CA2541259A1 - Individualized cellulose strands nano-dispersion in polyolefins for production of biodegradable plastic articles - Google Patents
Individualized cellulose strands nano-dispersion in polyolefins for production of biodegradable plastic articles Download PDFInfo
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- CA2541259A1 CA2541259A1 CA 2541259 CA2541259A CA2541259A1 CA 2541259 A1 CA2541259 A1 CA 2541259A1 CA 2541259 CA2541259 CA 2541259 CA 2541259 A CA2541259 A CA 2541259A CA 2541259 A1 CA2541259 A1 CA 2541259A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
- C08J3/02—Making solutions, dispersions, lattices or gels by other methods than by solution, emulsion or suspension polymerisation techniques
- C08J3/09—Making solutions, dispersions, lattices or gels by other methods than by solution, emulsion or suspension polymerisation techniques in organic liquids
- C08J3/091—Making solutions, dispersions, lattices or gels by other methods than by solution, emulsion or suspension polymerisation techniques in organic liquids characterised by the chemical constitution of the organic liquid
- C08J3/098—Other compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
- C08J3/005—Processes for mixing polymers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L23/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L23/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
- C08L23/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of ethene
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2301/00—Characterised by the use of cellulose, modified cellulose or cellulose derivatives
- C08J2301/02—Cellulose; Modified cellulose
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2323/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2323/02—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after treatment
- C08J2323/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of ethene
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2205/00—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features
- C08L2205/02—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features containing two or more polymers of the same C08L -group
Abstract
The present invention describes: A cellulose-based composite where individualized strands are homogeneously nano-dispersed in a polyolefin (PO) matrix; a process, leading to the said nano-dispersion, using a hydrophilic ionic liquid as co-solvent; a method to prepare selected hydrophilic ionic liquid co-solvents; a process to prepare articles using conventional moulding techniques.
Description
BACKGROUND AND PRIOR ART
With the increasing importance of green technology to society, the interest generated by materials such as biodegradable plastics comes as little surprise. Voluminous reports and patents have appeared in the last two decades; a tribute to the continuing search to answer the problem of plastic wastes. Specifically: polyethylenes (LDPE, HDPE);
polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS); polyolefms (PO) that compose the majority of municipal and industrial end-of-use plastics.
Biodegradable or degradable plastics may be categorized in two distinct classes that we will define as follow for the purpose of the present document:
Polymer Blends containing a degrading agent. [1] The former may be made of one or more resins while the latter may be one ore a combination of chemical additives, capable of degrading the blend usually under specific conditions:
photochemical, chemical or biochemical (although examples of combination exist).
Polymeric Composites: These may be formed by one or more polymers, containing at least one biodegradable component. [2] In the vast majority of cases the biodegradable component is a polysaccharide such as Cellulose or Starch, with or without compatibilizers.
The main advantage of Polymer Blends is their superior mechanical properties (relative to composites. Moreover, their protagonists argue that with Polymer Blends there is no need for large-scale, damaging agriculture to provide Starch or Cellulose sources.
However, additives-based degradability of polymer blends often raises concerns about the degradation process itself. For instance photodegradation occurs only in the presence of light; if the material is buried, it looses its degradability properties.
Other concerns include the need to establish the benign nature of these additives, and their spent form.
Certainly, if fertilizers may be harmful to the environment, accumulation of these additives may just as well be.
With the increasing importance of green technology to society, the interest generated by materials such as biodegradable plastics comes as little surprise. Voluminous reports and patents have appeared in the last two decades; a tribute to the continuing search to answer the problem of plastic wastes. Specifically: polyethylenes (LDPE, HDPE);
polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS); polyolefms (PO) that compose the majority of municipal and industrial end-of-use plastics.
Biodegradable or degradable plastics may be categorized in two distinct classes that we will define as follow for the purpose of the present document:
Polymer Blends containing a degrading agent. [1] The former may be made of one or more resins while the latter may be one ore a combination of chemical additives, capable of degrading the blend usually under specific conditions:
photochemical, chemical or biochemical (although examples of combination exist).
