CA2482299A1 - Protein and lipid sources for use in aquafeeds and animal feeds and a process for their preparation - Google Patents
Protein and lipid sources for use in aquafeeds and animal feeds and a process for their preparation Download PDFInfo
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- CA2482299A1 CA2482299A1 CA002482299A CA2482299A CA2482299A1 CA 2482299 A1 CA2482299 A1 CA 2482299A1 CA 002482299 A CA002482299 A CA 002482299A CA 2482299 A CA2482299 A CA 2482299A CA 2482299 A1 CA2482299 A1 CA 2482299A1
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
- Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
- Y02A40/818—Alternative feeds for fish, e.g. in aquacultures
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Abstract
A process for producing cold pressed human food grade plant oils, nutritionally upgraded oilseed meals, highly digestible protein concentrates, animal feed grade lipid sources, and constituents suitable for inclusion in organic fertilizers. The oilseed may be raw cold pressed/dehulled, heat-treated cold pressed/undehulled, heat-treated cold pressed/dehulled or heat-treated/dehulled seed. A source of minced and hydrolyzed animal offal is used and the oilseeds and the animal offal are blended together to form a mixture. Products produced by the process are also included.
Description
PROTEIN AND LIPID SOURCES FOR USE IN AQUAFEEDS AND
ANIMAL FEEDS AND A PROCESS FOR THEIR:PREPARATION
This patent applicationis a divisional patent application of Canadian patent application serial number 2,408,551, filed on May 8; 2001.
Field of the Invention The present invention rel tes to a novel process for the production of nutritionally upgraded protein and lipid sources for use in aquafeeds and other animal feeds. More specifically, the present invention relates to a process involving the co-processing of animal offal(s) with oilseed(s); the invention also relates to products produced thereby:
In addition, the invention relates to cold pressed plant oils suitable for arganic human foods, as well as products for use as components in organic fertilizers, both produced by the process of the invention.
Background of the Invention Feed accounts for on average 35-60% of the operating costs of salmon farms and it represents the largest cost in the culture of other carnivorous aquatic species. Moreover, the protein sources presently used account for about 51 % of the total feed cost and this percentage can be higher than this when increased reliance is placed on imported premium quality fish meals: The latter mainly originate from South America through the processing of whole pelagic fish species like sardines and anchovies and they are used to meet most of the dietary protein needs of fiarmed Canadian salmon. Accordingly, salmon farming profitability is marginal in Canada.
Currently, aquatic 'feeds contain high levels of fish meal and oil, which are mostly imported, to produce a protein-rich and sometimes lipid-rich (e.g.
salmon diets) aquatic feed. However, as noted hereinabove, such fish meal and oil can be very expensive and this will be especially true in the future due
ANIMAL FEEDS AND A PROCESS FOR THEIR:PREPARATION
This patent applicationis a divisional patent application of Canadian patent application serial number 2,408,551, filed on May 8; 2001.
Field of the Invention The present invention rel tes to a novel process for the production of nutritionally upgraded protein and lipid sources for use in aquafeeds and other animal feeds. More specifically, the present invention relates to a process involving the co-processing of animal offal(s) with oilseed(s); the invention also relates to products produced thereby:
In addition, the invention relates to cold pressed plant oils suitable for arganic human foods, as well as products for use as components in organic fertilizers, both produced by the process of the invention.
Background of the Invention Feed accounts for on average 35-60% of the operating costs of salmon farms and it represents the largest cost in the culture of other carnivorous aquatic species. Moreover, the protein sources presently used account for about 51 % of the total feed cost and this percentage can be higher than this when increased reliance is placed on imported premium quality fish meals: The latter mainly originate from South America through the processing of whole pelagic fish species like sardines and anchovies and they are used to meet most of the dietary protein needs of fiarmed Canadian salmon. Accordingly, salmon farming profitability is marginal in Canada.
Currently, aquatic 'feeds contain high levels of fish meal and oil, which are mostly imported, to produce a protein-rich and sometimes lipid-rich (e.g.
salmon diets) aquatic feed. However, as noted hereinabove, such fish meal and oil can be very expensive and this will be especially true in the future due
2 to progressively increasing demands that are being placed on the finite global supplies of fish meal and oil. Hence, alternative economical sources of protein and lipid are required.
One known approach is to use less expensive plant protein sources in aquafeed that have been pecially processed so that they are in the form of nutritionally upgraded protein meals, concentrates, and isolates. These may be used either singly or in -combination with rendered animal protein ingredients such as poultry-by-product meal. To date, each of these protein products, such as canola meal, soybean meal, and poultry-by-product meal have been processed (produced) separately and then these protein sources have been blended together in dried and finely ground form in appropriate ratios for a particular aquatic species at the time of diet formulation and preparation U.S. Patent No. 4,418,086 to Marino et al. discloses the preparation of an animal feed which comprises (a) a proteinaceous matrix, (b) fat or oil, tc) a sulfur source, (d) farinaceous material, (e) a plasticizer and tf) water. The method disclosed involves the blending of the ingredients together, introducing the mixture into an extruder and subjecting it to shear forces, mechanical work, heat and pressure such that the product temperature prior to discharge is at least 280 degrees F: This patent is concerned with the production of an animal feed with a "meat like texture":
U.S. Patent No. 3,952,115 to Damico'et al. relates to a feed where an amino acid is utilized as an additive to fortify a proteinaceous feed.
U. S. Patent No. 4,973,490 to Holrnes discloses the production of animal feed products utilizing rape seed in combination with another plant species.
U.S. Patent No. 5,773,051 to Kirn relates to a process for manufacturing a fish feed which refloats after initially sinking. This document discloses a process including blending conventional fish feed containing fish meal, wheat meal, soybean meal and other substances and compressing the mixture at a constant temperature to produce a molded product.
Summanr of the Invention In the present invention, here are several different aspects represented by different process aspects, as well as several novel product compositions resulting from different process aspects.
According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a process for preparation of nutritionally upgraded oilseed: meals, which are protein and lipid-rich and have a reduced fibre content; and plant oils from oilseeds for use in fish or other non-human animal diets or human foods comprising the steps of:
- providing a source of oilseed;
- subjecting said oilseed fo heat treatment to substantially reduce the concentration of at least some antinutritional components normally present in said oilseed to obtain heat-treated seed;
- providing a source of unhydrolyzed animal offal;
- blending said heat-treated seed in particulate form with said animal offal to form a mixture thereof;
- cooking said mixture under conditions selected to substantially improve protein digestibility; and substantially free cellular water present in said animal offal; as well as to facilitate separation of protein from the lipid in said oilseeds to obtain a cooked mixture; and - separating said cooked mixture into a s#ickwater fraction, a moisture containing protein-rich fraction, and an animal feed grade oil fraction.
In a second aspect of this invention, the above-described second aspect can be rnodified as described herein to provide the third process aspect. In particular, in the above aspecfthe modifications involve the preparation of protein concentrates and lipid'sources from co-processing of animal offal with oilseed for use in fish or other non-human animal feeds, wherein the cold pressing step of said meat fraction or said mixture obtained from the first aspect above is carried out so as o substantially reduce the particle size of said meat or said mixture and o yield a high value human grade oil and a protein and lipid-rich meal with reduced fibre content. Thus, the second aspect of the process comprises the further steps of:
- providing a source of unhydro(yzed animal offal;
- blending said protein and lipid-rich meal with said animal offal to form a mixture thereof;
to - cooking said mixture under conditions selected to substantially improve protein digestibility, and substantially free cellular water present in said animal offal, as well as to facilitate separation of protein from the lipid in said animal offal and said oilseeds to obtain a cooked mixture; and - separating said cooked mixture intoa stickwater fraction, a moisture containing protein-rich fraction, and an animal feed grade oil fraction.
A third aspect of the process of the present invention involves the preparation of protein concentrates and lipid sources from the co-processing of animal offal with raw oilseeds for use in fish' or other non-human animal 20 diets: The third process aspect comprises the steps of:
- providing a source of raw oilseed;
- cold pressing said oilseed under conditions to substantially reduce the particle size of said oilseed and obtain pressed raw seeds;
- providing a source of unhydroiyzed animal offal;
- blending said pressed raw seeds with said animal offal to produce a mixture thereof;
- cooking said mixture under conditions to substantially improve protein digestibility; and subsfantiallyfree cellularwater present in said animal offal and facilitate separation of protein from the lipid in said 30 animal offal and said oilseed to obtain a cooked mixture; and - separating said cooked mixture into a stickwater fraction, a moisture containing protein-rich fraction, and an animal feed grade oil fraction.
