CA2511902A1 - Seal oil based lipid emulsions and uses thereof - Google Patents
Seal oil based lipid emulsions and uses thereof Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2511902A1 CA2511902A1 CA002511902A CA2511902A CA2511902A1 CA 2511902 A1 CA2511902 A1 CA 2511902A1 CA 002511902 A CA002511902 A CA 002511902A CA 2511902 A CA2511902 A CA 2511902A CA 2511902 A1 CA2511902 A1 CA 2511902A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- emulsion
- oil
- seal oil
- lipid
- emulsions
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 239000002960 lipid emulsion Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 89
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 188
- 235000016709 nutrition Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 claims description 187
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 claims description 178
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 47
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N glycerol group Chemical group OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 33
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N EDTA Chemical compound OC(=O)CN(CC(O)=O)CCN(CC(O)=O)CC(O)=O KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 230000001225 therapeutic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 17
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000003607 modifier Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 13
- 230000000050 nutritive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000008158 vegetable oil Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- IIZPXYDJLKNOIY-JXPKJXOSSA-N 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine Chemical group CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@H](COP([O-])(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)C)OC(=O)CCC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCC IIZPXYDJLKNOIY-JXPKJXOSSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000787 lecithin Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229940067606 lecithin Drugs 0.000 claims description 11
- 235000010445 lecithin Nutrition 0.000 claims description 11
- 235000021476 total parenteral nutrition Nutrition 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000003078 antioxidant effect Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 abstract description 61
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 57
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 abstract description 57
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 56
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 27
- 230000035764 nutrition Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 241000283216 Phocidae Species 0.000 description 139
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 31
- GVJHHUAWPYXKBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N (±)-α-Tocopherol Chemical compound OC1=C(C)C(C)=C2OC(CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)C)(C)CCC2=C1C GVJHHUAWPYXKBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 28
- 150000002632 lipids Chemical class 0.000 description 25
- 235000021323 fish oil Nutrition 0.000 description 23
- JAZBEHYOTPTENJ-JLNKQSITSA-N all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid Chemical compound CC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCC(O)=O JAZBEHYOTPTENJ-JLNKQSITSA-N 0.000 description 22
- 235000020673 eicosapentaenoic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 22
- JAZBEHYOTPTENJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N eicosapentaenoic acid Natural products CCC=CCC=CCC=CCC=CCC=CCCCC(O)=O JAZBEHYOTPTENJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 22
- 229960005135 eicosapentaenoic acid Drugs 0.000 description 22
- MBMBGCFOFBJSGT-KUBAVDMBSA-N all-cis-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid Chemical compound CC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCC(O)=O MBMBGCFOFBJSGT-KUBAVDMBSA-N 0.000 description 20
- 238000005502 peroxidation Methods 0.000 description 20
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 19
- YUFFSWGQGVEMMI-JLNKQSITSA-N (7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosapentaenoic acid Chemical compound CC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCCC(O)=O YUFFSWGQGVEMMI-JLNKQSITSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 235000021294 Docosapentaenoic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 17
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 17
- CYQFCXCEBYINGO-IAGOWNOFSA-N delta1-THC Chemical compound C1=C(C)CC[C@H]2C(C)(C)OC3=CC(CCCCC)=CC(O)=C3[C@@H]21 CYQFCXCEBYINGO-IAGOWNOFSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 229930003427 Vitamin E Natural products 0.000 description 14
- 235000020669 docosahexaenoic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 14
- WIGCFUFOHFEKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N gamma-tocopherol Natural products CC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC1CCC2C(C)C(O)C(C)C(C)C2O1 WIGCFUFOHFEKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 235000019165 vitamin E Nutrition 0.000 description 14
- 239000011709 vitamin E Substances 0.000 description 14
- 229940046009 vitamin E Drugs 0.000 description 14
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 12
- HVYWMOMLDIMFJA-DPAQBDIFSA-N cholesterol Chemical compound C1C=C2C[C@@H](O)CC[C@]2(C)[C@@H]2[C@@H]1[C@@H]1CC[C@H]([C@H](C)CCCC(C)C)[C@@]1(C)CC2 HVYWMOMLDIMFJA-DPAQBDIFSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 235000006708 antioxidants Nutrition 0.000 description 11
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 11
- GJJVAFUKOBZPCB-ZGRPYONQSA-N (r)-3,4-dihydro-2-methyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyl-3,7,11-tridecatrienyl)-2h-1-benzopyran-6-ol Chemical class OC1=CC=C2OC(CC/C=C(C)/CC/C=C(C)/CCC=C(C)C)(C)CCC2=C1 GJJVAFUKOBZPCB-ZGRPYONQSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 241001529469 Phoca groenlandica Species 0.000 description 10
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229940090949 docosahexaenoic acid Drugs 0.000 description 10
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 10
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 10
- 229930003802 tocotrienol Natural products 0.000 description 10
- 239000011731 tocotrienol Substances 0.000 description 10
- 235000019148 tocotrienols Nutrition 0.000 description 10
- 229940068778 tocotrienols Drugs 0.000 description 10
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 9
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 9
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000008344 egg yolk phospholipid Substances 0.000 description 8
- 235000021588 free fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 230000036512 infertility Effects 0.000 description 8
- 235000020777 polyunsaturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- GVJHHUAWPYXKBD-IEOSBIPESA-N α-tocopherol Chemical compound OC1=C(C)C(C)=C2O[C@@](CCC[C@H](C)CCC[C@H](C)CCCC(C)C)(C)CCC2=C1C GVJHHUAWPYXKBD-IEOSBIPESA-N 0.000 description 8
- YZXBAPSDXZZRGB-DOFZRALJSA-N arachidonic acid Chemical compound CCCCC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCC(O)=O YZXBAPSDXZZRGB-DOFZRALJSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000002158 endotoxin Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229940028435 intralipid Drugs 0.000 description 7
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000002738 chelating agent Substances 0.000 description 6
- 235000012000 cholesterol Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 6
- 210000004185 liver Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 6
- 208000024172 Cardiovascular disease Diseases 0.000 description 5
- 239000012480 LAL reagent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 235000004626 essential fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 238000001802 infusion Methods 0.000 description 5
- DVSZKTAMJJTWFG-SKCDLICFSA-N (2e,4e,6e,8e,10e,12e)-docosa-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaenoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCC\C=C\C=C\C=C\C=C\C=C\C=C\C(O)=O DVSZKTAMJJTWFG-SKCDLICFSA-N 0.000 description 4
- GZJLLYHBALOKEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-Ketone, O18-Me-Ussuriedine Natural products CC=CCC=CCC=CCC=CCC=CCC=CCCCC(O)=O GZJLLYHBALOKEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229930003448 Vitamin K Natural products 0.000 description 4
- 229940087168 alpha tocopherol Drugs 0.000 description 4
- KAUVQQXNCKESLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) Natural products COC(=O)C(C)NOCC1=CC=CC=C1 KAUVQQXNCKESLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229940013317 fish oils Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000008363 phosphate buffer Substances 0.000 description 4
- SHUZOJHMOBOZST-UHFFFAOYSA-N phylloquinone Natural products CC(C)CCCCC(C)CCC(C)CCCC(=CCC1=C(C)C(=O)c2ccccc2C1=O)C SHUZOJHMOBOZST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000003071 polychlorinated biphenyls Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 238000010561 standard procedure Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229940124597 therapeutic agent Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 210000001519 tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 229960000984 tocofersolan Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 229940088594 vitamin Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 229930003231 vitamin Natural products 0.000 description 4
- 235000013343 vitamin Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000011782 vitamin Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000019168 vitamin K Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000011712 vitamin K Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000003721 vitamin K derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 229940046010 vitamin k Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 235000004835 α-tocopherol Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000002076 α-tocopherol Substances 0.000 description 4
- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical compound [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 241000251468 Actinopterygii Species 0.000 description 3
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-HZJYTTRNSA-N Linoleic acid Chemical compound CCCCC\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-HZJYTTRNSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 206010028980 Neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 241000700159 Rattus Species 0.000 description 3
- 206010051379 Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 3
- ZMZDMBWJUHKJPS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Thiocyanate anion Chemical compound [S-]C#N ZMZDMBWJUHKJPS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 239000000159 acid neutralizing agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 235000021342 arachidonic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 229940114079 arachidonic acid Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N beta-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 description 3
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 201000011510 cancer Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 3
- 235000015872 dietary supplement Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 235000019197 fats Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000004817 gas chromatography Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 3
- 210000002216 heart Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- ZMZDMBWJUHKJPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen thiocyanate Natural products SC#N ZMZDMBWJUHKJPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000004054 inflammatory process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000001990 intravenous administration Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011630 iodine Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 210000003734 kidney Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 235000020778 linoleic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-IXWMQOLASA-N linoleic acid Natural products CCCCC\C=C/C\C=C\CCCCCCCC(O)=O OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-IXWMQOLASA-N 0.000 description 3
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 150000003904 phospholipids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 3
- 235000012424 soybean oil Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000003549 soybean oil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000003626 triacylglycerols Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- KILNVBDSWZSGLL-KXQOOQHDSA-N 1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@H](COP([O-])(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)C)OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC KILNVBDSWZSGLL-KXQOOQHDSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SNKAWJBJQDLSFF-NVKMUCNASA-N 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@H](COP([O-])(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)C)OC(=O)CCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC SNKAWJBJQDLSFF-NVKMUCNASA-N 0.000 description 2
- TWJNQYPJQDRXPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-cyanobenzohydrazide Chemical compound NNC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C#N TWJNQYPJQDRXPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 108010004103 Chylomicrons Proteins 0.000 description 2
- JZNWSCPGTDBMEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerophosphorylethanolamin Natural products NCCOP(O)(=O)OCC(O)CO JZNWSCPGTDBMEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000283118 Halichoerus grypus Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000282412 Homo Species 0.000 description 2
- 206010061218 Inflammation Diseases 0.000 description 2
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000021360 Myristic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- TUNFSRHWOTWDNC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Myristic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O TUNFSRHWOTWDNC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003146 anticoagulant agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940127219 anticoagulant drug Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000004204 blood vessel Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000032 diagnostic agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940039227 diagnostic agent Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- -1 fatty acid esters Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000003052 fractional factorial design Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003055 full factorial design Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910001385 heavy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000000703 high-speed centrifugation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001900 immune effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000036737 immune function Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000338 in vitro Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000004072 lung Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000013642 negative control Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001613 neoplastic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007911 parenteral administration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000016236 parenteral nutrition Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000003921 particle size analysis Methods 0.000 description 2
- WTJKGGKOPKCXLL-RRHRGVEJSA-N phosphatidylcholine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@H](COP([O-])(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)C)OC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC WTJKGGKOPKCXLL-RRHRGVEJSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000003441 saturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 150000004671 saturated fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000014102 seafood Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 210000000952 spleen Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000009885 systemic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001732 thrombotic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 231100000027 toxicology Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 235000021122 unsaturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 150000004670 unsaturated fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000003981 vehicle Substances 0.000 description 2
- QFMZQPDHXULLKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)CCP(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 QFMZQPDHXULLKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYCNUMLMNKHWPZ-SNVBAGLBSA-N 1-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine Chemical compound CC(=O)OC[C@@H](O)COP([O-])(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)C RYCNUMLMNKHWPZ-SNVBAGLBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PZNPLUBHRSSFHT-RRHRGVEJSA-N 1-hexadecanoyl-2-octadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)O[C@@H](COP([O-])(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)C)COC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC PZNPLUBHRSSFHT-RRHRGVEJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FRIBMENBGGCKPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(2,3-dimethoxyphenyl)prop-2-enal Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC(C=CC=O)=C1OC FRIBMENBGGCKPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HVYWMOMLDIMFJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-cholesterol Natural products C1C=C2CC(O)CCC2(C)C2C1C1CCC(C(C)CCCC(C)C)C1(C)CC2 HVYWMOMLDIMFJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102000009027 Albumins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010088751 Albumins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000031873 Animal Disease Models Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241001388118 Anisotremus taeniatus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical group [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010009900 Colitis ulcerative Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000011231 Crohn disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000004624 Dermatitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010012438 Dermatitis atopic Diseases 0.000 description 1
- ZGTMUACCHSMWAC-UHFFFAOYSA-L EDTA disodium salt (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].OC(=O)CN(CC([O-])=O)CCN(CC(O)=O)CC([O-])=O ZGTMUACCHSMWAC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229930091371 Fructose Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000005715 Fructose Substances 0.000 description 1
- RFSUNEUAIZKAJO-ARQDHWQXSA-N Fructose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@](O)(CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O RFSUNEUAIZKAJO-ARQDHWQXSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000010469 Glycine max Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000068988 Glycine max Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000004566 IR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- NHTMVDHEPJAVLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isooctane Chemical compound CC(C)CC(C)(C)C NHTMVDHEPJAVLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011050 LAL assay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 241000239218 Limulus Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000017170 Lipid metabolism disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000019693 Lung disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000699666 Mus <mouse, genus> Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000699670 Mus sp. Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010030113 Oedema Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 235000021314 Palmitic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 201000004681 Psoriasis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 235000019774 Rice Bran oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000019485 Safflower oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 206010053879 Sepsis syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 235000021355 Stearic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 208000007536 Thrombosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000006704 Ulcerative Colitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- CWRILEGKIAOYKP-SSDOTTSWSA-M [(2r)-3-acetyloxy-2-hydroxypropyl] 2-aminoethyl phosphate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC[C@@H](O)COP([O-])(=O)OCCN CWRILEGKIAOYKP-SSDOTTSWSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000002835 absorbance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000215 acute (single dose) toxicity testing Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 231100000403 acute toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000007059 acute toxicity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011047 acute toxicity test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- DTOSIQBPPRVQHS-PDBXOOCHSA-N alpha-linolenic acid Chemical compound CC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O DTOSIQBPPRVQHS-PDBXOOCHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000020661 alpha-linolenic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010171 animal model Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011558 animal model by disease Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010775 animal oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000489 anti-atherogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000427 antigen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 102000036639 antigens Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108091007433 antigens Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 210000001367 artery Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 206010003246 arthritis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000006673 asthma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 201000008937 atopic dermatitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000010668 atopic eczema Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000001580 bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003851 biochemical process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000023555 blood coagulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000037396 body weight Effects 0.000 description 1
- 244000309464 bull Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000014633 carbohydrates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940107161 cholesterol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000007957 coemulsifier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007850 degeneration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 206010012601 diabetes mellitus Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000005911 diet Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000037213 diet Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012470 diluted sample Substances 0.000 description 1
- JVSWJIKNEAIKJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl-hexane Natural products CCCCCC(C)C JVSWJIKNEAIKJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000396 dipotassium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000008034 disappearance Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000001804 emulsifying effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013401 experimental design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000019387 fatty acid methyl ester Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000001035 gastrointestinal tract Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229960005150 glycerol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000000265 homogenisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005556 hormone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940088597 hormone Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000011534 incubation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003978 infusion fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodine Chemical compound II PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000006317 isomerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000366 juvenile effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003902 lesion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960004488 linolenic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000005481 linolenic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000006166 lysate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- PSGAAPLEWMOORI-PEINSRQWSA-N medroxyprogesterone acetate Chemical compound C([C@@]12C)CC(=O)C=C1[C@@H](C)C[C@@H]1[C@@H]2CC[C@]2(C)[C@@](OC(C)=O)(C(C)=O)CC[C@H]21 PSGAAPLEWMOORI-PEINSRQWSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 208000030159 metabolic disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000037323 metabolic rate Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000021281 monounsaturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000010172 mouse model Methods 0.000 description 1
- WQEPLUUGTLDZJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Pentadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O WQEPLUUGTLDZJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC(C)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940060184 oil ingredients Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 210000000056 organ Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000036284 oxygen consumption Effects 0.000 description 1
- 244000052769 pathogen Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000001575 pathological effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007170 pathology Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008251 pharmaceutical emulsion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000825 pharmaceutical preparation Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940127557 pharmaceutical product Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000007971 pharmaceutical suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000144 pharmacologic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000008104 phosphatidylethanolamines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000902 placebo Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940068196 placebo Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001184 polypeptide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 108090000765 processed proteins & peptides Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000004196 processed proteins & peptides Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 150000003180 prostaglandins Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001698 pyrogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011552 rat model Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008165 rice bran oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000005713 safflower oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003813 safflower oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001568 sexual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000527 sonication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008347 soybean phospholipid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002798 spectrophotometry method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000010110 spontaneous platelet aggregation Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008223 sterile water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008227 sterile water for injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009469 supplementation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001356 surgical procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000024891 symptom Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001839 systemic circulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002560 therapeutic procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000001541 thymus gland Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000820 toxicity test Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 231100000041 toxicology testing Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 235000010692 trans-unsaturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910001428 transition metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 210000002700 urine Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000003462 vein Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003722 vitamin derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000008215 water for injection Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
- A61K35/12—Materials from mammals; Compositions comprising non-specified tissues or cells; Compositions comprising non-embryonic stem cells; Genetically modified cells
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23D—EDIBLE OILS OR FATS, e.g. MARGARINES, SHORTENINGS, COOKING OILS
- A23D7/00—Edible oil or fat compositions containing an aqueous phase, e.g. margarines
- A23D7/005—Edible oil or fat compositions containing an aqueous phase, e.g. margarines characterised by ingredients other than fatty acid triglycerides
- A23D7/0053—Compositions other than spreads
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
- A23L33/115—Fatty acids or derivatives thereof; Fats or oils
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
- A61K9/0019—Injectable compositions; Intramuscular, intravenous, arterial, subcutaneous administration; Compositions to be administered through the skin in an invasive manner
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/10—Dispersions; Emulsions
- A61K9/107—Emulsions ; Emulsion preconcentrates; Micelles
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
- A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Dermatology (AREA)
- Mycology (AREA)
- Nutrition Science (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Cell Biology (AREA)
- Developmental Biology & Embryology (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Virology (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Medicinal Preparation (AREA)
- Acyclic And Carbocyclic Compounds In Medicinal Compositions (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention provides seal oil based lipid emulsions that are rich in long chain .OMEGA.-3 fatty acids. The present invention further provides methods of preparing the emulsions and for the use of the emulsions in clinical settings for a variety of applications, including total parental nutrition.
