CA2551727A1 - Gravitational electrolysis and molecular separator using moving electrodes, peripheral water entry and methods of hydrogen safety - Google Patents

Abstract

An electro-hydrogen generator consisting of a rotary-driven cylindrical vessel which produces gravities of sufficient magnitude to promote the elimination of the bubble blanket that causes increased resistance in standard electrolysis. A high speed movement of electrodes is used to facilitate the separation of hydrogen gas and oxygen from an electrolytic solution. The external electrodes, comprising a cathode nearer the center and an anode nearer the periphery separated from each other by a fixed bar within a slot, move outward from the center of the cylindrical vessel toward the periphery of the vessel as the cylinder spins centrifugally. The movement of the charges creates increased potential difference with the electrolytes, facilitating the dissociation and migration of the hydrogen and oxygen molecules within the solution. Water is added peripherally to replace the spent electrolyte, maintaining electrolyte concentration and conductivity at suitable levels. Safety measures are also disclosed due to the explosive nature of hydrogen gas. These measures include shunting the hydrogen gas via vents, blowers, venturi outlets and turbines; using domed or slanted ceilings to collect leaked hydrogen from enclosed spaces; and using a secondary bag or chamber to trap escaped hydrogen.

Description

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GRAVITATIONAL ELECTROLYSIS AND MOLECULAR SEPARATOR USING
MOVING ELECTRODES, PERIPHERAL WATER ENTRY AND METHODS OF
HYDROGEN SAFETY

SPECIFICATION
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The principle of gravitational electrolysis has been known since at least as early as 1929 A cylinder containing electrolyte is rotated at a very high speed, which facilitates dissociation of the electrolyte, producing oxygen and hydrogen as well as generating an increased potential energy between an insulated, central cathode and a peripheral anode.
An artificial gravity force is thus generated, and consequently hydrated cations and anions that have different masses, separate. The heavier ions will be influenced by the increased gravitational field more then the lighter ions, and in addition will be attracted to the opposite electrode. Thus at completion the hydrogen ions will be central and close to the cathode, the negative ions peripheral. If the value of the potential difference is large enough, the hydrated shells of the light ions will be deformed and will come close enough to the cathode to be discharged. For equilibrium to be maintained the negatively charged ions will give away their charge to the anode and a potential difference will occur. If the gravitational force is strong enough, an electric current is created by the ongoing oxidation-reduction chemical reaction on the electrodes. The electricity generated can be I

carried to a capacitor, or used to maintain the reaction.

In some prior prototype devices intended to harness gravitational electrolysis, the lengths of the cathode electrodes are different for each cylindrical electrode because of the shape of the central cylinder but the distance between the anode and cathode is fixed. In order for electrolytic generation of hydrogen to be efficient the charges must be sufficiently close together. Currently this entails the use of very narrow chambers.

As noted in prior descriptions of this kind of process, the process of water dissociation into hydrogen and oxygen by ionic restoration is accompanied by solution enthalpy. The reaction is endothermic and the heat differential can be utilized to further increase the efficiency of the apparatus. The resulting solution temperature is constantly decreasing and the solution would freeze if this heat loss is not compensated. This cooled fluid can be collected in a closed system such as circular tubing. The device acquires features of a thermo-chemical generator of electric current that works with the by-product of free hydrogen and oxygen. Use of an external heat pump is required if the process carries on long enough, or heated water can be introduced directly.

Rotating objects are endowed with angular momentum, and the latter is proportional to the rotation rate and the distribution of mass around the axis of rotation.
Angular momentum is conserved, (can neither be created nor destroyed) and therefore as the gases separate, the heaviest matter remaining, i.e. the electrolyte is furthest from the axis; as well the electrodes are moving peripherally. The spin rate would be reduced unless compensated by mechanical means. This is relevant only if the critical rotation speed is reduced; i.e. there needs to be reserve rotational speed beyond the calculated speed for that particular apparatus. Conversely the nearness of the two electrodes reduces to some extent, the required rotational speed for a given cylinder diameter. The polarity of the electrodes is interchangeable.

The main improvement in efficiency by employing gravitational electrolysis is due to the reduction in electrical resistance by reducing the obstacle of the bubble blanket. With normal electrolysis when current density is increased to increase the production of gas, the collection of bubbles at the electrodes unduly increases the electrical resistance of the cells. To overcome this limitation the centrifugal force promotes mass transport and the separation of gas bubbles. This is accomplished by manipulating the multiple phase system of water electrolysis. Here the fluid dynamic behavior is controlled by the interphase buoyancy term (delta pg). If this is large, the interphase slip velocity will be high. Intensified mass transport conditions can be achieved, and the net result is that bubbles disengage more effectively from the electrodes, virtually eliminating gas blanketing. Also the greater bubble buoyancy energy released at the electrode enhances the local heat/mass transfer coefficients. (See Cheng et al, journal of The Electrochemical Society, 149 (11) D 172-177 2002, 2003) There have been no studies of the hydrodynamics of bubble buoyancy under gravitational energy. If a clear cylinder was employed in a prototype one could investigate that instead of spherical bubbles with oscillations, the bubbles would be transposed into a needlefish-shaped configuration with no oscillations; the oxygen bubble should be wider than the hydrogen. This would enable the bubbles to go through a mesh electrode more easily.
In the present invention, a centrifuge containing electrolyte is rotated at a high speed. A
current is applied to the electrodes. The gravities produced cause an increased potential energy between an insulated, central cathode and an anode. When the anode is reasonably close to the cathode, there is an easier rupture of the hydrated dipoles and separation into the component gases. As a central shell of hydrogen grows bigger around the movable cathode and a suitably distanced movable anode, (controlled by an electromagnetic device or mechanical piston, for example) the two electrodes move away from the center to the periphery of the cylinder, continually providing a short distance of migration of the described ions.

The moving electrodes can be calibrated to move in very small increments thus facilitating transfer of ions. This movement continually modifies the distance and balances the on-going production of the hydrogen and oxygen in gaseous form.
Continual compensating movements via feedback sensors and optimization loop algorithms can be programmed into the system, taking into account factors such as bubble formation, conductivity, and current density all effecting the rate of gaseous production. Apart from such minor optimizing adjustments during the process, the movement of the electrodes is generally away from the central colunm as the electrolysis proceeds. Since the central shaft is collecting an increasing column of hydrogen and oxygen around it, the electrodes must move father away to permit efficient use to the fullest capacity possible, of the diameter of the vessel and maximum conversion of the remaining electrolyte to the above gases The moving electrodes need to be resistant, for example to 30% sulphuric acid, or concentrated potassium hydroxide and thus would require suitable grade stainless steel or other conductive electrodes resistant to corrosion.

Since these electrodes are supported top and bottom by the cylinder and are subject to outward bending in the center by the centrifugal force, they have a truss construction to limit their bending. The electrodes also need to be carefully balanced.

The surface areas of the electrodes can be increased by various ways. It is also possible to string a loose stainless steel net or mesh between the electrodes to give a greater area of electrical conduction as the electrodes move outwards and farther apart. The mesh then would become tighter as the circumference increased. The mesh has to be flexible enough to unwind or travel over a round rod. Since the outer casing of the cylinder is isoelectric with the anode, as the anode approaches the outer wall of the cylinder, the casing and moving anode would act together electrically; thus the movable anode does not have to touch but merely come close to the inside wall of the cylinder for completion of the process. Similarly the movable cathode is isoelectric with the central plenum shaft.
Besides using a stainless steel mesh there are various ways to keep the moving electrodes traveling away from the central shell of hydrogen and oxygen to take advantage of the concentrated electrolyte. The vertical electrode rods can be constructed in a series of overlapping plates instead of a continuous plate, and have the plates from the next quadrant electrode, quadrant "A" meshing through the spaces between quadrant B." In this way the electrodes are kept in juxtaposition away from the ever-expanding hydrogen and oxygen rings, and are continually immersed in the electrolyte.
Unfolding electrodes similar to an oriental fan will also increase the surface area. The theoretical travel of the cathode would be stopped just before the maximum ring of gaseous production and the electrolyte would remain concentrated. In this intermittent form of electrolysis the electrodes are constantly coming into contact with more concentrated electrolyte as the gases are produced. Hydrogen would be formed at the closest point of the cathode and increasing the contacting area would only be necessary if the speed of completion became a factor, and this is unimportant in the prototype, but becomes important in a commercial model. This is an intermittent method because the apparatus has to be stopped, the gases removed and water replenished. As discussed above the electrodes need to be manufactured using a porous material to facilitate the free migration of the hydrogen and oxygen ions Anther method of enabling the cathode to be closer to the anode is to construct the central cathode with a series of attached cathode discs in such a way that the first disc is closest to the anode and each successive disc is progressively further away from the anode, but again not close enough to impinge on the expanding rings of gases. Stationary or expanding discs of different sizes to facilitate the migration and separation of the gases can accomplish this. Simpler is having the electrodes move toward the periphery as described earlier.