In a fourth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a process for preparation of protein concentrates and lipid sources from the co-processing of animal offal with dried and then dehulled oilseeds for use in fish or other non-human animal diets. In this fourth aspect, the process comprises the steps of:
- providing a source of oilseed;
- drying said oilseed to produce a dried seed;
- dehulling said dried seed to produce a meat fraction and a hull fraction or a mixture thereof;
-cold pressing said meatfraction or mixture under conditions selected to substantially reduce particle size of said meat or mixture to yield a high value human grade oil and protein and Lipid-rich meals with reduced fibre content;
- providing a source of unhydrolyzed animal offal;
- blending said protein and lipid-rich meal with said animal offal to form a mixture thereof;
- cooking said mixture under conditions selected to substantially improve protein digestibility, substantially free cellular water present in said animal ofifal and facilitate separation of protein from the lipid in said animal offal and said oilseeds to obtain a cooked mixture; and - separating said cooked mixture into a stickwater fraction, a moisture containing protein-rich fraction, and an animal feed grade oil fraction.
In a fifth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a process for producing a protein concentrate for use in animal and aquafeeds. As such, the fifth aspect process steps comprise:
- providing a source of oilseed ;
- drying said oilseed to reduce its moisture content to below about 10% to obtain dried seed or subjecting said oilseed to heat treatment under conditions selected to substantially deactivate, destroy or reduce the concentration of at least some of the antinutritional components normally present in the oilseed to produce a heat-treated seed;
- cold pressing or grinding saio dried seed or heat-treated seed to reduce the particle size and yield human grade oil;
- providing a source of unhydrolyzed animal offal;
- blending said oilseed and said animal offal in ratios from about 10:90 to about 90:10 form a mixture thereof;
- extracting said mixture with a solvent; and - removing said solvent to obtain a protein concentrate.
In all of the above process aspects there may be included the step of extracting the protein rich fraction with a solvent and removing the solvent to obtain a protein concentrate.
In all of the above process aspects; there may also be included the step of stabilizing said plant oils by adding an antioxidant:
In the fifth process aspect, there may be also included the step of cooking said mixture to obtain a eooked'mixture prior to the extracting step. fn this embodiment, there may be further included the step of separating the cooked mixture into a stickwater fraction, a moisture containing protein-rich fraction, and an animal feed grade oil: If desired, there also may be provided the step of drying the protein concentrate.
In each of the first to #ourth embodiments, one may also include, if desired, the step of drying said protein-rich fraction to reduce its moisture content to below about 10°~, preferably 6°lo to 9°~.
In other preferred embodiments; in any of the first, second or fifth process aspects, desirably the heat treatment is a rapid heat treatment.
The heat treatment may be carried out in one or more stages - for example, a two stage heat treatment can be employed where emperatures range from about 100°C to 115°C, and for treatment times ranging from 1.5 minutes to 30 minutes or more depending on the specific components being treated.
Particularly suitable for the first three process aspects; as well as the fifth aspect, is where the oilseed is: selected from the group consisting of canola, rape seed, soybeans, sunflower seed; flax seed, mustard seed, cotton seed, hemp and mixtures thereof. In either of the second; third or fourth process aspects, the oilseed may be selected from the group consisting of canola, rape seed, sunflower seed, flax seed, mustard seed, cotton seed and to mixtures thereof. In either of he first or fifth process aspects, the oilseed may also be a commercially available processed ground oilseed meal. In this case, the initial steps involving rapid heat-treatment and cold pressing are deleted. In the fourth process aspect; particularly suitable is where the oilseed is sunflower. Particularly suitable forthe fifth process aspect is where the oilseed is selected from the group consisting: of canola, soybeans, cotton seed, sunflower, hemp and mixtures thereof.
In the first to fifth aspects of the invention, the animal offal may be selected from the group consisting of fish processing waste, whole fish, fish by-catch, squid offal, whole birds, beef offal, Iamb offal and mixtures thereof.
20 Particularly suitable in the sixth aspect is where the animal offal is a fish product or poultry. In preferred embodiments of these first to fifth aspects, squid offal, poultry offal without feet, and whole birds including chickens, turkeys and others without feathers can be used. In more preferred embodiments, the fish offal or whole fish utilized include fish species having low levels of chlorinated hydrocarbons and heavy metals such as mercury.
In all the above-mentioned aspects, preferred animal offal is a minced unhydrolyzed animal offal. Also in these aspects if desired; the process may include the step of dehulling thd heat-treated seed and the blending step may include adding hot water to the mixture.
i The dehulling step in the second and fourth process aspects may be carried out by a mechanical treatment with a gravity screening or air-classification step and may also further include: a seed sizing step. Optionally the oilseed can be treated by suitable techniques to remove the outer mucilage layer of the seed coat before the seed is used; the preferred oilseed used in this embodiment includes flax seed. In accordance with another embodiment, especially when producing aquatic feeds, oilseed selected from eanola, soybeans; sunflower seed, hemp or delinted cotton seed or mixtures thereof is used, due to their global availability, cost, andlor high quality of protein to andlor lipid.
In the first to fifth aspects, the cooking step may be performed at a temperature of from about 90°C to about 93'C and may further include the step of adding an antioxidant and/or a palatability enhancer to the cooked mixture. In preferred embodiments, in these first to fifth process aspects, the antioxidant may be selected from the group consisting of ethoxyquin (santoquin), butyiated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), tertiary butyl hydroquinone, natural antioxidants and mixtures thereof.
One or more of the foregoing antioxidants are also added to the dried protein concentrate, and the animal feed grade lipid fraction. tn the case of the 20 former, the amount of antioxidant utilized is from about 200 ppm to about ppm whereas the latter is supplemented with about 250 ppm to about 500 ppm antioxidant(s). In preferred embodiments, combinations of BHA and ethoxyquin or ethyoxquin alone at highest level is used. The palatability enhances may be selected from the group consisting of natural and synthetic products based on krill; euphausiids and derivatives thereof, squid, FinnstimT"" and mixtures thereof. in preferred embodiments of the invention, other ingredients such as enzymes, fillers, as well as other sources of lipid of plant or animal origin and other protein sources such as heat-treated field peas or lupins may be added to the composition of the mixture.
30 The oilseed and the animal offal in the first to fourth process aspects are mixed together in a rafio of about 10:90 to about 90:10 by weight. Preferred ratios in these aspects, as well as in the fifth process aspect is from about 25:75 to about 75:25 bynreight or from about 60:40 to about 40:60 by weight.
The amount of oilseed present in the mixture depends upon the sources of oilseed and animal offal actually used. This amount also depends on respective attendant concentrations of protein and lipid, as well as costs. In accordance with one embodiment, the oilseed is present in a range of about 5% to about 78% by weighf: In preferred embodiments, the oilseed is present in the amount of about 22% to about 78% by weight, and in more preferred embodiments, the range is of about 40% to about 60% by weight.
In accordance with another embodiment, it is important to maintain an optimal ratio of water (from endogenous and exogenous sources) to the oil-free dry matter content ofi the oilseed in the initial mixture and usually this is found within the range of about 3-t3:1 wJw. Ratios within this range facilitate the removal of water soluble antinutritiona[ factors from the oilseed (in press liquor):
The mixture is further pressed:-and/or centrifuged using respectively either a screw press equipped with perforated screens, an expeNer equipped with flat steel bars set edgewise around the periphery and spaced to allow the fluids to flow between the bars, a decanter centrifuge or any combination of these. In preferred embodiments, depending upon the efficiency of liquidlsolid separation the mixture is centrifuged before or after the presscake has passed through the screw press or expeller. This part of the process removes fluids generally comprised of water that contains some soluble protein and water soluble antinutritional factors stemming from the oilseed such as glucosinolates; phenolic compounds and unwanted sugars including oligosaccharides (raffinose and stachyose). Animal feed grade plant oil that is enriched with fatty acids from the animal offal lipid is also removed The drying step in the first to fifth process aspects may be performed at a temperature of between about 70°G to about 85°G. As mentioned above, the separation step may be carried out in a screw press, expeller press or decanter centrifuge, or any combination thereof. As an optional feature, the stickwater fraction obtained after separation may be further condensed to yield condensed solubfes. Preferred embodiments in these process aspects further comprise, if desired; the step of stabilizing said condensed solubles with an inorganic acid.