Description
SEAL OIL BASED LIPID EMULSIONS AND USES THEREOF
FIELD OF 'SHE INVENTION
The present invention pertains to the field of lipid emulsion systems and in particular to seal oil based lipid emulsions for parenteral administration.
BACKGROUND
Lipid emulsions have been widely used as the basis of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) infusion solutions, providing a source of both calories and essential fatty acids for those patients unable to accept orally administered nutrition. For example, Intralipid"
intravenous lipid emulsion was developed in Europe during the 1960's, and by I O was approved for use in the United States. The lipid emulsions currently available commercially for parenteral use are composed of a vegetable oil, such as~
soybean oil or safflower oil, an emulsifying agent such as egg phospholipids, glycerol, and water.
Such commercially available emulsions include Liposyn° and Liposyn II° (Abbott Laboratories); Travemusion" (Baxter Healthcare); and Soyacal°
(Alpha 15 Therapeutics).
Progress in lipid biochemistry has established the biological essentiality of polyunsaturated Omega-3 (c~-3) and Omega-6 (~-6) fatty acids. Fatty acids are characterised by the number of C atoms and double bonds they possess and by the position of the first double bond relative to the methyl end of the molecule.
Thus, the 20 designation C 18:2 e~-6 indicates a fatty acid with 18 C atoms and 2 double bonds, the first double bond being at the sixth C atom from the methyl end.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids are important as membrane building blocks and modulators of biochemical processes. The most biologically important c~-6 fatty acids are arachidonic acid (AA;
C20:4) and its precursor, linoleic acid (C 18:2). oc-Linolenic acid is the parent 25 substance of the long-chain ~-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which are essential fatty acids in humans. As precursors in the synthesis of the highly biologically active eiconaoids, AA and EPA influence inflammatory reactions (Burton JL. Lancet, 1989, 433-S) and immunological resistance (Endrers S, et al., Eur J Clin Invest, 1995, 25:629-38), as well as cardiovascular diseases (Burr ML, et al., Lancet, 1989,
FIELD OF 'SHE INVENTION
The present invention pertains to the field of lipid emulsion systems and in particular to seal oil based lipid emulsions for parenteral administration.
BACKGROUND
Lipid emulsions have been widely used as the basis of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) infusion solutions, providing a source of both calories and essential fatty acids for those patients unable to accept orally administered nutrition. For example, Intralipid"
intravenous lipid emulsion was developed in Europe during the 1960's, and by I O was approved for use in the United States. The lipid emulsions currently available commercially for parenteral use are composed of a vegetable oil, such as~
soybean oil or safflower oil, an emulsifying agent such as egg phospholipids, glycerol, and water.
Such commercially available emulsions include Liposyn° and Liposyn II° (Abbott Laboratories); Travemusion" (Baxter Healthcare); and Soyacal°
(Alpha 15 Therapeutics).
Progress in lipid biochemistry has established the biological essentiality of polyunsaturated Omega-3 (c~-3) and Omega-6 (~-6) fatty acids. Fatty acids are characterised by the number of C atoms and double bonds they possess and by the position of the first double bond relative to the methyl end of the molecule.
Thus, the 20 designation C 18:2 e~-6 indicates a fatty acid with 18 C atoms and 2 double bonds, the first double bond being at the sixth C atom from the methyl end.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids are important as membrane building blocks and modulators of biochemical processes. The most biologically important c~-6 fatty acids are arachidonic acid (AA;
C20:4) and its precursor, linoleic acid (C 18:2). oc-Linolenic acid is the parent 25 substance of the long-chain ~-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which are essential fatty acids in humans. As precursors in the synthesis of the highly biologically active eiconaoids, AA and EPA influence inflammatory reactions (Burton JL. Lancet, 1989, 433-S) and immunological resistance (Endrers S, et al., Eur J Clin Invest, 1995, 25:629-38), as well as cardiovascular diseases (Burr ML, et al., Lancet, 1989,
2:757-61; Hu FB, et al., JAMA, 2002, 287(14):181 S-21), lipid metabolism disorders, thrombotic processes and neoplastic diseases (Jeeski LI, et al., Pro Soc Exp Biol Med 1995, 210:227-33; Tevar R, et al., J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 2002, 26(5):285-9;
Barber MD, et al., Nutr Cancer, 2001, 40(2):118-24; Senzaki H, et al., World Rev Nutr Diet, 2001, 88:117-2S). Clinical symptoms, such as lesions of the skin, cessation of growth, renal degeneration and increased metabolic rate have been associated with the deficiency of w-6 fatty acids (Caldwell M.D., Human essential fatty acids deficiency:
A review in fat emulsion in parenteral nutrition. Meng H.C. and Wilmore D.W.
(eds.) Chicago, IL: Amen. Med. Assoc. P. 24, 1978).
Epidemiological studies, which show a correlation between the fat content of food and 1 S the occurrence of cardiovascular disease, led to the recognition that polyunsaturated fatty acids were prophylactically effective. In this context, the e~-3 fatty acids found in marine oils have proved to be particularly beneficial. Recently, the need to maintain a balance between e~-3 and c~-6 fatty acid consumption has been recognised to be necessary for the protective pharmacological effects of these fatty acids to be achieved. Ratios of e~-3 to w-6 fatty acids of 1:2 to 1:4 have been recommended (Helmut G., et al., JPEN, 1994, 18:417-421).
As indicated above, the majority of commercially available lipid emulsions are derived from vegetable oils. The drawbacks associated with vegetable oil derived emulsions are two-fold. Firstly, vegetable oils lack cu-3 unsaturated fatty acids and 2S secondly, vegetable oils contain significant amounts of vitamiy K (for example, the vitamin Kl concentrations in 10% emulsions of Intralipid° and Liposyi II° were found to be 30.8 and 13.2 micrograms/dL, respectively). Vitamin K is one of the lcey factors in the blood coagulation process and thus may complicate surgical procedures, particularly for patients receiving anticoagulant therapy.
Barber MD, et al., Nutr Cancer, 2001, 40(2):118-24; Senzaki H, et al., World Rev Nutr Diet, 2001, 88:117-2S). Clinical symptoms, such as lesions of the skin, cessation of growth, renal degeneration and increased metabolic rate have been associated with the deficiency of w-6 fatty acids (Caldwell M.D., Human essential fatty acids deficiency:
A review in fat emulsion in parenteral nutrition. Meng H.C. and Wilmore D.W.
(eds.) Chicago, IL: Amen. Med. Assoc. P. 24, 1978).
Epidemiological studies, which show a correlation between the fat content of food and 1 S the occurrence of cardiovascular disease, led to the recognition that polyunsaturated fatty acids were prophylactically effective. In this context, the e~-3 fatty acids found in marine oils have proved to be particularly beneficial. Recently, the need to maintain a balance between e~-3 and c~-6 fatty acid consumption has been recognised to be necessary for the protective pharmacological effects of these fatty acids to be achieved. Ratios of e~-3 to w-6 fatty acids of 1:2 to 1:4 have been recommended (Helmut G., et al., JPEN, 1994, 18:417-421).
As indicated above, the majority of commercially available lipid emulsions are derived from vegetable oils. The drawbacks associated with vegetable oil derived emulsions are two-fold. Firstly, vegetable oils lack cu-3 unsaturated fatty acids and 2S secondly, vegetable oils contain significant amounts of vitamiy K (for example, the vitamin Kl concentrations in 10% emulsions of Intralipid° and Liposyi II° were found to be 30.8 and 13.2 micrograms/dL, respectively). Vitamin K is one of the lcey factors in the blood coagulation process and thus may complicate surgical procedures, particularly for patients receiving anticoagulant therapy.
3 PCT/CA02/01981 In response to current research indicating that supplementation of parenteral nutrition with co-3 fatty acids elicits a variety of protective effects in certain clinical conditions,lo, n a fish oil based lipid emulsion, Omegaven~ (Fresenius Kabi), has been developed and approved for use ~in European market. Omegaven~ is a 10% fish oil emulsion with a high percentage of the ~-3 fatty acids, EPA and DHA. A number of biological benefits have been shown to be associated With the use of Omegaven"
including increased LTCS production, reduced platelet aggregation, improved immunological functions and slowed oedema formation. Simultaneous intravenous administration of Omegaven° with a basic lipid emulsion such as Intralipid~' also provides an optimal ratio of eo-3 to ~-6 fatty acids.
Fish oil, however, contains very low levels of the ~-3 fatty acid DPA. Like the polyunsaturated fatty acids EPA and DHA, DPA is important nutritionally, with about one-third of the long chain ~-3 fatty acids circulating in human blood being attributable to DPA. Recent research has demonstrated that EPA may actually be converted to DPA in the blood vessel walls and that DPA itself may be the effective agent under these circumstances. Although it is generally believed that EPA is the key factor in producing prostaglandin, which keeps the artery wall soft and free of plaque, this study indicated that DPA may be 10-20 times more powerful than EPA in this respect. DPA can thus act as a powerful anti-atherogenic factor (Schieferineier M. &
Yavin E., J Lipid Res, 2002, 43(1):124-31; Hansen JB, et al., J Lipid Res, 2000, 4I (9):I376-83).
Another potential drawback to the use of fish oil in lipid emulsions is that methods of extracting fish oil currently rely on steam or heat, which oxidises ~-3 fatty acids. High temperatures also have the potential to accelerate the isomerisation of co-3 fatty acids from their natural cis-geometry to a t~~ans-geometry. Both oxidised and tr~ahs-fatty acids are detrimental to human health. .
A need remains, therefore, for a lipid emulsion containing a high percentage of the w-3 fatty acids, EPA, DPA and DHA, a low amount of vitamin K and low proportions of oxidised and t~~ans-fatty acids.
This background information is provided for the purpose of making known information believed by the applicant to be of possible relevance to the present invention. No admission is necessarily intended, nor should be construed, that any of the preceding information constitutes prior art against the present invention.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An object of the present invention is to provide seal oil based lipid emulsions and uses thereof. In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a lipid emulsion comprising:
(a) 5-40% by weight of a purified seal oil;
(b) 0.5-5% by weight of an emulsifying agent, and (c) water, wherein the emulsion has a final pH of between 6.0 and 9Ø
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided a nutritive composition comprising:
(a) a lipid emulsion comprising 5-40% by weight of a purified seal oil, 0.5-5% by weight of an emulsifying agent and water, and (b) one or more nutritional compounds, wherein the composition has a final pH of between 6.0 and 9Ø
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided a nutritive composition comprising a lipid emulsion comprising 5-40% by weight of a purified seal oil, 0.5-5% by weight of an emulsifying agent and water, and one or more therapeutic agents.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided a nutritive composition comprising a lipid emulsion comprising 5-40% by weight of a purified seal oil, 0.5-5% by weight of an emulsifying agent and water, and one or more diagnostic agents.
including increased LTCS production, reduced platelet aggregation, improved immunological functions and slowed oedema formation. Simultaneous intravenous administration of Omegaven° with a basic lipid emulsion such as Intralipid~' also provides an optimal ratio of eo-3 to ~-6 fatty acids.
Fish oil, however, contains very low levels of the ~-3 fatty acid DPA. Like the polyunsaturated fatty acids EPA and DHA, DPA is important nutritionally, with about one-third of the long chain ~-3 fatty acids circulating in human blood being attributable to DPA. Recent research has demonstrated that EPA may actually be converted to DPA in the blood vessel walls and that DPA itself may be the effective agent under these circumstances. Although it is generally believed that EPA is the key factor in producing prostaglandin, which keeps the artery wall soft and free of plaque, this study indicated that DPA may be 10-20 times more powerful than EPA in this respect. DPA can thus act as a powerful anti-atherogenic factor (Schieferineier M. &
Yavin E., J Lipid Res, 2002, 43(1):124-31; Hansen JB, et al., J Lipid Res, 2000, 4I (9):I376-83).
Another potential drawback to the use of fish oil in lipid emulsions is that methods of extracting fish oil currently rely on steam or heat, which oxidises ~-3 fatty acids. High temperatures also have the potential to accelerate the isomerisation of co-3 fatty acids from their natural cis-geometry to a t~~ans-geometry. Both oxidised and tr~ahs-fatty acids are detrimental to human health. .
A need remains, therefore, for a lipid emulsion containing a high percentage of the w-3 fatty acids, EPA, DPA and DHA, a low amount of vitamin K and low proportions of oxidised and t~~ans-fatty acids.
This background information is provided for the purpose of making known information believed by the applicant to be of possible relevance to the present invention. No admission is necessarily intended, nor should be construed, that any of the preceding information constitutes prior art against the present invention.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An object of the present invention is to provide seal oil based lipid emulsions and uses thereof. In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a lipid emulsion comprising:
(a) 5-40% by weight of a purified seal oil;
(b) 0.5-5% by weight of an emulsifying agent, and (c) water, wherein the emulsion has a final pH of between 6.0 and 9Ø
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided a nutritive composition comprising:
(a) a lipid emulsion comprising 5-40% by weight of a purified seal oil, 0.5-5% by weight of an emulsifying agent and water, and (b) one or more nutritional compounds, wherein the composition has a final pH of between 6.0 and 9Ø
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided a nutritive composition comprising a lipid emulsion comprising 5-40% by weight of a purified seal oil, 0.5-5% by weight of an emulsifying agent and water, and one or more therapeutic agents.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided a nutritive composition comprising a lipid emulsion comprising 5-40% by weight of a purified seal oil, 0.5-5% by weight of an emulsifying agent and water, and one or more diagnostic agents.
4 In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided a use of a lipid emulsion comprising 5-40% by weight of a purified seal oil, 0.5-5% by weight of an emulsifying agent and water, for total parenteral nutrition in a subject in need thereof.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided a use of a lipid emulsion comprising 5-40% by weight of a purified seal oil, 0.5-5% by weight of an emulsifying agent and water, as a delivery vehicle for therapeutic or diagnostic agents.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
Figure 1 depicts the effect of the lecithin to seal oil ratio on the globule size of a 10%
seal oil emulsion.
