, acoustic or ultrasonic, ionising radiation, ionising particles, 2s luminescent and gravitational.

4 The address means may be any suitable means but.preferably is capable of storage in a non-volatile manner, in order to resist corruption and intentional or unintentional over-writing or reprogramming. It i's also preferred that the address means does not enable more than one fastener to have the same identity, unless there is requirement for a replacement fastener to'assume the same identity as the original fastener being replaced.
By way of non-limiting example, the address. means may comprise a serial number, a communications address or a temporary conununications.address, or any combination of these.
When the address means is a serial number, this ispreferably a unique nurnber.which is 1o programmed into the fastener as part of the manufacturing process and which consequently does not change throughout the life of the fastener.
When the address means is a communications address, this is preferably a communications or network address which may be assigned to the fastener at the time of installation, or when the network is configured.
is Then the address means is a temporary communications address, this is an address which may be assigned to the fastener on a transient basis. This may be desired, for example, where the fastener is configured in a sub-network and use of the full, unique address of the fastener during a particular session will cause excessive communications traffic andlor require excessive processing overhead during the communication session.
2o The address means may enable the unique identity of the fastener to be stored in any suitable way, and in any suitable storage device. Preferably, the storage method is robust and uses known techniques, such as multiple redundant storage with checksum or . CFZC protection, reinstatement of backups on detection of errors, etc.
Preferably, the storage~method includes measures to prevent unauthorised access or tampering with the , 2s unique identity. .
Examples of storage devices are following:

Hardwiring: this includes switches, jumpers, solder blobs and soldered links.
Non-volatile memory: this includes PROM (programmable read only memory), EPROM (erasable programmable xead only memory), EBPROM (electrically erasable programmable read only memory), Flash memory, battery backed random access memory (RAM); ferromagnetic RAM and optical storage.
Storage of the unique identity may be combined with the operating program code of a microcontroller. ' Semiconductor: storage in this form can incorporate the unique serial number programmed during manufacture and capable of being read by a microcontroller.
i0 The address yr identity of the fastener may be encrypted. There are many forms of available encryption techniques which may be suitable to the present invention. By way of example, the following are mentioned.
The first example is link encryption, where each communications link in which the information may be intercepted is protected by encryption of information on that link.
is I,nformatiommay appear unencrypted or "in the clear" at communications ør control nodes, and may need to be protected by other means, such as physical access control -discussed further below - at those points.
The second example is end-to-end encryption, in which information is encrypted at its source and decrypted at its destination and does not appear "in the clear" at intermediate 2o points in the communications links.
As a third example, both end-.to-end encryption as well as transrriission over individually encrypted links may be used to result in a hybrid system.
In relation to physical access control, it may be desirable to incorporate further security 'measures to prevent unauthorised access to a system or network of fasteners of the 2s invention, especially where there is a high level of need to prevent any unauthorised party to control fasteners, change system settings ar configurations or cause damage or disruption to the system for any reason. By way of example, fasteners may attach valuable items to a vehicle or attach a door to its surround so as to lock the door.
Obviously in such circumstances unauthorised operation of the fasteners could-allow theft of the valuable items or infirusion through the door to occur.
While file encryption is one way to prevent unauthorised entry into a fastener system, there are other ways of controlling access. Some non-limiting examples are set out below.
Physical access to a system and its elements may be prevented by physically isolating the system or making it difficult to locate. For example, wiring for the system can be disguised within the loom of a vehicle. As another example, spread spectrum wireless comrnunicatiori techniques can be used to hide radiated signals amongst radio noise.
Use of spread spectrum wireless links ar other communications methods, such as optical fibres, can make ~it difficult to intercept, modify, disrupt or jam commands or communications to the system.
By way of further example, secure methods of identification may be used. For example, biometric information techniques may be used to identify authorised personnel and/or systems. Electronic security certificates may be required to authorise access by computer based systems. Valid access may require confirmation by personnel or systems by a bi-directional handshake and identity confirmation process, or by such measures as 2o call-back to an authorised telephone number or a network address, for example.
By way of further example, access to and control of fasteners may require the operator or control system to take part in a dialogue with a master control/database fox a specific access code; in order to allow control of the fastener. As well as such explicit authorisation, there may be tracking of the transaction. For example, the access code and fastener operation may be recorded in a time stamped log stored by the master control/database, by the fastener itself or by intermediate system elements.
Retrieval of such logs can permif analysis for 'audit tracking purposes.

