CA2524111C - Optical fiber devices using component insertion - Google Patents
Optical fiber devices using component insertion Download PDFInfo
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- CA2524111C CA2524111C CA 2524111 CA2524111A CA2524111C CA 2524111 C CA2524111 C CA 2524111C CA 2524111 CA2524111 CA 2524111 CA 2524111 A CA2524111 A CA 2524111A CA 2524111 C CA2524111 C CA 2524111C
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/02052—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating comprising optical elements other than gratings, e.g. filters
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Abstract
The present invention provides an optical fiber device that takes advantage of the fiber structure to construct mechanically stable devices with components inserted in the optical path. An optical component is inserted in a cavity transversally machined across an optical fiber. The component is secured in the cavity and functionally interrelates with light propagated in the optical fiber. The invention also provides a method for manufacturing an optical fiber device with a component insertion into an optical fiber by machining a cavity in an optical fiber, providing a solid component to be inserted in the optical fiber, positioning the component inside the cavity, and securing the component in the cavity. The component is preferably provided as a glass ribbon and the component is preferably secured in the cavity using laser fusion.
Description
OPTICAL FIBER DEVICES USING COMPONENT INSERTION
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention The invention relates to fiber optic devices. More s particularly, the invention relates to a method of manufacturing fiber , optic devices that uses functional components inserted in the optical path.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention The invention relates to fiber optic devices. More s particularly, the invention relates to a method of manufacturing fiber , optic devices that uses functional components inserted in the optical path.
2. Description of the Prior Art Several in-line optical fiber devices use the to insertion of optical components between two optical fibers for performing various functions as spectral filtering, spatial filtering, beam splitting, sensing, isolating or polarizing. Most devices use lenses to collimate a light beam exiting an input optical fiber and to collect the light 15 beam to an output optical fiber after propagation across the optical component or components. Precise alignment and high mechanical stability of the optical fiber cores and lenses are required to obtain a collimated beam.
The use of collimating lenses may not be necessary 2o when using very thin optical component which reduces the optical path length between the two fibers. Alignment of the fiber cores requires high precision and high mechanical stability in order to optimize light collection at the output optical fiber and to minimize insertion loss and z5 insertion loss variation. The high mechanical requirements are difficult to achieve in severe environmental conditions.
The prior art has not completely fulfilled requirements of insertion loss, alignment and mechanical stability for optical fiber devices using in-line insertion 30 of optical components. There is thus a need for a method of manufacturing of optical fiber devices that overcomes at least some of the above-mentioned drawbacks.
SUMMARY OF~THE INVENTION
It is an object of the present invention to provide an optical fiber device that overcomes at least some of the above-mentioned drawbacks.
s It is also an object of the present invention to provide a method for manufacturing optical fiber devices that overcomes at least some of the above-mentioned drawbacks.
Therefore, in accordance with the present to invention, there is provided an optical fiber device comprising: an optical fiber for guiding light to be propagated in the optical fiber, said optical fiber having a peripheral surface, a fiber core and a fiber clad; a cavity in said optical fiber, said cavity penetrating said optical 15 fiber through said peripheral surface and said fiber clad in direction of said fiber core; and a solid component secured inside said cavity and associated with said core so as to create a functional effect on said light to be propagated in said optical fiber.
2o In accordance with the present invention, there is also provided a method for manufacturing an optical fiber device comprising: machining a cavity in an optical fiber;
providing a solid component to be inserted in said optical fiber; positioning said component inside said cavity; and 2s securing said component in said cavity.
The present invention provides an optical fiber device that takes advantage of the fiber structure to construct mechanically stable devices with components inserted in the optical path. An optical component is 3o inserted in a cavity transversally machined across an optical fiber. The component is secured in the cavity and functionally interrelates with light propagated in the optical fiber. The invention also provides a method for manufacturing an optical fiber device with a component 35 insertion into an optical fiber by machining a cavity in an optical fiber, providing a solid component to be inserted in the optical fiber, positioning the component inside the
The use of collimating lenses may not be necessary 2o when using very thin optical component which reduces the optical path length between the two fibers. Alignment of the fiber cores requires high precision and high mechanical stability in order to optimize light collection at the output optical fiber and to minimize insertion loss and z5 insertion loss variation. The high mechanical requirements are difficult to achieve in severe environmental conditions.
The prior art has not completely fulfilled requirements of insertion loss, alignment and mechanical stability for optical fiber devices using in-line insertion 30 of optical components. There is thus a need for a method of manufacturing of optical fiber devices that overcomes at least some of the above-mentioned drawbacks.
SUMMARY OF~THE INVENTION
It is an object of the present invention to provide an optical fiber device that overcomes at least some of the above-mentioned drawbacks.
s It is also an object of the present invention to provide a method for manufacturing optical fiber devices that overcomes at least some of the above-mentioned drawbacks.