Figure 2 depicts the effect of pH on the zeta potential of a 10% seal oil emulsion.
Figure 3 depicts the effect of pH on peroxidation of a 10% seal oil emulsion.
Figure 4 depicts the effect of EDTA and/or Vitamin E on peroxidation of a 10%
seal oil emulsion.
Figure 5 depicts the effect of EDTA concentration on peroxidation of a 10%
seal oil emulsion.
Figure 6 depicts the peroxidation values for emulsions containing different oils.
Diamond: Intralipid~t made from soybean oil; Square: Omegaven° made from fish oil;
Triangle: 10% seal oil emulsion.
Figure 7 depicts the effect of autoclave time on peroxidation of a 10% seal oil emulsion.
Figure 8 depicts the effect of autoclave time on pH of a 10% seal oil emulsion.
Figure 9 depicts the effect of autoclave time on zeta potential of a 10% seal oil emulsion.
Figure 10 depicts the effect of autoclave time on particle size of a 10% seal oil emulsion.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided a use of a lipid emulsion comprising 5-40% by weight of a purified seal oil, 0.5-5% by weight of an emulsifying agent and water, as a delivery vehicle for therapeutic or diagnostic agents.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
Figure 1 depicts the effect of the lecithin to seal oil ratio on the globule size of a 10%
seal oil emulsion.
Figure 2 depicts the effect of pH on the zeta potential of a 10% seal oil emulsion.
Figure 3 depicts the effect of pH on peroxidation of a 10% seal oil emulsion.
Figure 4 depicts the effect of EDTA and/or Vitamin E on peroxidation of a 10%
seal oil emulsion.
Figure 5 depicts the effect of EDTA concentration on peroxidation of a 10%
seal oil emulsion.
Figure 6 depicts the peroxidation values for emulsions containing different oils.
Diamond: Intralipid~t made from soybean oil; Square: Omegaven° made from fish oil;
Triangle: 10% seal oil emulsion.
Figure 7 depicts the effect of autoclave time on peroxidation of a 10% seal oil emulsion.
Figure 8 depicts the effect of autoclave time on pH of a 10% seal oil emulsion.
Figure 9 depicts the effect of autoclave time on zeta potential of a 10% seal oil emulsion.
Figure 10 depicts the effect of autoclave time on particle size of a 10% seal oil emulsion.
5 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a lipid emulsion comprising seal oil as the core lipid for use in therapeutic applications, including total parenteral nutrition.
Definitions Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary slcill in the art to which this invention belongs.
As used herein, the term "about" refers to a +/-5% variation from the nominal value. It is to be understood that such a variation is always included in any given value provided herein, whether or not it is specifically referred to.
Composition of the Lipid Emulsions In accordance with the present invention, the lipid emulsion comprises seal oil and an emulsifying agent dispersed in water. The emulsion may further comprise additional components such as, antioxidants, chelating agents, buffers, co-emulsifiers, osmolality modifiers, neutralisation agents and the like that improve the stability, uniformity and/or other properties of the emulsion.
The seal oil based lipid emulsion of the present invention are more stable and more resistant to oxidation than currently available fish oil based emulsions. In addition, the seal oil based emulsions contain the essential fatty acid' docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), which is present only at low levels in fish oil based emulsions.
1. Seal Oil The lipid emulsions of the present invention comprise seal oil as the core lipid. A
variety of seal species are suitable as sources of oil for the emulsions. In one embodiment of the present invention, the oil is derived from harp seals.
The present invention provides a lipid emulsion comprising seal oil as the core lipid for use in therapeutic applications, including total parenteral nutrition.
Definitions Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary slcill in the art to which this invention belongs.
As used herein, the term "about" refers to a +/-5% variation from the nominal value. It is to be understood that such a variation is always included in any given value provided herein, whether or not it is specifically referred to.
Composition of the Lipid Emulsions In accordance with the present invention, the lipid emulsion comprises seal oil and an emulsifying agent dispersed in water. The emulsion may further comprise additional components such as, antioxidants, chelating agents, buffers, co-emulsifiers, osmolality modifiers, neutralisation agents and the like that improve the stability, uniformity and/or other properties of the emulsion.
The seal oil based lipid emulsion of the present invention are more stable and more resistant to oxidation than currently available fish oil based emulsions. In addition, the seal oil based emulsions contain the essential fatty acid' docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), which is present only at low levels in fish oil based emulsions.
1. Seal Oil The lipid emulsions of the present invention comprise seal oil as the core lipid. A
variety of seal species are suitable as sources of oil for the emulsions. In one embodiment of the present invention, the oil is derived from harp seals.
6 As mentioned above, currently available lipid emulsions for therapeutic applications contain either a vegetable-derived oil or a fish oil as the core lipid. Seal oil provides a number of advantages over fish or vegetable oils. For example, whereas most vegetable-derived oils have ~a low content of beneficial w-3 fatty acids and a relatively high content of vitamin K, seal oil contains high levels of cu-3 fatty acids and low levels of Vitamin K. In addition, the r~-3 fatty acid content of seal oil is higher than that found in fish oils, for example, the ~-3 fatty acid content of harp seal oil is typically about 20-35%. Furthermore, most w-3 fatty acids in seal oil occupy the 1-and 3- positions of the substituted triglyceride molecule, the same positions as in humans, whereas the w-3 fatty acids in fish oil mainly occupy the 2-position.
The substitution pattern of seal oil; therefore, can provide for better absorption of the administered lipids within the emulsion by the recipients, as the seal oil lipids more closely resemble endogenous lipids.
In terms of the e~-3 fatty acid content, seal oil contains a higher ratio of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) than fish oil, as well as lower levels of undesirable monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids.
Moreover, seal oil contains significant amounts of the essential fatty acid docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), which is present at very low levels in fish oils. Together with making seal oil well-suited for therapeutic purposes, the above properties confer on seal oil superior fluidic characteristics, making it less likely to form semi-solids that could clog blood vessels.
In accordance with the present invention, the seal oil for use as the core lipid of the emulsion is highly purified and contains a high concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially e~-3 fatty acids. The oil further contains a higher proportion of c~-3 fatty acids than ~-6 fatty acids.
The concentration of cu-3. fatty acids in seal oil is typically about 20-35%
by total weight and the concentration of ~-6 fatty acids is typically about 2-10% by total weight. However, one skilled in the art will appreciate that the composition of the fatty acids of the oil will vary depending on the method of extraction and refinery.
The substitution pattern of seal oil; therefore, can provide for better absorption of the administered lipids within the emulsion by the recipients, as the seal oil lipids more closely resemble endogenous lipids.
In terms of the e~-3 fatty acid content, seal oil contains a higher ratio of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) than fish oil, as well as lower levels of undesirable monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids.
Moreover, seal oil contains significant amounts of the essential fatty acid docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), which is present at very low levels in fish oils. Together with making seal oil well-suited for therapeutic purposes, the above properties confer on seal oil superior fluidic characteristics, making it less likely to form semi-solids that could clog blood vessels.
In accordance with the present invention, the seal oil for use as the core lipid of the emulsion is highly purified and contains a high concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially e~-3 fatty acids. The oil further contains a higher proportion of c~-3 fatty acids than ~-6 fatty acids.
The concentration of cu-3. fatty acids in seal oil is typically about 20-35%
by total weight and the concentration of ~-6 fatty acids is typically about 2-10% by total weight. However, one skilled in the art will appreciate that the composition of the fatty acids of the oil will vary depending on the method of extraction and refinery.
7 In accordance with the present invention, the seal oil for use in the emulsions comprises greater than about 20% by total weight of ~-3 fatty acids. In one embodiment, the seal oil comprises greater than about 25% by total weight of w-fatty acids. In another embodiment, the seal oil comprises greater than about 27% by total weight of cu-3 fatty acids.
In seal oil, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) comprise a high proportion of the ~-3 fatty acid content of the oil. For example, the concentration of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) typically account for about 45-70% of total weight of w-3 fatty acids in harp seal oil, whereas the linolenic acids account for about 0.5-1.5% of total weight of w-3 fatty acids.
In accordance with the present invention, the ratio of DHA to EPA in the seal oil for use in the emulsions of the present invention is between about 1:1 and about 3.5:1.
The fatty acid content of the seal oil may also be in the form of esters of fatty acids such as esters of linoleic acid (18:2n6), arachidonic acid (20;4n6), linolenic acid (18:3n3), eicosapentaenoic acid or EPA (20:Sn3) and docosahexaenoic acid or DHA
(22:6n3), as well as those of other saturated fatty acids such as myristic acid (14:00), palrnitic acid (16:00) and stearic acid (18:00). Seal oils typically have a low content of free fatty acid esters (between about 0.2 and 0.9 ml/g) in terms of the acid value.
(according to United States Pharmacopoeia 1993). One skilled in the art will appreciate that the amount of fatty acid esters present in the oil is dependent on the process employed in the refining of the oil.
In accordance with the present invention, the free fatty acid content of the seal oil used in the emulsions is less than about 0.5 ml/g. In one embodiment, the free fatty acid content is less than about 0.4 ml/g. In another embodiment, the free fatty acid content is less than about 0.3 mI/g (all values measured according to United States Pharmacopoeia 1993).
The quality of the oil can be assessed by parameters known in the art, for example, peroxide value, iodine value or fatty acid composition. Such parameters can be measured by a number of techniques known to one skilled in the art, for example, the parameters can be measured by gas chromatography (see also analytical procedures described in the United States Pharmacopoeia XXI and XXII, and the British Pharmacopoeia 1993 and 1998) In accordance with the present invention, the seal oil for use in the emulsions has a peroxide value between about 3 mEq/kg and about 35 mEq/kg and an average iodine value of above 60 mEq/kg. In one embodiment, the seal oil has an iodine value of between about 85 mEq/lcg and about 100 mEq/kg.
Methods of extracting and refining oils are well-known in the axt. For example, International Patent Application No. PCT/CA00/00028 describes a method of refining animal and vegetable oils using low heat. The use of low temperature methods minimises the amount of detrimental oxidised and trans-fatty acids that axe present in the purified oil. Seal oil additionally tends.to be more resistant to natural oxidative processes than fish oils, with preliminary experiments demonstrating that that the extent of oxidisation of cu-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in seal oil in vitro was less than half that observed in fish oils. In accordance with the present invention, the seal oil has a low content of oxidised and ts~a~cs-fatty acids.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the seal oil is extracted and refined by a low temperature process to minimise oxidation. In another embodiment, the temperature of the process is maintained at or below 22°C.
The lipid emulsions of the present invention typically comprise between about 5% and about 40% (w/v) of seal oil. In one enribodiment, the emulsion comprises between about 5% and about 30% (w/v) of seal oil. In another embodiment, the emulsion comprises between about 5% and about 20% (w/v) of seal oil. In another embodiment, the emulsion comprises between about 5% and about 15% (w/v) of seal oil. In another embodiment, the emulsion comprises about 10% (w/v) of seal oil.
2. Emulsifying Agent To prepare the lipid emulsions in accordance with the present invention, one or more emulsifying agents are mixed with the seal oil component. Emulsifying agents for tlus purpose are generally phospholipids of natural, synthetic or semi-synthetic origin. A
variety of suitable emulsifying agents are known in the art. Examples of suitable emulsifying agents include, but are not limited to, egg phosphatidylcholine, egg lecithin, L-a-dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC), DL-oc-dipalmitoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DPPE), dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine (DOPC) and soy lecithin. In accordance with the present invention, the total concentration of triglycerides as well as free fatty acids in the emulsifier should be low in order to minimise the contribution to the total oil concentration of the emulsion. In one embodiment of the present invention, the total concentration of triglycerides as well as free fatty acids in the emulsifier is less than about 3.5%.
In one embodiment of the present invention, lecithin is used as the emulsifying agent in the lipid emulsions. In another embodiment, egg lecithin is used as the emulsifying agent. In another embodiment, egg lecithin containing 80-85% phosphatidyl choline and less than about 3.5% of fat is used as an emulsifying agent. One skilled in the art will appreciate that other components may be present in the egg lecithin without adversely affecting the emulsifying properties. For example, the egg lecithin may contain one or more of phosphatidyl ethanolamine, lysophosphatidyl choline, lysophosphatidyl ethanolamine, sphingomeylin and other natural components.
The lipid emulsions according to the present invention typically contain between about 0.5% and about 5% (w/v) emulsifying agent. In one embodiment of the present invention, the emulsion contains between about 0.6% and about 2% (w/v) emulsifying agent. In another embodiment, the emulsion contains between about 0.8% and about 1.8% (w/v) emulsifying agent. In another embodiment, the emulsion contains between about 1.0% and about 1.5% (w/v) emulsifying agent. In another embodiment, the emulsion contains between about 1.2% (w/v) emulsifying agent.
The ratio of lecithin to seal oil in the emulsion is important in determining the size of the oil globules formed within the emulsion. In accordance with the present invention, the globule size in the emulsion is below 1 ~,m. The ratio of lecithin to seal oil is therefore between about 1:4 and about 1:20. In one embodiment of the present invention, the ratio is between about 1:4 and about 1:18. In another embodiment, the ratio is between about 1:4 and about 1:15. In another embodiment, the ratio is between about 1:4 and about 1:10.
3. Otlzef~ Additives The lipid emulsion in accordance with the present invention can further comprise additional components such as, antioxidants, chelating agents, osmolality modifiers, buffers, neutralisation agents and the like that improve the stability, uniformity and/or other properties of the emulsion.
The present invention contemplates addition of one or more antioxidants to the lipid emulsion in order to help prevent the formation of undesirable oxidised fatty acids.
Suitable antioxidants that can be added to the lipid emulsions include, but are not limited to, alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) and tocotrienols. As is known in the art, LO tocotrienols are a natural blend of tocotrienols and vitamin E
extract.concentrated from rice bran oil distillate, which have an antioxidant activity similar to that of alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E). Tocotrienols have a similar structure to vitamin E and contain three double bonds in the carbon side chain of the molecule.
When used, the concentration of antioxidant added to the emulsion is typically between about 0.002 and about 1.0% (w/v). In one embodiment, the concentration of antioxidant used in the emulsion is between about 0.02% and about 0.5% (w/v).
In one embodiment of the present invention, tocotrienols are added to the emulsion as an antioxidant. In another embodiment, about 0.5% (w/v) tocotrienols are added to the emulsion. In still another embodiment, vitamin E is added to the emulsion as an antioxidant. In another embodiment, about 0.02% (w/v) vitamin E is added to the emulsion.
The emulsion can further comprise a chelating agent to improve the stability of the emulsion and reduce the formation of oxidised fatty acids. Suitable chelating agents are known in the art and are those that axe generally recognised as safe (GRAS) compounds. Examples include, but are not limited to, EDTA. In one embodiment of the present invention, the emulsion comprises EDTA. In another embodiment, the emulsion comprises concentrations of EDTA between about 1 x 10-6 M and 5 x 10-M.
An osmolality modifier can also be incorporated into the emulsion to adjust the osmolality of the emulsion to a value suitable for parenteral administration.
.Amounts and types of osmolality modifiers for use in parenteral emulsions are well-known in the arf. An example of a suitable osmolality modifier is glycerol. The concentration of osmolality modifier typically ranges from about 2% to about 5% (w/v). In one embodiment of the present invention, the amount of osmolality modifier added to the emulsion is between about 2% and about 4%. In another embodiment, the amount of osmolality modifier added to the emulsion is between about 2% and about 3%. In another embodiment, about 2.25% (wlv) glycerol is added to the emulsion as an osmolality modifier.