In the system of the invention, each activating means may actuate one or more fastening elements. The system preferably includes a control means for controlling actuation of the actuating means, typically by energy from an energy source. Each control means may control one or more of the actuation means.
s It is further preferred that the system of the invention includes an intelligent controller device for controlling the control means, and, through it, the actuating means, typically in response to an external stimulus. Each intelligent controller device may control one or moze control means.
Also, in this system of the invention, it is preferred that there is an energy source for 1o providing energy to the actuating means. The energy source may include local storage of energy, such as in a battery, or externally applied energy, or a combination of both.
The system may include a sensor, which is discussed below. The system may further include an external sensing means far. determining and reporting. the condition of external elements, for example, relating to an element which is engaged by the fastener ~ 5 and the engagement condition.
The network may be constructed in any suitable manner. Preferably, the network forms a star.or a daisy chain. When the network forms a star, a power switch or processor is located in the center of the star, with each of the fasteners being separately connected to the central power switchlproeessor. In the case of a daisy chain, the connectors are 2o arranged in a series, with a power source in the chain. Optionally, a data feed may also form part of the chain, using the power cable or separate data cables.
Especially in the case of the neturork of fasteners, the fastener may include a sensor able to convey information as to the condition of the fastening element and the actuating means, including sensing the current state of the fastening element (engaged or 25 disengaged), sensing to allow optimised control of the application of energy to the actuation means and sensing in order to report performance, degradation or impending failure of the fastening element or actuation means.

A sensor may operate in a number of ways, such as by use of one or more limit switches which may employ electrical contact, magnetic, optical, capacitive or any other suitable sensing mechanism, to sense the current fastener condition (i.e., open, closed, intermediate or any one of a number of stable positions). Another example is one or more strain gauges or equivalent strain sensing devices which are installed on or in association with the fastener to sense position and condition and, having high levels of resolution, which can allow fine position determination and control. As another example, force sensors or force sensing devices may be installed on or associated with the fastener, in order to sense the force exerted on or by the fastener, and the condition of the fastener, with high levels of resolution and once again allowing fme position determination and contral. Proximity sensors or equivalent positioning sensing devices may be used to sense the position of the fastener. Temperature sensors or equivalent temperature sensing devices can be used to sense the temperature of the fastener and, .
depending on the fastener type, these may be used to optimise control of the fastener t s and to sense condition of the fastener. Qther examples of sensors wilt be apparent to one. skilled in the art.
As well as enabling reports as to fastener~position and canditian to other areas of a network system, sensors may be used to optimise fastener control operations.
Non-limiting examples are as follows.
2o In a first example, sensors in the form of limit switches are used to sense movement of the beam to the disengagement position. Power is supplied at a high level to the actuating means until the disengagement position is reached, whereupon the limit switches report this position. At that stage, power can be reduced to a lower level, being still sufficient to sustain the fastener in the disengagement position.
Qperating zs fiime, energy consumption and heating is minimised.
In a second example, a strain gauge is attached to the beam. Power can be applied at a high level to the actuating means until the beam is deflected to the disengagement position. Detection of this position by the strain gauge enables the power to be reduced to a lower level, once again being sufficient to sustain the fastener in the disengaged position, but at the same time minimising operating time, energy consumption and heating. In addition, analysis of the.degree ofbending of the beam as a function of applied power and time will allow degradation of the beam to be detected arid signal the s need' for replacement prior to complete failure.
As a variation on the second example, there may be two strain gauges on the beam, one an either side. Differential measurement allows the beam position to be determined throughout its travel, with high resolution. Common mode measurement can allow linear extension or compression of the beam to be measured and hence axial loading on 1o the beam to be determined.
As a third example, sensors may sense the contents (or lack of contents) of fastened elements and provide an appropriate response. For example, if the elements joined by the fastener are pipes, a sensor may sense presence of fluid in the pipe and refuse to disengage the pipes, even if given a command to do so. Similarly, the sensor may sense t5 electrical current in a cable joined by the fasteners and refuse to disengage if to do so would cause a dangerous situation.
In a further example, the sensor may be a local temperature probe, which can sense ambient temperature and report to an embedded processor. The processor could then calculate and distribute the appropriate amount of power required to activate the zo actuating means. Shape memary alloy is usually activated by a pulse ofpower, for example, a 150°C pulse of power. This Works well if the ambient temperature is in the range of -50°C to 75°C. However, if the ambient temperature is high, such as over 75°C, the 15D°C pulse of power may cause the shape memory wire to overheat.
Consequently, the sensor, having sensed the ambient temperature, can enable the 2s processor to work out and distribute the appropriate amount of power to the fastener, increase the operating temperature window of the system at lower ambient temperatures, or save power if the ambient temperature is already relatively high.