In each of the first to fifth process aspects, the step of incubating said mixture in the presence of one or more enzymes prior to the cooking step may further to be included. Preferred enzymes used in this embodiment include the enzyme phytase:
When a palatability enhancer is utilized, it may be selected from conventional products based on krill, euphausiids, andlor squid or other tike palatability enhancers such as Finnstim~''" or the like. The palatabiity enhancers may be added to the dried protein concentrates in amounts ranging from about 1 to about 3% by weight.
The cooking step in the first to fifth process aspects is carried out using a heat exchanger or through direct steam injection coupled with batch processor. In these aspects as well as in the fifth aspect, the process may further comprise, if desired, the initial step ofi deboning said animal offal to produced deboned animal offal and bones.
The cold pressing step in any of the second, fourth or fifth -process aspects should be carried out at a temperature not exceeding 85°G, desirably below about 70°C.
In the first and fifth embodirnenfs of the process of the present invention, the source of the oil seed utilized is most desirably a commercially available particulate processed oil seed meal, which has not been previously subjected to initial rapid heat treatment or cold processing.
The extraction step in the first o fifth process aspects may be carried out at least twice; preferably the solvent used is or includes hexane.
An optional feature of various processes described above which involve processing of oilseed prior to co-processing it with animal offal, can utilize the addition of hot water (from about 37°C to about 55°C) to ground oilseed, followed by adjustment of the: pH to a value of from about 5.5 to about 6.0 using an inorganic acid such as sulphuric acid; this treatment being carried out in the presence of an enzyme such as the enzyme phytase.
l0 The various processes of the present invention can be economically and readily carried out using conventional equipment. Such processes will provide cost effective products which can be used in place of or added to other known products in order to achieve additional sources of the desired ingredients for use in fish or other non-human animal diets or human foods.
The use of inexpensive fish wastes and other animal offal in the various processes of the present. invention is a positive way to deal with waste streams rather than considering them as a liability.
As described hereinafter, it will be seen that the different processes can be combined into one overall procedure allowing separation of products at 20 various stages of the process.
Turning now to the various novel products and compositions according to the invention, the first product aspect relates to a protein source having from about 40% to about 80% protein, desirably from about 55% to about 77%
protein calculated on a lipid-free dry weight basis, said source being adapted for use in animal and aquafeeds and comprising an admixture of treated oilseed protein and animal offal whereby said admixture is characterized by at least one of the following:
, - enriched concentrations of essential amino acids and bioavailable minerals relative to those present in said animal offal or untreated oilseed;
-enriched concentrations of highly unsaturated n-3 fatty acids relative to those present initially in said oilseed if said source of animal offal is fish;
- reduced concentrations of heat-labile and water soluble antinutritional factors in an amount of at least 20% by weight relative to non-treated oilseed protein;
- increased protein digestibility relative: to non-treated oilseed protein;
and - a lipid concentration of less than 10% of dry weighfi of said source:
The first product aspect of the invention may also have a reduced content of heat-labile and antinutritional components of at least 80% calculated on a lipid-free dry weight basi . This product may further comprise if desired, an antioxidant which may be selected from the group consisting of ethoxyquin (santoquin), butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, tertiary butyl hydroxyquinone, natural antioxidants and mixtures thereof. The amount of antioxidant utilized will range depending on the components; generally 24 speaking, this will be from about 200 ppm to about 250 ppm in the protein concentrate, and the animal feed grade lipid fraction resulting from the production of the concentrate may be supplemented with about 250 ppm to about 500 ppm antioxidants. In preferred embodiments, a combination of BHA and ethoxyquin or ethoxyquin alone at highest levels is used.
The above product invention also comprises -enrichment of at least one amino acid selected from the group consisting -of arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, cystine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine. Preferred amino acids altered in this product are selected from lysine, methionine or cystine. This product also 30 comprises enrichment of at least one mineral selected from the group consisting of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, copper and zinc. Preferred minerals altered in thin product are selected from calcium, phosphorus, sodium;' zinc or mixtures thereof.
This first product comprises enrichment of at least one n-3 highly saturated fatty acid; this is preferably at least one fatty acid selected from eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) if said source of animal offal is fish.
The heat-labile and water soluble antinutritional components in the first product are most desirably selected from glucosinates, phenolic compounds including sinapine, chlorogenic acid; oligosaccharides, trypsin inhibitor, saponins and isoflavones or mixtures thereof.
The digestibility of the first product of the invention is about at least 89%
for Atlantic salmon in sea water (fecal settling columns or the Guelph System of fecal collection was used), This percentage rnay vary and is desirably as high as possible, e.g., in the order of from about 92% to about 100%.
The oilseed in the firsf product of the invention is selected from the group consisting of canoia, rapeseed, soybeans, sunfHower seed, flax seed, mustard seed, cotton seed; hemp and mixtures thereof. In preferred embodiments, as an optional feature, the oilseed may be heat-treated.
The animal offal in the first product is most desirably selected from the group consisting of whole fish, fish by-catch, fish processing waste, squid offal, whole birds, beef offal, lamb offal and mixtures thereof.
The protein and lipid contents of the first product are present in an amount within the range (respectively) of about 50% to about 77°~6 calculated on a lipid-free dry weight basis and less than about 10% by weight if the step involving organic solvent extraction has been employed.
In accordance with a further embodiment, phytate-reduced protein concentrates can be produced. The process involves an additional step consisting of adding hot water (temperature of about:37°G to about 55°C) to the ground oilseed in the presence of the enzyme phytase. It should be mentioned that the moisture content of the ground oilseed should be raised to about 80% or more and the pH should be about 5.5 to about 6.0 by addition of an inorganic acid, such as sulphuric acid. The mixture is then incubated for about 30-minutes and not more than 240 minutes, before being mixed with the animal offal.
The protein source of this first productfinds particular use for animal and fish feeds to cost effectively and extensively replace high nutritive value protein sources such as premium quality fish meal, or conventionally processed oilseed meals that have lower nutritional value. The advantage of the above products according to the present invention, is that they may be produced in a very economical manner by co-processing - sources of protein that heretofore have been processed separately without the attendant benefits of enhancing the nutritive value of the oilseed protein fraction through protein and mineral complementation from the animal offal and by concurrent reduction of the concentrations of heat-labile and water soluble antinutritional factors as well as phytic acid if the optional initial step of phytase pretreatment of the oilseed is adopted. These protein products provide significant advantages to animal and fish feed manufacturers which in addition to the economicsavings, also providehighly desirable and digestible proteins that have excellent amino acid profiles relative to the essential amino acid needs of commercially important animals and fish.
A secand product aspect relates to an animal feed grade oil for use in animal and aquafeeds comprising an admixture of treated oilseed oil and animal offal, said admixture having an enriched n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid content (20:5n-3 + 22:6n-3) relative to non-treated oilseed oil if the animal offal used is fish or poultry that have been fed diets comprising adequate concentrations of one or more fish products. The oilseed oil of the third product is desirably oil derived from seeds selected from canola, soybeans, sunflower seed, flax seed, hemp and mixtures thereof. In this third product, the oil utilized may be derived from oilseed that has been heat-treated:
Preferred oilseeds in this embodiment is oil derived from canola seed since the product may further comprise an enriched monounsaturated fatty acid content (18:1 n-9) relative to non-treated oilseed oil.
The feed grade oils of this aspect of the present inventian will find utility in animal and fish foods; they have the advantage that they can be produced l0 in a very efficient and economis manner and they provide highly nutritional sources of enriched unsaturated fatty acid contents. The latter lipid sources are highly desirable particularly for use in fish feeds to partially replace premium quality fish oil that may be expensive anti difficult to obtain. This is specially true if the plant oil fraction has been enriched with n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids from the fish offal fraction. These oils can be utilized individually or, if desired, combined with other known and conventional oils at the time of feed manufacture.
A third product aspect relates to a composition of condensed solubles for use as constituents in organic fertilizers comprising an admixture of treated oilseed and animal offal whereby said admixture has an enriched soluble nitrogen content; water soluble carbohydrate content, water soluble antinutritional component content and mineral content.