Therefore, in accordance with the present to invention, there is provided an optical fiber device comprising: an optical fiber for guiding light to be propagated in the optical fiber, said optical fiber having a peripheral surface, a fiber core and a fiber clad; a cavity in said optical fiber, said cavity penetrating said optical 15 fiber through said peripheral surface and said fiber clad in direction of said fiber core; and a solid component secured inside said cavity and associated with said core so as to create a functional effect on said light to be propagated in said optical fiber.
2o In accordance with the present invention, there is also provided a method for manufacturing an optical fiber device comprising: machining a cavity in an optical fiber;
providing a solid component to be inserted in said optical fiber; positioning said component inside said cavity; and 2s securing said component in said cavity.
The present invention provides an optical fiber device that takes advantage of the fiber structure to construct mechanically stable devices with components inserted in the optical path. An optical component is 3o inserted in a cavity transversally machined across an optical fiber. The component is secured in the cavity and functionally interrelates with light propagated in the optical fiber. The invention also provides a method for manufacturing an optical fiber device with a component 35 insertion into an optical fiber by machining a cavity in an optical fiber, providing a solid component to be inserted in the optical fiber, positioning the component inside the
- 3 -cavity, and securing the component in the cavity. The component is preferably provided as a glass ribbon and the component is preferably secured in the cavity using laser fusion.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
Further features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description, taken in combination with the appended drawings, in which:
to Fig. 1 is a perspective view of an optical fiber device according to an embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is a flowchart illustrating a method of manufacturing an optical fiber device according to another embodiment of the present invention;
i5 Fig. 3 is a cross-section view of an optical fiber with a cavity and a ribbon positioned in the cavity, according to an embodiment of the method of Fig. 2;
Fig. 4 is a flowchart illustrating steps involved in providing a component to be inserted in an optical fiber;
20 Fig. 5 is a cross-section view of the optical fiber device of Fig. l, wherein the optical fiber is inserted in a capillary;
Fig. 6A is a top plan view of a fiber-integrated laser using the optical fiber device configuration of 25 Fig. l, wherein mirrors are adjoined to a cavity and pump is guided in the optical fiber;
Fig. 6B is a front elevation view of a fiber-integrated laser using the optical fiber device configuration of Fig. 1, wherein mirrors are distant to a 3o cavity and pump is provided from an opening of the cavity;
and Fig. 7 is a front elevation view of a 45-degree mirror device using the optical fiber device configuration of Fig. 1.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
Further features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description, taken in combination with the appended drawings, in which:
to Fig. 1 is a perspective view of an optical fiber device according to an embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is a flowchart illustrating a method of manufacturing an optical fiber device according to another embodiment of the present invention;
i5 Fig. 3 is a cross-section view of an optical fiber with a cavity and a ribbon positioned in the cavity, according to an embodiment of the method of Fig. 2;
Fig. 4 is a flowchart illustrating steps involved in providing a component to be inserted in an optical fiber;
20 Fig. 5 is a cross-section view of the optical fiber device of Fig. l, wherein the optical fiber is inserted in a capillary;
Fig. 6A is a top plan view of a fiber-integrated laser using the optical fiber device configuration of 25 Fig. l, wherein mirrors are adjoined to a cavity and pump is guided in the optical fiber;
Fig. 6B is a front elevation view of a fiber-integrated laser using the optical fiber device configuration of Fig. 1, wherein mirrors are distant to a 3o cavity and pump is provided from an opening of the cavity;
and Fig. 7 is a front elevation view of a 45-degree mirror device using the optical fiber device configuration of Fig. 1.
- 4 -It will be noted that throughout the appended drawings, like features are identified by like reference numerals.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
s A method for manufacturing an optical fiber device with a component insertion in an optical fiber is described herein. A cavity is made in the optical fiber, for instance, by laser micromachining. The cavity enters the optical fiber by its peripheral surface and typically crosses the fiber to core. In an embodiment, the cavity preferably goes throughout the optical fiber. A solid functional component is provided and positioned in the cavity and across the fiber core. The component is secured and sealed in the cavity using glass fusion. The inserted component is 15 typically a solid component (e. g., optical component) that will have a functional effect on light propagated in the optical fiber. The component may be a spectral filter, a spatial filter, a coupler, a sensor using spectroscopy, a sensor using fluorescence, a sensor by polarization or any 20 other functional solid component including crystals, filters, mirrors, indicators, piezoelectric components, polarizers, etc. The component insertion in an optical fiber also offers the possibility of creating numerous applications by combining various functional components in z5 the same optical fiber.