If a continuous system of hydrogen production is employed the heat pump described above is necessary, or the replacement water has to be heated. However, if an intermittent type of production is employed a row of cylinders is used and after the gaseous production is completed, the first gravitational unit is slowed and the gases are removed separately by virtue of their different densities by earth's gravity rather than the rotational gravity. While this is transpiring a gang of successive cylinders are individually rotated by the same mechanical source. In this way the solution enthalpy is dependent in part on the temperature of the added water and the cylinder diameter. Thus water stored on a roof in Southern California would not be as likely to require a heat pump as a plant in the far north, given the same dimension and rotational speed of the invention.

There is a constant relationship between the diameter of the cylinder and the distance between the two electrodes. This is also influenced by other factors such as rotational speed and electrolyte concentration and density. Other than movable electrodes this can also be accomplished by permanent multiple mesh electrodes set an appropriate distance apart respecting the above variables. Initially the central mesh is a cathode, the next mesh an anode. As the electrolytic solution shrinks the original anode becomes the cathode and so on. This continues until the solution has been converted to hydrogen and oxygen, leaving only concentrated electrolyte behind. Switching can be a timer-solenoid device or a moving carriage. In a smaller diameter cylinder this switching is not necessary. There is an advantage in that electrolysis starts as soon as rotation begins. The innermost area of both electrodes is smaller than when the electrodes are closer to the outside of the cylinder, thus a constant current applied to the center electrodes has a relatively larger current density, given the same amperage and voltage input.

A moving electrode also furthers increased mobility of the ions by virtue of increasing viscous shear in the system. As the system gains acceleration, material in the innermost region lose more gravitational support and the hydrogen falls inward. The heavier ions fall outwardly, and as they spiral out, the angular momentum vector force is shifted to the periphery. This ionic slipping adds to the shear, and viscous shear occurs to some extent whenever there is relative motion in a fluid. Laminar flow occurs at low Reynolds numbers, where viscous forces are dominant, and is characterized by smooth, constant fluid motion, while turbulent flow, on the other hand, occurs at high Reynolds numbers and is dominated by inertial forces, producing random eddies, vortices and other flow fluctuations. This transition between laminar and turbulent flow is indicated by a critical Reynolds number and is of some importance here as the introduction of moving electrodes invites a certain amount of turbulence at the tip of the anode. As disruption continues at the boundary layer of the anode there is a slight decrease in viscosity and this resulting turbulence further aids the migration of the positive and negative ions in their travel to the opposite electrodes respectively.

Once the reaction is completed and the rotation slowed, the hydrogen, lightest of the gases produced can be drawn off through a series of perforations in the central cathode, the oxygen to follow.

In this way, for a given current density the most efficient distance between electrodes for gravitational electrolysis to occur is determined and that distance carried out throughout the excursion of the two electrodes in concert. The diameter of the cylinder does not come into play as much other than the height and weight of the apparatus relative to the rotational speeds that are necessary to create the required gravitational field. Large cylinders can thus be used to produce large quantities of gases.

This distance is relative to the above factors as well as the diameter of the said cylinder, and thus the theoretical gaseous production for that particular system.

In utilizing these expanding electrodes, the central portion of the cylinder consists of a supporting solid stainless steel shaft to rotate the apparatus. A steel cylinder is outside this shaft to function as a plenum. This electrically insulated wall is isoelectric with the cathode. This second shaft has perforations in the upper portion to conduct the produced gases out of the electrolyte and eventually the cylinder; the perforations are closed by a second sliding or rotational cylinder acting as a valve. In an intermittent type of generator this also allows introduction of fresh water and/or electrolyte. The cylinder is equipped with inlet and outlet ports to allow for delivery and extraction of hydrogen immediately and oxygen secondly. There are also plugs for drainage and entry of solution.

Moving electrodes in a gravitational hydrogen generator have advantages to the fixed anode and cathode of prior intermittent gravitational hydrogen generator devices. These advantages apply even for very small ultracentrifuge implementations, and would increase for larger systems. In the intermittent type of generator, the electrodes start in close approximation to the central cylinder; when the unit first starts up electrolysis begins before the heavier electrolyte is thrown outwards. A current of given amperage and voltage has a greater current density near the center where the electrode surface area is less. This results in less travel for the migration and separation of hydrogen and oxygen molecules and efficient use of the electrolyte before maximum velocity is reached. As the unit gains velocity the resistance from the bubble blanket is reduced and greater conductivity ensues. Nagai et al. (2003) found out that there is an optimum electrode space under high current densities. While the current density is small, the efficiency of water electrolysis becomes larger as electrodes space decreases, since the electric resistance between electrodes decreases. When the current density is rather high and the space is rather small, however, the void fraction between electrodes gets rather large resulting in increasing electric resistance between electrodes, and then decreasing the efficiency of water electrolysis. This latter effect probably breaks down under gravitational electrolysis, but there should be an optimal current density for certain rotational speeds.

Continuous system:

Based on the results of different speeds and distances of electrode travel, an efficient distance between electrodes for any given implementation can be determined that would enable an efficient continuous formation of hydrogen and oxygen with a corresponding injection of water to balance the above production. It is essential that in introducing the replacement water it must be delivered peripherally. This is accomplished by constructing a second cylinder, a water chamber outside the unit. This common wall has small holes drilled to enable the water to enter under pressure to replace the used water in a continuous fashion. If water was introduced centrally the lighter water molecules would not mix with the heavier electrolyte, and therefore conductivity would be markedly diminished, as the heavier electrolyte is central and more distant from the electrodes where the concentration is critical. By peripheral introduction the water molecules are forced through the concentrated electrolyte and will become converted to electrical dipoles. There can be added mixing if necessary, and thus the centrifuge would not have to be slowed down. In a similar manner, in an intermittent system, once an ideal distance is found for the variables such as cylinder diameter, rotational speed, electrolyte changing concentration, electrolyte mesh and surface area, the electrodes are then positioned in such a way that further movement is not necessary. A circular winding of pipe with holes inside the chamber will accomplish the same thing. It is important that the holes be graduated with smaller holes near the supply and larger and more numerous ones at the distal end of the delivery system. In this way water replacement is balanced throughout the cylinder. Entry is facilitated by the water pressure needed to overcome the gravities generated. Alternately, to prevent back flow, an ion exchange membrane can cover the holes or a hinged rubber strips can be placed over a line of holes in the anode and one side of the flap elevated by increased water pressure. A check valve can prevent back flow into water system but otherwise the water pressure has to be kept equal to the gravities, and these pressures are high. When a given amount of gases are produced the ambient pressure can be raised to permit water replacement and a flap system can be utilized in an intermittent water replacement situation, (but still a continuous gaseous generation system) functioning similar to a swimming pool being filled when evaporation lowers the level, triggering the water valve to open. The efficiency can be improved in this intermittent type of water replacement. When the electrolyte reaches a low level the electric power to the unit is lowered and the rpms decrease. This allows for both lower water psi to overcome the gravities and better mixing, either enhanced by cathode slowing in relation to the anode, or not. In either case the electrolyte is being replaced and electrolysis continues at an initially slower rate but higher concentration.
The velocity is then brought up to produce the required gravities and continuous production is maintained. It is possible to use ion exchange membranes as well. The holes can be drilled in a spiral manner and then using electrodeionization by applying a direct current across the anion membrane and the cation membrane. Alternately the psi of the entering water can balance the usage, and if correct would prevent backflow without the above measures.

The electrodes should be manufactured in such a fashion to permit constant travel of the hydrogen and oxygen. This is accomplished by using electrodes made in a mesh or sieve form, using metal, graphite or carbon materials for example. Special electrodes such as graphite or platinum can be used for special situations such as ozone production.