In accordance with a preferred :aspect of the invention, the original hull fraction may be directed for use in ruminant diets either as is or pretreated with carbohydrases. In accordance ,with another embodiment, the original hull fraction is used in the production of organic fertilizers where it serves as a carrier medium that is completely broken down enzymatically during aerobic or anaerobic decomposition processes.
The oilseed in the third product is selected from canola, rape seed, soybeans, sunflower seed, flax seed, mustard seed, cotton seed; hemp and mixtures thereof. optionally in this third product, the oilseed may be heat-treated.
The animal offal in the third product of the invention is selected from fish processing waste, whole fish, fish by-catch, squid offal, wholebirds, beef offal, Iamb offal and mixtures thereof.
The water soluble antinutritional component in the third product is selected from glucosinates, phenoliccompounds including sinapine, chiorogenic acid, oligosaccharides, saponins or' isoflavones. In this third product, the soluble carbohydrate is selected from monosaccharides, disaccharides and oligosaccharides.
The mineral in the third product is selected from calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, copper, iron and zinc.
In a fourth product aspect of the present invention, there is provided a protein concentrate containing an admixture of a co-processed oilseed and unhydrolyzed animal offal, said concentrate being suitable for use in fish and non-human animal diets, said oilseed comprising a heat-treated dehulled oilseed substantially free of flaxseed, mustard seed, rapeseed and cotton seed, said protein concentrate having:
- from about 38% to abouf 58°~ prot~in on a dry weight basis;
-from about 52°/« to about 77%, desirably up to about 57% protein on a lipid-free dry weight basis;
-from about 2.7% to about 4:6% methionine arrd cystine calculated as a percent of protein;
-from about 4.3°1o to about 7.9°~ lysine calculated as a percent of said protein;
- from about 24% to about-37°~ lipid on a dry weight basis;
- from about 1.7% to about 1 t7°~ crude fibre on a lipid-free dry weight basis;
- from about 0.7°~ to about 3.6% calcium on a lipid-free dry weight basis; and - from about 0:06°~ to abowt 0.30% sodium on a lipid-free dry weight basis.
The fourth product may further comprise at least one of trypsin inhibitor, glucosinolates, sinapine, chlorogenic acid and mixtures thereof. In preferred embodiments of this seventh product aspect, the trypsin inhibitor is in an l0 amount of up to about 2500 units/g on a lipid-free dry weight basis; the glucosinolates are in an amount of up to 4.0 ~,moleslg of total glucosinolates on a lipid-free dry weight basis; sinapine is in an amount of up io about 1.2%
on a lipid-free dry weight basis; and the chlorogenic acid is in an amount of up to about 1.7°~ on a lipid-freedry weight basis.
The oilseed in this fourth product may be partially or totally dehulled if desired.
The high digestible protein content, moderate content of highly digestible lipid, reduced fibre content and substantially reduced heat-label and water soluble antinutritional factor content of the seven#h product make them 20 suitable as major replacements for fish meal and other conventional sources of .protein used in fish and non=human animal diets. Their enriched content of at least some of the essential amino acids and minerals, togetherwifh their economical cost of production will make such products highly desirable as feed stuff commodities throughout the world.
In a fifth product aspect of the ,present invention, there is also provided an animal feed grade oil comprising oil derived from an admixture of a co-processed oilseed and unhydr~lyzed animal offal, said oil being substantially free of flaxseed oil, mustard seed oil, rapeseed oil and cotton seed oil, said animal feed grade oil having:
-from about 60% to about 92% of total fatty acids as unsaturated fatty acids;
- from about 8°!° to: about 50% of total fatty acids as (n-6) fatty acids;
- from about 0.5% to about 35°r6 of total fatty acids as (n-3) fatty acids;
- from about 3% to about 25°I° of total fatty acids as n-3 highly unsaturated fafty acids; and - a peroxide value less than about 8 milliequivalents per kg of oil at the time of production.
i0 The oilseed in this fifth product rnay be a raw oilseed: or a heat-treated oilseed. In preferred embodiments of this eighth product, the animal offal is a fish product and the product further comprises (20:5n-3+22:6n-3}.
The fifth product has a generally high content of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids compared to the oil from the initial oilseed used if the source of animal offal is fish and hence it is desirable far use in both fish and animal diets. The additional benefits of this type of product include ease of production, economical attributes, readily available sources of natural products far obtaining the oil, and its adaptability to incorporation into existing animal diets, as well as its utility as a separate dietary 20 component.
It will be understood that reference to the above described products which are suitable for animal and fish feeds; refers to products which can be used by numerous types of species. For example, depending on the geographic location, fish feeds are used in fish farming operations for salmon, trout, tilapia, carp; catfish, sea bream and many other warm water as well as cold water species: of commercial importance. in the case of animal feeds, conventional farming practices utilize such feeds for poultry, hogs, swine and cattle.
In further explanation of the various embodiments of both the products and process aspects of the present invention, the solvent used for extracting the mixture obtained from co-processing of oilseed and animal offal includes hexane or other compatible solvents used in the animal feed or human food industry.
In various embodiments of the process and product aspects of the present invention, the ash content in the protein concentrates can be regulated as desired by controlling the concentration of bone in the animal offal. Thus, the ash can be controlled by, using a deboning tep to obtain offal with the l0 ' desired bone content. Bones in wet or dry form of different types of offal can be utilized, with varying degrees of bone coarseness. By way of example, the ash content can thus be controlled by controlling the amount of bone added to the mixture of oilseed and animal offal.
In the process and product aspects of the present invention, when referring to animal offal such as birds or chickens, it is to be understood that a most preferred embodiment is the use of offal without bird feathers.
In both the process and product aspects of the present invenfiion, when using dehulled seeds, the term "dehulled" is intended to mean seeds 20 which have substantially all-of their hulls removed. However; in many cases, partially dehulled seeds can be employed as otherwise noted herein, and to this end; dehulled seeds are: those which have had at least 55% of their hulls removed.
The above described products can be produced by the various processes described herein; specific embodiments of such processes producing the products will be described hereinafter in greater detail.
As used in the specification, the term "unhydrolyzed" in describing the animal offal refers to animal offal which has less than about 20°~ by weight of hydrolyzed content, :desirably less than 5% and most desirably no hydrolysis whatsoever (fresh, unspoiled). In mast preferred embodiments, the amount of hydrolyzed content is as close as possible to 0°~ in order to best achieve the highest nutritive value in the products that are formed.
In this invention, the animal offal is preferably in a particulate form such as that which would be obtained by processing procedures resulting in minced offal. Well knawn techniques in the offal processing art can be to employed to obtain such minced offal.
Brief Description of the Drawing Having generally described the invention, reference will be made to the accompanied drawing which illustrates the preferred embodiments only:
Figure 1 is a schematic representation of the process according to the present invention.
Detailed Descriaation of the Invention The steps involved in the process of the invention are broadly represented in Figure 1. In this Figure, there is illustrated a-schematic representation of theco-processing of animal offal(s) with oilseeds) to yield cold pressed 20 oil indicated as product 1; hulls from dehulled oilseed meats indicated as product 2; nutritionally upgraded,oilseed meal produced from heat treated, dehulied and cold pressed oilseed indicated as product 3; animal-feed grade oil indicated as product 4; condensed solubles indicated as product 5; and high nutritive value protein concentrate indicated as product 6. Other products of the invention are obtained by further processing the above-mentioned products as will be described in greater detail hereinafter.
In accordance with certain ernbodirnents of the invention, undehulled oilseed (A) is used in the process. Other embodiments involve dehulled seed (B) and raw seed. Dehulled seed is preferred when it is desired to feed monogastric species such as fish and poultry; and the preferred raw seed used in this embodiment includes canola, sunflower, or delinted cottonseed.
The following examples are presented to describe embodiments of the invention and are not meant to limit the invention unless otherwise stated.
Examples 1 to 10 outlined below described each step involved in the process of the invention;
EXAMPLE 1: Animal offal A common batch of whole Pabific herring was used as the main source of animal offal for the project. Soori after the herring were caught, they were rapidly block frozen by McMillan J.S. Fisheries Ltd., Vancouver; BC and stored at -40°C for about 9 months. At this time, about 500 kg of herring were transported to the Department of Fisheries and Oceans, West Vancouver Laboratory where they were held at -20°C until small batches of about 50 kg were partially thawed for each test run. The thawed herring were cold extruded using a Butcher Boy equipped with an auger, cutter knife, and perforated plate having holes with diameter 9.52 mm.