Polymeric Composites: These may be formed by one or more polymers, containing at least one biodegradable component. [2] In the vast majority of cases the biodegradable component is a polysaccharide such as Cellulose or Starch, with or without compatibilizers.
The main advantage of Polymer Blends is their superior mechanical properties (relative to composites. Moreover, their protagonists argue that with Polymer Blends there is no need for large-scale, damaging agriculture to provide Starch or Cellulose sources.
However, additives-based degradability of polymer blends often raises concerns about the degradation process itself. For instance photodegradation occurs only in the presence of light; if the material is buried, it looses its degradability properties.
Other concerns include the need to establish the benign nature of these additives, and their spent form.
Certainly, if fertilizers may be harmful to the environment, accumulation of these additives may just as well be.
The main advantage of Polymer Composites is their obvious biodegradability.
Without requiring specific conditions or treatment, polysaccharides (whether Starch or Cellulose) will naturally degrade in benign components.
But Biodegradability comes at a price with Cellulose/Starch based Polymer Composites, as mechanical properties are adversely affected by Starch or Cellulose content. [3]
Although this problem may partially be resolved with the use of compatibilizers, presently existing Starch/PO and Cellulose/PO composites suffer from inefficient interface with the plastic matrix and low contact area.
On one hand, Starch is chiefly made of amylopectin, a dendriform (branched) polysaccharide, with and essentially spherical geometry. Even though Strarch may be homogeneously dispersed within a PO matrix, its architecture precludes effective Starch-PO interaction creating mechanically weakening microdefects.
On the other hand, Cellulose is an entirely filiform (threadlike) architecture, also found in PO, such as PE for instance. However Cellulose-based plastic composites presently use exclusively Cellulose fibres, such as wood, pineapple and others. This translates in a limited, bulk (macroscopic) homogeneity of the composite, while clearly-defmed separated PO and Cellulose domains exist at a microscopic scale.
The use of Cellulose Individualized Strands (CIS) would allow unprecedented, microscopic homogeneity, hence providing a biodegradable material with superior properties, as both contact surface and dispersion efficiency are significantly increased.
The obstacle for CIS/PO composites has been the lack of low operating temperature solveiits of adequate capacity to dissolve cellulose.
To this day, the only industrial cellulose solvent, used in Lyocell process is N-methyl morpholine oxide (NMMO). NMMO's operating temperature is 130 C. This temperature is too high when considering mixing a PO resin with Cellulose and the consequent thermal damage to both polymeric materials. In addition, the operating temperature of NMMO is too close to its explosion temperature of 150 C to be considered a safe process. [4]
Recently, we and others have focused our attention on room-temperature (r.t.) ionic liquids (IL) as safe and efficient, low operating temperature solvent (LOTS) for cellulose.
Ionic liquids are non-flammable, thermally stable and have negligible vapour pressure.
For those IL with a chloride anion, they possess a significant capacity to dissolve cellulose at low temperature (from r.t. to 100 C). Although these solvents have been available, at least for experimentation, if not industrially, the interest of dissolving cellulose by the use of IL as LOTS has mostly been driven by the interests of the paper and fabric industries in spinning or modifying cellulose towards improved fibres. [5]
However, the use of ionic liquids as LOTS solvent or co-solvent for cellulose, towards the preparation of superior cellulose-based composites has never been explored.
The present invention describes such CIS/PO composites, of unprecedented homogeneity obtained by the use ionic liquids as LOTS to achieve this goal. The effect of the unprecedented homogeneity of CIS/PO is particularly apparent with regards to tensile strength and elongation at break.
Moreover, the biodegradability properties of CIS/PO composites are improved compared to its equivalent composites.
The present invention also describes the process to achieve the preparation of CIS/PO
composites.
REFERENCES
1) For example: a) Jin, H.; Zeng, X.; Liu, J. US Patent Appl. 2004/0152802 Al.
b) Downie, R. H. US Patent 6,482,872 B2, November 19, 2002.
2) For example: Schiltz, D. C. US Patent 5,449,708, September 12, 1995.
3) a) Pedroso, A.G. Rosa, D.S. Carbohydrate Polymers 59 2005 1- 9.
b) Arvanitoyannisa, I. Carbohydrate Polymers 36 1998 89- 104. c) George, J. et al.