Other electrolytic solutions can be utilized such as ethyl alcohol. These variations are not critical to the main purpose of the invention, but when the electrolytes are heavier than water, the electrolyte will begin to sequestrate from the water as the gravities increase;
the heavier the electrolyte the greater this effect will be and the less the conductivity between the electrodes. A solid electrolyte can be employed and this has the advantage that the water can be injected centrally. For larger units, liquid is cheaper and unless use is specific such as for ozone production, a solid electrode is impractical. In addition a solid electrode would flatten out against the anode but the cathode would have to be pliant enough to contact the distorted solid electrolyte under the centrifugal outward force. A solid electrolyte is composed of either a conductive organic polymer or inorganic ceramic solid electrolyte, or a gel-like solid electrolyte (a "gel electrolyte") in which matrix polymers are impregnated with electrolytic solution. In both types the electrolyte is fixed, and would have to be such as to prevent destruction under gravitational force. Using highly conductive electrodes helps the process and a number of these are available, such as nickel sponge or carbon fiber mats. Larger surface area electrodes can be used, and diagram number 16 illustrates this. If the electrodes are closer than they need be, or if the mesh is not open enough there is an increased bubble blanket leading to increased electrical resistance and slower transport of the elongated bubbles towards the center. Thus bubble behavior, drag forces, trajectory and evolutions become important considerations in the exact design selected. It is important to check under appropriately safe conditions that, when influenced by centrifugal force, the distorted oxygen bubble can be directed by electric repulsion through a larger space in the cathode or if the force is so great that the bubble would collide with a bar of the mesh, given the enormous forces generated by the unit. Note that a ten fold increase in rpms translates into one hundred times the gravitational force. For example, a rotor spinning @1000 rpms generates 157 gravities (relative centrifugal force) but increased to 10,000 rpms the g is 15,700!

Little hard data is available concerning the efficiency of gravitational electrolysis. In the publication by Cheng et al he states that a I OOkA cell operating with a bubble overvoltage of 0.3 V has a potential energy saving of 30kW whereas the equipment rotor required approximately 2kW to rotate at around 700 rpm. His cell worked best @
80C.
but it was not known if higher g. values would partially negate the temperature factor. At some point the curve (production rate) will flatten as the concentration of electrolyte falls as a result of the increased gravities. Also this 28 x net does not address the cost of purifying water in a commercial unit. It is possible to add a centrifuge for water purification to the unit, and there are various options available that are not the subject of the invention. However since the ideal rate of electrolysis is not known, the potential exists to use the same motor to drive a separate centrifuge water purification unit either in an intermittent fashion or by increasing the motor HP in a continual manner.
To help keep the electrodes clean, disposable envelopes or cylinders over them could be removed as necessary; back flushing is available and also using replacement cylindrical electrodes while the first one is being cleaned are other options. Water feed requirements concerning heavy metals; chlorine, calcium carbonate etc are important to protect the electrodes but are not the subject of the invention.

In order to separate the two pure gases different lengths of tubing are utilized, one leading from the hydrogen zone to a collecting chamber and in a similar way, from the oxygen zone to a second collecting chamber. The tubes cannot be close to the floor level of the cylinder as at rest the electrolyte would flow into the hydrogen chamber. The gases can also be collected by a shunt positioned externally at a predetermined position and piped to secondary "storage" chambers. In a continuous system the hydrogen is pure but at any given moment the oxygen has lighter hydrogen molecules traveling through the higher density oxygen ring on their way to the hydrogen ring. Separation of this small amount of hydrogen can be done by electrical current interruption to cease electrolysis or any hydrogen can be removed in a second stage by either slowing down the unit or directing the oxygen to an external gravity separator, by virtue of their different densities. If the two gases are to be used together this is not relevant other than from the very important safety factor. A cone shaped plenum will also tend to send the heavier oxygen toward the apex, allowing further separation of the two gases.

This method is not limited to the production of only the gases discussed.
There are many patents using standard electrolysis that can be markedly improved by utilizing gravitational forces to aid the dissociation of molecules. For example, respecting patent 6,984,304 relating to the production of concentrated ozone; by using gravitational electrolysis and an anode gas-releasing mechanism consisting of a porous supported hydrophobic membrane and a similar cathode, efficiency of converting oxygen into the triatomic molecule ozone is enhanced. The heavier ozone molecule spins out even faster than oxygen. This results in ozone production that is greater than with stationary electrolysis. (A six fold economic disadvantage to traditional coronal production). By using gravitational electrolysis as described in this patent it is therefore possible to produce ozone by more economical means and without the disadvantages of coronal discharge. (e.g. nitrous oxide).

Separation of various elements can be achieved by setting the electrodes in such a position to capture a known weight from a heavier or lighter weighted element in the same solution. The unwanted portion can then be removed preferentially (or the wanted portion preferentially) once the separation has been achieved. In a parallel situation, targeted ions or charged molecules dissolved in an electrolyte can be separated by their weight and the electrodes adjusted to preferentially attach a metal or protein to the electrode. The electrode is moved into a known position for separation from the involved fluid mixture. For instance a particular target protein could be removed in greater volume by precise placement of the electrodes and then switching on an appropriate current to extract only that particular protein.This aspect of the invention is of use in the metallurgical and pharmaceutical industries for example. Contaminants such as titanium, vanadium and nickel can be removed from crude oil, and iron particles from used oil in remote locations if practical.

The water chamber will selectively separate out deuterium that is a by product of the process; this isotope can be drained from the water chamber periodically.

SAFETY FEATURES

Since hydrogen is four times lighter than helium and as it is explosive at a 4%
concentration, (propane @1% concentration for comparison) certain safeguards to prevent explosion are necessary. Because of the element's lightness, leaks are more prevalent than with other gases. Taking advantage of the lightness, appropriate methods for safety are mandatory. Designing a garage housing a hydrogen powered vehicle, for example involves sloping the ceilings to an apex with a vent capable of discharging any escaped hydrogen outside. This can be a dome, a slanted ceiling or slanted triangular shaped preferably. In addition there are available detection devices to start a blower and simultaneously alert the owner by electronic means, such as an audible alarm, telephone or recording device. This type of a unidirectional ceiling can be utilized in any hydrogen production or utilization device such as a boat, vehicle, furnace or electric generator device, for example. In the interior of a contained structure, the above ceiling of the chamber can be vented away from any electrical contact locations using a plenum to the outside wall or the roof of the building. Venting can be assisted by an outside blower (with the motor away from any escaped gas) or outside circulating turbine. It is important that any parking garages are inspected and cleared for use of hydrogen powered vehicles, as a pocket of gas can remain trapped under the roof.

Airplane use of hydrogen power demands special protection devices. Since the fuel load is lighter than present aviation gasoline, use of this fuel is worth consideration. (Not the subject of this invention). In an air crash, the hydrogen would explode upwards and often behind the aircraft. Hydrogen is actually a safer fuel in a crash than heavier-than-air gasoline that commonly jettisons all over the cabin and passengers. Having a fire behind and upwards from the final stopping place of the crash site offers some protection to the passengers and with proper measures and in certain situations can be safer than jet fuel.
Safety devices regarding leakage are important, as small leaks can lead to larger pockets.
Detection of a leak involves manufacturing an outside container around the hydrogen containing tanks. This can be a lined wing segment in an aircraft or boat for example or a second bag around the primary holding tank. Any leak can be detected by the available aforementioned devices or a pressure sensing device if the fuel is compressed.
The offending tank in question is switched to be the only tank for fuel delivery to the engine.
In addition, the outer fuel protection tank is vented from this secondary surrounding bag or chamber to the wing tip and any leaking hydrogen will be discharged as far away from the engine as possible. When the alarm is triggered valves or doors in the aforementioned compartment are opened to a main discharge conduit that services all the hydrogen fuel tanks. An outside flap is opened and the venturi effect of the atmosphere will quickly aid in evacuating the concerned space without a blower.

The joints transporting hydrogen are subject to leakage through vibration and normal wear. Covering each joint with an outside decompressed safety bag will trap hydrogen escape, and again sensors triggered by expansion will notify the operator of a vehicle, boat, room or aircraft of the leak. In the case of aircraft, for example, these joints are hidden and by running a spiral wire through the length of a bulging detection bag, the shape of the hidden structure will reveal a change from flat when empty to ellipsoid when full that can be confirmed by industrial X ray if necessary. The bag is secured at each end by a strong rubber ring or clamp, and in the case of joints emanating from a tank or pump for example, the part concerned is constructed with a scalloped flange to fit the end of the bag with the appropriate clamp.