One slcilled in the art will understand that the pH of the emulsion can be adjusted through the use of buffers or neutralisation agents. Emulsions with pH values close to physiological pH or above have been shown to be less prone to fatty acid peroxidation. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the pH of the emulsions can be adjusted through the use of an appropriate base that neutralises the negative charge on the fatty acids, through the use of an appropriate buffer, or a combination thereof. A
variety of bases and buffers are suitable fox use with the emulsions of the present invention. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the addition of buffer to the emulsion will affect not only on the final pH, but also the ionic strength of the emulsion. High ionic strengths may negatively impact the zeta potential of the emulsion (i. e. the surface charge of the oil globules) arid are, therefore, not desirable.
Selection of an appropriate buffer strength to provide a suitable pH and zeta potential as defined herein is considered to be within the ordinary skills of a worlcer in the art.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the pH of the emulsion is adjusted using sodium hydroxide. In another embodiment, the pH is adjusted with a buffer. In another embodiment, the buffer is a phosphate buffer. In another embodiment, both sodium hydroxide and a phosphate buffer are added to the emulsion.
The final pH of the emulsion is typically between about 6.0 and about 9Ø In one embodiment of the present invention, the pH of the emulsion is between about 7.0 and about 8.5. In anothex embodiment, the pH of emulsion is between about 7.0 and about 8Ø
The lipid emulsion can further comprise components for adjusting the stability of the emulsion, for example, amino acids or carbohydrates, such as fructose or glucose. The lipid emulsion can also be formulated to include nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, vitamins, or other parenteral nutritional supplements. The formulation of the lipid emulsion to incorporate a therapeutic agent is also considered to be within the scope of the present invention. A "therapeutic agent" as used herein refers to a physiologically or pharmacologically active substance that produces a localised or systemic effect or effects in animals and refers generally to drugs, nutritional supplements, vitamins, minerals, enzymes, hormones, proteins, polypeptides, antigens l0 and other therapeutically or diagnostically useful compounds.
Preparation of the Lipid Emulsions The lipid emulsions in accordance with the present invention can be prepared by a ntunber of conventional techniques known to those skilled in the art. In general, the core lipid is first mixed with the emulsifier and the antioxidant; if one is.being used.
l 5 The emulsion is then prepared by slowly adding this oil phase into water with constant agitation. If an osmolality modifier is being used, it is added to the water prior to mixture with the oil phase. The pH can be adjusted at this stage, if necessary, and the final volume adjusted with water, if required.
The size of the oil globules of the emulsion (i. e. the particle size) is an important ZO parameter with respect to therapeutic effects and the quality of the emulsion. Since lipid particles are removed from the systemic circulation in a manner similar to chylomicrons, the size of lipid particles in the emulsion need to remain within or below the size range of the naturally occurring chylomicron, which is 0.4-1.0 ~,m. If the particle size is larger than this, the lipid particles may be deposited in the liver, 25 spleen and lungs resulting in significant fat load following infusion (Rahui C.M., et al., Am. J. Hosp. Pha~yn. 1992, 49:2749-2755). Lipids with small particle sizes disperse better in the emulsion and tend to produce safer and more stable emulsions.
The lipid emulsions in accordance with the present invention typically have a particle size that is smaller and more uniform than commercially available lipid emulsions.
30 Appropriate particle sizes are those with an average diameter below 1 Vim, typically between about 0.05 ~.m and about 0.5 Vim. In one embodiment of the present invention, the average particle size is between about 100 nm and about 500 nm.
In another embodiment, the average particle size is between about 200 nm and about 400 nm. In other embodiments, the average particle size is between about 250 nm and about 350 nm and between about 300 nm and about 350 nm. One skilled in the art will understand that the particle sizes obtainable will be dependent on the composition of the formulation as well as the preparation procedure.
Lipid emulsions with an appropriate average particle size (i. e. less than 1 ~m in diameter) can be prepared by a number of techniques known in the art. For example, the dispersion prepared from addition of the oil phase into water, as described above, can be submitted to homogenisation, sonication or microfluidization. A variety of suitable mechanical devices to achieve the preparation of emulsions are commercially available. In one embodiment of the present invention, the dispersion is passed one or more times through a homogenizes. In another embodiment, a pressure of 20,000-27,000 Psi is used to create the emulsion using a homogenizes. In another embodiment, a pressure of 180,000 kPa is used to create the emulsion using a homogenzer. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the particle size of an emulsion prepared in this mamzer is associated with the oil content, concentration of the emulsifiers, as well as the pressure of, and the number of passages through, the homogenizes. Selection of the appropriate conditions foe the preparation of the emulsions according to the present invention is considered to be within the ordinary skills of a worker in the art.
At this stage, the resultant emulsion can be filtered through an appropriate filter, for example, a 0.45 ~.m membrane, if required. Alternatively, the emulsion can be sterilised by autoclaving. The emulsions comprising seal oil according to the present invention have been found to be stable to autoclaving for up to 60 minutes at 121 °C.
The final emulsion is generally maintained in sterile conditions and can be packaged in a hermetically sealed container for short or long-term storage.
The preparation of the lipid emulsion under an inert atmosphere to minimise the occurrence of lipid oxidation during the process is also contemplated by the present invention.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the lipid emulsion comprises 5-20 % seal oil, 0.5-5% egg lecithin containing 80-85% phosphatide, 0.002-0.5%
tocotrienols or alpha-tocopherol, 2-5% glycerol and water. In another embodiment, the seal oil contains 20 - 35% ~-3 fatty acids. In another embodiment, the seal oil has been refined using a process that maintains the temperature at or below 22°C. In another embodiment, the average particle size of the emulsion is in the range from about 250nm to about 350nm. In still another embodiment, the emulsion has a final pH
between about 7 and about 8.
Stability of the Lipid Emulsion Minimisation of lipid oxidation is particularly important in lipid emulsions as oxidation leads to the development of rancidity and the generation of potentially toxic molecules. As. is known in the art, the size of the oil globules, the concentration of the oil, the nature of the emulsifiers, and the presence of antioxidants are important determining factors in the amount of lipid oxidation that takes place in emulsions.
The stability of the Lipid emulsions can be determined by a number of tests known in the art and described herein and elsewhere including, but not limited to, visual examination of the emulsion for creaming and / or separation, accelerated temperature testing, lugh speed centrifugation, measurement of particle size, and distribution and alteration of zeta-potential. The oxidative status of seal oil can be pre-evaluated by measuring the peroxide value and thus determining the quality bf the emulsion.
Methods of determining the peroxide content of oils axe known in the art (for example see the analytical procedures described in the United States Pharmacopoeia XXI, or the British Pharmacopoeia 1993). Seal oil typically has low peroxide values of about 4 mEq/kg to about 32 mEq/kg depending on the manufacturing process. Thus, in one embodiment of the present invention the seal oil has a peroxide value less than 35 mEq/kg. In another embodiment, the seal oil has a peroxide value in the range from about 5 mEq/kg to about 30 mEq/kg.
The oxidation level of the lipid emulsion can also be determined by measuring the peroxide value, by monitoring the oxygen consumption or by detecting lipid peroxides.
Toxicity Testing The toxicity of the lipid emulsions can be tested ivy vita°o and iu vivo using standard techniques known in the art (see, for example, Cu~f e~ct Protocols ih Toxicology, Maines, M., et al. (ed.), J. Wiley & Sons, Inc., New Yorlc, NY).
For example, the emulsions can be, tested in vitro for the presence of endotoxin using the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) blood clot test (Marilyn J. Gould, Nephrology News & Issues, November 1988, pp26). Alternatively, or in addition, the emulsions can be tested ih vivo using standard acute toxicity tests in which the emulsions are administered to a suitable test animal (typically a mouse or a rat). After an appropriate amount of time, the animals are sacrificed and tissue from the major organs is collected and analysed. The results are compared to a control group of animals to which a placebo or a standard product was administered.
Testing the Lipid Emulsions A number of standard clinical tests known to one skilled in the art can be used to determine the efficacy of the lipid emulsions according to the present invention in the context of total parenteral nutrition, or for therapeutic applications. For example, the ability of the lipid emulsions to be taken up by the body can be determined by standard bioequivalency studies (see, for example, Cu~~~ent P~~otocols in Toxicology, Maines, M., et al. (ed.), J. Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY). In these studies the disappearance of the fatty acids from the bloodstream of an appropriate animal model subsequent to infusion with the lipid emulsion of the present invention, or a control emulsion (typically a commercially available vegetable or fish oil based emulsion) is monitored: The fatty acid profile of the liver lipids can also be measured by standard procedures and the distribution of the fatty acids determined by examining the histopathology of, for example, the liver, kidneys, heart, lungs, spleen, or thymus.
The therapeutic effects of the lipid emulsions according to the present invention can be measured in an appropriate animal disease model. For example, the burnt mouse model is frequently used to test the therapeutic benefit of lipid emulsions [see, Hayashi, Nuts°ition,17:211 (2001)x. In this case the lipid emulsion is administered to the mice and various physiological parameters are monitored, for example, the blood and urine levels of nitrogen, or the regeneration of certain proteins, such as blood albumin.
Other bioavailability studies and toxicity tests known in the art can also be carried out following short- or long-term schedules.
Uses of the Lipid Emulsions The lipid emulsions in accordance with the present invention can be used as.cis-w-3 fatty acid enriched total parenteral nutrition (TPN) products. For this purpose, the lipid emulsions can be combined with w-6 rich lipid emulsions, such as vegetable oil based emulsions, to provide optimal w-3:~-6 fatty acid ratios, if desired. In addition, the lipid emulsion in accordance with the present invention can be formulated as a nutritive composition to include one or more other nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, vitamins and/or other parenteral nutritional supplements by standard techniques.
'As mentioned previously, to-3 fatty acids are known to influence inflammatory reactions and immunological resistance, as well as cardiovascular diseases, fat metabolism disorders, thrombotic processes and neoplastic diseases. Therefore, the lipid emulsions in accordance with the present invention can also be used to benefit postsurgical and posttraumatic patients (particularly those who are under treatment with anti-coagulants), patients experiencing early stages of sepsis/systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), patients at risk of hyperinflammatory processes, patients whose immune functions need support, patients with inflarmnatory bowl diseases (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis), patients with inflammatory skin diseases (psoriasis, atopic eczema), patients with arthritis, patients with cardiovascular diseases, patients with cancer, patients with pulmonary disease such as asthma and diabetic patients.
The use of the lipid emulsions to formulate compositions that incorporate one or more therapeutic or diagnostic compounds is also contemplated by the present invention. In this embodiment, the lipid emulsion acts as a delivery vehicle for the therapeutic or diagnostic compounds) as well as providing beneficial effects as indicated above.
Formulation of the lipid emulsions to contain one or more therapeutic or diagnostic compound can be readily achieved by a worker skilled in the ant using standard techniques.
~10 Methods of administering lipid emulsions to patients for TPN applications or therapeutic benefit are known in the art. Typically the emulsions are administered by infusion over a suitable period of time. Appropriate dosages and administration regimens can readily be determined by one skilled in the clinical arts.
KITS
15 The present invention additionally provides for kits containing the lipid emulsions for administration to a subject. The kit would provide an appropriate dosing regimen for a prescribed period.
The kits of the invention comprise one or more packages or containers containing the lipid emulsion in combination with a set of instructions, generally written instructions, 20 relating to the use and dosage of the lipid emulsion. The kits may further comprise additional containers containing one or more nutrients or therapeutic or diagnostic compounds that may be added to the emulsion prior to administration. The packages containing the lipid emulsion may be in the form of unit doses or bulls packages (for example, mufti-dose packages). The doses may be packaged in a format such that each 25 dose is associated, for example, with a day of the week. There may also be associated with the kit a notice in the form prescribed by a governmental agency regulating the manufacture, use or sale of biological products, which notice reflects approval by the agency of manufacture, use or sale for human or animal administration.
To gain a better understanding of the invention described herein, the following examples are set forth. It should be understood that these examples are for illustrative purposes only. Therefore, they should not limit the scope of this invention in any way.
EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE l: PYepaz~ation of Lipid Emulsions containizzg Hasp Seal Oil.
Phospholipids, seal oil, glycerol, tocotrienols or alpha-tocopherol and cholesterol were mixed well by stirring for about 30 minutes at room temperature. Sterile water was added to the mixture and it was stirred for another 2-3 minutes. The entire mixture was then poured into the chamber of a homogenizer (EmulsiFelex~-C5, Avestin Iiic., Ottawa, Canada) and passaged through the homogenizer at high pressure (20,000-27,000 psi) several times.
In one combination, seal oil 10%, egg lecithin 2.4%, tocotrienols 0.5%, glycerol 2.25%, and cholesterol 5%, the average size of lipid droplet was 452nm after 4 passages of the emulsion through the homogenizer under a pressure of 20,000 Psi. The particle size dropped to 340 nm after a single passage through the homogenizer under an increased pressure of 27,000 Psi. However, the particle sizes of 280nm could be obtained under a pressure of 20,000 Psi when the cholesterol was omitted from the combination.
EXAMPLE 2: Optimisation of the Emulsion Cofnposition Since lipid emulsions are thermodynamically unstable systems, a number of factors need to be considered in order to prepare a stable and effective pharmaceutical product. These factors.include the nature of the oil and emulsifier, the concentration of each component, and the methodology of formulation. However, testing all factors at various levels is impractical and, therefore, factorial or fractional factorial designs are often used. Factorial or fractional factorial designs provide an effective way to screen various factors and optimise the formulation of the emulsion, see Phan-Tan-Luu, R., and Dither, M. Experimental design in emulsion and suspension formulations:
theoretical aspects. P.465-535; and Neilloud, F., Marti-Mestres, G., Maillols, H.
Application of experimental methodology to emulsions and suspensions. P. 535-557, Pharmaceutical Emulsions and Suspensions. Edited by Neilloud, F. and Manti-Mestres, G., Marcel Dekker Inc., 2000).
Depicted below is a sample of a full factorial design used to assess the consequence of varying certain factors of the lipid emulsion on the stability properties of a 10% seal oil emulsion.
The domain of variation of the three factors is shown in Table 1 below.
Table 1.
NumbeY Factors Levell (wlv)Level2.(wlv) 1 Seal Oil 10.00% 20.00%
2 Egg Lecithin1.20% 2.40%
3 Cholesterol 0.00% 0.50%
The response taken into account is the particle size of the emulsion in this sample.
Other parameters of lipid oxidation as well as bioavailability data can also be assessed by this method.
Full factorial design (23) and response are shown in Table 2.
Table 2.
No. Seal Oil Egg LecitlziszCholesterolSize sz~z J o i 1 10 1.2 0 28745 2 20 1.2 . 0 32448 3 10 2.4 0 28030 4 20 2.4 0 29046 No. Seal Oil Egg LecitlziuClzolestezolSize zzm % %
10 1.2 0.5 38379 6 20 1.2 0.5 ~ 37357 7 10 2.4 0.5 452110
In seal oil, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) comprise a high proportion of the ~-3 fatty acid content of the oil. For example, the concentration of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) typically account for about 45-70% of total weight of w-3 fatty acids in harp seal oil, whereas the linolenic acids account for about 0.5-1.5% of total weight of w-3 fatty acids.
In accordance with the present invention, the ratio of DHA to EPA in the seal oil for use in the emulsions of the present invention is between about 1:1 and about 3.5:1.
The fatty acid content of the seal oil may also be in the form of esters of fatty acids such as esters of linoleic acid (18:2n6), arachidonic acid (20;4n6), linolenic acid (18:3n3), eicosapentaenoic acid or EPA (20:Sn3) and docosahexaenoic acid or DHA
(22:6n3), as well as those of other saturated fatty acids such as myristic acid (14:00), palrnitic acid (16:00) and stearic acid (18:00). Seal oils typically have a low content of free fatty acid esters (between about 0.2 and 0.9 ml/g) in terms of the acid value.
(according to United States Pharmacopoeia 1993). One skilled in the art will appreciate that the amount of fatty acid esters present in the oil is dependent on the process employed in the refining of the oil.