Composites Science and Technology 58, 1998, 1471-1485.
Without requiring specific conditions or treatment, polysaccharides (whether Starch or Cellulose) will naturally degrade in benign components.
But Biodegradability comes at a price with Cellulose/Starch based Polymer Composites, as mechanical properties are adversely affected by Starch or Cellulose content. [3]
Although this problem may partially be resolved with the use of compatibilizers, presently existing Starch/PO and Cellulose/PO composites suffer from inefficient interface with the plastic matrix and low contact area.
On one hand, Starch is chiefly made of amylopectin, a dendriform (branched) polysaccharide, with and essentially spherical geometry. Even though Strarch may be homogeneously dispersed within a PO matrix, its architecture precludes effective Starch-PO interaction creating mechanically weakening microdefects.
On the other hand, Cellulose is an entirely filiform (threadlike) architecture, also found in PO, such as PE for instance. However Cellulose-based plastic composites presently use exclusively Cellulose fibres, such as wood, pineapple and others. This translates in a limited, bulk (macroscopic) homogeneity of the composite, while clearly-defmed separated PO and Cellulose domains exist at a microscopic scale.
The use of Cellulose Individualized Strands (CIS) would allow unprecedented, microscopic homogeneity, hence providing a biodegradable material with superior properties, as both contact surface and dispersion efficiency are significantly increased.
The obstacle for CIS/PO composites has been the lack of low operating temperature solveiits of adequate capacity to dissolve cellulose.
To this day, the only industrial cellulose solvent, used in Lyocell process is N-methyl morpholine oxide (NMMO). NMMO's operating temperature is 130 C. This temperature is too high when considering mixing a PO resin with Cellulose and the consequent thermal damage to both polymeric materials. In addition, the operating temperature of NMMO is too close to its explosion temperature of 150 C to be considered a safe process. [4]
Recently, we and others have focused our attention on room-temperature (r.t.) ionic liquids (IL) as safe and efficient, low operating temperature solvent (LOTS) for cellulose.
Ionic liquids are non-flammable, thermally stable and have negligible vapour pressure.
For those IL with a chloride anion, they possess a significant capacity to dissolve cellulose at low temperature (from r.t. to 100 C). Although these solvents have been available, at least for experimentation, if not industrially, the interest of dissolving cellulose by the use of IL as LOTS has mostly been driven by the interests of the paper and fabric industries in spinning or modifying cellulose towards improved fibres. [5]
However, the use of ionic liquids as LOTS solvent or co-solvent for cellulose, towards the preparation of superior cellulose-based composites has never been explored.
The present invention describes such CIS/PO composites, of unprecedented homogeneity obtained by the use ionic liquids as LOTS to achieve this goal. The effect of the unprecedented homogeneity of CIS/PO is particularly apparent with regards to tensile strength and elongation at break.
Moreover, the biodegradability properties of CIS/PO composites are improved compared to its equivalent composites.
The present invention also describes the process to achieve the preparation of CIS/PO
composites.
REFERENCES
1) For example: a) Jin, H.; Zeng, X.; Liu, J. US Patent Appl. 2004/0152802 Al.
b) Downie, R. H. US Patent 6,482,872 B2, November 19, 2002.
2) For example: Schiltz, D. C. US Patent 5,449,708, September 12, 1995.
3) a) Pedroso, A.G. Rosa, D.S. Carbohydrate Polymers 59 2005 1- 9.
b) Arvanitoyannisa, I. Carbohydrate Polymers 36 1998 89- 104. c) George, J. et al.
Composites Science and Technology 58, 1998, 1471-1485.
4) Cuculo et al., US Patent 6,827,773, December 7, 2004.
5) a) Swatloski, R. P. et al. U. S. Patent 6,824,599 November 30, 2004. b) Graenacher, C.
U.S. Patent 1,943,176, 1934.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Preparation of CIS/PO composites The process involves the following steps:
1. The preparation of a Cellulose solution of 1 to 50 wt% concentration, within an hydrophilic ionic liquid solvent, at a temperature ranging from 0 C to 185 C, but preferably, at a temperature of 65 C to 85 C. The solution is stirred until completely homogeneous.