DISTRIBUTION OF FORMED PRODUCTS

The oxygen and hydrogen formed are manufactured under a certain pressure resulting from the speed and intensity of the reaction. It is not necessary to further compress the gases under certain conditions. The separate hydrogen and oxygen gases are produced at an ambient pressure and temperature and can be used immediately in one situation or piped to a central manifold for distribution to "n" number of units. The slave gravitational unit can then be switched on to produce the required gas on demand, the appropriate manifold valve is opened by an electronic switch (if more than one unit is being supplied) and then the end use hydrogen consuming device is started to produce heat, electricity or a hydrogen turbine or any other use that may be required. The hydrogen generation device has to be large enough to provide enough gas to satisfy all demands of the manifold if all terminal units are in the demand mode at the same time.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In the present invention, producing gases intermittently, a centrifuge containing electrolyte is rotated at a high speed. A current is applied to the electrodes. The gravities produced cause rapid bubble transport and lowered electrical resistance between an insulated, central cathode and an anode at a suitable distance from the cathode. Both electrodes move outwards as electrolysis proceeds. When the anode is reasonably close to the cathode, there is an easier rupture of the hydrated dipoles and separation into the component gases. Movement of the electrodes is controlled by an electromagnetic device or mechanical piston, for example. The movement away from the center to the periphery of the cylinder continually provides a shorter distance of migration of the described ions.
In the continuous gravitational electrolysis unit, a water chamber or other methods of delivering water peripherally, enables water replacement to the depleted water portion of the electrolyte so that concentration is maintained and therefore conductivity between the electrodes is maintained. If water were to enter centrally, as it is lighter than the electrolyte it would layer outside the electrolyte and subsequently there is electrolyte dilution decreasing the conductivity of the central electrode. Water replacement volume is balanced by the ongoing oxidation-reduction reaction rate of gaseous production.
Other uses for molecular separation, such as for ozone production are described.

Since hydrogen is explosive and leaks are more difficult to stop then other denser gases, safety measures to minimize risk by shunting away the light hydrogen are outlined.

The hydrogen, rather than from a tertiary production facility and secondary distribution system, is manufactured from an end point unit and produced gases are directly shunted to the utilization device such as a gas turbine, fuel cell or for example, an internal combustion engine (see US Patent 5,143,025) The invention provides a device for facilitating an electrolytic process comprising:
a) a rotary-driven vessel capable of holding an electrolytic solution;

b) electrodes, that is, an cathode and an anode, at least one of which electrodes is movable with respect to the other during an electrolytic process performed by the device;

c) control means for positioning the moveable electrodes at various positions during the electrolytic process, where moving either or both of the moveable electrode would increase the rate of electrolysis;

d) inlet means for introducing water to a porous anode adjacent to a side wall of the rotary-driven vessel, in which water enters through a common wall of the cylinder or through coiled tubes, and openings of variable size and location are made to equalize the distribution of water to an entire wall of the porous anode.

An alternative arrangement is to have, instead of moving electrodes, a movable carriage or timed solenoid switches make electrical contact with multiple fixed mesh electrodes, whereby linear or circular electrodes are powered selectively from the center outwards to facilitate more efficient electrolysis.

Further elements and arrangement in a preferred embodiment comprise:

a) water enters through a common wall of the cylinder or through coiled tubes, and openings of variable size and location are made to equalize the distribution of water to an entire wall of the porous anode;

b) the inlet means introduces water that is lighter in relation to an electrolyte in the device, and that preferentially migrates medially in order to mix effectively, forming dipoles and maintaining superior conductivity than if water were introduced centrally within the rotary-driven vessel;

c) a central plenum or shaft carries water and electric wires and facilitates transfer of produced gases and replacement of water and electrolyte;

d) a cone shaped plenum with or without a membrane further separates the two gases;
e) hydrogen utilization shunting means include at least one of vents, blowers, venturi outlets and turbines, in order to take advantage of the density of hydrogen;

f) the rotary-driven vessel is a cylindrical centrifuge or other vessel that increases the rate of electrolysis by reducing bubble blanketing and solution resistance.

g) the device has an inlet for supplying the electrolytic solution to the vessel and an outlet for discharging products of electrolysis;

h) the device is an electrohydrogen generator;

i) the device is equipped with a heat exchanger to keep the device with an optimal operating temperature range or with a supply of water of a suitable temperature for adding to facilitate continued electrolysis;

j) the rotary-driven vessel facilitates dissociation of the electrolytic solution, producing oxygen and hydrogen while simultaneously generating a potential difference between the electrodes, if the rotational speed is large enough;

k) the distance between the cathode and anode is variable such that electrostatic forces resulting from production of hydrogen are counterbalanced by the positioning of the electrodes relative to each other to produce a continued efficient dissociation of the ions as the electrolytic process continues;

1) a continuous expansion of a central shell of hydrogen and oxygen forms around the center of the rotary-driven vessel, coordinated with a controlled gradual movement of the electrodes toward the periphery of the vessel;

m) an expanding central cathode moves peripherally such that the outer anodes are in juxtaposition with the central cathode throughout their travel and the ideal distance between the electrodes, is continuously maintained;

n) the cathode rotates at a different speed than the anode to aid mixing of a water-electrolyte mixture;

o) a porous material of a central cathode facilitates free migration of hydrogen and oxygen ions;

p) multiple electrodes comprise a mesh to further facilitate a migration of hydrogen ions.
Following an initial stage of electrolysis the electrodes move gradually away from the center, an area that becomes a zone of low or nil concentration of electrolytic solution as rotation speeds increase. During further rotation of the vessel the electrodes move progressively outwards towards the area of higher solution concentration.

The distance between the cathode and anode is variable and depends on optimal performance regarding temperature, electrolyte concentration, cylinder size, and current such that electrostatic forces resulting from production of hydrogen are counterbalanced by the positioning of the electrodes relative to each other to produce a continued efficient dissociation of the ions as the electrolytic process continues.

In a continuous production model primarily, (i.e. secondarily in an intermittent model) water is delivered from an outside-in fashion to maintain electrolyte concentration.

A moving electrode, with or without paddles is designed to aid the mixing of the electrolyte.

Deuterium is a by -product of the process and will be selectively concentrated in the water chamber and can be drained through a removable plug after a suitable concentration has been built up.

Other more efficient molecular separations can be made by modifying the design of the cylinder, such as for ozone production or ionic separation of desired molecules such as mineral or protein solutions.

By utilizing the lightness of hydrogen and directing any escaped gas to the outside environment, and alerting personnel of the leak, the likelihood of explosion is significantly lessened.

Special situations such as hydrogen storage tanks in hydrogen powered aircraft, for example, need a secondary (outside) sealed bag or tank for leak containment, and safe ejection of hydrogen. A containment device to limit hydrogen escapement and notify personnel is described.

Computer analysis of known data would aid in increasing efficiency of the present invention. In addition, using a transparent cylinder would be beneficial in studying optimal distance between electrodes during rotation, bubble buoyancy under gravitational force, and rate of production relative to rpms.

The foregoing and other features and advantages of the invention as well as other embodiments thereof will be more apparent from the reading of the following description in connection with the accompanying drawings.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the accompanying drawings which form part of the specification:

FIG I shows an embodiment of the present invention generally referred to as moving electrodes. The figure is a lateral semitransparent view of an intermittent type of hydrogen generator showing the two electrodes in nearly full excursion.

FIG 2 is a top down view of the generator showing the electrodes above and outside the cylinder containing electrolyte at the start of their excursion. The eight pistons shown can be driven by mechanical means such as electromagnetic, hydraulic, or by a plastic ribbon inside a telescoping cylinder. These external electrodes are in contact with the internal electrodes in the electrolyte solution, through a seal in the top of the cylinder and represented by a broken line. There is great gravitational pulling force outward and this and the electrode speed has to be controlled by external means. Filler plugs for the electrolyte are shown.

FIG 3 is similar to Fig. 2, showing the electrodes in full excursion.

FIG 4 shows a top down view of the external top of the cylinder demonstrating an outside inert bar contacting inside linear electrodes through contact points. The electrical contact timing is governed by a timing device or a traveling carriage (not shown) and this solenoid carries the electrical power to the electrodes under timed control.
The carriage rate of travel (or switch) is governed externally. The purpose is to keep the electrodes at an efficient working distance in the electrolyte as the electrolyte volume diminishes and the produced gases collect in the center.

