CA2483850A1 - Reduced computation in joint detection - Google Patents

Abstract

A plurality of transmitted data signals are received at a receiver. The receiver measures a channel response associated with the transmitted data signals. A system response is determined. The system response is expanded to be piecewise orthogonal. The received data signals data is retrieved based on in part the expanded system response.

Description

TITLE OF THE INVENTLON
REDUCED COMPUTATION LN JOINT DETECTION
This application is a divisional of Canadian patent application Serial No.

2,384,850 filed internationally on September 14, 2000 and entered nationally on March 11, 2002.
BACKGROUND
The invention generally relates to wireless communication systems. In particular, the invention relates to joint detection of multiple user signals in a wireless communication system.
Figure 1 is an illustration of a wireless communication system 10. The communication system 10 has base stations 121 to 125 which communicate with user equipments (UEs) 141 to 143. Each base station 121 has an associated operational area where it communicates with UEs 141 to 143 in its operational area.
In some communication systems; such as code division multiple access (CDMA) and time division duplex using code division multiple access (TDD/CDMA), multiple communications are sent over the same frequency spectrum. These communications are typically differentiated by their chip code sequences. To more efficiently use the frequency spectrum, TDD/CDMA
communication systems use repeating frames divided into time slots for communication. A communication sent in such a system will have one or multiple associated chip codes and time slots assigned to it based on the communication's bandwidth.
Since multiple communications may be sent in the same frequency spectrum and at the same time, a receiver in such a system must distinguish between the multiple communications. One approach to detecting such signals is single user detection. In single user detection, a receiver detects only the communication from a desired transmitter using a code associated with the desired transmitter, and treats signals of other transmitters as interference.