2. The melting of a polyolefin material (POM) to reach a state fluid enough to allow rapid mixing with the above-mentioned Cellulose solution.
3. The mixing of the Cellulose solution with the POM melt, within a mixing tank until completely homogeneous. The mixing occurs at a temperature 10 C to 50 C
above the melting point of the POM but preferably, 10 C to 25 C. The process is simple for someone familiar with the art.
4. The setting of the cooled nano-dispersed CIS within the PO matrix by washing of the dispersion with a ionic liquid solvent, in sufficient quantity to ensure complete elimination of the ionic liquid. The CIS/PO composite powder is then collected and dried. The solution of the ionic liquid is collected to retrieve the ionic liquid co-solvent.
5. The moulding of the CIS/PO composite is achieved by standard moulding procedures. Additives may be incorporated in the moulding process to further improve the resulting composite articles or facilitate the moulding process itself.
U.S. Patent 1,943,176, 1934.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Preparation of CIS/PO composites The process involves the following steps:
1. The preparation of a Cellulose solution of 1 to 50 wt% concentration, within an hydrophilic ionic liquid solvent, at a temperature ranging from 0 C to 185 C, but preferably, at a temperature of 65 C to 85 C. The solution is stirred until completely homogeneous.
2. The melting of a polyolefin material (POM) to reach a state fluid enough to allow rapid mixing with the above-mentioned Cellulose solution.
3. The mixing of the Cellulose solution with the POM melt, within a mixing tank until completely homogeneous. The mixing occurs at a temperature 10 C to 50 C
above the melting point of the POM but preferably, 10 C to 25 C. The process is simple for someone familiar with the art.
4. The setting of the cooled nano-dispersed CIS within the PO matrix by washing of the dispersion with a ionic liquid solvent, in sufficient quantity to ensure complete elimination of the ionic liquid. The CIS/PO composite powder is then collected and dried. The solution of the ionic liquid is collected to retrieve the ionic liquid co-solvent.
5. The moulding of the CIS/PO composite is achieved by standard moulding procedures. Additives may be incorporated in the moulding process to further improve the resulting composite articles or facilitate the moulding process itself.
Claims (32)
1) The ionic liquid solvent used in step 1 is a salt for which the anion is a bromide or a chloride or a combination of bromide and chloride salts or a bromide, a chloride or a combination of bromide and chloride salts within a salt of a different anion.
2) The ionic liquid solvent according to claim 1 is a salt for which the cation is a quarternized aliphatic or aromatic amine or phosphine, with one or more heteroatom-containing substituent as shown in figure 1.
3) The ionic liquid solvent as described in claim 2 where one or more substituent have a common oxypropyl (-CH2-CH2-CH2-OR) motif, where the R group is a methyl, an ethyl, an hydroxyethyl, a methoxyethyl, a repeating unit of the general formula:
(CH2-CH2-O)n-H, (CH2-CH2-O)n-C p H2p1, (CH2-CH2-O)n-C p H2p Where: n = 2, 3, 4; p=1, 2, 3, 4.
(CH2-CH2-O)n-H, (CH2-CH2-O)n-C p H2p1, (CH2-CH2-O)n-C p H2p Where: n = 2, 3, 4; p=1, 2, 3, 4.
4) The ionic liquid solvent according to claim 3 where the oxypropyl substituent (-CH2-CH2-CH2-OR) originates from the corresponding chloride:
Cl-CH2-CH2-CH2-OR and used for the quaternization of the corresponding amine or phosphine according to claim 2. Where the R group is a methyl, an ethyl, an hydroxyethyl, a methoxyethyl, a repeating unit of the general formula:
(CH2-CH2-O)n-H, (CH2-CH2-O)n-C p H2p+1, (CH2-CH2-O)n-C p H2p Where: n = 2, 3, 4; p=1, 2, 3, 4.