Fresh poultry affal (headsand viscera minus feet) was also used for some trials that involved co-processing the offal with partially dehulled animal feed grade sunflower seed (designated as batch 2 hereinafter). The offal was obtained from WestCoast Reduction Ltd., Vancouver, BC and was stored for one night at -20°C under cover before being handled as described above for the herring.
EXAMPLE 2: oilseeds The four oilseeds that have been tested successfully in this project include Goliath canola seed (CloutierAgra Seeds lnc:, Winnipeg, MB); soybeans (InfraReady Products Ltd., Saskatoon SK), sunflower (cpmpletely dehulled confectionary grade seed obtained from North West Grain, St. Hilaire, MN; USA (batch 1 ) and undehulled animal feed grade seed obtained from Cargilf Incorporated, Wayzata, MN; USA; batch 2), and devitalized hemp seed (SeedteclTerramax, Qu'Appelle, SK sterilized by InfraReady Products Ltd., Saskatoon SK). Delinted glandless cottonseed (California Planting Cottonseed Distributor, Bakersfield; CA, USA) and brown flax (.InfraReady Products Ltd., Saskatoon, SK) were also tested in the process. The analytical results pertaining to products based on the former are pending. it was concluded that flax seed would be suitable for the process provided that the seed is almost totally dehulled or the outer mucilage layer of the seed coat is removed through an economical process.
EXAMPLE 3: Heat treatment or micronization of oilseeds In a preferred embodiment of the invention, specially for canola, soya, flax and hemp, an initial heat treatment was-performed. The process involved subjecting the whole seeds to infrared energy so that the seed temperature reached 110-115°C
for 90 seconds. Subsequently, the micronized seeds were held for 20-30 min, depending upon the seed source, in an insulated tank where temperatures ranged from 100-110°C
(residual cooking conditions). These conditions inactivated enzymes such as myrosinase in canola and tryp in inhibitors in Soya as well as peroxidase and cyanogenic glucosides. Further, they ensured devitalization of viable germ tissue in hemp, improved starch digestibifify; and destroyed or reduced the concentrations of heat labile antinutritional factors other than those mentioned above.
Sunflower seeds (batches 1 and 2) were not micronized before co-processing with animal offal but the batch 1 seedswere dried to ~ 10% moisture to ensure proper seed storage and facilitate dehulting. Thus, only non-micronized dehulled sunflower seeds were tested in this study EXAMPLE 4: Oilseed dehulling Micronized canola; soya, hemp end flax and non-micronized animal feed-grade sunflowerwere dehulled. The process involved seed sizing, impact dehuiling (Forsberg model 15-D impact huller), screening and air classification (Forsberg model screener and screen-afire).
EXAMPLE 5: Oilseed cold-pressing In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the oilseeds (micronized or raw), except soya and micronized dehulled hemp were cold-pressed at a temperature not exceeding 85°C, using a Canadian designed and manufactured laboratory scale Gusta cold press l0 (1 HP Model 11, Gusta Cold Press; St. Andrews, Manitoba, Canada). This served to remove some (dehulled seeds) or a significant proportion (undehulled seeds) of the residual oil (organic human food gradeoii) and concomitantly reduced the particle size of the oilseed before it was co-processed with minced animal offal in various proportions (improved the efficiency of the ubsequent aqueous extraction of the water soluble antinutritional factors and oligosacoharides present in the oilseed).
In a more preferred embodiment, specially for soya, the particle size was further reduced, using a modified crumbles (model 7065, V11:W. Grinder Corp., Wichita, Kansas). This machine was equipped after modification with dual motorized corrugated rolls. One of these had a fixed speed whereas the speed of the other could be varied.
20 For the purpose of this investigation; the variable speed roller was adjusted to rotate much faster than the fixed speed roller to achieve a shearing action.
EXAMPLE 6: Mixing or co-processing step Thawed; ground; whole animal offal (mostly herring, but in two cases poultry offal minus feet; was used) and oilseeds that had been micronized or dried as described in Example
One known approach is to use less expensive plant protein sources in aquafeed that have been pecially processed so that they are in the form of nutritionally upgraded protein meals, concentrates, and isolates. These may be used either singly or in -combination with rendered animal protein ingredients such as poultry-by-product meal. To date, each of these protein products, such as canola meal, soybean meal, and poultry-by-product meal have been processed (produced) separately and then these protein sources have been blended together in dried and finely ground form in appropriate ratios for a particular aquatic species at the time of diet formulation and preparation U.S. Patent No. 4,418,086 to Marino et al. discloses the preparation of an animal feed which comprises (a) a proteinaceous matrix, (b) fat or oil, tc) a sulfur source, (d) farinaceous material, (e) a plasticizer and tf) water. The method disclosed involves the blending of the ingredients together, introducing the mixture into an extruder and subjecting it to shear forces, mechanical work, heat and pressure such that the product temperature prior to discharge is at least 280 degrees F: This patent is concerned with the production of an animal feed with a "meat like texture":
U.S. Patent No. 3,952,115 to Damico'et al. relates to a feed where an amino acid is utilized as an additive to fortify a proteinaceous feed.
U. S. Patent No. 4,973,490 to Holrnes discloses the production of animal feed products utilizing rape seed in combination with another plant species.
U.S. Patent No. 5,773,051 to Kirn relates to a process for manufacturing a fish feed which refloats after initially sinking. This document discloses a process including blending conventional fish feed containing fish meal, wheat meal, soybean meal and other substances and compressing the mixture at a constant temperature to produce a molded product.
Summanr of the Invention In the present invention, here are several different aspects represented by different process aspects, as well as several novel product compositions resulting from different process aspects.
According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a process for preparation of nutritionally upgraded oilseed: meals, which are protein and lipid-rich and have a reduced fibre content; and plant oils from oilseeds for use in fish or other non-human animal diets or human foods comprising the steps of:
- providing a source of oilseed;
- subjecting said oilseed fo heat treatment to substantially reduce the concentration of at least some antinutritional components normally present in said oilseed to obtain heat-treated seed;
- providing a source of unhydrolyzed animal offal;
- blending said heat-treated seed in particulate form with said animal offal to form a mixture thereof;
- cooking said mixture under conditions selected to substantially improve protein digestibility; and substantially free cellular water present in said animal offal; as well as to facilitate separation of protein from the lipid in said oilseeds to obtain a cooked mixture; and - separating said cooked mixture into a s#ickwater fraction, a moisture containing protein-rich fraction, and an animal feed grade oil fraction.
In a second aspect of this invention, the above-described second aspect can be rnodified as described herein to provide the third process aspect. In particular, in the above aspecfthe modifications involve the preparation of protein concentrates and lipid'sources from co-processing of animal offal with oilseed for use in fish or other non-human animal feeds, wherein the cold pressing step of said meat fraction or said mixture obtained from the first aspect above is carried out so as o substantially reduce the particle size of said meat or said mixture and o yield a high value human grade oil and a protein and lipid-rich meal with reduced fibre content. Thus, the second aspect of the process comprises the further steps of:
- providing a source of unhydro(yzed animal offal;
- blending said protein and lipid-rich meal with said animal offal to form a mixture thereof;
to - cooking said mixture under conditions selected to substantially improve protein digestibility, and substantially free cellular water present in said animal offal, as well as to facilitate separation of protein from the lipid in said animal offal and said oilseeds to obtain a cooked mixture; and - separating said cooked mixture intoa stickwater fraction, a moisture containing protein-rich fraction, and an animal feed grade oil fraction.
A third aspect of the process of the present invention involves the preparation of protein concentrates and lipid sources from the co-processing of animal offal with raw oilseeds for use in fish' or other non-human animal 20 diets: The third process aspect comprises the steps of:
- providing a source of raw oilseed;
- cold pressing said oilseed under conditions to substantially reduce the particle size of said oilseed and obtain pressed raw seeds;
- providing a source of unhydroiyzed animal offal;
- blending said pressed raw seeds with said animal offal to produce a mixture thereof;
- cooking said mixture under conditions to substantially improve protein digestibility; and subsfantiallyfree cellularwater present in said animal offal and facilitate separation of protein from the lipid in said 30 animal offal and said oilseed to obtain a cooked mixture; and - separating said cooked mixture into a stickwater fraction, a moisture containing protein-rich fraction, and an animal feed grade oil fraction.