In some situations, it is desirable to be able to detect multiple communications simultaneously in order to improve performance. Detecting multiple communications simultaneously is referred to as joint detection. Some joint detectors use Cholesky decomposition to perform a minimum mean square error (MMSE) detection and zero-forcing block equalizers (ZF-BLEs).
These detectors have a high complexity requiring extensive receiver resources.
Accordingly, it is desirable to have alternate approaches to joint detection.
SUMMARY
A plurality of transmitted data signals are received at a receiver. The receiver measures a channel response associated with the transmitted data signals. A system response is determined. The system response is expanded to be piecewise orthogonal. The received data signals data is retrieved based on in part the expanded system response.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWLNGS
Figure 1 is a wireless communication system.
Figure 2 is a simplified transmitter and a receiver using joint detection.
Figure 3 is an illustration of a communication burst.
Figure 4 is an illustration of reduced computation joint detection.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS) Figure 2 illustrates a simplified transmitter 26 and receiver 28 using joint detection in a TDD/CDMA communication system. In a typical system, a transmitter 26 is in each UE 141 to 143 and multiple transmitting circuits 26 sending multiple communications are in each base station 121 to iz5._A base station 121 will typically require at least one transmitting circuit 26 for each actively communicating UE 141 to 143. The joint detection receiver 28 may be at a base station 121, UEs 141 to 143 or both. The joint detection receiver 28 a receives communications from multiple transmitters 26 or transmitting circuits 26.
Each transmitter 26 sends data over a wireless communication channel 30. A data generator 32 in the transmitter 26 generates data to be communicated over a reference channel to a receiver 28. Reference data is assigned to one or multiple codes and/or time slots based on the communications bandwidth requirements. A spreading and training sequence insertion device 34 spreads the reference channel data and makes the spread reference data time-multiplexed with a training sequence in the appropriate assigned time slots and codes. The resulting sequence is referred to as a communication burst. The communication burst is modulated by a modulator 36 to radio frequency. An antenna 38 radiates the RF signal through the wireless radio channel 30 to an antenna 40 of the receiver 28. The type of modulation used for the transmitted communication can be any of those known to those skilled in the art, such as direct phase shift keying (DPSK) or quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK):
A typical communication burst 16 has a midamble 20, a guard period 18 and two data bursts 22, 24, as shown in Figure 3. The midamble 20 separates the two data bursts 22, 24 and the guard period 18 separates the . communication bursts to allow for the difference in arrival times of bursts transmitted from different transmitters. The two data bursts 22, 24 contain the communication burst's data and are typically the same symbol length.
The antenna 40 of the receiver 28 receives various radio frequency signals. The received signals are demodulated by a demodulator 42 to produce a baseband signal. The baseband signal is processed, such as by a channel estimation device 44 and a joint detection device 46; in the time slots and with the appropriate codes assigned to the communication bursts of the corresponding transmitters 26, The channel estimation device 44 uses the training sequence component in' the baseband signal to provide channel information, such as channel impulse responses. The channel information is used by the joint detection device 46 to estimate the transmitted data of the received- communication bursts as soft symbols.
_3_ The joint detection device 46 uses the channel information provided by the channel estimation device 44 and the known spreading codes used by the transmitters 26 to estimate the data of the various received communication bursts. Although joint detection is described in conjunction with a TDD/CDMA
communication system, the same approach is applicable to other communication systems, such as CDMA.
One approach to joint detection in a particular time slot in a TDD/CDMA
communication system is illustrated in Figure 4. A number of communication bursts are superimposed on each other in the particular time slot, such as K
communication bursts. The K bursts may be from K different transmitters. If certain transmitters are using multiple codes in the particular time slot, the K
bursts may be from less than K transmitters.
Each data burst 22, 24 of the communication burst 16 has a predefined number of transmitted symbols, such as NS. Each symbol is transmitted using a predetermined number of chips of the spreading code, which is the spreading factor (SF). In a typical TDD communication system, each base station 121 to 125 has an associated scrambling code mixed with its communicated data. The scrambling code distinguishes the base stations from one another. Typically, the scrambling code does not affect the spreading factor. Although the terms spreading code and factor are used hereafter, for systems using scrambling codes, the spreading code for the following is the combined scrambling and spreading codes. Each data burst 22, 24 has NS x SF chips.
The joint detection device 46 estimates the value that each data burst symbol was originally transmitted. Equation 1 is used to determine the unknown transmitted symbols.
r=Ad+n Equation 1 In Equation 1, the known received combined chips, r, is a product of the system response, A, and the unknown transmitted symbols, d. The term, n, represents the noise in the wireless radio channel.
For K data bursts, the number of data burst symbols to be recovered is Ns x K. For analysis purposes, the unknown data burst symbols are arranged into a column matrix, d. The d matrix has column blocks, di to dNS, of unknown data symbols. Each data symbol block, d;, has the it" unknown transmitted data symbol in each of the K data bursts. As a result, each column block, d;, has K unknown transmitted symbols stacked on top of each other.
The blocks are also stacked in a column on top of each other, such that dl is on top of d2 and so on.
The joint detection device 46 receives a value for each chip as received.
Each received chip is a composite of all K communication bursts. For analysis purposes, the composite chips are arranged into a column matrix, r. The matrix r has a value of each composite chip, totaling Ns * SF chips.
A is the system response matrix. The system response matrix, A, is formed by convolving the impulse responses with each communication burst chip code. The convolved result is rearranged to form the system response matrix, A (step 48).
The joint detection device 46 receives the channel impulse response, h;, for each it" one of the K communication bursts from the channel estimation device 44. Each h; has a chip length of W. The joint detection device convolves the channel impulse responses with the known spreading codes of the K communication bursts to determine the symbol responses, sl to s,~, of the K communication bursts. A common support sub-block, S, which is common to all of the symbol responses is of length K x (SF + W - 1).
The A matrix is arranged to have Ns blocks, B1 to B,~S. Each block has all of the symbol responses, sl to sK, arranged to be multiplied with the corresponding unknown data block in the d matrix, dl to dNs. For example, dl is multiplied with B1. The symbol responses, sl to ~K, form a column in each block matrix, B;, with the rest of the block being padded with zeros. In the first block, Bi, the symbol response row starts at the first row. In the second block, the symbol response row is SF rows lower in the block and so on. As a result, each block has a width of K and a height of Ns x SF. Equation 2 illustrates an A block matrix showing the block partitions.

0 0 w 0 t 0 0 0 0 ~
S ... Sx i t 0 0 0 0 i : . . . i : . . . i i i i 0 0 0 0 i i i i i A_ ; 0 0 0 0 ; ; _r ... ~
~ : . . . ~ 0 0 ~ O i .. CBl B2 BN., f I ;
SK I
i i 0 0 0 0 i i i i i ~ : . i t r . . . . ;
i i i 0 0 0 0 ; 0 0 0 0 ~ 0 0 0 0 ~ ~~~
Equation 2 The n matrix has a noise value corresponding to each received combined chip, totaling Ns x SF chips. For analysis purposes, the n matrix is implicit in the received combined chip matrix, r.
Using the block notation, Equation 1 can be rewritten as Equation 3.
d, d2 N
s r - [B1 B2 B3 ' ~ . _$tVs,X C1~3 -f- YZ _ ~ + n i ~ i i=1 dNs Equation 3 Using a noisy version of the r matrix, the value for each unknown symbol can be determined by solving the equation. However, a brute force approach to solving Equation 1 requires extensive processing.
To reduce the processing; the system response matrix, A, is repartitioned. Each block, B;, is divided into Ns blocks having a width of K
and a height of SF. These new blocks are referred to as A1 to A~ and 0. L is the length of the common support S, as divided by the height of the new blocks, A1 to A~, per Equation 4.
- SF+W-1~
SF
Equation 4 Blocks A~ to A~ are determined by the supports, sl to sK, and the common support, S. A 0 block is a block having all zeros. A repartitioned matrix for a system having a W of 57, SF of 16 and an L of 5 is shown in Equation 5.
A, 0 0 0 0 0 0 -~~0 0 0 Az Ai 0 0 0 0 0 ~~~0 0 0 0 A3 Az Ai 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Aa As Az Ai 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 ~
~