Cl-CH2-CH2-CH2-OR and used for the quaternization of the corresponding amine or phosphine according to claim 2. Where the R group is a methyl, an ethyl, an hydroxyethyl, a methoxyethyl, a repeating unit of the general formula:
(CH2-CH2-O)n-H, (CH2-CH2-O)n-C p H2p+1, (CH2-CH2-O)n-C p H2p Where: n = 2, 3, 4; p=1, 2, 3, 4.
5) The oxypropylchloride compound according to claim 4 which for R= CH2-CH2-OH
is obtained by reacting 1 equivalent of 1-chloropropan-1-ol with 1 to 4 equivalent of ethylene carbonate, but preferably 1 to 1.5 equivalent, in the presence of 0.1 to 0.5 equivalent of base such as, but not limited to: sodium of potassium hydroxide, pyridine or triethylamine.
is obtained by reacting 1 equivalent of 1-chloropropan-1-ol with 1 to 4 equivalent of ethylene carbonate, but preferably 1 to 1.5 equivalent, in the presence of 0.1 to 0.5 equivalent of base such as, but not limited to: sodium of potassium hydroxide, pyridine or triethylamine.
6) The oxypropylchloride compound according to claim 5 which for R=(CH2-CH2-O)n-H is obtained by repeating n times, successively the procedure according to claim 5.
7) The oxypropylchloride compound according to claim 5 and 6 is isolated by standard work-up known to a person familiar with the art, followed by distillation.
Alkylation by standard procedures known to a person familiar with the art provides the remaining oxypropylchloride compound according to claim 4, where R=(CH2-CH2-O)n-C p H2p+t, (CH2-CH2-O)n-C p H2p.
Alkylation by standard procedures known to a person familiar with the art provides the remaining oxypropylchloride compound according to claim 4, where R=(CH2-CH2-O)n-C p H2p+t, (CH2-CH2-O)n-C p H2p.
8) The cellulose solution, described in step 1 is an ionic liquid cellulose solution of 1 to 25 % in weight concentration of cellulose and preferably 10 to 15 % in weight.
9) The process involved in dissolving the Cellulose as described in step 1, may also include:
a) Microwave irradiation of the solution, to facilitate dissolution.
b) Addition of a compatibilizer, such as but not limited to one or more fatty acids or one or more acid anhydrides, or a combination of one or more of the former with one or more of the latter said compatibilizing agent.
a) Microwave irradiation of the solution, to facilitate dissolution.
b) Addition of a compatibilizer, such as but not limited to one or more fatty acids or one or more acid anhydrides, or a combination of one or more of the former with one or more of the latter said compatibilizing agent.
10)The cellulose may be regenerated, microcrystalline, cotton fibres, paper or wood pulp, recycled paper or any other sources of cellulose, de-lignified prior to use when required.
11)The process involved in melting the polyolefin material (POM) as described in step 2, may also include:
a) The use of an ionic liquid solvent as plasticizer to improve fluidity.
b) The use of an organic solvent as plasticizer to improve fluidity.
a) The use of an ionic liquid solvent as plasticizer to improve fluidity.
b) The use of an organic solvent as plasticizer to improve fluidity.
12) The process, according to claim 11 where the ionic liquid solvent can be:
the same ionic liquid solvent used in step 1 and according to claims 1, 2 and 3; a different ionic liquid which may differ only by the cation, the anion or by both; a combination of one or more ionic liquids.
the same ionic liquid solvent used in step 1 and according to claims 1, 2 and 3; a different ionic liquid which may differ only by the cation, the anion or by both; a combination of one or more ionic liquids.
13) The process, according to claim 11 where the organic plasticizer is a commercially available solvent, varying in nature depending on POM used.
14) The polyolefin material (POM), as described in step 2 and according to claim 11 wherein the POM is composed of low density polyethylene (LDPE), linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), high density polyethylene (HDPE), any other type of polyethylene resin, polypropylene (PP) or polystyrene (PS).
15) The polyolefin material (POM), as described in step 2 and according to claim 14 wherein the POM is composed of a mixture of one or more of the resins described in claim 14.
16) The polyolefin material (POM), as described in step 2 and according to claim 14 wherein the POM is composed of one or more resins according to claim 14 molten separately.