In a fourth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a process for preparation of protein concentrates and lipid sources from the co-processing of animal offal with dried and then dehulled oilseeds for use in fish or other non-human animal diets. In this fourth aspect, the process comprises the steps of:
- providing a source of oilseed;
- drying said oilseed to produce a dried seed;
- dehulling said dried seed to produce a meat fraction and a hull fraction or a mixture thereof;
-cold pressing said meatfraction or mixture under conditions selected to substantially reduce particle size of said meat or mixture to yield a high value human grade oil and protein and Lipid-rich meals with reduced fibre content;
- providing a source of unhydrolyzed animal offal;
- blending said protein and lipid-rich meal with said animal offal to form a mixture thereof;
- cooking said mixture under conditions selected to substantially improve protein digestibility, substantially free cellular water present in said animal ofifal and facilitate separation of protein from the lipid in said animal offal and said oilseeds to obtain a cooked mixture; and - separating said cooked mixture into a stickwater fraction, a moisture containing protein-rich fraction, and an animal feed grade oil fraction.
In a fifth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a process for producing a protein concentrate for use in animal and aquafeeds. As such, the fifth aspect process steps comprise:
- providing a source of oilseed ;
- drying said oilseed to reduce its moisture content to below about 10% to obtain dried seed or subjecting said oilseed to heat treatment under conditions selected to substantially deactivate, destroy or reduce the concentration of at least some of the antinutritional components normally present in the oilseed to produce a heat-treated seed;
- cold pressing or grinding saio dried seed or heat-treated seed to reduce the particle size and yield human grade oil;
- providing a source of unhydrolyzed animal offal;
- blending said oilseed and said animal offal in ratios from about 10:90 to about 90:10 form a mixture thereof;
- extracting said mixture with a solvent; and - removing said solvent to obtain a protein concentrate.
In all of the above process aspects there may be included the step of extracting the protein rich fraction with a solvent and removing the solvent to obtain a protein concentrate.
In all of the above process aspects; there may also be included the step of stabilizing said plant oils by adding an antioxidant:
In the fifth process aspect, there may be also included the step of cooking said mixture to obtain a eooked'mixture prior to the extracting step. fn this embodiment, there may be further included the step of separating the cooked mixture into a stickwater fraction, a moisture containing protein-rich fraction, and an animal feed grade oil: If desired, there also may be provided the step of drying the protein concentrate.
In each of the first to #ourth embodiments, one may also include, if desired, the step of drying said protein-rich fraction to reduce its moisture content to below about 10°~, preferably 6°lo to 9°~.
In other preferred embodiments; in any of the first, second or fifth process aspects, desirably the heat treatment is a rapid heat treatment.
The heat treatment may be carried out in one or more stages - for example, a two stage heat treatment can be employed where emperatures range from about 100°C to 115°C, and for treatment times ranging from 1.5 minutes to 30 minutes or more depending on the specific components being treated.
Particularly suitable for the first three process aspects; as well as the fifth aspect, is where the oilseed is: selected from the group consisting of canola, rape seed, soybeans, sunflower seed; flax seed, mustard seed, cotton seed, hemp and mixtures thereof. In either of the second; third or fourth process aspects, the oilseed may be selected from the group consisting of canola, rape seed, sunflower seed, flax seed, mustard seed, cotton seed and to mixtures thereof. In either of he first or fifth process aspects, the oilseed may also be a commercially available processed ground oilseed meal. In this case, the initial steps involving rapid heat-treatment and cold pressing are deleted. In the fourth process aspect; particularly suitable is where the oilseed is sunflower. Particularly suitable forthe fifth process aspect is where the oilseed is selected from the group consisting: of canola, soybeans, cotton seed, sunflower, hemp and mixtures thereof.
In the first to fifth aspects of the invention, the animal offal may be selected from the group consisting of fish processing waste, whole fish, fish by-catch, squid offal, whole birds, beef offal, Iamb offal and mixtures thereof.
20 Particularly suitable in the sixth aspect is where the animal offal is a fish product or poultry. In preferred embodiments of these first to fifth aspects, squid offal, poultry offal without feet, and whole birds including chickens, turkeys and others without feathers can be used. In more preferred embodiments, the fish offal or whole fish utilized include fish species having low levels of chlorinated hydrocarbons and heavy metals such as mercury.
In all the above-mentioned aspects, preferred animal offal is a minced unhydrolyzed animal offal. Also in these aspects if desired; the process may include the step of dehulling thd heat-treated seed and the blending step may include adding hot water to the mixture.
i The dehulling step in the second and fourth process aspects may be carried out by a mechanical treatment with a gravity screening or air-classification step and may also further include: a seed sizing step. Optionally the oilseed can be treated by suitable techniques to remove the outer mucilage layer of the seed coat before the seed is used; the preferred oilseed used in this embodiment includes flax seed. In accordance with another embodiment, especially when producing aquatic feeds, oilseed selected from eanola, soybeans; sunflower seed, hemp or delinted cotton seed or mixtures thereof is used, due to their global availability, cost, andlor high quality of protein to andlor lipid.
In the first to fifth aspects, the cooking step may be performed at a temperature of from about 90°C to about 93'C and may further include the step of adding an antioxidant and/or a palatability enhancer to the cooked mixture. In preferred embodiments, in these first to fifth process aspects, the antioxidant may be selected from the group consisting of ethoxyquin (santoquin), butyiated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), tertiary butyl hydroquinone, natural antioxidants and mixtures thereof.
One or more of the foregoing antioxidants are also added to the dried protein concentrate, and the animal feed grade lipid fraction. tn the case of the 20 former, the amount of antioxidant utilized is from about 200 ppm to about ppm whereas the latter is supplemented with about 250 ppm to about 500 ppm antioxidant(s). In preferred embodiments, combinations of BHA and ethoxyquin or ethyoxquin alone at highest level is used. The palatability enhances may be selected from the group consisting of natural and synthetic products based on krill; euphausiids and derivatives thereof, squid, FinnstimT"" and mixtures thereof. in preferred embodiments of the invention, other ingredients such as enzymes, fillers, as well as other sources of lipid of plant or animal origin and other protein sources such as heat-treated field peas or lupins may be added to the composition of the mixture.
30 The oilseed and the animal offal in the first to fourth process aspects are mixed together in a rafio of about 10:90 to about 90:10 by weight. Preferred ratios in these aspects, as well as in the fifth process aspect is from about 25:75 to about 75:25 bynreight or from about 60:40 to about 40:60 by weight.
The amount of oilseed present in the mixture depends upon the sources of oilseed and animal offal actually used. This amount also depends on respective attendant concentrations of protein and lipid, as well as costs. In accordance with one embodiment, the oilseed is present in a range of about 5% to about 78% by weighf: In preferred embodiments, the oilseed is present in the amount of about 22% to about 78% by weight, and in more preferred embodiments, the range is of about 40% to about 60% by weight.
In accordance with another embodiment, it is important to maintain an optimal ratio of water (from endogenous and exogenous sources) to the oil-free dry matter content ofi the oilseed in the initial mixture and usually this is found within the range of about 3-t3:1 wJw. Ratios within this range facilitate the removal of water soluble antinutritiona[ factors from the oilseed (in press liquor):
The mixture is further pressed:-and/or centrifuged using respectively either a screw press equipped with perforated screens, an expeNer equipped with flat steel bars set edgewise around the periphery and spaced to allow the fluids to flow between the bars, a decanter centrifuge or any combination of these. In preferred embodiments, depending upon the efficiency of liquidlsolid separation the mixture is centrifuged before or after the presscake has passed through the screw press or expeller. This part of the process removes fluids generally comprised of water that contains some soluble protein and water soluble antinutritional factors stemming from the oilseed such as glucosinolates; phenolic compounds and unwanted sugars including oligosaccharides (raffinose and stachyose). Animal feed grade plant oil that is enriched with fatty acids from the animal offal lipid is also removed The drying step in the first to fifth process aspects may be performed at a temperature of between about 70°G to about 85°G. As mentioned above, the separation step may be carried out in a screw press, expeller press or decanter centrifuge, or any combination thereof. As an optional feature, the stickwater fraction obtained after separation may be further condensed to yield condensed solubfes. Preferred embodiments in these process aspects further comprise, if desired; the step of stabilizing said condensed solubles with an inorganic acid.