The system may include status indication means (such as ari LED or an audible signal), to indicate the current condition of the fastener or the external sensing means and/or any other aspect of the system.
Further, the system may include communication means far enabling an external device s or system to communicate with the fasteners of the invention in the system, both for control and fvr status reporting functions.
In one preferred embodiment, the system of the invention includes one or more fasteners together with one or more control means, one or more sensors, an energy source, an intelligent control device, a status indicator and an external sensing means.
1o In an expanded form of the system, a plurality of fastener systems as per the last mentioned preferred embodiment is networked with one or more optional communications concentrators, one or more intelligent control units and one or more master controlldatabase units. Examples of these are given below in connection with the drawings.
is It will be appreciated that the invention in its various aspects set out above has particular application areas for product assembly, product disassembly, product recycling, product servicing and maintenance.
In relation to product assembly, disassembly and product recycling, application of the invention in its various aspects is useful in relation to automobiles, for example in 2o connection with exterior trims and accessories, interior trims, air conditioning units, sound systems and auto-electrical subassemblies.
In relation to product servicing and maintenance, the fasteners of the invention can provide faster and more secure (because authorised) access to parts and subassemblies gf products or equipment for the purposes of repair, replacement or maintenance. The zs fasteners can provide a significant saving in labour, since they can reduce the average time for repair. They can also provide a cost effective and secure method of access to internal components.

The fasteners can reduce the need for skill, because the process of assembly and disassembly can be directed by a computer.
The fasteners may be networked in any way as disclosed above or in any other suitable way. For example, the fasteners may be networked by hard r~~iring or by, for example, s "blue tooth" communication or by other wireless means.
The fasteners may coritmunicate with each other and/or with a central monitor, such as a computer, in any one or more of the following ways: by cable, by wireless link, by custom radio link, "Blue Tooth", "Zigbee", "Wifi" (802.11),. inductive coupling, infra-red, microwave, visible .light or using ultra-sound or other acoustic energy.
Wireless to link may be via an external system, which then communicates with the fasteners in the network, for example by global positioning system (GPS), by SMS or MMS, by GPRS
or by Wifi to an intemet access point.
The foregoing examples are not limiting with respect to the invention.
Preferably, the network of fasteners is distributed throughout the assembly so as to is provide, essentially, a three dimensional model of the assembly:
The assembly can be chosen from a wide range of objects. For example, the assembly may be a building, a motor vehicle, an aircraft or any ofa myriad of otherobjects.
Whether the fasteners are distributed throughout the assembly in an ordered pattern or to form a three dimensional network, it is not essential that every fastener in the network is 2o mufti-functional. However, it is preferred thatevery fastener is mufti-functional.
The invention may be, particularly useful in providing to a central monitoring point an environmental picture of alI or most of the assembly at the location of each fastener.
For example, a fastener or a group of fasteners may sense ambient temperature and compare this to the temperature sensed by anotheir fastener ~or group of fasteners. The 2s comparison may activate some of the fasteners. For instance, if the assembly is a building and a temperature differential is detected by comparison of the temperature f2 reports from various fasteners or groups of fasteners, air conditioning may be activated, or one or more windows in the building may be opened or closed, or both air conditioning and windows may be activated. This can provide automatic temperature control. The fasteners may take part in the activation, for example, by releasing a s window biased to the open position. Alternately, the fasteners may report to an activating mechanism which then carries out the required task.
The network of fasteners may pass on other sensed data, for example to a computer which analyses and displays the real time situation against the ideal state.
For example, the assembly may be a building and the network of fasteners may be used to adjust the lighting levels in response to natural light availability. As another example, the fasteners in the building may detect fire at an early stage, by sensing an unacceptable rise im temperatuxe (and activate an alarm or water sprinklers, for example).
The fasteners may report overstressing or damage to a fastener in the system.and control the 5iiuation by increasing the level of fastening of adjacent fasteners or by activating 'a 1s redundant fastener: The network of fasteners may function to release a particular part of the assembly in an emergency. For example, in case of fire or explosion, the network may instruct certain fasteners to release part of the assembly such as a beam or a door if this is calculated to reduce the seriousness of the outcome of the fire or explosion.
The fasteners may have a single function in addition to the fastening function, ar some zo ..or all of the fasteners may have more than one additional function. For example, a fastener may be both heat sensitive and light sensitive as well as having its primary fastening function.
It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the invention has an extremely wide range of application. Some further examples are referred to below. . It is to be 2s understood that these are not limiting on the scope of the invention.
The assembly may be the hull of an oil tanker. The network of fasteners may be adapted to detect breach to the hull and generate an alarm.