As Aa As Az Ai 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 ~
~

0 As Aa As Az Ai 0 ~ 0 0 0 0 A=

0 0 As Aa A3 AZ A, . 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 AS Aa A3 AZ . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 As Aa A3 . A1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 As Aa . AZ Ai 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 As . As Az Ai 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . A4.A3 Az Ai Equation 5 To reduce the complexity of the matrix, a piecewise orthogonalization approach is used. Any of the blocks B; for i being L or greater is non-orthogonal to any of the preceding L blocks and orthogonal to any blocks preceding by more than L. Each 0 in the repartitioned A matrix is an all zero block. As a result to use a piecewise orthogonalization, the A matrix is expanded (step 50).

The A matrix is expanded by padding L-1 zero blocks to the right of each block of the A matrix and shifting each row in the A matrix by its row number less one. To illustrate for the A1 block in row 2 of Figure 2, four (L-1) zeros are inserted between A2 and A1 in row 2. Additionally, block A1 (as well as A2) is shifted to the right by one column (row 2 -1). As a result, Equation 5 after expansion would become Equation 6.
A, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Az 0 0 0 AI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A3 0 0 0 Az 0 0 0 A, _ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 AS 0 Ae"p 00000000000 Equation 6 To accommodate the expanded A matrix, the d matrix must also be expanded, dexP. Each block, di to dNS, is expanded to a new block, dexpl to aexpNs~ - -Each expanded block, dexpl to CIexpNsr is formed by repeating the original block L times. For example for deXpi, a first block row would be created having L versions of d 1, stacked one below the other.
As a result, Equation 1 can be rewritten as Equation 7.
_g_ Y = Aexp ' d exp + Yl d expl d exp 2 N
- jBexpl Bexp2 Bexp3 "' BexpNs,X dexp3 +72 = ~ Bexpi- dexpi + h~
i=1 dexpN, Equation 7 Equation 7 can be rewritten to partition each Bexp~ orthogonally in L
partitions, U~~I~, j = 1 to L, as in Equation 8.
r=Aexp-dexp+n di N~. di N, L N., c=~ co ... tl~ ~ _ ci>
=~~Ul UZ UL ~X di: +n=~~Uj di=~Bi_d;+n i=1 _ i=1 j=1 ~ i=1 d;
Equation 8 To reduce computational complexity, a QR decomposition of the Aexp matrix is performed (step 52). Equation 9 illustrates the QR decomposition of Aexp.
Ae~ = Qe~ Rep Equation 9 Due to the orthogonal partitioning of Aexp, the QR decomposition of Aexp is less complex. The resulting Qexp and Reap matrices are periodic with an initial transient extending over L blocks. Accordingly, Qe~P and Reap can be determined by calculating the initial transient and one period of the periodic portion.
Furthermore, the periodic portion of the matrices is effectively determined by orthogonalizing A1 to A~. One approach to QR decomposition is a Gramm-Schmidt orthogonalization.
To orthogonalize AeXp as in Equation 6, B~xpl is othogonalized by independently orthogonalizing each of its orthogonal partitions, {U~i~}, j = l~ ~ ~L . Each ~A~}, j =1~~~L is independently orthogonalized, and the set is zero-padded appropriately. {g~} are the orthonormal sets obtained by orthogonalizing {Uf'~} . To determine Bexp2~ its Uiz~ needs to be orthogonalized with respect to only QZ'of BeXPl formed previously. U22~, U32~
and U42~ only need to be orthogonalized with respect to only Q3, Q4 and.Qs, respectively. U52~ needs to be ortogonalized to all previous Qs and its orthogonalized result is simply a shifted version of Q5 obtained from orthogonalizing Bexpi~
As the orthogonalizing continues, beyond the initial transient, there emerges a periodicity which can be summarized as follows. The result of orthogonaiizing BeXp;, r > 6 can be obtained simply by a periodic extension of the result of orthogonalizing Bexp5.
The orthogonalization Of BexpS~ is accomplished as follows. Its Q5 is obtained by orthogonaiizing A5, and then zero padding. Its Q4 is obtained by orthogonalizing the support of Q5 and A4, [sup(Q5) A4J, and then zero padding.
Since sup(Q5) is already an orthogonal set, only A4 needs to be othogonalized with respect to sup(Q5) and itself. Its Q3 is obtained by orthogonalizing [sup(Q5) sup(Q4) A3] and then zero padding. Its QZ is obtained by orthogonalizing [sup(Q5) sup(Q4) sup(Q3) AZ] and then zero padding. Its Q1 is obtained by orthogonalizing [sup(Q5) sup(Q4) sup(Q3) sup(QZ) AiJ and then zero padding. Apart from the initial transient, the entire AeXp can be efficiently orthogonalized, by just orthogonalizing: Ap per Equation 10.
Ap = [As A4 A3 A2 Ay Equation 10 By effectively orthogonalizing the periodic portion of Aexp by using only Ap, computational efficiency is achieved. Using a more compact notation, Qts ,for sup(Q~), this orthogonalization of AP results in the orthonormal matrix, Qp, of Equation 11.
~p - ~~5 ~4 ~3 ~2 ~1 Equation 11 The periodic part of Qexp is per Equation 12.