Referring to the drawings, Fig. 1 illustrates an optical fiber device 10 created by an insertion of a solid functional component 16 in an optical fiber 12 through a cavity 14. In the embodiment of Fig. 1, the cavity 14 is 3o transversally defined in the optical fiber 12 from the peripheral surface 24 of the fiber clad 22 and across the fiber core 20. The component is positioned in the cavity to intersect the fiber core 20 and is secured in place. Light 18 injected and guided in the optical fiber 12 propagates 35 through the component and is coupled forwardly within the
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
s A method for manufacturing an optical fiber device with a component insertion in an optical fiber is described herein. A cavity is made in the optical fiber, for instance, by laser micromachining. The cavity enters the optical fiber by its peripheral surface and typically crosses the fiber to core. In an embodiment, the cavity preferably goes throughout the optical fiber. A solid functional component is provided and positioned in the cavity and across the fiber core. The component is secured and sealed in the cavity using glass fusion. The inserted component is 15 typically a solid component (e. g., optical component) that will have a functional effect on light propagated in the optical fiber. The component may be a spectral filter, a spatial filter, a coupler, a sensor using spectroscopy, a sensor using fluorescence, a sensor by polarization or any 20 other functional solid component including crystals, filters, mirrors, indicators, piezoelectric components, polarizers, etc. The component insertion in an optical fiber also offers the possibility of creating numerous applications by combining various functional components in z5 the same optical fiber.
Referring to the drawings, Fig. 1 illustrates an optical fiber device 10 created by an insertion of a solid functional component 16 in an optical fiber 12 through a cavity 14. In the embodiment of Fig. 1, the cavity 14 is 3o transversally defined in the optical fiber 12 from the peripheral surface 24 of the fiber clad 22 and across the fiber core 20. The component is positioned in the cavity to intersect the fiber core 20 and is secured in place. Light 18 injected and guided in the optical fiber 12 propagates 35 through the component and is coupled forwardly within the
- 5 -optical fiber 12. The component modifies light 18 to create a functional effect like those cited above.
In an embodiment, the cavity 14 is a transverse hole going throughout the optical fiber 12. The cavity 14 could also stop in the optical fiber 12 so that there would be only one opened end 26. Additionally, the cavity 14 is drilled transversally in the optical fiber and crosses the fiber core with a 90-degree angle. The cavity may also cross the core at a different angle depending on the function to to be performed. The angle typically ranges from about 30 degrees to 150 degrees.
Fig. 2 illustrates a method for manufacturing an optical fiber device by an insertion of a component in an optical fiber. The method 50 comprises step 52 of machining a cavity (e.g., transversally) in an optical fiber. The cavity preferably intersects the fiber core. Thereafter, in step 54, a solid component to be inserted into the optical fiber is provided. In step 56, the component is positioned inside the cavity. In step 58, the component is secured to 2o the cavity.
According to one embodiment, the cavity is drilled in a fused silica optical fiber using laser drilling. The optical fiber is typically a multi-mode optical fiber with a clad diameter of 125 Vim. The laser is preferably a carbon dioxide (C02) laser, and the following parameters can be used to machine the cavity. A 200 W laser beam is focalized on the optical fiber. The modulation frequency is of 25 kHz with a duty cycle of 0.5. A cavity going throughout the fiber and with a diameter of 15 ~m is obtained after about 3o ten laser pulses. Multiple repetitions of these steps with a 10 ~m translation perpendicular to the laser beam between each repetition allow obtaining cavities with different shapes. The cavity obtained by drilling fused silica optical fiber has smooth surfaces compared to ones obtained by drilling in other kinds of glass or with other lasers. Micro cracks have been known to appear on the surface when the melted material solidifies. As will be discussed later, a
In an embodiment, the cavity 14 is a transverse hole going throughout the optical fiber 12. The cavity 14 could also stop in the optical fiber 12 so that there would be only one opened end 26. Additionally, the cavity 14 is drilled transversally in the optical fiber and crosses the fiber core with a 90-degree angle. The cavity may also cross the core at a different angle depending on the function to to be performed. The angle typically ranges from about 30 degrees to 150 degrees.
Fig. 2 illustrates a method for manufacturing an optical fiber device by an insertion of a component in an optical fiber. The method 50 comprises step 52 of machining a cavity (e.g., transversally) in an optical fiber. The cavity preferably intersects the fiber core. Thereafter, in step 54, a solid component to be inserted into the optical fiber is provided. In step 56, the component is positioned inside the cavity. In step 58, the component is secured to 2o the cavity.