The network of fasteners may be built into the &arne of an aircraft and sensitive to changes in temperature; thus being able to detect, at an extremely early stage, that a fire has started, for example in an electrical system. The .generation of an alarm at this early stage can enable swift action to prevent major damage.
s The network of fasteners may be built into the body of a military vehicle and be adapted to detect the presence of chemicals or.adverse biological conditions, and cause action to be taken to ensure the safety of the occupants or generate an alarm.
Especially in the case of the .fasteners disclosed in the first aspect of the International Fatent Application, the sensors may be incorporated in the fasteners in a very to economical manner. There can be virtually no extra costs in including a suitable sensor in the electronic chip controlling the fastener.
As indicated above, the response of the fastener to the sensor may be to release or fasten, or.may be to generate some other type of response, such as an alarm or activate another mechanism.
is Brief Description of the Drawings The invention will now be described in connection with certain non-limiting examples described in the attached drawings. In the drawings:
Figures 1 and 2 show in side and rear elevation respectively a first embodiment of a fastener which can be used in connection with the invention;
2o Figures 3 and 4 show in side elevation and rear elevation respectively a second embodiment of such a fastener;
Figure 5 is a block diagram of an embodiment of fastener which can be used in the networkor system of the invention;
Figure 6 is a block diagram showing an embodiment of a network of fasteners;

Figure ? is a block diagram showing a form of encryption.
Figure 8 is another block diagram showing a different form of encryption;
Figure 9 is a block diagram dealing with address means;
Figure 10 is a perspective view of aw aircraft showing an embodiment of network of s fasteners according to the invention; and.
Figure 11 shows the network of fasteners of Figure 10 excluding the aircraft.
Detailed Description of the Drawings In Figures 1 to 4, the size of the base to the fastener has been exaggerated for clarity of detail. These Figures show packaging and integration of intelligent forms of a fastener which may be used in the network of the invention. Other fasteners may be substituted.
Referring first to Figures 1 and 2, this embodiment of fastener is made of moulded plastic and the actuating means is a smart 'memory alloy wire. The fastener 10 has flexible beam I2 with at one end engagement means 14 and at the other mounting block .16.
is Engagement means 14 is wedge shaped at 15 to engage a ledge {not shown), the engagement means on a second fastener or any other suitable surface.
When shape memory alloy wire 1 ~ is heated sufficiently, it contracts, drawing wedge 15 out of engagement.
As can be seen from Figure I, shape memory alloy wire I8 is attached to circuit board 20 112 and to a conductive base 113 for earth return connection . A singje wire 114 carries power and superimposed communications and makes connection via an insulation displacement connector 116.
In, the embodiment in Figures 3 and 4, fastener 10 clips into base 118. Wire 18 connects to printed circuit board I 12, in this case integrated into fastener 10. Base accommodates a four-way ribbon cable 120 which runs through base 118 and which is crimped into place. Cable 120 carried power and communication, with connection to fastener 10 by electrical contacts 122.
Figure 5 is a block diagram of an intelligent fastener configuration, applicable to the