In accordance with the present invention, the free fatty acid content of the seal oil used in the emulsions is less than about 0.5 ml/g. In one embodiment, the free fatty acid content is less than about 0.4 ml/g. In another embodiment, the free fatty acid content is less than about 0.3 mI/g (all values measured according to United States Pharmacopoeia 1993).
The quality of the oil can be assessed by parameters known in the art, for example, peroxide value, iodine value or fatty acid composition. Such parameters can be measured by a number of techniques known to one skilled in the art, for example, the parameters can be measured by gas chromatography (see also analytical procedures described in the United States Pharmacopoeia XXI and XXII, and the British Pharmacopoeia 1993 and 1998) In accordance with the present invention, the seal oil for use in the emulsions has a peroxide value between about 3 mEq/kg and about 35 mEq/kg and an average iodine value of above 60 mEq/kg. In one embodiment, the seal oil has an iodine value of between about 85 mEq/lcg and about 100 mEq/kg.
Methods of extracting and refining oils are well-known in the axt. For example, International Patent Application No. PCT/CA00/00028 describes a method of refining animal and vegetable oils using low heat. The use of low temperature methods minimises the amount of detrimental oxidised and trans-fatty acids that axe present in the purified oil. Seal oil additionally tends.to be more resistant to natural oxidative processes than fish oils, with preliminary experiments demonstrating that that the extent of oxidisation of cu-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in seal oil in vitro was less than half that observed in fish oils. In accordance with the present invention, the seal oil has a low content of oxidised and ts~a~cs-fatty acids.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the seal oil is extracted and refined by a low temperature process to minimise oxidation. In another embodiment, the temperature of the process is maintained at or below 22°C.
The lipid emulsions of the present invention typically comprise between about 5% and about 40% (w/v) of seal oil. In one enribodiment, the emulsion comprises between about 5% and about 30% (w/v) of seal oil. In another embodiment, the emulsion comprises between about 5% and about 20% (w/v) of seal oil. In another embodiment, the emulsion comprises between about 5% and about 15% (w/v) of seal oil. In another embodiment, the emulsion comprises about 10% (w/v) of seal oil.
2. Emulsifying Agent To prepare the lipid emulsions in accordance with the present invention, one or more emulsifying agents are mixed with the seal oil component. Emulsifying agents for tlus purpose are generally phospholipids of natural, synthetic or semi-synthetic origin. A
variety of suitable emulsifying agents are known in the art. Examples of suitable emulsifying agents include, but are not limited to, egg phosphatidylcholine, egg lecithin, L-a-dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC), DL-oc-dipalmitoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DPPE), dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine (DOPC) and soy lecithin. In accordance with the present invention, the total concentration of triglycerides as well as free fatty acids in the emulsifier should be low in order to minimise the contribution to the total oil concentration of the emulsion. In one embodiment of the present invention, the total concentration of triglycerides as well as free fatty acids in the emulsifier is less than about 3.5%.
In one embodiment of the present invention, lecithin is used as the emulsifying agent in the lipid emulsions. In another embodiment, egg lecithin is used as the emulsifying agent. In another embodiment, egg lecithin containing 80-85% phosphatidyl choline and less than about 3.5% of fat is used as an emulsifying agent. One skilled in the art will appreciate that other components may be present in the egg lecithin without adversely affecting the emulsifying properties. For example, the egg lecithin may contain one or more of phosphatidyl ethanolamine, lysophosphatidyl choline, lysophosphatidyl ethanolamine, sphingomeylin and other natural components.
The lipid emulsions according to the present invention typically contain between about 0.5% and about 5% (w/v) emulsifying agent. In one embodiment of the present invention, the emulsion contains between about 0.6% and about 2% (w/v) emulsifying agent. In another embodiment, the emulsion contains between about 0.8% and about 1.8% (w/v) emulsifying agent. In another embodiment, the emulsion contains between about 1.0% and about 1.5% (w/v) emulsifying agent. In another embodiment, the emulsion contains between about 1.2% (w/v) emulsifying agent.
The ratio of lecithin to seal oil in the emulsion is important in determining the size of the oil globules formed within the emulsion. In accordance with the present invention, the globule size in the emulsion is below 1 ~,m. The ratio of lecithin to seal oil is therefore between about 1:4 and about 1:20. In one embodiment of the present invention, the ratio is between about 1:4 and about 1:18. In another embodiment, the ratio is between about 1:4 and about 1:15. In another embodiment, the ratio is between about 1:4 and about 1:10.
3. Otlzef~ Additives The lipid emulsion in accordance with the present invention can further comprise additional components such as, antioxidants, chelating agents, osmolality modifiers, buffers, neutralisation agents and the like that improve the stability, uniformity and/or other properties of the emulsion.
The present invention contemplates addition of one or more antioxidants to the lipid emulsion in order to help prevent the formation of undesirable oxidised fatty acids.
Suitable antioxidants that can be added to the lipid emulsions include, but are not limited to, alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) and tocotrienols. As is known in the art, LO tocotrienols are a natural blend of tocotrienols and vitamin E
extract.concentrated from rice bran oil distillate, which have an antioxidant activity similar to that of alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E). Tocotrienols have a similar structure to vitamin E and contain three double bonds in the carbon side chain of the molecule.
When used, the concentration of antioxidant added to the emulsion is typically between about 0.002 and about 1.0% (w/v). In one embodiment, the concentration of antioxidant used in the emulsion is between about 0.02% and about 0.5% (w/v).
In one embodiment of the present invention, tocotrienols are added to the emulsion as an antioxidant. In another embodiment, about 0.5% (w/v) tocotrienols are added to the emulsion. In still another embodiment, vitamin E is added to the emulsion as an antioxidant. In another embodiment, about 0.02% (w/v) vitamin E is added to the emulsion.
The emulsion can further comprise a chelating agent to improve the stability of the emulsion and reduce the formation of oxidised fatty acids. Suitable chelating agents are known in the art and are those that axe generally recognised as safe (GRAS) compounds. Examples include, but are not limited to, EDTA. In one embodiment of the present invention, the emulsion comprises EDTA. In another embodiment, the emulsion comprises concentrations of EDTA between about 1 x 10-6 M and 5 x 10-M.
An osmolality modifier can also be incorporated into the emulsion to adjust the osmolality of the emulsion to a value suitable for parenteral administration.
.Amounts and types of osmolality modifiers for use in parenteral emulsions are well-known in the arf. An example of a suitable osmolality modifier is glycerol. The concentration of osmolality modifier typically ranges from about 2% to about 5% (w/v). In one embodiment of the present invention, the amount of osmolality modifier added to the emulsion is between about 2% and about 4%. In another embodiment, the amount of osmolality modifier added to the emulsion is between about 2% and about 3%. In another embodiment, about 2.25% (wlv) glycerol is added to the emulsion as an osmolality modifier.
One slcilled in the art will understand that the pH of the emulsion can be adjusted through the use of buffers or neutralisation agents. Emulsions with pH values close to physiological pH or above have been shown to be less prone to fatty acid peroxidation. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the pH of the emulsions can be adjusted through the use of an appropriate base that neutralises the negative charge on the fatty acids, through the use of an appropriate buffer, or a combination thereof. A
variety of bases and buffers are suitable fox use with the emulsions of the present invention. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the addition of buffer to the emulsion will affect not only on the final pH, but also the ionic strength of the emulsion. High ionic strengths may negatively impact the zeta potential of the emulsion (i. e. the surface charge of the oil globules) arid are, therefore, not desirable.
Selection of an appropriate buffer strength to provide a suitable pH and zeta potential as defined herein is considered to be within the ordinary skills of a worlcer in the art.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the pH of the emulsion is adjusted using sodium hydroxide. In another embodiment, the pH is adjusted with a buffer. In another embodiment, the buffer is a phosphate buffer. In another embodiment, both sodium hydroxide and a phosphate buffer are added to the emulsion.
The final pH of the emulsion is typically between about 6.0 and about 9Ø In one embodiment of the present invention, the pH of the emulsion is between about 7.0 and about 8.5. In anothex embodiment, the pH of emulsion is between about 7.0 and about 8Ø
The lipid emulsion can further comprise components for adjusting the stability of the emulsion, for example, amino acids or carbohydrates, such as fructose or glucose. The lipid emulsion can also be formulated to include nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, vitamins, or other parenteral nutritional supplements. The formulation of the lipid emulsion to incorporate a therapeutic agent is also considered to be within the scope of the present invention. A "therapeutic agent" as used herein refers to a physiologically or pharmacologically active substance that produces a localised or systemic effect or effects in animals and refers generally to drugs, nutritional supplements, vitamins, minerals, enzymes, hormones, proteins, polypeptides, antigens l0 and other therapeutically or diagnostically useful compounds.
Preparation of the Lipid Emulsions The lipid emulsions in accordance with the present invention can be prepared by a ntunber of conventional techniques known to those skilled in the art. In general, the core lipid is first mixed with the emulsifier and the antioxidant; if one is.being used.
l 5 The emulsion is then prepared by slowly adding this oil phase into water with constant agitation. If an osmolality modifier is being used, it is added to the water prior to mixture with the oil phase. The pH can be adjusted at this stage, if necessary, and the final volume adjusted with water, if required.
The size of the oil globules of the emulsion (i. e. the particle size) is an important ZO parameter with respect to therapeutic effects and the quality of the emulsion. Since lipid particles are removed from the systemic circulation in a manner similar to chylomicrons, the size of lipid particles in the emulsion need to remain within or below the size range of the naturally occurring chylomicron, which is 0.4-1.0 ~,m. If the particle size is larger than this, the lipid particles may be deposited in the liver, 25 spleen and lungs resulting in significant fat load following infusion (Rahui C.M., et al., Am. J. Hosp. Pha~yn. 1992, 49:2749-2755). Lipids with small particle sizes disperse better in the emulsion and tend to produce safer and more stable emulsions.
The lipid emulsions in accordance with the present invention typically have a particle size that is smaller and more uniform than commercially available lipid emulsions.
30 Appropriate particle sizes are those with an average diameter below 1 Vim, typically between about 0.05 ~.m and about 0.5 Vim. In one embodiment of the present invention, the average particle size is between about 100 nm and about 500 nm.
In another embodiment, the average particle size is between about 200 nm and about 400 nm. In other embodiments, the average particle size is between about 250 nm and about 350 nm and between about 300 nm and about 350 nm. One skilled in the art will understand that the particle sizes obtainable will be dependent on the composition of the formulation as well as the preparation procedure.
Lipid emulsions with an appropriate average particle size (i. e. less than 1 ~m in diameter) can be prepared by a number of techniques known in the art. For example, the dispersion prepared from addition of the oil phase into water, as described above, can be submitted to homogenisation, sonication or microfluidization. A variety of suitable mechanical devices to achieve the preparation of emulsions are commercially available. In one embodiment of the present invention, the dispersion is passed one or more times through a homogenizes. In another embodiment, a pressure of 20,000-27,000 Psi is used to create the emulsion using a homogenizes. In another embodiment, a pressure of 180,000 kPa is used to create the emulsion using a homogenzer. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the particle size of an emulsion prepared in this mamzer is associated with the oil content, concentration of the emulsifiers, as well as the pressure of, and the number of passages through, the homogenizes. Selection of the appropriate conditions foe the preparation of the emulsions according to the present invention is considered to be within the ordinary skills of a worker in the art.
At this stage, the resultant emulsion can be filtered through an appropriate filter, for example, a 0.45 ~.m membrane, if required. Alternatively, the emulsion can be sterilised by autoclaving. The emulsions comprising seal oil according to the present invention have been found to be stable to autoclaving for up to 60 minutes at 121 °C.
The final emulsion is generally maintained in sterile conditions and can be packaged in a hermetically sealed container for short or long-term storage.
The preparation of the lipid emulsion under an inert atmosphere to minimise the occurrence of lipid oxidation during the process is also contemplated by the present invention.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the lipid emulsion comprises 5-20 % seal oil, 0.5-5% egg lecithin containing 80-85% phosphatide, 0.002-0.5%
tocotrienols or alpha-tocopherol, 2-5% glycerol and water. In another embodiment, the seal oil contains 20 - 35% ~-3 fatty acids. In another embodiment, the seal oil has been refined using a process that maintains the temperature at or below 22°C. In another embodiment, the average particle size of the emulsion is in the range from about 250nm to about 350nm. In still another embodiment, the emulsion has a final pH
between about 7 and about 8.
Stability of the Lipid Emulsion Minimisation of lipid oxidation is particularly important in lipid emulsions as oxidation leads to the development of rancidity and the generation of potentially toxic molecules. As. is known in the art, the size of the oil globules, the concentration of the oil, the nature of the emulsifiers, and the presence of antioxidants are important determining factors in the amount of lipid oxidation that takes place in emulsions.
The stability of the Lipid emulsions can be determined by a number of tests known in the art and described herein and elsewhere including, but not limited to, visual examination of the emulsion for creaming and / or separation, accelerated temperature testing, lugh speed centrifugation, measurement of particle size, and distribution and alteration of zeta-potential. The oxidative status of seal oil can be pre-evaluated by measuring the peroxide value and thus determining the quality bf the emulsion.
Methods of determining the peroxide content of oils axe known in the art (for example see the analytical procedures described in the United States Pharmacopoeia XXI, or the British Pharmacopoeia 1993). Seal oil typically has low peroxide values of about 4 mEq/kg to about 32 mEq/kg depending on the manufacturing process. Thus, in one embodiment of the present invention the seal oil has a peroxide value less than 35 mEq/kg. In another embodiment, the seal oil has a peroxide value in the range from about 5 mEq/kg to about 30 mEq/kg.
The oxidation level of the lipid emulsion can also be determined by measuring the peroxide value, by monitoring the oxygen consumption or by detecting lipid peroxides.
Toxicity Testing The toxicity of the lipid emulsions can be tested ivy vita°o and iu vivo using standard techniques known in the art (see, for example, Cu~f e~ct Protocols ih Toxicology, Maines, M., et al. (ed.), J. Wiley & Sons, Inc., New Yorlc, NY).
For example, the emulsions can be, tested in vitro for the presence of endotoxin using the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) blood clot test (Marilyn J. Gould, Nephrology News & Issues, November 1988, pp26). Alternatively, or in addition, the emulsions can be tested ih vivo using standard acute toxicity tests in which the emulsions are administered to a suitable test animal (typically a mouse or a rat). After an appropriate amount of time, the animals are sacrificed and tissue from the major organs is collected and analysed. The results are compared to a control group of animals to which a placebo or a standard product was administered.
Testing the Lipid Emulsions A number of standard clinical tests known to one skilled in the art can be used to determine the efficacy of the lipid emulsions according to the present invention in the context of total parenteral nutrition, or for therapeutic applications. For example, the ability of the lipid emulsions to be taken up by the body can be determined by standard bioequivalency studies (see, for example, Cu~~~ent P~~otocols in Toxicology, Maines, M., et al. (ed.), J. Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY). In these studies the disappearance of the fatty acids from the bloodstream of an appropriate animal model subsequent to infusion with the lipid emulsion of the present invention, or a control emulsion (typically a commercially available vegetable or fish oil based emulsion) is monitored: The fatty acid profile of the liver lipids can also be measured by standard procedures and the distribution of the fatty acids determined by examining the histopathology of, for example, the liver, kidneys, heart, lungs, spleen, or thymus.
The therapeutic effects of the lipid emulsions according to the present invention can be measured in an appropriate animal disease model. For example, the burnt mouse model is frequently used to test the therapeutic benefit of lipid emulsions [see, Hayashi, Nuts°ition,17:211 (2001)x. In this case the lipid emulsion is administered to the mice and various physiological parameters are monitored, for example, the blood and urine levels of nitrogen, or the regeneration of certain proteins, such as blood albumin.
Other bioavailability studies and toxicity tests known in the art can also be carried out following short- or long-term schedules.