According to one embodiment, the cavity is drilled in a fused silica optical fiber using laser drilling. The optical fiber is typically a multi-mode optical fiber with a clad diameter of 125 Vim. The laser is preferably a carbon dioxide (C02) laser, and the following parameters can be used to machine the cavity. A 200 W laser beam is focalized on the optical fiber. The modulation frequency is of 25 kHz with a duty cycle of 0.5. A cavity going throughout the fiber and with a diameter of 15 ~m is obtained after about 3o ten laser pulses. Multiple repetitions of these steps with a 10 ~m translation perpendicular to the laser beam between each repetition allow obtaining cavities with different shapes. The cavity obtained by drilling fused silica optical fiber has smooth surfaces compared to ones obtained by drilling in other kinds of glass or with other lasers. Micro cracks have been known to appear on the surface when the melted material solidifies. As will be discussed later, a
- 6 -cavity with smooth surfaces will give rise to a less brittle optical device after fusion of a component in the cavity.
Alternatively, the laser used for micro-machining could also have been a femtosecond laser or an excimer s laser. A femtosecond laser gives increased accuracy and resolution in the micro-machined patterns but the process can be longer than it is in the case of a COZ laser. It has been observed that optical fibers drilled using excimer lasers and femtosecond lasers are more brittle than the ones to processed using COZ lasers, which is an advantage of the last one. C02 lasers are widely used in the industry for their reliability, compactness, relative low cost and low maintenance requirements.
The same process could be applied to any other 15 kind of fused silica fibers instead of the mufti-mode fiber.
For specific applications of the optical device, one could find it advantageous to use a single-mode fiber, a multi clad fiber, a larger fiber or a doped fiber.
In the above-described embodiment, laser drilling 2o has been used for machining a cavity in an optical fiber. In the manufacturing of an optical device with insertion of a component, other machining techniques could replace the laser drilling.
In an embodiment, the component to be inserted in 2s the optical fiber is provided as a glass ribbon. The glass ribbon is typically manufactured using a method similar to optical fiber manufacturing method. For instance, ribbons with rectangular shapes and dimensions of about 20 to 300 ~m are manufactured using optical fiber drawing technique. A
3o functional element is fixed to the ribbon and the ribbon is inserted in the cavity like a thread in a needle eye. Fig. 3 illustrates a ribbon 70 positioned in the cavity 14. The ribbon 16 to be inserted in the optical fiber has a specific shape and dimensions in order to fit into and to preferably 35 fill the cross section of the cavity 14. According to an embodiment, a fused silica ribbon 70 with dimensions of 33 ~m by 100 ~.m is used. A functional element 72 is installed on the ribbon using, for instance, thin film deposition, gravity deposition or dip-coating. The solid functional element 72 could also be inserted in a cavity machined in the ribbon. Providing the solid functional element 72 on or in a ribbon provides a mechanical support to align the element 72 in the optical fiber 12.
Fig. 4 illustrates the main steps involved in providing 54 the component to be inserted in the optical fiber when the component is provided as a ribbon. In the to first step 80 a fused silica optical fiber drawing preform is provided. The preform has a diameter of several millimeters. The second step 82 is to machine the preform to obtain a rectangular shaped preform. In the third step 84, the rectangular preform is drawn as an optical fiber would be. Temperature and drawing speed parameters are previously adjusted. The last step 86 is to install a functional element on or in the ribbon.
The functional element to be installed on the ribbon may be a material with physical properties that 2o varies with temperature or other environmental conditions, a dielectric material for obtaining semitransparent mirrors, a spatially distributed opaque material for partially blocking light propagated in the optical fiber or any other element that accomplishes a useful operation. In an embodiment, 2s installation of the functional element on the ribbon is made by thin film deposition in vacuum. A thicker functional element could be obtained by gravity deposition or by dip-coating.
The above described method for providing the 3o component as a ribbon is meant to be exemplary only. The component could be provided as single-piece component or multiple integrated elements machined or otherwise fabricated to fit in the cavity. It is only required that the component fits in the cross section of the cavity while 35 the component may be fully enclosed in the cavity or may exceed the fiber diameter.
In an embodiment, the component to be positioned inside the cavity is a ribbon. The ribbon is positioned in the cavity by threading the ribbon in the cavity like in a needle eye. Insertion and positioning of the component in s the cavity is made using micromanipulators and cameras for visual feedback. The process may be automated using computer-controlled micromanipulators and imaging software feedback. Optical feedback may also be used for alignment by propagating an optical signal in the optical fiber to the io component and reading the output signal that provides a feedback signal for optimizing the alignment of the component.
The component to be positioned in the cavity could be a single-piece component as opposed to a ribbon. A
i5 single-piece component could be positioned in the cavity using micromanipulators and visual feedback. The component may be dropped in the cavity if the cavity has one closed end, i.e. the cavity does not go throughout the fiber.
According to an embodiment, the component is 2o secured in the optical fiber using laser glass fusion.