In each of the first to fifth process aspects, the step of incubating said mixture in the presence of one or more enzymes prior to the cooking step may further to be included. Preferred enzymes used in this embodiment include the enzyme phytase:
When a palatability enhancer is utilized, it may be selected from conventional products based on krill, euphausiids, andlor squid or other tike palatability enhancers such as Finnstim~''" or the like. The palatabiity enhancers may be added to the dried protein concentrates in amounts ranging from about 1 to about 3% by weight.
The cooking step in the first to fifth process aspects is carried out using a heat exchanger or through direct steam injection coupled with batch processor. In these aspects as well as in the fifth aspect, the process may further comprise, if desired, the initial step ofi deboning said animal offal to produced deboned animal offal and bones.
The cold pressing step in any of the second, fourth or fifth -process aspects should be carried out at a temperature not exceeding 85°G, desirably below about 70°C.
In the first and fifth embodirnenfs of the process of the present invention, the source of the oil seed utilized is most desirably a commercially available particulate processed oil seed meal, which has not been previously subjected to initial rapid heat treatment or cold processing.
The extraction step in the first o fifth process aspects may be carried out at least twice; preferably the solvent used is or includes hexane.
An optional feature of various processes described above which involve processing of oilseed prior to co-processing it with animal offal, can utilize the addition of hot water (from about 37°C to about 55°C) to ground oilseed, followed by adjustment of the: pH to a value of from about 5.5 to about 6.0 using an inorganic acid such as sulphuric acid; this treatment being carried out in the presence of an enzyme such as the enzyme phytase.
l0 The various processes of the present invention can be economically and readily carried out using conventional equipment. Such processes will provide cost effective products which can be used in place of or added to other known products in order to achieve additional sources of the desired ingredients for use in fish or other non-human animal diets or human foods.
The use of inexpensive fish wastes and other animal offal in the various processes of the present. invention is a positive way to deal with waste streams rather than considering them as a liability.
As described hereinafter, it will be seen that the different processes can be combined into one overall procedure allowing separation of products at 20 various stages of the process.
Turning now to the various novel products and compositions according to the invention, the first product aspect relates to a protein source having from about 40% to about 80% protein, desirably from about 55% to about 77%
protein calculated on a lipid-free dry weight basis, said source being adapted for use in animal and aquafeeds and comprising an admixture of treated oilseed protein and animal offal whereby said admixture is characterized by at least one of the following:
, - enriched concentrations of essential amino acids and bioavailable minerals relative to those present in said animal offal or untreated oilseed;
-enriched concentrations of highly unsaturated n-3 fatty acids relative to those present initially in said oilseed if said source of animal offal is fish;
- reduced concentrations of heat-labile and water soluble antinutritional factors in an amount of at least 20% by weight relative to non-treated oilseed protein;
- increased protein digestibility relative: to non-treated oilseed protein;
and - a lipid concentration of less than 10% of dry weighfi of said source:
The first product aspect of the invention may also have a reduced content of heat-labile and antinutritional components of at least 80% calculated on a lipid-free dry weight basi . This product may further comprise if desired, an antioxidant which may be selected from the group consisting of ethoxyquin (santoquin), butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, tertiary butyl hydroxyquinone, natural antioxidants and mixtures thereof. The amount of antioxidant utilized will range depending on the components; generally 24 speaking, this will be from about 200 ppm to about 250 ppm in the protein concentrate, and the animal feed grade lipid fraction resulting from the production of the concentrate may be supplemented with about 250 ppm to about 500 ppm antioxidants. In preferred embodiments, a combination of BHA and ethoxyquin or ethoxyquin alone at highest levels is used.
The above product invention also comprises -enrichment of at least one amino acid selected from the group consisting -of arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, cystine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine. Preferred amino acids altered in this product are selected from lysine, methionine or cystine. This product also 30 comprises enrichment of at least one mineral selected from the group consisting of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, copper and zinc. Preferred minerals altered in thin product are selected from calcium, phosphorus, sodium;' zinc or mixtures thereof.
This first product comprises enrichment of at least one n-3 highly saturated fatty acid; this is preferably at least one fatty acid selected from eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) if said source of animal offal is fish.
The heat-labile and water soluble antinutritional components in the first product are most desirably selected from glucosinates, phenolic compounds including sinapine, chlorogenic acid; oligosaccharides, trypsin inhibitor, saponins and isoflavones or mixtures thereof.
The digestibility of the first product of the invention is about at least 89%
for Atlantic salmon in sea water (fecal settling columns or the Guelph System of fecal collection was used), This percentage rnay vary and is desirably as high as possible, e.g., in the order of from about 92% to about 100%.
The oilseed in the firsf product of the invention is selected from the group consisting of canoia, rapeseed, soybeans, sunfHower seed, flax seed, mustard seed, cotton seed; hemp and mixtures thereof. In preferred embodiments, as an optional feature, the oilseed may be heat-treated.
The animal offal in the first product is most desirably selected from the group consisting of whole fish, fish by-catch, fish processing waste, squid offal, whole birds, beef offal, lamb offal and mixtures thereof.
The protein and lipid contents of the first product are present in an amount within the range (respectively) of about 50% to about 77°~6 calculated on a lipid-free dry weight basis and less than about 10% by weight if the step involving organic solvent extraction has been employed.
In accordance with a further embodiment, phytate-reduced protein concentrates can be produced. The process involves an additional step consisting of adding hot water (temperature of about:37°G to about 55°C) to the ground oilseed in the presence of the enzyme phytase. It should be mentioned that the moisture content of the ground oilseed should be raised to about 80% or more and the pH should be about 5.5 to about 6.0 by addition of an inorganic acid, such as sulphuric acid. The mixture is then incubated for about 30-minutes and not more than 240 minutes, before being mixed with the animal offal.
The protein source of this first productfinds particular use for animal and fish feeds to cost effectively and extensively replace high nutritive value protein sources such as premium quality fish meal, or conventionally processed oilseed meals that have lower nutritional value. The advantage of the above products according to the present invention, is that they may be produced in a very economical manner by co-processing - sources of protein that heretofore have been processed separately without the attendant benefits of enhancing the nutritive value of the oilseed protein fraction through protein and mineral complementation from the animal offal and by concurrent reduction of the concentrations of heat-labile and water soluble antinutritional factors as well as phytic acid if the optional initial step of phytase pretreatment of the oilseed is adopted. These protein products provide significant advantages to animal and fish feed manufacturers which in addition to the economicsavings, also providehighly desirable and digestible proteins that have excellent amino acid profiles relative to the essential amino acid needs of commercially important animals and fish.
A secand product aspect relates to an animal feed grade oil for use in animal and aquafeeds comprising an admixture of treated oilseed oil and animal offal, said admixture having an enriched n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid content (20:5n-3 + 22:6n-3) relative to non-treated oilseed oil if the animal offal used is fish or poultry that have been fed diets comprising adequate concentrations of one or more fish products. The oilseed oil of the third product is desirably oil derived from seeds selected from canola, soybeans, sunflower seed, flax seed, hemp and mixtures thereof. In this third product, the oil utilized may be derived from oilseed that has been heat-treated:
Preferred oilseeds in this embodiment is oil derived from canola seed since the product may further comprise an enriched monounsaturated fatty acid content (18:1 n-9) relative to non-treated oilseed oil.
The feed grade oils of this aspect of the present inventian will find utility in animal and fish foods; they have the advantage that they can be produced l0 in a very efficient and economis manner and they provide highly nutritional sources of enriched unsaturated fatty acid contents. The latter lipid sources are highly desirable particularly for use in fish feeds to partially replace premium quality fish oil that may be expensive anti difficult to obtain. This is specially true if the plant oil fraction has been enriched with n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids from the fish offal fraction. These oils can be utilized individually or, if desired, combined with other known and conventional oils at the time of feed manufacture.
A third product aspect relates to a composition of condensed solubles for use as constituents in organic fertilizers comprising an admixture of treated oilseed and animal offal whereby said admixture has an enriched soluble nitrogen content; water soluble carbohydrate content, water soluble antinutritional component content and mineral content.
In accordance with a preferred :aspect of the invention, the original hull fraction may be directed for use in ruminant diets either as is or pretreated with carbohydrases. In accordance ,with another embodiment, the original hull fraction is used in the production of organic fertilizers where it serves as a carrier medium that is completely broken down enzymatically during aerobic or anaerobic decomposition processes.