FIG 5 this is the same as fig. 4 except the electrodes are cylindrical.
Consequently only one electrical strip or carriage is necessary but a second "dummy" carriage and track is necessary for balance.

FIG. 6 is a cross section of the central collecting shaft below the perforations. The outside broken line represents a cylinder with slots that slides up and down (or turns) to act as a valve to release the formed gases, and to deliver water or electrolyte centrally in an intermittent unit. The central steel drive shaft is surrounded by four balanced conduits to deliver electric wires to the control and to the electrodes, or hydraulic fluid. The space between is for water delivery or mixed gas exit.

FIG. 7 is a lateral semitransparent view of the generator showing a piston connecting to an inner cathode and outer anode electrode. The distance between the electrodes is constant. The drive assembly for the pistons moving the electrodes is shown on the periphery in this diagram.

FIG. 8 is another cross section of the central shaft omitting the four conduits in fig.6, to show gas transport. This figure shows large channels peripherally for conduction of separated hydrogen and smaller inner channels for oxygen transport. This moving area will meet a stationary mirror image and exit the formed gases. This junction has to be secured with proper seals, and an outside secondary seal to prevent any leak.
The latter seal can be pressurized as well, or can be contained and monitored (see safety measures).
The now narrowed shaft would then continue upward to meet with the electrical junctions.

FIG. 9 is a cross section of the generator showing a continuous system with an expanded highly porous cathode and similar anode. There is a water chamber outside the original cylinder to deliver water peripherally, and an ion exchange membrane to help maintain electrolyte concentration. There are radial supporting structures that in addition to mechanical support, aid in removing the electrodes for cleaning.

FIG. 10 A. is a lateral semitransparent view of the generator before rotation.
The electrolyte is the shaded area sitting on the bottom. The electrolyte-oxygen interface is depicted as is the level of the oxygen-hydrogen interface. There is an external power source with wiring to the anode and cathode. Double humped collecting chambers for gas separation are shown; the hydrogen chamber is next to the plenum and the similar oxygen storage cylinder is omitted in this drawing, as is a cone shaped structure to separate gases.

B. shows the shaded area of the electrolyte thrown laterally against the wall once rotation begins. There is a crescent shaped tube outside and above the cylinder to transport hydrogen to the "storage" area. The oxygen tube would be similar in a 90 degree plane. The storage areas are actually in a dynamic state as the incoming hydrogen is balanced by the outgoing hydrogen. The hydrogen is continually moved from innermost part of the hydrogen storage cylinder where it is not likely to be contaminated.

The oxygen is always contaminated with hydrogen bubbles moving inward unless electrode power is interrupted for purification of the oxygen. The latter can also be easily separated externally utilizing the different densities of the two gases.

FIG. 11 demonstrates detail of the central shaft area. The drawing is not to scale and shows a view of the hydrogen collecting tank with openings medially directing this gas to the central plenum. Here the hydrogen gas is directed upwards and collected in a stationary bushing for exit. The oxygen chamber is only partly shown, and the gas is directed to a similar system above. The length of the collecting tubules is variable. The now narrowed shaft continues superiorly to contact the electrical and water systems;
bearings and electrical contacts (not shown).

FIG. 12 is a tangential view showing the cylinder split horizontally for assembly and removal of the electrodes for cleaning. The anode inside the water chamber is manufactured to provide an increased surface area, and perforations for water entry are evident. There are larger spaces at the apex of the electrode for bubble transport.

FIG.13 is a tangential view of the removable cathode that is a mirror image of the anode.
The latter is shaped like an internal face cut gear, and as mentioned the electrodes can be a spiral shape to enable easier placement of a rubber ribbon or ion exchange membrane to mitigate electrolyte back flow into the water chamber. A gear or rotary brake is attached to increase or decrease the cathode velocity in relation to the anode to aid in electrolyte mixing. There is also a cross section of a paddle that sits inside the cathode to augment mixing the electrolyte.

FIG.14 A. is an enlarged tangential view of the perforated anode mesh, and B.
a cross sectional view of the same, demonstrating a paddle with a central fenestration.

FIG. 15. This cross sectional diagram shows the peripheral spongy electrodes with their ion exchange membrane, the area of gaseous formation between the electrodes and medially a chamber for oxygen concentration and more medially and next to the inner shaft, the hydrogen storage or collecting chamber. The water chamber is shown outside the electrolyte chamber, with the perforations allowing water to enter the electrolyte area.
FIG. 16 shows on the left half, a similar situation to the previous figure 15.
The sections B, C, D and E depict three diagrams of methods or different degrees of increasing the surface area of the electrodes. In this situation the cylinder has to be split to access the electrodes for cleaning, or they can be removed from the end of the unit. In section (A) paddles are attached to the cathode directly.

FIG. 17 demonstrates various safety measures when hydrogen gas is present. An end and side view shows one of various methods of providing a slanted ceiling in an enclosed space such as a room, building, boat or vehicle to remove any escaped hydrogen. The duct opening can be assisted by a turbine or blower, or utilizing a venturi effect to apply suction to the plenum.

Vents are shown from a hydrogen generation or utilization device with a duct leading either to an outside wall or rooftop equipped with a wind driven turbine.
Venting for a vehicle demonstrates a curved roof leading to an outlet for any hydrogen gas leakage. All units can be supplied by a hydrogen warning device (not the subject of the invention) that will alert the person responsible by an audible alarm, light, telephone and also engage a blower if installed in that unit. Hydrogen units are safer for rear-wheeled drive than front; if a hydrogen powered engine was installed in the front of a vehicle, a panel with a vent should be installed on the passenger side of the hood or bonnet so that any flames would not immediately impinge on the view of the driver, perhaps allowing time to pull to the roadside.

FIG. 18 A. shows a section of an airplane wing containing the primary gas tank and showing the second tank or sealed space surrounding it. This second space contains a hydrogen warning device and provision for shunting a leak from this space to the wingtip. A flap restricts exit of gas until the warning device has responded, and then the flap from the duct opens under a slightly higher pressure to allow hydrogen escape into the plenum. Each auxiliary space has an opening into a main conduction duct connecting multiple tanks. This conducting plenum leads to an opening as far from the engine exhaust as possible. In most cases this would be the wingtip where the venture effect can be utilized to disperse the escaped hydrogen. In a helicopter the vent would be directed aft.

B. is an enlarged drawing of a flexible sock covering a hydrogen joint. This leak proof covering also contains a warning device to localize the leak, and with longitudinal loosely coiled wire or other opaque material embedded along the length will confirm the location of the leak by industrial X ray. The sock is flat after installation and will expand if a leak occurs, demonstrating the change; for clarity, coiled wires not shown.

C. is a cross section of a pipe joint showing a tight, flexible seal over the joint. If a leak ensues, the hydrogen under pressure inflates the sock and triggers an alarm. The pilot can then switch to that tank to empty most of the hydrogen in the offending tank.
The sock has some coiled X ray opaque wires imbedded and when inflated the change of shape and stretching of the wire can be used to confirm the location of the leak if necessary.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The description illustrates the invention by way of example and not by way of limitation.
The description clearly enables one skilled in the art to make and use the invention, describes several embodiments, adaptations, variations, alternatives, and uses of the invention, including what is presently believed to be the best mode of carrying out the invention.

FIG. 1 shows a lateral semitransparent view of an embodiment of the present invention, generally referred to as moving anode and cathode electrodes, includes a central drive shaft (100), then a sliding perforated shaft (110) that act as a valve. A
central driving mechanism to the pistons is beneath this housing (120). There is a steel connecting bar (130) keeping the electrodes at a fixed distance. The piston (140) excursion moves the electrodes to the predetermined position by outside control. The outside electrode, usually the anode is (150) and the inside electrode is (160). Both electrodes are made of open mesh material. These electrodes are composed of a metal that is resistant to the caustic solutions, as is the cylinder. The outside casing is (170). The electrolyte solution (180) is composed of potassium hydroxide and fills the space from at or near the plenum shaft to the periphery; the volume will diminish as electrolysis ensues. At this stage the anodes are near their peripheral position. The plenum shaft (175) is perforated in the upper portion for water entry and gas discharge. It houses conduits for electrical control to the hydraulic system or other mechanical means to control electrode excursion as well as electric power to the electrodes There are bearings above and below (190), and a pulley (195) connects to the motor for the rotation of the drive shaft. Motor is not shown.
FIG. 2 is a top view of the electrodes at the start of their excursion, outside of the cylinder wall (200). The electrodes are pulled outwards by gravity and the travel speed is governed by the pistons (240) shown in the center of the slots (205). Not shown is a gasket seal in the slot to prevent escape of the electrolyte. Most of the fluid force is directed laterally rather than upwards, once the cylinder begins to rotate.
The anode and cathode have a separation bar (210) keeping the electrodes apart at a calculated fixed distance. The cathode derives its' power from the plenum and the connecting electrical contacts are outside the cylinder and conduct power to the inner cathode (215) represented by the inner broken line and the anode by the outer broken line (220). The mesh electrodes can be expanded by a vertical spiral winding, not shown.