Uses of the Lipid Emulsions The lipid emulsions in accordance with the present invention can be used as.cis-w-3 fatty acid enriched total parenteral nutrition (TPN) products. For this purpose, the lipid emulsions can be combined with w-6 rich lipid emulsions, such as vegetable oil based emulsions, to provide optimal w-3:~-6 fatty acid ratios, if desired. In addition, the lipid emulsion in accordance with the present invention can be formulated as a nutritive composition to include one or more other nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, vitamins and/or other parenteral nutritional supplements by standard techniques.
'As mentioned previously, to-3 fatty acids are known to influence inflammatory reactions and immunological resistance, as well as cardiovascular diseases, fat metabolism disorders, thrombotic processes and neoplastic diseases. Therefore, the lipid emulsions in accordance with the present invention can also be used to benefit postsurgical and posttraumatic patients (particularly those who are under treatment with anti-coagulants), patients experiencing early stages of sepsis/systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), patients at risk of hyperinflammatory processes, patients whose immune functions need support, patients with inflarmnatory bowl diseases (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis), patients with inflammatory skin diseases (psoriasis, atopic eczema), patients with arthritis, patients with cardiovascular diseases, patients with cancer, patients with pulmonary disease such as asthma and diabetic patients.
The use of the lipid emulsions to formulate compositions that incorporate one or more therapeutic or diagnostic compounds is also contemplated by the present invention. In this embodiment, the lipid emulsion acts as a delivery vehicle for the therapeutic or diagnostic compounds) as well as providing beneficial effects as indicated above.
Formulation of the lipid emulsions to contain one or more therapeutic or diagnostic compound can be readily achieved by a worker skilled in the ant using standard techniques.
~10 Methods of administering lipid emulsions to patients for TPN applications or therapeutic benefit are known in the art. Typically the emulsions are administered by infusion over a suitable period of time. Appropriate dosages and administration regimens can readily be determined by one skilled in the clinical arts.
KITS
15 The present invention additionally provides for kits containing the lipid emulsions for administration to a subject. The kit would provide an appropriate dosing regimen for a prescribed period.
The kits of the invention comprise one or more packages or containers containing the lipid emulsion in combination with a set of instructions, generally written instructions, 20 relating to the use and dosage of the lipid emulsion. The kits may further comprise additional containers containing one or more nutrients or therapeutic or diagnostic compounds that may be added to the emulsion prior to administration. The packages containing the lipid emulsion may be in the form of unit doses or bulls packages (for example, mufti-dose packages). The doses may be packaged in a format such that each 25 dose is associated, for example, with a day of the week. There may also be associated with the kit a notice in the form prescribed by a governmental agency regulating the manufacture, use or sale of biological products, which notice reflects approval by the agency of manufacture, use or sale for human or animal administration.
To gain a better understanding of the invention described herein, the following examples are set forth. It should be understood that these examples are for illustrative purposes only. Therefore, they should not limit the scope of this invention in any way.
EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE l: PYepaz~ation of Lipid Emulsions containizzg Hasp Seal Oil.
Phospholipids, seal oil, glycerol, tocotrienols or alpha-tocopherol and cholesterol were mixed well by stirring for about 30 minutes at room temperature. Sterile water was added to the mixture and it was stirred for another 2-3 minutes. The entire mixture was then poured into the chamber of a homogenizer (EmulsiFelex~-C5, Avestin Iiic., Ottawa, Canada) and passaged through the homogenizer at high pressure (20,000-27,000 psi) several times.
In one combination, seal oil 10%, egg lecithin 2.4%, tocotrienols 0.5%, glycerol 2.25%, and cholesterol 5%, the average size of lipid droplet was 452nm after 4 passages of the emulsion through the homogenizer under a pressure of 20,000 Psi. The particle size dropped to 340 nm after a single passage through the homogenizer under an increased pressure of 27,000 Psi. However, the particle sizes of 280nm could be obtained under a pressure of 20,000 Psi when the cholesterol was omitted from the combination.
EXAMPLE 2: Optimisation of the Emulsion Cofnposition Since lipid emulsions are thermodynamically unstable systems, a number of factors need to be considered in order to prepare a stable and effective pharmaceutical product. These factors.include the nature of the oil and emulsifier, the concentration of each component, and the methodology of formulation. However, testing all factors at various levels is impractical and, therefore, factorial or fractional factorial designs are often used. Factorial or fractional factorial designs provide an effective way to screen various factors and optimise the formulation of the emulsion, see Phan-Tan-Luu, R., and Dither, M. Experimental design in emulsion and suspension formulations:
theoretical aspects. P.465-535; and Neilloud, F., Marti-Mestres, G., Maillols, H.
Application of experimental methodology to emulsions and suspensions. P. 535-557, Pharmaceutical Emulsions and Suspensions. Edited by Neilloud, F. and Manti-Mestres, G., Marcel Dekker Inc., 2000).
Depicted below is a sample of a full factorial design used to assess the consequence of varying certain factors of the lipid emulsion on the stability properties of a 10% seal oil emulsion.
The domain of variation of the three factors is shown in Table 1 below.
Table 1.
NumbeY Factors Levell (wlv)Level2.(wlv) 1 Seal Oil 10.00% 20.00%
2 Egg Lecithin1.20% 2.40%
3 Cholesterol 0.00% 0.50%
The response taken into account is the particle size of the emulsion in this sample.
Other parameters of lipid oxidation as well as bioavailability data can also be assessed by this method.
Full factorial design (23) and response are shown in Table 2.
Table 2.
No. Seal Oil Egg LecitlziszCholesterolSize sz~z J o i 1 10 1.2 0 28745 2 20 1.2 . 0 32448 3 10 2.4 0 28030 4 20 2.4 0 29046 No. Seal Oil Egg LecitlziuClzolestezolSize zzm % %
10 1.2 0.5 38379 6 20 1.2 0.5 ~ 37357 7 10 2.4 0.5 452110
8 20 2.4 0.5 36362 Effect Matrix-13 4.5 97.5 Calculation of the matrix effect in this sample indicates that the presence and concentration of cholesterol is an important factor in determining the particle size of this type of emulsion.
5 EXAMPLE 3: Adjustment of the Particle Size iu the Lipid Emulsions Particle size of the emulsion is related to several factors as mentioned above. Control of particle size and maintenance of this size within a certain range have great influence on the stability of the emulsion and further determine the effectiveness and toxicity of the emulsion. An emulsion composed of the following combination:
seal oil 10%, egg lecithin 2.4%, tocotrienols 0.5%, glycerol 2.25%, and cholesterol 5%, had an average lipid droplet size of 452 nm after 4 passages of the emulsion through a homogenizes under a pressure of 20,000 Psi. This lipid droplet size dropped to nm after only one passage when the pressure was increased to 27,000 Psi.
However, the particle size of the emulsion can reach 280 nm under a 20,000 Psi pressure if the cholesterol is omitted from this combination.
EXAMPLE 4: PYepaz~atiou of a 10% Seal Oil Emulsion Lecithin (12 g, Lipoid E80~, Lipoid GmbH, Ludwigshafen, Germany), glycerol (22.5 g, Sigma-Aldrich, Burlington, Ontario, Canada), seal oil (100 g, either fiom Caboto Seafood Ltd., Baie Verte, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada or Seafreez Seafood Ltd, Catalina, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada), vitamin E (0.2 g, Sigma-Aldrich, Burlington, Ontario, Canada), 0.1 M NaOH solution (2.0 g, Sigma-Aldrich, Burlington, Ontario, Canada), I~2HP0~ (0.38 g, Sigma-Aldrich, Burlington, Ontario, Canada), EDTA (0.75 mg, Sigma-Aldrich, Burlington, Ontario, Canada) and water for injection, USP (Baxter Canada Ltd., Mississauga, Ontario, Canada) to 1000 g, were stirred for 30 min. The emulsion was prepared by passing the mixture through a high pressured homogenizer 4-8 times (EmulsiFlex-C5, Avestin, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada).
The pressure was maintained at 180,000 kPa. The product was sterilised by autoclave at 121 ° C for 20 min and packaged in bottles or plastic bags under aseptic conditions.
EXAMPLE 5: Compositional Analysis of a IOd Seal Oil Emulsion Gas chromatography (GC) and infrared spectrophotometry were used to analyse the composition of fatty acids in three different preparations of harp seal oils obtained from various suppliers. Briefly, the seal oil was hydrolysed into free fatty acids using NaOH and then transmethylated. The esterified fatty acid methyl esters were analysed on a HP-5964 capillary gas chromatographometer. Fatty acids standards purchased from Sigma were esterified using the same procedures. The fatty acid compositions of seal oil were quantified. (see Fidler N, et al., J Lipid Res, 2000, 41
5 EXAMPLE 3: Adjustment of the Particle Size iu the Lipid Emulsions Particle size of the emulsion is related to several factors as mentioned above. Control of particle size and maintenance of this size within a certain range have great influence on the stability of the emulsion and further determine the effectiveness and toxicity of the emulsion. An emulsion composed of the following combination:
seal oil 10%, egg lecithin 2.4%, tocotrienols 0.5%, glycerol 2.25%, and cholesterol 5%, had an average lipid droplet size of 452 nm after 4 passages of the emulsion through a homogenizes under a pressure of 20,000 Psi. This lipid droplet size dropped to nm after only one passage when the pressure was increased to 27,000 Psi.
However, the particle size of the emulsion can reach 280 nm under a 20,000 Psi pressure if the cholesterol is omitted from this combination.
EXAMPLE 4: PYepaz~atiou of a 10% Seal Oil Emulsion Lecithin (12 g, Lipoid E80~, Lipoid GmbH, Ludwigshafen, Germany), glycerol (22.5 g, Sigma-Aldrich, Burlington, Ontario, Canada), seal oil (100 g, either fiom Caboto Seafood Ltd., Baie Verte, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada or Seafreez Seafood Ltd, Catalina, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada), vitamin E (0.2 g, Sigma-Aldrich, Burlington, Ontario, Canada), 0.1 M NaOH solution (2.0 g, Sigma-Aldrich, Burlington, Ontario, Canada), I~2HP0~ (0.38 g, Sigma-Aldrich, Burlington, Ontario, Canada), EDTA (0.75 mg, Sigma-Aldrich, Burlington, Ontario, Canada) and water for injection, USP (Baxter Canada Ltd., Mississauga, Ontario, Canada) to 1000 g, were stirred for 30 min. The emulsion was prepared by passing the mixture through a high pressured homogenizer 4-8 times (EmulsiFlex-C5, Avestin, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada).
The pressure was maintained at 180,000 kPa. The product was sterilised by autoclave at 121 ° C for 20 min and packaged in bottles or plastic bags under aseptic conditions.
EXAMPLE 5: Compositional Analysis of a IOd Seal Oil Emulsion Gas chromatography (GC) and infrared spectrophotometry were used to analyse the composition of fatty acids in three different preparations of harp seal oils obtained from various suppliers. Briefly, the seal oil was hydrolysed into free fatty acids using NaOH and then transmethylated. The esterified fatty acid methyl esters were analysed on a HP-5964 capillary gas chromatographometer. Fatty acids standards purchased from Sigma were esterified using the same procedures. The fatty acid compositions of seal oil were quantified. (see Fidler N, et al., J Lipid Res, 2000, 41
(9):1376-83). The results are summarised in Table 3 below.
Table 3: Composition of Seal Oil Emulsion Fatty AcidsCommon names Sample 1 Sample Sample 14:0 Myristic acid 4.063 4.367 8.664 14:1 1.111. 1.034 1.838 16:0 Palmitic acid 6.406 7.795 9.478 16:1 w7 ~ ~ 17.581 ~ 14.341 16.632 ~
Fatty AcidsCommon names Sample 1 Sample Sample 18:0 Steric acid 0.851 1.249 1.043 18:1 ~9 22.029 20.377 16.88 18:1 c~7 4.555 4.136 3.035 18:2 ~6 Linoleic acid 1.938 1.661 1.277 18:3 w6 gamma-linolenic 0.226 0.739 n/a acid 18:3 c~3 alpha-linolenic 0.722 1.513 0.569 acid 18:4 w3 1.509 ? 2.336 20:1 ~9 11.902 12.403 13.642 20:4 c~6 Arachidonic acid 0.544 0.531 n/a (AA) 20:5 ~3 Eicosapentaenoic 8.062 7.564 6.985 acid (EPA) 22:1 wll 2.292 3.563 5.629 22:1 c~9 0.558 0.699 0.896 22:4 c~6 0.0903 n/a n/a 22:5 cc~3 Docosapentaenoic 4.829 5.452 3.573 acid (DPA) 22:6 w3 Docosahexaenoic 10.731 12.575 7.573 acid (DHA) From Table 3, it can be seen that the compositions of long chain cu-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish and seal oil are very different. Although fish oil contains EPA and DHA, it has very small quantity of DPA. Fish oil also has a higher.level of EPA than that of DHA.
EXAMPLE 6: Acid Values of Seal Oil Acid values were determined according to the U.S. Pharmacopeia and are expressed as the number of mL of 0.1 N alkali required to neutralise the free fatty acids in 10.0 g of harp seal oil.
Oil from Supplier #l: 2.356 Old harp oil from Supplier #2: 2.262 Beater (old) oil from Supplier #2: 1.695 Beater (young) oil from Supplier #2: 0.986 Bedlamer oil from Supplier #2: 2.300 Beater: a young harp or grey seal in its first year of life which has completed its first moult to a soft spotted grey coat at an age of three to four weeks.
Bedlamer: a juvenile harp or grey seal from about one to five years of age which has a spotted coat. Harp seals in the early years of sexual maturity gradually develop the distinctive saddle or hasp shaped markings.
EXAMPLE 7: Analysis of Heavy Metal Cohteht ahd PCBs ICP-Mass spectrophotometric analysis of trace metals (LTSEPA method #3050B), mercury (USEPA method #245.5) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were done by the PSC Analytical Services, Bedford, NS, Canada.
Five oil samples and three lipid emulsion samples made of seal oil, fish oil (Omegaven°) and soybean oil (Intralipid°) were tested. All samples showed non-detectable levels of heavy metals and PCBs.
EXAMPLE 8: ha~ious Factors affecting the Quality of Seal Oil Emulsio~zs Physical stability was evaluated by monitoring the size of oil globules in the emulsion.
The test performed was under accelerated conditions, high speed centrifugation or at high temperatures. Emulsion samples (10 mL) were subjected to high speed centrifugation at 41,600 g at 15 °C for one week. Aliquots (50 ~,L) of the emulsion were collected each day for particle size analysis. In a separate set of experiments, emulsion samples (10 mL) were kept in a water bath at temperatures of 37, 45 and 60°C for 5 days. At each 24 hour interval, aliquots (50 ~,L) of samples were removed for particle size analysis. .
The chemical stability was defined by the peroxidation value. The emulsion samples were kept in test tubes at 37 °C. Samples were collected on days 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 and analysed for peroxidation value.
Emulsion, 0.2 mL, was added to 1.5 mL of isooctane/isopropanol (3:2, v/v). The mixture was vortexed for about 30 seconds and centrifuged at 2000 x g for 2 min.
The top layer (20 ~,L) was collected, and mixed with 2.8 mL of methanol/1-butanol (2:1, v/v) and 15 ~,L of thiocyanate/Fe 2+ solution*. The mixture was then vortexed.
Following incubation at room temperature for 20 min, absorbance at 510 nm was measured. The concentration of peroxide was determined from a standard curve obtained from a series of known concentrations of cumene hydroperoxide.
* The thiocyanate/Fe 2+ solution was prepared by mixing 3.94 M thiocyanate solution with 0.072 M Fe 2+ solution at 1:1 ratio.
8.1. The effect of lecithin to seal oil s°atio on globule size As stated earlier, globule size is one of the characteristics of emulsions. We found that the surfactant used (lecithin) affected the size of oil globules formed. As shown in Figure 1, as the ratio of lecithin to oil decreased, the globule size increased.