Fig. 5 shows an optical fiber device after securing with glass fusion. The component 16 is secured and sealed in the optical fiber 12. The optical fiber 12 locally surrounding the component 16 and the component itself are melted using 2s laser heating. The component 16 and the optical fiber 12 are therefore fused together to create an integrated hermetically sealed a11-optical fiber device 10 with suitable mechanical stability and strength.
The component is secured in the optical fiber 3o using COz laser glass fusion and the following parameters can be used to fuse the component to the optical fiber. A
laser beam is focalized on the optical fiber at the position of the ribbon. As an example, a 50 W laser beam operated at a frequency of 25 kHz and a duty factor of 0.1 can be used.
35 The ribbon preferably fills the cross-section of the cavity and preferably exceeds the fiber diameter so that the fused material completely fills the cavity, leaving no empty spots _ g _ in the optical device. The fused material rounds in shape because of surface tensions and the very sharp surfaces are rounded by the process. Ribbon exceeding the fiber diameter easily separates by melting it with the same laser.
s For fused device to show suitable strength properties the fusion conditions need to be appropriately tuned and the cavity surfaces to be clean and smooth. Smooth surfaces are obtained by machining using COZ lasers.
Surfaces may also be subsequently smoothed using COZ laser to in cases were another laser is used for machining.
For specific applications, it may be desirable that the component be completely enclosed in fused silica.
As an example, if the inserted component is not a glass component and does not fuse with the optical fiber, 15 enclosing of the component may be desired to properly secure and seal the component in the optical fiber. As shown in Fig. 5, the optical fiber 12 including the component 16 may be inserted in a fused silica capillary 90, with the capillary 90 being fused to the optical fiber 12 using, for 2o instance, laser fusion as described previously.
For specific applications using temperature sensitive components as, for instance, crystals, it may be useful to use glass powder with low melting temperature in the fusion process. The powder is selected as a function of 25 its coefficient of thermal expansion, of its melting temperature, of its spectral transmission and of its miscibility. In this case, powders from Schott is used but SEM-COM powders could be used as well. The powder is inserted in the cavity and around the functional component.
3o As an example, fusion is performed using a C02 laser with a 200 ~m diameter focused laser beam. The laser power is 100 W, the operation frequency is 25 kHz and the duty factor is 0.05.
Electrical arc fusion could be used as an 35 alternative to laser fusion for securing the component in the optical fiber. Laser fusion is more localized and offers a well suited control of the fusion process.
The above description has been limited to single component insertion but it is contemplated that multiple components or mufti-layer components can be inserted in a single cavity. As an example, multiple layers could be s deposited on one ribbon that would be inserted in the optical fiber. Multiple components can be stacked and inserted simultaneously into a single cavity. Additionally, numerous configurations of devices can be created by combining various functional components in the same optical to fiber.
Optical fiber devices with component insertion in an optical fiber offer the opportunity for various potential applications by taking advantage of the fiber structure to construct mechanically stable devices. Some of them will be is described in the following paragraphs.
Fig. 6A depicts a fiber-integrated laser 120.
Dichroic mirrors 124 are integrated on each side of a laser-drilled cavity 122 and are adjoined to the cavity 122.
Lacing medium is inserted in the cavity 122. In this case, zo the lasing medium is a crystal, but it could also be a liquid. A laser pump 128 is provided by the optical fiber 12 and a laser emission 130 is collected using the optical fiber 12.
In the configuration of Fig. 6B, a mirror 124 is 25 integrated on each side of a cavity 122 and is distant to the cavity 122. A laser pump 128 is provided by the opening 126 of the cavity and a laser emission is collected using the optical fiber 12.
Dye micro lasers can be manufactured using a 3o similar configuration. A liquid containing the dye and circulating across the cavity could be excited by the openings of the cavity. Highly reflective mirrors would be required as the gain is low due to small amplification length.
35 Complex devices such as the fiber-integrated laser 120 can be manufactured using various processes. One is to secure a mirror 124 on each side of a large cavity 122 using local laser fusion. Alternatively, a ribbon including a mirror on each of its sides and filling a first cavity is positioned and secured inside this first cavity. The ribbon is subsequently drilled out to create a central cavity 122 s for introducing the lacing medium.
The method of manufacturing an optical fiber device by component insertion involves various degrees of insertion. Fig. 7 illustrates a 45-degree mirror device 160 for laser pump injection. A dichroic mirror 162 is inserted to and secured using laser fusion in a 45-degree cavity in the optical fiber 12. The 45-degree mirror device 160 can be used in a fiber laser for injecting laser pump 162 from the side of the optical fiber. In fiber lasers, pump efficiency decreases rapidly along the laser length. It is considered 15 to inject pump at different positions along the laser fiber.