FIG. 3 is a similar view showing the pistons (300) have moved the electrodes in full excursion (340), and the two outer broken lines represent the electrodes inside the cylinder. The inner broken lines illustrate an inner hydrogen ring of gas (320) and an outer oxygen ring (330). There are two removable balanced plugs (350) for filling the cylinders with electrolyte. Replacement water for the next cycle enters via the central shaft. A circular housing (360) for controlled piston movement is contained outside and above the cylinder. Piston movement can be mechanical using restraining cogs, hydraulic fluid, electromechanical or by movement outwards and inwards using a plastic ribbon inside a telescoping small hollow piston, similar to an automobile aerial. The pistons (300) are shown in full excursion; only two are shown for clarity. The hydrogen ring (320) is next to the center plenum and the oxygen ring (330) is outside the former. A
wound conductive mesh around a rod cathode and anode electrode allows expansion or unfolding of the electrode as the diameter increases.

FIG. 4 is a cross sectional view of a hydrogen generator showing linear fixed electrodes.
The outer wall is (400) and there is a central insulated fixed bar (410) with electrical contact points to carry current from a timing device or moving electrical carriage above.
(not shown). The central electrode is the cathode (420) the second line on both sides represents the anode (430). The electrodes do not contact the outer cylinder wall. (430).
As the carriage is directed outwards, for example, the current ceases and then as the next contact is made, the prior anode becomes the cathode, and so on. This continues in order for the electrodes to be in constant immersion with the electrolyte as the hydrogen and oxygen rings continue to expand and electrolysis proceeds. When the water is exhausted the carriage is returned to the original position as the cylinder is being refilled. Note that a fixed wiring system is simpler than a carriage. Not shown is a loose mesh inert spongy supporting structure between the electrodes.

FIG. 5 is a cross sectional view of a hydrogen generator showing a similar arrangement only with circular mesh electrodes (500) rather than linear. Again the spaces between are supported by a strong but loose material. The upper portion demonstrates and insulated bar (510) with electrical contact points (520) over each mesh electrode. Here the electrical wire is only making contact with one side of the electrode and there is a non-functioning bar (530) on the other side for balance.

FIG. 6 is a cross sectional view of the hydrogen generator showing details of the central drive shaft and the second plenum shaft (600) or cylinder around it. Outside this shaft is another sliding or rotating cylinder that acts as a valve to allow water entry or gas discharge. The diagram demonstrates conduits for providing electrical power (620) and electrical controls (630) to the electrodes. The cross section is at a level of (A-B) in figure #1 and is below the plenum shaft perforations; it demonstrates the openings in the outer sliding cylinder (610) acting as a valve, in this case the outer covering shaft would be raised to meet the openings in the central chamber. When water entry is programmed, the replacement water fills the spaces between the conduits and inner wall of the cylinder (640). Similarly when the gases are programmed to exit they use this same space. When the unit is stopped, the lighter hydrogen will be discharged first, followed by oxygen.
This cylinder can be isoelectric with the moving cathode.

FIG. 7 is a lateral semi transparent view, similar to the first diagram, and is the lateral view of diagrams 4 and 5. The movement of a carriage or piston is controlled by the housing (700) The two electrodes are kept equidistant from each other and are being pulled by a piston (720). The previous anode becomes the cathode and so on as the electrolyte is depleted. The cathode is (740) and the anode (750) FIG. 8 this is a cross section of the central shaft showing the drive shaft in the center, the plenum with the conduits is omitted. The purpose is to demonstrate the hollow chambers for carrying hydrogen outside (820) and oxygen inside (800). These chambers are spinning at this cross section and will meet a stationary mirror image unit at a higher level. The junction where the spinning shaft meets the stationary one above this level is protected with gaskets, and the junction will transfer the hydrogen first and then at a higher level, the oxygen. The two gases are removed at different levels for safety purposes. This helps to isolate them from each other as any escaped oxygen accelerates hydrogen burning. (see Fig. 18) FIG. 9 this is a top down view of the hydrogen generator demonstrating a continuous production systems showing the radial supporting structures (905) and the outer limit of the porous cathode (906) The outer limit of the anode is (908) with the ion exchange membrane (909) behind it. The diagram shows the relative positions of the water in the outer chamber (912) and the highly conductive porous material of the anode (908).
Perforations to allow water access are labeled ((915). An inner ring of the lighter hydrogen (910) and an outer ring of oxygen gas (920) are shown between the broken lines of the electrodes. The porous anode is allows free migration of electrolyte and the produced gases. Under gravitational force the electrolyte is thrown against the outer wall and would back flow through the spaces in the common wall of the water chamber unless prevented by a larger pressure (psi) than the gravities produced by rotation of the unit. An ion exchange membranes (909) covering the perforations or a flap mechanism to inject the water periodically, based on the production of gases, is an easier method.

FIG. 10 A. is a semitransparent lateral view of a continuous hydrogen generator before it begins to rotate. The electrolyte mixture (1005) is lying on the bottom. The heavier oxygen (1010) is on top of the electrolyte, and the lightest hydrogen (1020) fills the remainder of the top part of the cylinder. The drive shaft is (1050) and the plenum shaft is (1055) (C) represents the interface between the oxygen and hydrogen gases and (D) the interface between the electrolyte and the oxygen. A current is applied from an outside source between the outside of the cylinder (anode) and the mesh cathode.

The oxygen storage chamber is outside and similar to the hydrogen chamber, is omitted in Figure 10 A and B.

FIG. 10 B. is a similar view showing the electrolyte (shaded) thrown against the outer wall. The tubes carrying oxygen would be in a 90 degree plane to the hydrogen transport tubes (1004) to balance the apparatus during rotation. These transport tubes are located superiorly and outside the chamber to collect hydrogen and transport the gas to the hydrogen storage chamber (1030) next to the central plenum (1055). The drive shaft is (1050) and the broken line (1065) represents the cathode; the water chamber is (1024).
The perforations to carry water to the electrolyte are (1022). The spongy anode is labeled (1025). The electrolyte is the shaded area and the radial supporting structures are (1070).
Replenishment of water is carried from the central shaft area by pipes (1080) to the water chamber. Water can enter from the bottom, top or both. This diagram shows one method of gas separation by virtue of their different densities using the gravities produced by the unit. The gases form two rings with the lighter hydrogen innermost, and from here it is vented to the second transient storage chamber, the oxygen in a similar fashion. The oxygen however, is contaminated with some hydrogen at any given moment, so in this diagram the oxygen is not pure and has to be further separated.