8.2. The effect of pH o~z the surface charges The charge on the surface of globules is known to have an impact on the stability of the emulsion. A high charge keeps the globules repelled from each other. As a result, the globules will stay in the emulsion longer. Zeta potential is used to define the charge on the surface of globules. The zeta potentials of the seal oil emulsion at different pH conditions were measured and the results are shown in Figure 2.
The results demonstrate that as the pH of the emulsion increases the zeta potential increases.
~. 3. The effect of pH ova pef~oxidation Seal oil contains polyunsaturated fatty acids which are prone to peroxidation.
Oxidized fatty acids have been implicated in cancer, cardiovascular diseases and inflammatory process. Peroxidation of fatty acids is a major concerns for oils containing unsaturated fatty acids. It is known that the extent and/or rate of peroxidation reactions can be influenced by many factors including pH. The effect of pH on peroxidation of the seal oil emulsion was evaluated and the results are shown in Figure 3. The results demonstrate that peroxidation was slower when the pH of the emulsion was ~7 or pH <3. More peroxidation reactions occurred in the pH range between 4 to 6.
Based on the results above, phosphate buffer was selected to control the pH of the emulsions at 7. The concentration of K2HP04 used was 2.5 mM. At this pH, the zeta potential vvas found to be in the range of 35-42 mV. Although higher concentrations of phosphate buffer would increase the buffer capacity, it would also increase the ionic strength of solution, which could result in the rapid decrease of zeta potential which is not desirable.
8. ~ The effect of anti-oxidav~t and chelating agent oh pe~~oxadatioh Figure 4 shows the results of peroxidation of the seal oil emulsion in the absence and presence of vitamin E (as an antioxidant), EDTA, and Vitamin E/EDTA together.
The results demonstrate that both EDTA and vitamin E decreased the. peroxidation reactions significantly. Combination of EDTA and vitamin E was very effective.
It has been reported that trace amounts of transition metal ions such as Cu2+ and Fe3+ are present in lecithin (from egg or soya). Those metal ions axe known to be the excellent catalysts for oxidation reactions. Chelating agents such as EDTA axe believed to be able to form complexes with metal ions. As a result, reactions catalysed by the ions are inhibited. However, the presence of ,a large quantity of EDTA in a product to be infused to plasma of patients is not desirable. To find out the lowest effective concentration of EDTA in seal oil lipid emulsion, different amounts of EDTA
were tested. Peroxidation reactions were found to be eliminated when the concentration of EDTA was higher than 2X10-6 M (Figure 5). This concentration was, therefore, chosen for all seal oil emulsion preparations. Concentration of vitamin E was 0.02%
which is the same value as fish oil emulsion (Omegaven~).
Ed~AMPLE 9: Claa~actesisatio~z of a 10% Seal Oil Emulsion 9.1. Particle size a~cd zeta potential Uniform particle size is a desired characteristic of emulsions. Zeta potential is known to affect the stability of emulsions. Therefore, both particle size and zeta potential of the seal oil emulsions prepared using different compositions and under different conditions were evaluated.
The particle size and zeta potential of the 10% seal oil emulsion prepared according to Example 4 were analysed by a paxticle analyser, Delsa 440SX manufactured by Beckman Coulter, Fullerton, California, USA, and were found to be 320 ~ 40 mn and 44.7 ~ 15.3 mV, respectively. The pH of the emulsion determined by a pH meter was found to be 7.5 ~ 0.5.
9. ~. Sterility Test Sterility was checked by the Medical Microbiology Laboratory of the Health Care Corporation of St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. Sterility tests confirmed that the product is free of bacterial contamination. Table 4 summarises the sterility check results of seal oil of different batches and 10% seal oil emulsions prepared according to Example 4 using those seal oil products.
Table 4: Sterility Test Description of seal Sample testedAutoclave Sterility oil time results ~
' ~ (minutes) (+ indicates not . sterile) extracted at 70 C seal oil . 0 from as seals of unknown obtained age without chromatographic , deordoration from 10% seal 0 Supplier oil #1 , emulsion
Table 3: Composition of Seal Oil Emulsion Fatty AcidsCommon names Sample 1 Sample Sample 14:0 Myristic acid 4.063 4.367 8.664 14:1 1.111. 1.034 1.838 16:0 Palmitic acid 6.406 7.795 9.478 16:1 w7 ~ ~ 17.581 ~ 14.341 16.632 ~
Fatty AcidsCommon names Sample 1 Sample Sample 18:0 Steric acid 0.851 1.249 1.043 18:1 ~9 22.029 20.377 16.88 18:1 c~7 4.555 4.136 3.035 18:2 ~6 Linoleic acid 1.938 1.661 1.277 18:3 w6 gamma-linolenic 0.226 0.739 n/a acid 18:3 c~3 alpha-linolenic 0.722 1.513 0.569 acid 18:4 w3 1.509 ? 2.336 20:1 ~9 11.902 12.403 13.642 20:4 c~6 Arachidonic acid 0.544 0.531 n/a (AA) 20:5 ~3 Eicosapentaenoic 8.062 7.564 6.985 acid (EPA) 22:1 wll 2.292 3.563 5.629 22:1 c~9 0.558 0.699 0.896 22:4 c~6 0.0903 n/a n/a 22:5 cc~3 Docosapentaenoic 4.829 5.452 3.573 acid (DPA) 22:6 w3 Docosahexaenoic 10.731 12.575 7.573 acid (DHA) From Table 3, it can be seen that the compositions of long chain cu-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish and seal oil are very different. Although fish oil contains EPA and DHA, it has very small quantity of DPA. Fish oil also has a higher.level of EPA than that of DHA.
EXAMPLE 6: Acid Values of Seal Oil Acid values were determined according to the U.S. Pharmacopeia and are expressed as the number of mL of 0.1 N alkali required to neutralise the free fatty acids in 10.0 g of harp seal oil.
Oil from Supplier #l: 2.356 Old harp oil from Supplier #2: 2.262 Beater (old) oil from Supplier #2: 1.695 Beater (young) oil from Supplier #2: 0.986 Bedlamer oil from Supplier #2: 2.300 Beater: a young harp or grey seal in its first year of life which has completed its first moult to a soft spotted grey coat at an age of three to four weeks.
Bedlamer: a juvenile harp or grey seal from about one to five years of age which has a spotted coat. Harp seals in the early years of sexual maturity gradually develop the distinctive saddle or hasp shaped markings.
EXAMPLE 7: Analysis of Heavy Metal Cohteht ahd PCBs ICP-Mass spectrophotometric analysis of trace metals (LTSEPA method #3050B), mercury (USEPA method #245.5) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were done by the PSC Analytical Services, Bedford, NS, Canada.
Five oil samples and three lipid emulsion samples made of seal oil, fish oil (Omegaven°) and soybean oil (Intralipid°) were tested. All samples showed non-detectable levels of heavy metals and PCBs.
EXAMPLE 8: ha~ious Factors affecting the Quality of Seal Oil Emulsio~zs Physical stability was evaluated by monitoring the size of oil globules in the emulsion.
The test performed was under accelerated conditions, high speed centrifugation or at high temperatures. Emulsion samples (10 mL) were subjected to high speed centrifugation at 41,600 g at 15 °C for one week. Aliquots (50 ~,L) of the emulsion were collected each day for particle size analysis. In a separate set of experiments, emulsion samples (10 mL) were kept in a water bath at temperatures of 37, 45 and 60°C for 5 days. At each 24 hour interval, aliquots (50 ~,L) of samples were removed for particle size analysis. .
The chemical stability was defined by the peroxidation value. The emulsion samples were kept in test tubes at 37 °C. Samples were collected on days 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 and analysed for peroxidation value.
Emulsion, 0.2 mL, was added to 1.5 mL of isooctane/isopropanol (3:2, v/v). The mixture was vortexed for about 30 seconds and centrifuged at 2000 x g for 2 min.
The top layer (20 ~,L) was collected, and mixed with 2.8 mL of methanol/1-butanol (2:1, v/v) and 15 ~,L of thiocyanate/Fe 2+ solution*. The mixture was then vortexed.
Following incubation at room temperature for 20 min, absorbance at 510 nm was measured. The concentration of peroxide was determined from a standard curve obtained from a series of known concentrations of cumene hydroperoxide.
* The thiocyanate/Fe 2+ solution was prepared by mixing 3.94 M thiocyanate solution with 0.072 M Fe 2+ solution at 1:1 ratio.
8.1. The effect of lecithin to seal oil s°atio on globule size As stated earlier, globule size is one of the characteristics of emulsions. We found that the surfactant used (lecithin) affected the size of oil globules formed. As shown in Figure 1, as the ratio of lecithin to oil decreased, the globule size increased.
8.2. The effect of pH o~z the surface charges The charge on the surface of globules is known to have an impact on the stability of the emulsion. A high charge keeps the globules repelled from each other. As a result, the globules will stay in the emulsion longer. Zeta potential is used to define the charge on the surface of globules. The zeta potentials of the seal oil emulsion at different pH conditions were measured and the results are shown in Figure 2.
The results demonstrate that as the pH of the emulsion increases the zeta potential increases.
~. 3. The effect of pH ova pef~oxidation Seal oil contains polyunsaturated fatty acids which are prone to peroxidation.
Oxidized fatty acids have been implicated in cancer, cardiovascular diseases and inflammatory process. Peroxidation of fatty acids is a major concerns for oils containing unsaturated fatty acids. It is known that the extent and/or rate of peroxidation reactions can be influenced by many factors including pH. The effect of pH on peroxidation of the seal oil emulsion was evaluated and the results are shown in Figure 3. The results demonstrate that peroxidation was slower when the pH of the emulsion was ~7 or pH <3. More peroxidation reactions occurred in the pH range between 4 to 6.
Based on the results above, phosphate buffer was selected to control the pH of the emulsions at 7. The concentration of K2HP04 used was 2.5 mM. At this pH, the zeta potential vvas found to be in the range of 35-42 mV. Although higher concentrations of phosphate buffer would increase the buffer capacity, it would also increase the ionic strength of solution, which could result in the rapid decrease of zeta potential which is not desirable.
8. ~ The effect of anti-oxidav~t and chelating agent oh pe~~oxadatioh Figure 4 shows the results of peroxidation of the seal oil emulsion in the absence and presence of vitamin E (as an antioxidant), EDTA, and Vitamin E/EDTA together.
The results demonstrate that both EDTA and vitamin E decreased the. peroxidation reactions significantly. Combination of EDTA and vitamin E was very effective.
It has been reported that trace amounts of transition metal ions such as Cu2+ and Fe3+ are present in lecithin (from egg or soya). Those metal ions axe known to be the excellent catalysts for oxidation reactions. Chelating agents such as EDTA axe believed to be able to form complexes with metal ions. As a result, reactions catalysed by the ions are inhibited. However, the presence of ,a large quantity of EDTA in a product to be infused to plasma of patients is not desirable. To find out the lowest effective concentration of EDTA in seal oil lipid emulsion, different amounts of EDTA
were tested. Peroxidation reactions were found to be eliminated when the concentration of EDTA was higher than 2X10-6 M (Figure 5). This concentration was, therefore, chosen for all seal oil emulsion preparations. Concentration of vitamin E was 0.02%
which is the same value as fish oil emulsion (Omegaven~).
Ed~AMPLE 9: Claa~actesisatio~z of a 10% Seal Oil Emulsion 9.1. Particle size a~cd zeta potential Uniform particle size is a desired characteristic of emulsions. Zeta potential is known to affect the stability of emulsions. Therefore, both particle size and zeta potential of the seal oil emulsions prepared using different compositions and under different conditions were evaluated.
The particle size and zeta potential of the 10% seal oil emulsion prepared according to Example 4 were analysed by a paxticle analyser, Delsa 440SX manufactured by Beckman Coulter, Fullerton, California, USA, and were found to be 320 ~ 40 mn and 44.7 ~ 15.3 mV, respectively. The pH of the emulsion determined by a pH meter was found to be 7.5 ~ 0.5.
9. ~. Sterility Test Sterility was checked by the Medical Microbiology Laboratory of the Health Care Corporation of St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. Sterility tests confirmed that the product is free of bacterial contamination. Table 4 summarises the sterility check results of seal oil of different batches and 10% seal oil emulsions prepared according to Example 4 using those seal oil products.
Table 4: Sterility Test Description of seal Sample testedAutoclave Sterility oil time results ~
' ~ (minutes) (+ indicates not . sterile) extracted at 70 C seal oil . 0 from as seals of unknown obtained age without chromatographic , deordoration from 10% seal 0 Supplier oil #1 , emulsion
10% seal 10 oil emulsion ' 10% seal 20 -oil emulsion Extracted at room seal oil 0 +
as temperature from obtained very old ' harp seals with chromatographic 10% seal , 0 oil deordoration from emulsion Supplier #2 ~ 10% seal . 10 -oil :
emulsion 10% seal 20 -oil emulsion Extracted at room seal oil 0 +
as temperature from obtained one year old harp seals with chromatographic 10% seal 0 deordoration from oil Supplier emulsion #2 10% seal 10 . . -oil emulsion 10% seal 20 -oiI
emulsion Extracted at room seal oil ~ 0 +
as temperature from obtained beaters with chromatographic deordoration from I O% seal 0 . -Supplier oil #2 ' emulsion . 10% seal 10 -oil emulsion I
Description of seal Sample testedAutoclave Sterility oil time results (minutes) (+ indicates not sterile) 10% seal 20 -oil emulsion Extracted at room seal oil 0 _ +
as temperature from obtained Bedlamers with chromatographic 10% seal 0 ~ -oil deordoration from emulsion Supplier #2 10% seal 10 -oil emulsion 10% seal 20 -oil emulsion 9.3. Ehdotoxin test: Limulus A~r~oebocyte Lysate test Endotoxin standard (0.2 ng/mL) and LAL kit were purchased from Associates of Cape Cod Incorporated, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA. Sterile water for injection, USP
(10 mL/vial, Baxter Canada, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada) was used as negative control. The endotoxin standard (0.2 nghnL,) was diluted to 0.1, 0.05, 0.025 and 0.0125 ng/mL. The 10% seal oil emulsion of example 4 was also diluted to 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 times. To conduct the test, 0.1 mL of negative control, endotoxin standards (0.2, 0.1, 0.05, 0.025 and 0.0125 ng/mL) or seal oil emulsion and its diluted samples were added to 0.1 mL of LAL kits. The samples were mixed well by shaking. The samples were incubated at 371 °C for 1 hour and examined. Presence of endotoxin is indicated by the formation of a gel.
Ivy vit~~o endotoxin test (LAL assay) indicated that the seal oil emulsion is non-pyrogenic (<0.006 ng/mL or 10 EU/ng).
E~1MPLE 10: Compaf~isoh of Chemical Stability of Seal Oil, l~egetable Oil and Fislc Oil Emulsions The chemical stability (defined by extent of peroxidation) of a 10% seal oil emulsion (prepared as described in Example 4), commercially available vegetable oil emulsion (Intralipid°) and a commercially available fish oil emulsion (Omegaven°) were tested according to the procedures described in Example 8 and compared. The results are shown in Figure 6 and demonstrate that the seal oil emulsion is much more stable than either the vegetable oil or fish oil emulsions. Both Intralipid° and Omegaven° are the trademarks of Fresenius-I~abi.
EXAMPLE 11: Effect ofAutoclaviug on tlze.Plzysical and Chemical Stabiliy of Seal Oil Emulsions As seal oil emulsion formulations are intended for intravenous infusion, autoclave is required to inactivate bacteria and other pathogens. Since polyunsaturated fatty acids of seal oil are labile to high temperature and pressure, it is essential to re-examine the chemical and physical stability of autoclaved samples of the emulsion. Five seal oil emulsion preparations (20 mL each, seal oil harvested from different ages of seals and processed by different technologies and the emulsions prepared as described in Example 4) were subjected to autoclave conditions for 0, 10, 20, 30, 60 minutes at 121°C. Particle sizes, zeta potentials and the rates of peroxidation reactions of samples were examined (Figures 7, 8, 9 and 10). The results indicated that the measured parameters in all samples were not changed significantly. According to US
Pharmacopeia, 30 minutes are required to autoclave an injectable preparation with volume of 500 mL. The autoclave conditions used in these experiments clearly demonstrated the stability of seal oil emulsion formulations.