17) The polyolefin material (POM), as described in step 2 and according to claim 14, 15 and 16 wherein the source of one or more of the resins present in the POM may be virgin, pre-consumer, industrial or municipal post-consumer, reprocessed, in the form of pellets, powder, fibres or otherwise or from any other source and in any other form.
18) The polyolefin material (POM), according to claim 15 and 16 wherein the POM may be also composed of one or more compatibilizers.
19) The process involved in mixing the Cellulose and polyolefin material (POM) as described in step 3, may be achieved, but is not limited to the use of a co-rotating twin-screw extruder of a mixing tank.
20) The process, according to claim 18 and according to claim 11, 12,13 and 19 wherein the mixing temperature is ~50°C about the melting temperature of the said POM.
21) The process according to claim 19 and 20 where one or more compatibilizers may be added at one or more stages of the said extrusion.
22) The process, according to claim 19 and 20 where one or more of the molten resins according to claim 16 and 18 may be added at one or more stages of the said extrusion.
23) The process as described in step 4, wherein the solvent for setting of the CIS/PO
nano-dispersion is a Cellulose and PO non-solvent such as, but not limited to:
water, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol or acetone.
nano-dispersion is a Cellulose and PO non-solvent such as, but not limited to:
water, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol or acetone.
24) The process as described in step 4 and according to claim 23, wherein retrieving of the said ionic liquid is achieved by evaporation with or without prior nano-filtration of the solution.
25) The process according to claim 23 and 24, wherein the said evaporation may involve, but is not limited to rotatory evaporation, under vacuum or not, spray-drying, or a combination of these techniques.
26) The process as described in step 5 wherein moulding of CIS/PO material is achieved by standard methods, known to a person familiar with the art. The moulding methods include, but are not limited to: pressure moulding, low pressure moulding, injection moulding, blown moulding and die casting.
27) The process according to claim 26 wherein one or more plasticizers may be used.
28) The process according to claim 27 wherein the plasticizer may be one or more hydrophilic ionic liquid as defined according to claims 1 to 7 inclusively.
29) The process according to claim 28 wherein the plasticizer is removed by water washings or by washings with a suitable organic solvent as described according to claim 23.
30) The process according to claim 29 wherein the plasticizer is retrieved using methods according to claims 23, 24 and 25.
31) The process according to claim 19 to 22, inclusively and 26 to 28 inclusively, wherein at any of these stages, a dye or a combination of dyes may be added.
32) The process according to claim 19 to 22, inclusively, 26 to 28 inclusively and claim 31, wherein at any of these stages, an antioxidant or a combination of antioxidants may be added.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2541259 CA2541259A1 (en) | 2006-03-15 | 2006-03-15 | Individualized cellulose strands nano-dispersion in polyolefins for production of biodegradable plastic articles |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2541259 CA2541259A1 (en) | 2006-03-15 | 2006-03-15 | Individualized cellulose strands nano-dispersion in polyolefins for production of biodegradable plastic articles |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2541259A1 true CA2541259A1 (en) | 2007-09-15 |
Family
ID=38481178
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2541259 Abandoned CA2541259A1 (en) | 2006-03-15 | 2006-03-15 | Individualized cellulose strands nano-dispersion in polyolefins for production of biodegradable plastic articles |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA2541259A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104194059A (en) * | 2014-08-08 | 2014-12-10 | 华中科技大学 | Cellulose thermoplastic material and preparation method thereof |
| CN108043370A (en) * | 2018-01-15 | 2018-05-18 | 长江大学 | A kind of diionic liquid resin material for being used to separate tuber of pinellia Ephedrine |
-
2006
- 2006-03-15 CA CA 2541259 patent/CA2541259A1/en not_active Abandoned
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104194059A (en) * | 2014-08-08 | 2014-12-10 | 华中科技大学 | Cellulose thermoplastic material and preparation method thereof |
| CN108043370A (en) * | 2018-01-15 | 2018-05-18 | 长江大学 | A kind of diionic liquid resin material for being used to separate tuber of pinellia Ephedrine |
| CN108043370B (en) * | 2018-01-15 | 2020-08-28 | 长江大学 | Dual-ionic liquid resin material for separating ephedrine in pinellia ternata |
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