FIG. 11. This is a lateral semitransparent view of the hydrogen generator central shaft or plenum, and the collection chambers. The water supply junction is (1100). The drive shaft and outside of this, the water inlet chamber is (1105). The outlet for oxygen from the bushing is (1110) and for hydrogen is (1120). The bushing and bearing complex is (1130). The central shaft at this level shows the plenum, (1135) and contains hydrogen in the outside and oxygen in the inside at this level; the electrical conduits are not shown. A
pipe (1140) from the hydrogen ring region is delivering hydrogen into the hydrogen storage or collecting chamber (1141), and a similar one is on the opposite side for balance. The oxygen storage chamber (1150) is partly shown and sealed tubes (1160) carrying oxygen pierce the hydrogen chamber to enter the inside chamber of the central shaft. Next from the hydrogen storage chamber small tubes or ducts (1161) enter the outside chamber of the plenum to travel upwards to be discharged through the outlet pipe (1120). The gases are under a low pressure from the continual formation from the electrolysis and are propelled upwards in the plenum; thus the "storage"
chambers are in a dynamic phase. There is some separation of the lighter hydrogen that mixes with the oxygen in the oxygen storage chamber; the hydrogen is pure. It is possible to obtain pure oxygen if the electrolysis is interrupted for a short time, by spinning out the hydrogen first. The rotating collar at the top of the central plenum shaft is sealed and engages with the stationary member (1130) and from here gases exit to the demand unit end points (1110 and 1120). Note the tubes from the oxygen chamber go through the hydrogen storage chamber to end in the inner compartment. This arrangement is designed to allow the hydrogen to be removed at a lower level than the oxygen for safety purposes. As mentioned this separation is not necessary if both gases are to be used together; if for example in an internal combustion engine (see patent #cvbn) where both gases are mixed.
A water chamber (1170) fills the space between the drive shaft and the inner side of the plenum. This lateral wall is isoelectric with the cathode. The steel drive shaft (1171) is central and at the bottom is the junction (1175) of supply water entering and the horizontal pipe to replenish the water chamber (1181). This diagram shows the water supply entering from both top and bottom. The bottom of the shaft (1180) would also have a bearing unit for support.

FIG. 12 this is a tangential view of the cylinder containing the water chamber and an anode designed with a larger surface area. Fenestrations (1200) in the valleys of the anode are demonstrated. The side of the cylinder shows the longitudinal split (1210) in the apparatus for assembly and removal for cleaning. The position of the water chamber is (1220).The shape of the distorted and heavier oxygen molecule is wider than the hydrogen and has to pass through the cathode under the force of the gravities produced. If there are large enough holes in the apices of the anode mesh, electrical repulsion charge will tend to guide those oxygen bubbles to a favorable escape opening. There are wider holes (1230) in the apex of the anode mesh to demonstrate this FIG. 13 is a similar tangential view of the cathode. This is a mirror image of the anode.
The cathode (1300) is made of strong mesh and this drawing illustrates an increased surface area to aid electrolysis. The faster the oxygen bubbles in particular, go through the cathode the lower the electrical resistance. An axel (1330) protrudes outwards from the chamber and will fit into a bearing. The axel also has a gear or a braking rotor (1350) that can be used for changing the speed of the cathode in relation to the anode to aid in mixing. There are a few paddles in the mesh cathode, and these as well as the shape of the mesh, will aid in mixing the replacement fresh water with the electrolyte to maintain maximum conductivity. (1360) is a cross section of one of the paddles. It has a fenestration in the center to allow some reduction in hydrodynamic resistance of the paddle.

FIG. 14 A is an enlarged tangential view of the anode showing the mesh construction (1400), the water chamber (1420) and a fenestration with a pliable flap attached to one side (1430) between the water chamber and the electrolyte. The flap prevents backflow into the water chamber. Water under pressure replenishes the water used in the electrolysis through these perforations.

B is a cross section of a paddle (1440) demonstrating the fenestrations in the paddle FIG.15 is a cross section that shows from outside inwards, a perforation (1500) from the water chamber (1520) communicating with the electrolyte contained within the porous anode (1525).The size of the fenestrations are graduated to allow water entry to all of the electrolyte equally, as far as reasonably possible. Next is the ion exchange membrane (1530). The bubble area (1532) denotes the area of electrolysis with bubble formation.
Inside this layer is the outer limit of the cathode, (1534) and like the anode is made of very conductive porous material. The electrolyte traverses all this area.
Inside the outer limit of the cathode is a line representing the porous supporting structure (1536) or the base of the cathode. The radial supporting structures are (1550) and lead to the central plenum, (1580). The supporting structures stabilize the cathode and the anode for removal and stabilize the porous structures. There are two cylinders outside the central plenum shaft (1580). The inner one is for hydrogen collection (1560) and the outer cylinder is for a similar oxygen "storage" section (1570). These are intermediate areas to gather the heavier oxygen gas and the lighter hydrogen. The respective gases are piped from the outer shell of oxygen that separates this gas from the lighter hydrogen. The oxygen is transported to the inner plenum chamber and the hydrogen to the outer plenum chamber. The heavier oxygen and the lighter hydrogen form wider and wider rings as electrolysis proceeds; the oxygen will form a ring half the volume of the hydrogen. The length of the oxygen transport piping is therefore dependent on the diameter of the whole apparatus. These two gases are thus collected separately and piped into their respective chambers. As mentioned, if no further action is taken, there will be some hydrogen bubbles trapped with the oxygen ring and then transported with the oxygen.
This hydrogen will lie on the medial side of the oxygen collecting chamber and gradually increase as electrolysis continues. The oxygen can be removed from the lateral portion of the oxygen ring initially, but eventually the hydrogen will need to be removed externally unless the two gases can be utilized together, for example in an internal combustion engine. (see patent # 51430250) FIG. 16 is another cross section similar to Fig. 13 but displays different levels of increasing the surface area of the electrodes. In addition on the left side of the drawing, (A. Section) shows an electrically inert paddle (1600) for mixing the electrolyte. In this type of electrode manufacture, provision for assembly and removal of the electrodes for cleaning must be made. Either the cylinder can be split longitudinally (Figure 12) or the electrodes can be removed from the side. The paddle is (1600), the water chamber is (1620), the anode (1625) and the cathode is (1630). The cathode fenestrations in particular must be of suitable size to allow free passage of formed gases. The zone representing the two gases is (1640) B Section demonstrates straight linear projections to increase surface area.
The anode is (1650) and the cathode (1655) C Section shows tooth shaped electrodes, the cathode is (1660) the anode (1670). The electrodes in Section C have open apices (1680) D Section is similar with closed apices, (1690) E Section shows smaller but more numerous teeth construction. It is possible that computer analysis will assist in determining the most efficient type of electrode during gravitational electrolysis as compared to standard electrolysis.

FIG. 17 this drawing illustrates methods of preventing hydrogen explosion from leaks in hydrogen production or utilization devices. The top drawing (A.) is an end view, the next (B.) a side view of a closed space demonstrating collection and removal of the light gas by taking advantage of its density. The hydrogen gas will travel along a ceiling gutter (1720) that is located away from any electrical fixtures and is shunted directly outside through a vent (1730). The next drawing (C.) depicts a building, ship or other closed space. A roof turbine (1740) is aiding escaped hydrogen gas from a hydrogen production or utilization device (1755). The leaked gas is collected in the slanted ceiling and rises up a plenum either to a side wall or roof. All chambers should also have a small circulation vent at floor level.

In a vehicle (D.), a similarly designed vent (1760) is shown in an automobile rear compartment chamber (1780). The chamber is sealed in the upper portion and any leaked hydrogen from a hydrogen device (1770) is shunted to the outside air.

FIG. 18 A. shows a tangential section of an airplane wing containing the primary fuel tank (1800) containing compressed hydrogen. A filler access opening is (1820).
Leading from the outside safety tank is a duct (1815) to the plenum, (1810). This second space contains a hydrogen detection and warning device located in a bulge of the secondary space. The duct contains a pressurized device or other means of opening an obstruction in this space. Before the obstruction is opened the warning device is actuated, and following further increase in pressure, a pressure relief valve or flap opens to provide shunting a hydrogen leak from this space to a conducting plenum that leads as far away from the engine exhaust as possible, usually to an opening in the wingtip (1805). In a helicopter the plenum would be directed aft. The purpose of delayed opening of the obstruction is to allow some buildup of hydrogen concentration to trigger the detection and warning device; otherwise a very small leak could flow out the system undetected.

Here a venturi effect can be utilized to help disburse the escaped gas. Each auxiliary space has an opening into a main conduction plenum connecting the multiple tanks.
B. is a cross section view of the hydrogen fuel tank with the sealed inlet port (1811) on the upper leading edge below the wing, and showing the second bag (or sealed compartment) surrounding the tank. On the upper aft portion is a swelling (1830) housing the hydrogen detection device. From here there is a duct to the main plenum (1810) that travels laterally and exits near the wingtip.

C. is a cross section of an enlarged drawing of a pipe joint to a flange (1840) Clamps (1825) keep the joint hydrogen tight. There is a loose pliable covering or sock (1860) enclosing the pipe joint (1860) to the flange. This leak proof covering also contains a warning device (1880) to localize a hydrogen leak, and with longitudinal loosely coiled wire (not shown) or other opaque material embedded along the length of the sock, on expansion will show the location of the leak by industrial X ray.
In this way if a section of the wing has to be opened for repair, the exact location is confirmed if necessary. The sock is flaccid after installation and will expand from the pressurized hydrogen if a leak occurs, demonstrating the change.