EXAMPLE 12: Comparisoyz of Seal Oil and Fislz Oil Emulsiofzs The properties of a 10% seal oil emulsion prepared as described in Example 4 and a commercially available fish oil emulsion (Omegaven.°) were compared.
Table 5: Comparison of Formulations Ingredients (per Omegaven~ (10% 10% seal oil emulsion 100 fish grams) oil emulsion) Total oil 10 g 10 g EPA (C20:5 e~-3) 1.25-2.82g 0.70-0.81 g DPA (C22:5 e~-3) N/A 0.34-O.SSg DHA (C22:6 ~-3) 1.44-3.09g 0.75-1.3g Lecitlun 1.2g 1.2g Glycerol 2. 5 g 2.5 g Vitamin E 0.015-0.0295g 0.02g EDTA-Na2 0 0.007g Table 6: Comparison of characteristics of Omegaven~ and a 10% seal oil emulsion Characteristic Omegaven" (10% 10% seal oil emulsion fish oil emulsion) Particle size 33024 32040 (nm) Zeta Potential 48.317.2 44.715.3 (mV) pH 7.5 to 8.7 7.0 to 8.0 Endotoxin Test - -(LAL) Sterility - -Osmolality (mosm/kg)308-376 32020 (calculated) Peroxidation values~ 0.52 ~ 0.14 Characteristic Omegaven~ (10% 10% seal oil emulsion fish oil emulsion}
Expiry One year after Two years after being being manufactured manufactured E1~1MPLE 13: Aeute Toxieity Testing .
SD rats were used and the rats were divided into two groups of.three animals each.
For a period of ten days the animals were infused with either seal oil or fish oil emulsion for one hour each day via the tail vein. The dose of seal oil or fish oil emulsion was 10 times higher (1 g/kg body weight per day) than the recommended daily dose of Omegaven~ (0. l g/kg/day). A control group was treated with saline solution: After the ten-day infusion each animal was sacrificed and tissues including kidney, heart and liver were collected. These tissues were fixed and were submitted to pathological examination by the Pathology Lab of the Health Care Corporation of St.
John's. All tissues (control, Omegaven° and seal oil emulsion fed) were similar in kidney, liver, GI tract and heart with no liver deposition of lipids. No acute toxicity was observed in the rat model.
The invention being thus described, it will be obvious that the same may be varied in many ways. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and L S scope of the invention, and all such modifications as would be obvious to one skilled in the art are intended to be included within the scope of the following claims.
as temperature from obtained very old ' harp seals with chromatographic 10% seal , 0 oil deordoration from emulsion Supplier #2 ~ 10% seal . 10 -oil :
emulsion 10% seal 20 -oil emulsion Extracted at room seal oil 0 +
as temperature from obtained one year old harp seals with chromatographic 10% seal 0 deordoration from oil Supplier emulsion #2 10% seal 10 . . -oil emulsion 10% seal 20 -oiI
emulsion Extracted at room seal oil ~ 0 +
as temperature from obtained beaters with chromatographic deordoration from I O% seal 0 . -Supplier oil #2 ' emulsion . 10% seal 10 -oil emulsion I
Description of seal Sample testedAutoclave Sterility oil time results (minutes) (+ indicates not sterile) 10% seal 20 -oil emulsion Extracted at room seal oil 0 _ +
as temperature from obtained Bedlamers with chromatographic 10% seal 0 ~ -oil deordoration from emulsion Supplier #2 10% seal 10 -oil emulsion 10% seal 20 -oil emulsion 9.3. Ehdotoxin test: Limulus A~r~oebocyte Lysate test Endotoxin standard (0.2 ng/mL) and LAL kit were purchased from Associates of Cape Cod Incorporated, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA. Sterile water for injection, USP
(10 mL/vial, Baxter Canada, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada) was used as negative control. The endotoxin standard (0.2 nghnL,) was diluted to 0.1, 0.05, 0.025 and 0.0125 ng/mL. The 10% seal oil emulsion of example 4 was also diluted to 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 times. To conduct the test, 0.1 mL of negative control, endotoxin standards (0.2, 0.1, 0.05, 0.025 and 0.0125 ng/mL) or seal oil emulsion and its diluted samples were added to 0.1 mL of LAL kits. The samples were mixed well by shaking. The samples were incubated at 371 °C for 1 hour and examined. Presence of endotoxin is indicated by the formation of a gel.
Ivy vit~~o endotoxin test (LAL assay) indicated that the seal oil emulsion is non-pyrogenic (<0.006 ng/mL or 10 EU/ng).
E~1MPLE 10: Compaf~isoh of Chemical Stability of Seal Oil, l~egetable Oil and Fislc Oil Emulsions The chemical stability (defined by extent of peroxidation) of a 10% seal oil emulsion (prepared as described in Example 4), commercially available vegetable oil emulsion (Intralipid°) and a commercially available fish oil emulsion (Omegaven°) were tested according to the procedures described in Example 8 and compared. The results are shown in Figure 6 and demonstrate that the seal oil emulsion is much more stable than either the vegetable oil or fish oil emulsions. Both Intralipid° and Omegaven° are the trademarks of Fresenius-I~abi.
EXAMPLE 11: Effect ofAutoclaviug on tlze.Plzysical and Chemical Stabiliy of Seal Oil Emulsions As seal oil emulsion formulations are intended for intravenous infusion, autoclave is required to inactivate bacteria and other pathogens. Since polyunsaturated fatty acids of seal oil are labile to high temperature and pressure, it is essential to re-examine the chemical and physical stability of autoclaved samples of the emulsion. Five seal oil emulsion preparations (20 mL each, seal oil harvested from different ages of seals and processed by different technologies and the emulsions prepared as described in Example 4) were subjected to autoclave conditions for 0, 10, 20, 30, 60 minutes at 121°C. Particle sizes, zeta potentials and the rates of peroxidation reactions of samples were examined (Figures 7, 8, 9 and 10). The results indicated that the measured parameters in all samples were not changed significantly. According to US
Pharmacopeia, 30 minutes are required to autoclave an injectable preparation with volume of 500 mL. The autoclave conditions used in these experiments clearly demonstrated the stability of seal oil emulsion formulations.
EXAMPLE 12: Comparisoyz of Seal Oil and Fislz Oil Emulsiofzs The properties of a 10% seal oil emulsion prepared as described in Example 4 and a commercially available fish oil emulsion (Omegaven.°) were compared.
Table 5: Comparison of Formulations Ingredients (per Omegaven~ (10% 10% seal oil emulsion 100 fish grams) oil emulsion) Total oil 10 g 10 g EPA (C20:5 e~-3) 1.25-2.82g 0.70-0.81 g DPA (C22:5 e~-3) N/A 0.34-O.SSg DHA (C22:6 ~-3) 1.44-3.09g 0.75-1.3g Lecitlun 1.2g 1.2g Glycerol 2. 5 g 2.5 g Vitamin E 0.015-0.0295g 0.02g EDTA-Na2 0 0.007g Table 6: Comparison of characteristics of Omegaven~ and a 10% seal oil emulsion Characteristic Omegaven" (10% 10% seal oil emulsion fish oil emulsion) Particle size 33024 32040 (nm) Zeta Potential 48.317.2 44.715.3 (mV) pH 7.5 to 8.7 7.0 to 8.0 Endotoxin Test - -(LAL) Sterility - -Osmolality (mosm/kg)308-376 32020 (calculated) Peroxidation values~ 0.52 ~ 0.14 Characteristic Omegaven~ (10% 10% seal oil emulsion fish oil emulsion}
Expiry One year after Two years after being being manufactured manufactured E1~1MPLE 13: Aeute Toxieity Testing .
SD rats were used and the rats were divided into two groups of.three animals each.
For a period of ten days the animals were infused with either seal oil or fish oil emulsion for one hour each day via the tail vein. The dose of seal oil or fish oil emulsion was 10 times higher (1 g/kg body weight per day) than the recommended daily dose of Omegaven~ (0. l g/kg/day). A control group was treated with saline solution: After the ten-day infusion each animal was sacrificed and tissues including kidney, heart and liver were collected. These tissues were fixed and were submitted to pathological examination by the Pathology Lab of the Health Care Corporation of St.
John's. All tissues (control, Omegaven° and seal oil emulsion fed) were similar in kidney, liver, GI tract and heart with no liver deposition of lipids. No acute toxicity was observed in the rat model.
The invention being thus described, it will be obvious that the same may be varied in many ways. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and L S scope of the invention, and all such modifications as would be obvious to one skilled in the art are intended to be included within the scope of the following claims.
Claims (23)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A lipid emulsion comprising:
(d) 5-40% by weight of a purified seal oil;
(e) 0.5-5% by weight of an emulsifying agent, and (f) water, wherein said emulsion has a final pH of between 6.0 and 9Ø
(d) 5-40% by weight of a purified seal oil;
(e) 0.5-5% by weight of an emulsifying agent, and (f) water, wherein said emulsion has a final pH of between 6.0 and 9Ø
2. The lipid emulsion according to claim 1 further comprising 2-5% by weight of an osmolarity modifier.
3. The lipid emulsion according to claim 2, wherein said osmolarity modifier is glycerol.
4. The lipid emulsion according to any one of claims 1, 2 or 3 further comprising 0.002-1.0% of an antioxidant.
5. The lipid emulsion according to any one of claims 1, 2, 3 or 4 further comprising between 1 x 10 -6 M and 5 x 10 -5 M EDTA.
6. The lipid emulsion according to any one of claims 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, wherein said emulsifying agent is lecithin.
7. A nutritive composition comprising:
(c) a lipid emulsion comprising 5-40% by weight of a purified seal oil, 0.5-5% by weight of an emulsifying agent and water, and (d) one or more nutritional compounds, wherein said composition has a final pH of between 6.0 and 9Ø
(c) a lipid emulsion comprising 5-40% by weight of a purified seal oil, 0.5-5% by weight of an emulsifying agent and water, and (d) one or more nutritional compounds, wherein said composition has a final pH of between 6.0 and 9Ø
8. The nutritive composition according to claim 7 further comprising 2-5% by weight of an osmolarity modifier.
9. The nutritive composition according to claim 8, wherein said osmolarity modifier is glycerol.
10. The nutritive composition according to any one of claims 7, 8 or 9 further comprising 0.002-1.0% of an antioxidant.
11. The nutritive composition according to any one of claims 7, 8, 9 or 10 further comprising between 1 x 10 -6 M and 5 x 10 -5 M EDTA.
12. The nutritive composition according to any one of claims 7, 8, 9, 10 or 11, wherein said emulsifying agent is lecithin.
13. A composition comprising the lipid emulsion according to any one of claims 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and one or more therapeutic compounds.
14. A composition comprising the lipid emulsion according to any one of claims 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and one or more diagnostic compounds.
15. Use of the lipid emulsion according to any one of claims 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 to prepare a nutritive composition.
16. Use of the lipid emulsion according to any one of claims 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 to prepare a therapeutic composition for delivery of one or more therapeutic compounds to a subject in need thereof.
17. Use of the lipid emulsion according to any one of claims 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 to prepare a diagnostic composition for delivery of one or more diagnostic compounds to a subject in need thereof.
18. Use of the lipid emulsion according to any one of claims 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 for total parenteral nutrition in a subject in need thereof.
19. The use according to claim 18, wherein said emulsion is formulated for administration in combination with a second emulsion comprising vegetable oil.
20. Use of the nutritive composition according to any one of claims 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 for total parenteral nutrition in a subject in need thereof.
21. The use according to claim 20, wherein said composition is formulated for administration in combination with a second emulsion which comprises vegetable oil.
22. Use of the composition according to claim 13 for parenteral delivery of the one or more therapeutic compound to a subject in need thereof.
23. Use of the composition according to claim 14 for parenteral delivery of the one or more diagnostic compound to a subject in need thereof.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CA002511902A CA2511902A1 (en) | 2001-12-27 | 2002-12-23 | Seal oil based lipid emulsions and uses thereof |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CA2366166 | 2001-12-27 | ||
CA2,366,166 | 2001-12-27 | ||
CA002511902A CA2511902A1 (en) | 2001-12-27 | 2002-12-23 | Seal oil based lipid emulsions and uses thereof |
PCT/CA2002/001981 WO2003055323A1 (en) | 2001-12-27 | 2002-12-23 | Seal oil based lipid emulsions and uses thereof |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CA2511902A1 true CA2511902A1 (en) | 2003-07-10 |
Family
ID=35005623
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CA002511902A Abandoned CA2511902A1 (en) | 2001-12-27 | 2002-12-23 | Seal oil based lipid emulsions and uses thereof |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
CA (1) | CA2511902A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2560633A2 (en) * | 2010-04-23 | 2013-02-27 | The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. | Intravenous omega-3 fatty acid compositions & method of use |
-
2002
- 2002-12-23 CA CA002511902A patent/CA2511902A1/en not_active Abandoned
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2560633A2 (en) * | 2010-04-23 | 2013-02-27 | The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. | Intravenous omega-3 fatty acid compositions & method of use |
EP2560633A4 (en) * | 2010-04-23 | 2014-01-29 | Jackson H M Found Military Med | Intravenous omega-3 fatty acid compositions & method of use |
US9675572B2 (en) | 2010-04-23 | 2017-06-13 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | Intravenous omega-3 fatty acid compositions and method of use |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
AU613420B2 (en) | Dietary supplement utilizing omega-3/medium chain triglyceride mixtures | |
US4752618A (en) | Method of minimizing efects of infection through diet | |
Aviram et al. | Dietary olive oil reduces low-density lipoprotein uptake by macrophages and decreases the susceptibility of the lipoprotein to undergo lipid peroxidation | |
CA2454665C (en) | Modifying the fatty acid composition of cell membranes of organs and tissues | |
Simopoulos | Omega-3 fatty acids part I: metabolic effects of omega-3 fatty acids and essentiality | |
Calder | Symposium 4: hot topics in parenteral nutrition. Rationale for using new lipid emulsions in parenteral nutrition and a review of the trials performed in adults | |
KR20110130465A (en) | Omega-3 enriched fish oil-in-water parenteral nutrition emulsions | |
JP2001516343A (en) | Methods and compositions for reducing the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis | |
CA2109611A1 (en) | Phospholipids | |
IE83552B1 (en) | Phospholipids | |
JP2011137015A (en) | Method and composition for reducing the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis | |
JPH07507327A (en) | Nutritional formulations for humans with nervous system damage | |
MX2010010214A (en) | Vitamin e derivatives and their uses. | |
SA98190002B1 (en) | The use of POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS to reduce the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis | |
Mundi et al. | Emergence of mixed‐oil fat emulsions for use in parenteral nutrition | |
JP2021526511A (en) | Parenteral nutrition | |
JP2006517222A (en) | Oils enriched with diacylglycerol and phytosterol esters for use in reducing cholesterol and triglycerides | |
JPH07508720A (en) | Monounsaturated fats as dietary supplements to minimize the effects of catabolic metabolic diseases | |
EP2753191B1 (en) | Use of infant formula with large lipid globules | |
JP2001275614A (en) | Mammalian milk-derived phospholipid-containing oral composition | |
Hoffman et al. | Metabolism of omega-3 fatty acids in patients with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa | |
WO2003055323A1 (en) | Seal oil based lipid emulsions and uses thereof | |
CA2511902A1 (en) | Seal oil based lipid emulsions and uses thereof | |
Klurfeld | 21Dietary Fats, Eicosanoids, and the Immune System | |
WO2002094039A1 (en) | Food or beverage for ameliorating poor protein/energy nutrition |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
EEER | Examination request | ||
FZDE | Dead |