Polarization sensors are useful for smoke and other particles detection. An optical fiber device is used for diffusion measurement. Two crossed polarizers are inserted in an optical fiber, one on each side of a channel.
2o A gas to be analyzed passes though the channel while light is provided at one end of the optical fiber. Diffusion is measured by measuring light intensity at the other end of the fiber.
One skilled in the art would understand that the z5 method of manufacturing optical fiber devices by an insertion of a component in an optical fiber could be used for manufacturing a device using a plastic optical fiber.
With some adjustments to the process parameters, plastic optical fibers could be machined using laser and a component 3o could be secured in the fiber using thermal fusion.
The embodiments of the invention described above are intended to be exemplary only. The scope of the invention is therefore intended to be limited solely by the scope of the appended claims.
Alternatively, the laser used for micro-machining could also have been a femtosecond laser or an excimer s laser. A femtosecond laser gives increased accuracy and resolution in the micro-machined patterns but the process can be longer than it is in the case of a COZ laser. It has been observed that optical fibers drilled using excimer lasers and femtosecond lasers are more brittle than the ones to processed using COZ lasers, which is an advantage of the last one. C02 lasers are widely used in the industry for their reliability, compactness, relative low cost and low maintenance requirements.
The same process could be applied to any other 15 kind of fused silica fibers instead of the mufti-mode fiber.
For specific applications of the optical device, one could find it advantageous to use a single-mode fiber, a multi clad fiber, a larger fiber or a doped fiber.
In the above-described embodiment, laser drilling 2o has been used for machining a cavity in an optical fiber. In the manufacturing of an optical device with insertion of a component, other machining techniques could replace the laser drilling.
In an embodiment, the component to be inserted in 2s the optical fiber is provided as a glass ribbon. The glass ribbon is typically manufactured using a method similar to optical fiber manufacturing method. For instance, ribbons with rectangular shapes and dimensions of about 20 to 300 ~m are manufactured using optical fiber drawing technique. A
3o functional element is fixed to the ribbon and the ribbon is inserted in the cavity like a thread in a needle eye. Fig. 3 illustrates a ribbon 70 positioned in the cavity 14. The ribbon 16 to be inserted in the optical fiber has a specific shape and dimensions in order to fit into and to preferably 35 fill the cross section of the cavity 14. According to an embodiment, a fused silica ribbon 70 with dimensions of 33 ~m by 100 ~.m is used. A functional element 72 is installed on the ribbon using, for instance, thin film deposition, gravity deposition or dip-coating. The solid functional element 72 could also be inserted in a cavity machined in the ribbon. Providing the solid functional element 72 on or in a ribbon provides a mechanical support to align the element 72 in the optical fiber 12.
Fig. 4 illustrates the main steps involved in providing 54 the component to be inserted in the optical fiber when the component is provided as a ribbon. In the to first step 80 a fused silica optical fiber drawing preform is provided. The preform has a diameter of several millimeters. The second step 82 is to machine the preform to obtain a rectangular shaped preform. In the third step 84, the rectangular preform is drawn as an optical fiber would be. Temperature and drawing speed parameters are previously adjusted. The last step 86 is to install a functional element on or in the ribbon.
The functional element to be installed on the ribbon may be a material with physical properties that 2o varies with temperature or other environmental conditions, a dielectric material for obtaining semitransparent mirrors, a spatially distributed opaque material for partially blocking light propagated in the optical fiber or any other element that accomplishes a useful operation. In an embodiment, 2s installation of the functional element on the ribbon is made by thin film deposition in vacuum. A thicker functional element could be obtained by gravity deposition or by dip-coating.
The above described method for providing the 3o component as a ribbon is meant to be exemplary only. The component could be provided as single-piece component or multiple integrated elements machined or otherwise fabricated to fit in the cavity. It is only required that the component fits in the cross section of the cavity while 35 the component may be fully enclosed in the cavity or may exceed the fiber diameter.
In an embodiment, the component to be positioned inside the cavity is a ribbon. The ribbon is positioned in the cavity by threading the ribbon in the cavity like in a needle eye. Insertion and positioning of the component in s the cavity is made using micromanipulators and cameras for visual feedback. The process may be automated using computer-controlled micromanipulators and imaging software feedback. Optical feedback may also be used for alignment by propagating an optical signal in the optical fiber to the io component and reading the output signal that provides a feedback signal for optimizing the alignment of the component.
The component to be positioned in the cavity could be a single-piece component as opposed to a ribbon. A
i5 single-piece component could be positioned in the cavity using micromanipulators and visual feedback. The component may be dropped in the cavity if the cavity has one closed end, i.e. the cavity does not go throughout the fiber.
According to an embodiment, the component is 2o secured in the optical fiber using laser glass fusion.