The within-described invention may be embodied in other specific forms and with additional options and accessories without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The presently disclosed embodiment is therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalence of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein.

In conclusion this invention encompasses a method or series of methods for delivering both a continuous and intermittent flow of hydrogen and oxygen in a predictable and safe manner. At the present, hydrogen delivery is difficult, somewhat dangerous and relatively expensive. It is currently not practical to pipe hydrogen form a large steam reformation facility to multiple distant centers for distribution for automobile, electrical or heating use. This abovementioned method embodies a novel method of using single or multiple controlled point of use units. These units can be designed for various sizes and used for on site manufacture of hydrogen and the hydrogen then used for primary or secondary rather than tertiary distribution of the gas for energy conversion in automobiles, heating, turbine units from the aforementioned methods. By placing the unit in a secured, well ventilated outside position hydrogen conversion can be safer than natural gas or propane for a multiplicity of home and industrial uses. In this way piping from a distant facility is circumvented. Other uses of the invention are discussed. If wind, solar or hydroelectric 'r CA 02551727 2006-08-10 ~

power, or hydrogen is used for the required electric power, there is no resultant pollution from hydrogen fuel utilization. Note that at present it takes 4 kWh to produce 1 cu. meter of hydrogen and if this amount of hydrogen is burnt, the latter releases nearly 3.5 kWh of pure energy. Hydrogen can become a competitive energy carrier if its production from water can be reduced to 2 kWh / cubic meter, and this invention proposes a method of investigation to determine the efficiency of the apparatus described.

Claims (24)

GRAVITATIONAL ELECTROLYSIS AND MOLECULAR SEPARATOR USING
MOVING ELECTRODES, PERIPHERAL WATER ENTRY AND METHODS OF
HYDROGEN SAFETY

What is claimed is:

1. A device for facilitating an electrolytic process comprising:

a) a rotary-driven vessel capable of holding an electrolytic solution;

b) electrodes, that is, an cathode and an anode, at least one of which electrodes is movable with respect to the other during an electrolytic process performed by the device;
c) control means for positioning the moveable electrodes at various positions during the electrolytic process, where moving either or both of the moveable electrode would increase the rate of electrolysis;

d) inlet means for introducing water to a porous anode adjacent to a side wall of the rotary-driven vessel.

2. The device of Claim 1, in which water enters through a common wall of the cylinder or through coiled tubes, and openings of variable size and location are made to equalize the distribution of water to an entire wall of the porous anode.

3. The device of Claim 1, in which the inlet means introduces water that is lighter in relation to an electrolyte in the device, and that preferentially migrates medially in order to mix effectively, forming dipoles and maintaining superior conductivity than if water were introduced centrally within the rotary-driven vessel.

4. A device for facilitating an electrolytic process comprising:

a) a rotary-driven vessel capable of holding an electrolytic solution;
b) electrodes, that is, an cathode and an anode c) a movable carriage or timed solenoid switches make electrical contact with multiple fixed mesh electrodes, whereby linear or circular electrodes are powered selectively from the center outwards to facilitate more efficient electrolysis.

5. The device of Claims 1 or 4, in which a central plenum or shaft carries water and electric wires and facilitates transfer of produced gases and replacement of water and electrolyte

6. The device of Claim 5, in which a cone shaped plenum with or without a membrane further separates the two gases.

7. The device of Claim 1 or 4, in which the device has additionally outlets for molecular separating.

8. The device of Claim 1 or 4, in which a water chamber preferentially concentrates deuterium as a byproduct, for draining periodically.

9. The device of Claim 1 or 4, in which hydrogen utilization shunting means include at least one of vents, blowers, venturi outlets and turbines, in order to take advantage of the density of hydrogen.

10. The device of Claim 1 or 4 in which an upward collecting duct distal to electrical connections is used for gas removal to a safe outside environment.

11. The device of Claim 1 or 4 in which a secondary enclosing bag or chamber is used to trap hydrogen escaping from a joint in the device.

12. The device of Claim 1 or 4 in which a gas detection device provides an alert signal regarding escaping gas from the device.

13. The device of Claim 1 or 4, in which the rotary-driven vessel is a cylindrical centrifuge or other vessel that increases the rate of electrolysis by reducing bubble blanketing and solution resistance.

14. The device of Claim 1 or 4, in which the device has an inlet for supplying the electrolytic solution to the vessel and an outlet for discharging products of electrolysis.

15. The device of Claim 1 or 4, in which the device is an electrohydrogen generator.

16. The device of Claim 1 or 4, in which the device is equipped with a heat exchanger to keep the device with an optimal operating temperature range or with a supply of water of a suitable temperature for adding to facilitate continued electrolysis.

17. The device of Claim 1 or 4, in which the rotary-driven vessel facilitates dissociation of the electrolytic solution, producing oxygen and hydrogen while simultaneously generating a potential difference between the electrodes, if the rotational speed is large enough.

18. The device of Claim 1 or 4, in which the distance between the cathode and anode is variable such that electrostatic forces resulting from production of hydrogen are counterbalanced by the positioning of the electrodes relative to each other to produce a continued efficient dissociation of the ions as the electrolytic process continues.

19. The device of Claim 1 or 4, in which a continuous expansion of a central shell of hydrogen and oxygen forms around the center of the rotary-driven vessel, coordinated with a controlled gradual movement of the electrodes toward the periphery of the vessel.

20. The device of Claim 1 or 4, in which an expanding central cathode moves peripherally such that the outer anodes are in juxtaposition with the central cathode throughout their travel and the ideal distance between the electrodes, is continuously maintained.

21. The device of Claim 1 or 4, in which the cathode rotates at a different speed than the anode to aid mixing of a water-electrolyte mixture.

22. The device of Claim 1 or 4, in which a porous material of a central cathode facilitates free migration of hydrogen and oxygen ions.

23. The device of Claim 1 or 4, in which multiple electrodes comprise a mesh to further facilitate a migration of hydrogen ions.

24. The device of Claim 2 or 4, in which:

a) water enters through a common wall of the cylinder or through coiled tubes, and openings of variable size and location are made to equalize the distribution of water to an entire wall of the porous anode;

b) the inlet means introduces water that is lighter in relation to an electrolyte in the device, and that preferentially migrates medially in order to mix effectively, forming dipoles and maintaining superior conductivity than if water were introduced centrally within the rotary-driven vessel;

c) a central plenum or shaft carries water and electric wires and facilitates transfer of produced gases and replacement of water and electrolyte;

d) a cone shaped plenum with or without a membrane further separates the two gases;
e) hydrogen utilization shunting means include at least one of vents, blowers, venturi outlets and turbines, in order to take advantage of the density of hydrogen;

f) the rotary-driven vessel is a cylindrical centrifuge or other vessel that increases the rate of electrolysis by reducing bubble blanketing and solution resistance.

g) the device has an inlet for supplying the electrolytic solution to the vessel and an outlet for discharging products of electrolysis;

h) the device is an electrohydrogen generator;

i) the device is equipped with a heat exchanger to keep the device with an optimal operating temperature range or with a supply of water of a suitable temperature for adding to facilitate continued electrolysis;

j) the rotary-driven vessel facilitates dissociation of the electrolytic solution, producing oxygen and hydrogen while simultaneously generating a potential difference between the electrodes, if the rotational speed is large enough;

k) the distance between the cathode and anode is variable such that electrostatic forces resulting from production of hydrogen are counterbalanced by the positioning of the electrodes relative to each other to produce a continued efficient dissociation of the ions as the electrolytic process continues;

l) a continuous expansion of a central shell of hydrogen and oxygen forms around the center of the rotary-driven vessel, coordinated with a controlled gradual movement of the electrodes toward the periphery of the vessel;

m) an expanding central cathode moves peripherally such that the outer anodes are in juxtaposition with the central cathode throughout their travel and the ideal distance between the electrodes, is continuously maintained;

n) the cathode rotates at a different speed than the anode to aid mixing of a water-electrolyte mixture;

o) a porous material of a central cathode facilitates free migration of hydrogen and oxygen ions;

p) multiple electrodes comprise a mesh to further facilitate a migration of hydrogen ions.