5 network of the invention when there are multiple fastening mechanisms. It is self explanatory.
The block diagram in Figure 6 represents a system of fasteners. Each intelligent fastener is as shown in Figure S. The communications concentrator, which is an optional element, provides a mechanism for partitioning system complexity, eg, by providing an 1o interface between a relatively costly-to-implement radio frequency network and an inexpensive RS-485 network which interconnects a number ofthe fasteners via a.
subnetwork. The subnetwork may use any communications which may also be useful for the.intelligent fastener, such~as uni-directional, bi-directional, full duplex, half duplex, simplex, point-to-point, network, asynchronous and synchronous, via such 15 techniques as electromagnetic radiation, radio (AM or FM}~ magnetic coupling, low frequency RF, microwave radio, spread spectrum radio, light (visible, infrared}, optical fibre, electrical {wire, cable} or sonic {ultrasonic, audible or infra-sound}.
The intelligent control unit may be a discrete device, an integrated circuit, a microcontroller,.a microcomputer, a programmable logic device, a hybrid integrated zo circuit, an application specific integrated circuit, a printed wiring assembly or an embedded PC.
The optional sensing mechanism may be binary, rnulti-state or linear and operate by any of the following techniques: electrical (switch, contact, strain gauge, piezo-electric, piezo-resistive,, magneto-resistive, resistive), magnetic/Hall effect, capacitive, optical zs acoustic/ultrasonic or mechanical.
The status indication may be optical, acoustic or mechanical.

The control mechanism may also be binary, mufti-state or linear. It may operate by techniques such as electrical (swirch, relaylcontactor,~semiconductor, transistor, FET, thyristor, mechanical (lever, valve, piston} or biological (human or animal).
The energy source and optional starage may be local, external or a combination, using a s technique such as primary or secondary cell or battery, mains derived power, capacitor orsupercapacitor, electromagnetic radiation (RF or light), inductive coupling, acoustic, chemical, fuel cell, gravity, mechanical, kinetic or biological.
Turning now to Figure 7, this illustrates a form of link encryption, in which each communications link where the information (address data) may be intercepted is ~ o protected by encryption of information on that link.
Figure 7 shows a form of end-to-end encryption, where information is encrypted at its source and decrypted at its destination.
Figure 9 shows storage of a unique identity for a fastener, using a microcontroller-based intelligent controller which incorporates internal program code memory programmed 1s with a unique serial number during manufacture. Also included is an EEPROM
which stores a network address programmed as part of installation and commissioning.
Each of these is stored redundantly with checksum protection.
Figure 10 shows an assembly which is an aircraft 210 having a network of fasteners 220 (refer Figure 1 I ) distributed throughout the aircraft. Each fastener .212 (some only are 20 labelled) has a primary function of holding the, aircraft assembly 210 , together. The fasteners 212 are within some cases within the aircraft 2I0, in other cases just beneath the internal or external skin 214 of the aircraft 210 and in other cases penetrating the skin 214 (similarly to a rivet} on a conventional aircraft assembly.
It is an option that other fasteners (not shown} are included in aircraft 210 but are not 2s part of the network of fasteners 220. Some of these fasteners which are not part of network of fasteners 220 may be present in case of need (redundancy) or may not be part of the network of the fasteners 220 for some other reason.

Fasteners 212 in network 220 may, for example, report on whether those fasteners 212 which hold engine 21 fi to mounting , 21 ~ are stressed in any way. If any stress is detected, other fasteners 212 in the vicinity of the stressed fasteners may increase the degree of fastening in order to make up for any shortcoming in fastening by the stressed fastener or fasteners.
Similarly, fasteners 212 located between skin 214 and the aircraft lining (not shown may report on any significant rise in temperature, which may indicated commencement of a fire, for example in electrical cabling.
Industrial Applicability io As the above description amply demonstrates, the invention in its various aspects represents a. major advance in the art and is readily applicable industrially.

Claims (34)

Claims

1. A fastener for use in a network of fasteners in an assembly, the fastener including an address means to distinguish the fastener from the other fasteners in the network and being adapted for distribution throughout the assembly, either:
(i) in an ordered pattern; or (ii) to form a three-dimensional network;
or both.