Fig. 5 shows an optical fiber device after securing with glass fusion. The component 16 is secured and sealed in the optical fiber 12. The optical fiber 12 locally surrounding the component 16 and the component itself are melted using 2s laser heating. The component 16 and the optical fiber 12 are therefore fused together to create an integrated hermetically sealed a11-optical fiber device 10 with suitable mechanical stability and strength.
The component is secured in the optical fiber 3o using COz laser glass fusion and the following parameters can be used to fuse the component to the optical fiber. A
laser beam is focalized on the optical fiber at the position of the ribbon. As an example, a 50 W laser beam operated at a frequency of 25 kHz and a duty factor of 0.1 can be used.
35 The ribbon preferably fills the cross-section of the cavity and preferably exceeds the fiber diameter so that the fused material completely fills the cavity, leaving no empty spots _ g _ in the optical device. The fused material rounds in shape because of surface tensions and the very sharp surfaces are rounded by the process. Ribbon exceeding the fiber diameter easily separates by melting it with the same laser.
s For fused device to show suitable strength properties the fusion conditions need to be appropriately tuned and the cavity surfaces to be clean and smooth. Smooth surfaces are obtained by machining using COZ lasers.
Surfaces may also be subsequently smoothed using COZ laser to in cases were another laser is used for machining.
For specific applications, it may be desirable that the component be completely enclosed in fused silica.
As an example, if the inserted component is not a glass component and does not fuse with the optical fiber, 15 enclosing of the component may be desired to properly secure and seal the component in the optical fiber. As shown in Fig. 5, the optical fiber 12 including the component 16 may be inserted in a fused silica capillary 90, with the capillary 90 being fused to the optical fiber 12 using, for 2o instance, laser fusion as described previously.
For specific applications using temperature sensitive components as, for instance, crystals, it may be useful to use glass powder with low melting temperature in the fusion process. The powder is selected as a function of 25 its coefficient of thermal expansion, of its melting temperature, of its spectral transmission and of its miscibility. In this case, powders from Schott is used but SEM-COM powders could be used as well. The powder is inserted in the cavity and around the functional component.
3o As an example, fusion is performed using a C02 laser with a 200 ~m diameter focused laser beam. The laser power is 100 W, the operation frequency is 25 kHz and the duty factor is 0.05.
Electrical arc fusion could be used as an 35 alternative to laser fusion for securing the component in the optical fiber. Laser fusion is more localized and offers a well suited control of the fusion process.
The above description has been limited to single component insertion but it is contemplated that multiple components or mufti-layer components can be inserted in a single cavity. As an example, multiple layers could be s deposited on one ribbon that would be inserted in the optical fiber. Multiple components can be stacked and inserted simultaneously into a single cavity. Additionally, numerous configurations of devices can be created by combining various functional components in the same optical to fiber.
Optical fiber devices with component insertion in an optical fiber offer the opportunity for various potential applications by taking advantage of the fiber structure to construct mechanically stable devices. Some of them will be is described in the following paragraphs.
Fig. 6A depicts a fiber-integrated laser 120.
Dichroic mirrors 124 are integrated on each side of a laser-drilled cavity 122 and are adjoined to the cavity 122.
Lacing medium is inserted in the cavity 122. In this case, zo the lasing medium is a crystal, but it could also be a liquid. A laser pump 128 is provided by the optical fiber 12 and a laser emission 130 is collected using the optical fiber 12.
In the configuration of Fig. 6B, a mirror 124 is 25 integrated on each side of a cavity 122 and is distant to the cavity 122. A laser pump 128 is provided by the opening 126 of the cavity and a laser emission is collected using the optical fiber 12.
Dye micro lasers can be manufactured using a 3o similar configuration. A liquid containing the dye and circulating across the cavity could be excited by the openings of the cavity. Highly reflective mirrors would be required as the gain is low due to small amplification length.
35 Complex devices such as the fiber-integrated laser 120 can be manufactured using various processes. One is to secure a mirror 124 on each side of a large cavity 122 using local laser fusion. Alternatively, a ribbon including a mirror on each of its sides and filling a first cavity is positioned and secured inside this first cavity. The ribbon is subsequently drilled out to create a central cavity 122 s for introducing the lacing medium.
The method of manufacturing an optical fiber device by component insertion involves various degrees of insertion. Fig. 7 illustrates a 45-degree mirror device 160 for laser pump injection. A dichroic mirror 162 is inserted to and secured using laser fusion in a 45-degree cavity in the optical fiber 12. The 45-degree mirror device 160 can be used in a fiber laser for injecting laser pump 162 from the side of the optical fiber. In fiber lasers, pump efficiency decreases rapidly along the laser length. It is considered 15 to inject pump at different positions along the laser fiber.