Q; o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o QZ o 0 0 Q; o 0 0 0 O O 3 O O O i O O O

_ PeriodicPartofQ0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 4 0 exp ' , O 0 O O O O 0 O o 0 O

O O 0 O O O O O O O w Equation 12 To constructing the upper triangular matrix ReXp, ~A; ~ is a block of size J
K x K representing the projections of each column of A; onto all the columns of Q~ . For example, the first column of ~A4~5 represents the projections of the first column of A4 on each of the K columns of QS . Similarly, ~A4~4 represents the projections of the first column of A4 on each of the K columns of Q4S . However, this block will be upper triangular, because the kt" column of A4 belongs to the space spanned by the orthonormal vectors of QS and the first k vectors of ~5 . This block is also orthogonal to subsequent vectors in Q4S; leading to an upper triangular ~A4~4 . Any ~AL~~ with i = j will be upper triangular. To orthogonalize other blocks, the following results.
The first block Of BexpS, viz., U;S~ is formed by a linear combination of {QS} j = l~ ~ ~S, with coefficients given by ~Ai~~, j = l~ ~ ~5 . The second block, U2S~, is formed by a Linear combination of {Q~ }, j = 2~ ~ ~5, with coefficients given by ~A2~~, j = 2~ ~ 5 . The third block, U35~, is formed by a linear combination of {Q~ }, j = 3~~-5, with coefficients given by ~AZ~~, j = 3~~~5 .
The fourth. block, U45~, is formed by a linear combination of {Q~ }, j = 4,S , with coefficients given by ~A2~~, j = 4;5 . The fifth block, U55~, is formed by QSX~~~g Accordingly, the coefficients in the expansion of subsequent BeXp;, i > 6 are simply periodic extensions of the above. Since the Reap entries are computed during the orthogonalization of Aexp, no additional computations are needed to construct Reap. Disregarding the initial transient, the remainder of ReXp IS periodic, and two periods of it are shown in Equation 13.

,A'' s !\
/, ~A,~ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 ~Az~ 0 0 0 ~A,~0 0 0 O O O O O O O O O
s s ~A,~3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 p ~Az~ 0 0 0 ~A,~0 0 0 O O ~A3~ O O O ~A2~ O O

~A,~ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rexpz - 0 0 ~Az~ 0 0 0 ~A,~0 0 0 0 3 ~Aa~ 0 0 0 ~Az~ 0 0 O O O ~A4~ 0 O O ~A3> O