2. The fastener of Claim 1 which includes an actuating means chosen from the group: magnetic (linear solenoid), magnetic (rotary solenoid), magnetic (linear actuator), magnetic (motor), piezo-electric, electrostatic, thermal (shape memory alloy), thermal (bimetallic), thermal (state change), pneumatic, hydraulic, chemical, pyrotechnic or explosive, acoustic or ultrasonic, ionising radiation, ionising particles, luminescent, gravitational, magneto-restrictive and electro-restrictive.

3. The fastener of Claim 1 or 2, wherein the address means is chosen from the group: a serial number, a communications address, a temporary communications address and a combination of any two or all of the foregoing.

4. The fastener of Claim 3, wherein the address means is stored on the fastener by a storage means chosen from the group: hard wiring, non-volatile memory and semiconductor.

5. The fastener of any one of Claims 1 to 4, wherein the address means includes encryption of the address.

6. The fastener of Claim 5, wherein encryption is by link encryption, end-to-end encryption or both.

7. The fastener of any one of Claims 1 to 6 which includes means adapted to enable the fastener to detect and/or report on one or more of the following:
(a) locked or unlocked status of the fastener;
(b) proper insertion of a fastening component.

8. A system including a plurality of fasteners of any one of Claims 1 to 7.

9. The system of Claim 8, which includes one or more information processing means.

10. The system of Claim 8 or 9, which includes one or mere switching means.

11. The system of any one of Claims 8 to 10, which includes one or more control means, one or more sensors, an energy source, an intelligent control device and a status indicator.

12. A network including a plurality of systems as claimed in any one of Claims 8 to 11, at least one communications concentrator, at least one intelligent control unit and at least one master control/database unit.

13. A network of fasteners including a plurality of fasteners of any one of Claims 1 to 7.

14. The network of Claim 13, which includes one or more information processing means.

15. The network of Claim 13 or 14, which includes one or more switching means.

16. The network of any one of Claims 13 to 15, which includes one or more control means, one or more sensors, an energy source, an intelligent control device and a status indicator.

17. The network of any one of Claims 13 to 16, which includes at least one communications concentrator, at least one intelligent control unit and at least one master control/database unit.

18. The network of any one of Claims 13 to 17, wherein the fasteners are networked by hard wiring or by wireless means.

19. The network of Claim 18, wherein the wireless means is chosen from the group consisting of wireless link, radio link, inductive coupling, infra-red, microwave, visible light and ultra-sound.

20. The network of Claim 18, wherein the wireless link includes a global positioning system, SMS, MMS, GPRS, or WiFi to an internet access point.

21. The network of any one of Claims 13 to 20, wherein the fasteners are distributed throughout the assembly to provide a three-dimensional model of the assembly.

22. The network of any one of Claims 13 to 21, wherein the assembly is a building, a motor vehicle, a water craft or an aircraft or any other manufactured product.

23. The network of any one of Claims 13 to 22, wherein at least some of the fasteners are multifunctional, having at least.one function in addition to a fastening function.

24. The network of Claim 23, wherein the multifunctional fasteners have more than one additional function.

25. The network of Claim 24, wherein each multifunctional fastener includes a sensor.

26. The network of Claim 25, wherein the sensor is adapted to sense tight, heat, sound or a chemical substance, vibration, stress or humidity.

27. The network of any one of Claims 13 to 26, which includes a first group of multifunctional fasteners and a second group of multifunctional fasteners.

28. The network of Claim 27, wherein the first group of fasteners is adapted to generate data for comparison with data generated by the second group of fasteners.

29. The fastener of any one of Claims 1 to 7 which includes:
{a) a fastening element having a flexible beam and an engagement means; and (b) actuating means attached to the fastening element and including a material adapted to contract when activated.

30. The fastener of claim 29, wherein the engagement means is a wedge projecting from the beam.

31. The fastener claimed in Claim 29 or 30, wherein the material adapted to contract when activated is chosen from the group: shape memory wire, shape memory strip and shape memory alloy in sputter form.

32. The fastener claimed in Claim 31, wherein the shape memory alloy is wholly or substantially a titanium-nickel alloy.

33. A system substantially as herein described with reference to any of the drawings thereof.

34. A network substantially as herein described with reference to any of the drawings thereof.