Polarization sensors are useful for smoke and other particles detection. An optical fiber device is used for diffusion measurement. Two crossed polarizers are inserted in an optical fiber, one on each side of a channel.
2o A gas to be analyzed passes though the channel while light is provided at one end of the optical fiber. Diffusion is measured by measuring light intensity at the other end of the fiber.
One skilled in the art would understand that the z5 method of manufacturing optical fiber devices by an insertion of a component in an optical fiber could be used for manufacturing a device using a plastic optical fiber.
With some adjustments to the process parameters, plastic optical fibers could be machined using laser and a component 3o could be secured in the fiber using thermal fusion.
The embodiments of the invention described above are intended to be exemplary only. The scope of the invention is therefore intended to be limited solely by the scope of the appended claims.
Claims (11)
1. An optical fiber device comprising:
an optical fiber for guiding light to be propagated in the optical fiber, said optical fiber having a peripheral surface, a fiber core and at least one fiber clad;
a hole machined in said optical fiber, said hole penetrating said optical fiber through said peripheral surface and through said at least one fiber clad in direction of said fiber core, said hole intersecting said fiber core;
a glass ribbon secured inside said hole; and at least one functional element fixed to said glass ribbon and associated with said core so as to create a functional effect on said light to be propagated in said optical fiber.
an optical fiber for guiding light to be propagated in the optical fiber, said optical fiber having a peripheral surface, a fiber core and at least one fiber clad;
a hole machined in said optical fiber, said hole penetrating said optical fiber through said peripheral surface and through said at least one fiber clad in direction of said fiber core, said hole intersecting said fiber core;
a glass ribbon secured inside said hole; and at least one functional element fixed to said glass ribbon and associated with said core so as to create a functional effect on said light to be propagated in said optical fiber.
2. The optical fiber device as claimed in claim 1, wherein said hole extends entirely through said optical fiber
3. The optical fiber device as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein said glass ribbon is secured inside said hole using laser fusion.
4. The optical fiber device as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein said at least one functional element comprises two mirrors positioned on opposite sides of said hole, said mirrors being separated from each other by said glass ribbon acting as a solid lasing medium for providing a fiber-integrated laser.
The optical fiber device as claimed in claim 1 or 2, further comprising three of said holes defining a first hole, a second hole and a third hole machined in said optical fiber, said optical fiber device further comprising two of said glass ribbons, each of said first hole and third hole being filled with one of said glass ribbons on which is installed a functional element acting as a polarizer, and wherein the second hole, located between said first and third holes, acts as a central channel provided to receive a gas to be analyzed by polarization sensing.
6.A method for manufacturing an optical fiber device comprising:
providing an optical fiber having a peripheral surface, a fiber core and at least one fiber clad;
machining a hole in said optical fiber, said hole intersecting said fiber core;
manufacturing a glass preform;
machining said preform to obtain a rectangular-shaped preform;
obtaining a glass ribbon by drawing said rectangular-shaped preform;
installing at least one functional element on said glass ribbon;
positioning said glass ribbon inside said hole; and securing said glass ribbon in said hole.
providing an optical fiber having a peripheral surface, a fiber core and at least one fiber clad;
machining a hole in said optical fiber, said hole intersecting said fiber core;
manufacturing a glass preform;
machining said preform to obtain a rectangular-shaped preform;
obtaining a glass ribbon by drawing said rectangular-shaped preform;
installing at least one functional element on said glass ribbon;
positioning said glass ribbon inside said hole; and securing said glass ribbon in said hole.
7.The method as claimed in claim 6, wherein said securing is made using laser fusion.
8. The optical toot device as claimed in claim, 1 or 2, wherein said at least one functional element comprises two mirrors positioned on opposite sides of said hole, said mirrors being separated from each other by said glass ribbon, said glass ribbon comprising a central cavity filled with a lasing medium for providing a fiber-integrated laser.
9 The optical fiber device as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein said at least one functional element is made up of a material selected from the group consisting of a material having physical properties changing with temperature, a dielectric material suitable for obtaining semi-transparent mirrors and a material that partially blocks said light to be propagated in said optical fiber,
10. The method as claimed in claim 6, wherein installing at least one functional element on said glass ribbon is performed by using a method selected from the group consisting of thin-film coating, gravity deposition and dip coating.
11. The method as claimed in claim 6, wherein installing each of said at least one functional element on said glass ribbon is performed by insertion into at least one cavity machined in said glass ribbon.
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| CA 2524111 CA2524111C (en) | 2005-10-21 | 2005-10-21 | Optical fiber devices using component insertion |
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| CA 2524111 CA2524111C (en) | 2005-10-21 | 2005-10-21 | Optical fiber devices using component insertion |
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| CA2524111C true CA2524111C (en) | 2013-06-04 |
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