~A,~ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 , 1 ~Az~ 0 0 0 ~A,~0 0 0 0 0 ~A3~ 0 0 0 ~Az~ 0 0 0 0 3 ~A4~ 0 0 0 ~A3~ 0 0 0 0 0 ~As~ 0 0 0 ~A4~

s s 0 0 0 0 0 ~A,~0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ~Az~ 0 0 z 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ~A3~ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CAc 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ~As~
s 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ~Ay Equation 13 The least squares approach to solving Qexp and Rexp is shown in Equation 14.
Qexp ' Rexp ' dexp - ~
Equation 14 By pre-multiplying both sides of Equation i4 by the transpose of Qexp , Qe p , and using Q Xp ~ Qexp - ILxws ~ Equation 14 becomes Equation 15.
_ nT
Rexp ' dexp - ~exp r Equation 15 Equation 15 represents a triangular system whose solution also solves the LS
problem of Equation 14.
Due to the expansion, the number of unknowns is increased by a factor of L. Since the unknowns are repeated by a factor of L, to reduce the complexity, the repeated unknowns can be collected to collapse the system.
ReXP is collapsed using L coefficient blocks, CFl to CFA, each having a width and a height of K. For a system having an L of 5, CFl to CFs can be determined as in Equation 16.
CFi = ~Ay, + ~Az~z + ~A3~3 + ~Aa~4 + ~As~S
CFz = ~Ayz + ~Az~3 + ~As~4 + ~Aa~s CFs = ~Ay3 + ~Az~4 + ~A3~5 CFa - ~AI~4 + ~Az~s CFs = ~Ays Equation 16 Collapsing RexP using the coefficient blocks produces a Cholesky like factor, G
(step 54). By performing analogous operations on the right hand side of Equation 15 results in a banded upper triangular system of height and width of K x Ns as in Equation 17.

Try Trz Tr3 Tra CFs 0 0 0 0 0 --0 Tr1 Trz CF3 CFa CFs 0 0 0 0 " a z 0 0 CFI CFz CF3 CFa CFs 0 0 0 ' ' X d =
3 i~

0 0 0 CFI CFz CF3 CFa CFs 0 0 -0 0 0 0 CFI CFz CF3 CFa CFs 0 ' -~
d .' .

o . . . . o Equation 17 Trl to Tr4 are the transient terms and y' . By solving the upper triangle via back substitution, Equation 17 can be solved to determine d (step 56). As a result, the transmitted data symbols of the K data bursts is determined.
Using the piecewise orthagonalization and Qft decomposition, the complexity of solving the least square problem when compared with a banded Cholesky decomposition is reduced by a factor of 6.5.

Claims (14)

1. A user equipment for receiving a plurality of data signals, the user equipment comprising:
means for determining a system response based on in part a measured channel response;
means for expanding the system response to be piecewise orthogonal;
and means for retrieving data from the received data signals based on in part the expanded system response.

2. A user equipment for receiving a plurality of transmitted data signals, the user equipment comprising:
an antenna for receiving the transmitted data signals;
a channel estimation device for determining a channel response for each received data signal; and a joint detection device having an input configured to receive the channel responses and the received data signals for determining a system response based on in part the channel signals, expanding the system response to be piecewise orthogonal, and retrieving data from the received data signals based on in part the expanded system response.

3. The user equipment of claim 2 for use in a time division duplex using code division multiple access communication system.

4. The user equipment of claim 3 wherein each of the transmitted data signals has an associate code and is transmitted in a shared frequency spectrum and the system response is determined by convolving the associated chip codes with the channel response.

5. The user equipment of claim 3 wherein the channel estimation device measures the channel response using a received training sequence associated with the data signals.

6. The user equipment of claim 2 wherein the system response is a system response matrix, further comprising dividing the system response matrix into blocks of columns prior to the expanding.

7. The user equipment of claim 6 wherein the expanding is by padding zeros in the column blocks such that each column block is orthogonal.

8. A circuit for use in a receiver receiving a plurality of data signals, the circuit comprising:
an input configured to receive the received data signals;
means for determining a system response based on in part a measured channel response;
means for expanding the system response to be piecewise orthogonal;
and means for retrieving data from the received data signals based on in part the expanded system response.

9. A circuit for receiving a plurality of transmitted data signals, the circuit comprising:
an antenna for receiving the transmitted data signals;

a channel estimation device for determining a channel response for each received data signal; and a joint detection device having an input configured to receive the channel responses and the received data signals for determining a system response based on in part the channel signals, expanding the system response to be piecewise orthogonal, and retrieving data from the received data signals based on in part the expanded system response.

10. The circuit of claim 9 for use in a time division duplex using code division multiple access communication system.

11. The circuit of claim 10 wherein each of the transmitted data signals has an associate code and is transmitted in a shared frequency spectrum and the system response is determined by convolving the associated chip codes with the channel response.

12. The circuit of claim 10 wherein the channel estimation device measures the channel response using a received training sequence associated with the data signals.

13. The circuit of claim 9 wherein the system response is a system response matrix, further comprising dividing the system response matrix into blocks of columns prior to the expanding.

14. The circuit of claim 13 wherein the expanding is by padding zeros in the column blocks such that each column block is orthogonal.