The oilseed in the third product is selected from canola, rape seed, soybeans, sunflower seed, flax seed, mustard seed, cotton seed; hemp and mixtures thereof. optionally in this third product, the oilseed may be heat-treated.
The animal offal in the third product of the invention is selected from fish processing waste, whole fish, fish by-catch, squid offal, wholebirds, beef offal, Iamb offal and mixtures thereof.
The water soluble antinutritional component in the third product is selected from glucosinates, phenoliccompounds including sinapine, chiorogenic acid, oligosaccharides, saponins or' isoflavones. In this third product, the soluble carbohydrate is selected from monosaccharides, disaccharides and oligosaccharides.
The mineral in the third product is selected from calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, copper, iron and zinc.
In a fourth product aspect of the present invention, there is provided a protein concentrate containing an admixture of a co-processed oilseed and unhydrolyzed animal offal, said concentrate being suitable for use in fish and non-human animal diets, said oilseed comprising a heat-treated dehulled oilseed substantially free of flaxseed, mustard seed, rapeseed and cotton seed, said protein concentrate having:
- from about 38% to abouf 58°~ prot~in on a dry weight basis;
-from about 52°/« to about 77%, desirably up to about 57% protein on a lipid-free dry weight basis;
-from about 2.7% to about 4:6% methionine arrd cystine calculated as a percent of protein;
-from about 4.3°1o to about 7.9°~ lysine calculated as a percent of said protein;
- from about 24% to about-37°~ lipid on a dry weight basis;
- from about 1.7% to about 1 t7°~ crude fibre on a lipid-free dry weight basis;
- from about 0.7°~ to about 3.6% calcium on a lipid-free dry weight basis; and - from about 0:06°~ to abowt 0.30% sodium on a lipid-free dry weight basis.
The fourth product may further comprise at least one of trypsin inhibitor, glucosinolates, sinapine, chlorogenic acid and mixtures thereof. In preferred embodiments of this seventh product aspect, the trypsin inhibitor is in an l0 amount of up to about 2500 units/g on a lipid-free dry weight basis; the glucosinolates are in an amount of up to 4.0 ~,moleslg of total glucosinolates on a lipid-free dry weight basis; sinapine is in an amount of up io about 1.2%
on a lipid-free dry weight basis; and the chlorogenic acid is in an amount of up to about 1.7°~ on a lipid-freedry weight basis.
The oilseed in this fourth product may be partially or totally dehulled if desired.
The high digestible protein content, moderate content of highly digestible lipid, reduced fibre content and substantially reduced heat-label and water soluble antinutritional factor content of the seven#h product make them 20 suitable as major replacements for fish meal and other conventional sources of .protein used in fish and non=human animal diets. Their enriched content of at least some of the essential amino acids and minerals, togetherwifh their economical cost of production will make such products highly desirable as feed stuff commodities throughout the world.
In a fifth product aspect of the ,present invention, there is also provided an animal feed grade oil comprising oil derived from an admixture of a co-processed oilseed and unhydr~lyzed animal offal, said oil being substantially free of flaxseed oil, mustard seed oil, rapeseed oil and cotton seed oil, said animal feed grade oil having:
-from about 60% to about 92% of total fatty acids as unsaturated fatty acids;
- from about 8°!° to: about 50% of total fatty acids as (n-6) fatty acids;
- from about 0.5% to about 35°r6 of total fatty acids as (n-3) fatty acids;
- from about 3% to about 25°I° of total fatty acids as n-3 highly unsaturated fafty acids; and - a peroxide value less than about 8 milliequivalents per kg of oil at the time of production.
i0 The oilseed in this fifth product rnay be a raw oilseed: or a heat-treated oilseed. In preferred embodiments of this eighth product, the animal offal is a fish product and the product further comprises (20:5n-3+22:6n-3}.
The fifth product has a generally high content of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids compared to the oil from the initial oilseed used if the source of animal offal is fish and hence it is desirable far use in both fish and animal diets. The additional benefits of this type of product include ease of production, economical attributes, readily available sources of natural products far obtaining the oil, and its adaptability to incorporation into existing animal diets, as well as its utility as a separate dietary 20 component.
It will be understood that reference to the above described products which are suitable for animal and fish feeds; refers to products which can be used by numerous types of species. For example, depending on the geographic location, fish feeds are used in fish farming operations for salmon, trout, tilapia, carp; catfish, sea bream and many other warm water as well as cold water species: of commercial importance. in the case of animal feeds, conventional farming practices utilize such feeds for poultry, hogs, swine and cattle.
In further explanation of the various embodiments of both the products and process aspects of the present invention, the solvent used for extracting the mixture obtained from co-processing of oilseed and animal offal includes hexane or other compatible solvents used in the animal feed or human food industry.
In various embodiments of the process and product aspects of the present invention, the ash content in the protein concentrates can be regulated as desired by controlling the concentration of bone in the animal offal. Thus, the ash can be controlled by, using a deboning tep to obtain offal with the l0 ' desired bone content. Bones in wet or dry form of different types of offal can be utilized, with varying degrees of bone coarseness. By way of example, the ash content can thus be controlled by controlling the amount of bone added to the mixture of oilseed and animal offal.
In the process and product aspects of the present invention, when referring to animal offal such as birds or chickens, it is to be understood that a most preferred embodiment is the use of offal without bird feathers.
In both the process and product aspects of the present invenfiion, when using dehulled seeds, the term "dehulled" is intended to mean seeds 20 which have substantially all-of their hulls removed. However; in many cases, partially dehulled seeds can be employed as otherwise noted herein, and to this end; dehulled seeds are: those which have had at least 55% of their hulls removed.
The above described products can be produced by the various processes described herein; specific embodiments of such processes producing the products will be described hereinafter in greater detail.
As used in the specification, the term "unhydrolyzed" in describing the animal offal refers to animal offal which has less than about 20°~ by weight of hydrolyzed content, :desirably less than 5% and most desirably no hydrolysis whatsoever (fresh, unspoiled). In mast preferred embodiments, the amount of hydrolyzed content is as close as possible to 0°~ in order to best achieve the highest nutritive value in the products that are formed.
In this invention, the animal offal is preferably in a particulate form such as that which would be obtained by processing procedures resulting in minced offal. Well knawn techniques in the offal processing art can be to employed to obtain such minced offal.
Brief Description of the Drawing Having generally described the invention, reference will be made to the accompanied drawing which illustrates the preferred embodiments only:
Figure 1 is a schematic representation of the process according to the present invention.
Detailed Descriaation of the Invention The steps involved in the process of the invention are broadly represented in Figure 1. In this Figure, there is illustrated a-schematic representation of theco-processing of animal offal(s) with oilseeds) to yield cold pressed 20 oil indicated as product 1; hulls from dehulled oilseed meats indicated as product 2; nutritionally upgraded,oilseed meal produced from heat treated, dehulied and cold pressed oilseed indicated as product 3; animal-feed grade oil indicated as product 4; condensed solubles indicated as product 5; and high nutritive value protein concentrate indicated as product 6. Other products of the invention are obtained by further processing the above-mentioned products as will be described in greater detail hereinafter.
In accordance with certain ernbodirnents of the invention, undehulled oilseed (A) is used in the process. Other embodiments involve dehulled seed (B) and raw seed. Dehulled seed is preferred when it is desired to feed monogastric species such as fish and poultry; and the preferred raw seed used in this embodiment includes canola, sunflower, or delinted cottonseed.
The following examples are presented to describe embodiments of the invention and are not meant to limit the invention unless otherwise stated.
Examples 1 to 10 outlined below described each step involved in the process of the invention;
EXAMPLE 1: Animal offal A common batch of whole Pabific herring was used as the main source of animal offal for the project. Soori after the herring were caught, they were rapidly block frozen by McMillan J.S. Fisheries Ltd., Vancouver; BC and stored at -40°C for about 9 months. At this time, about 500 kg of herring were transported to the Department of Fisheries and Oceans, West Vancouver Laboratory where they were held at -20°C until small batches of about 50 kg were partially thawed for each test run. The thawed herring were cold extruded using a Butcher Boy equipped with an auger, cutter knife, and perforated plate having holes with diameter 9.52 mm.
Fresh poultry affal (headsand viscera minus feet) was also used for some trials that involved co-processing the offal with partially dehulled animal feed grade sunflower seed (designated as batch 2 hereinafter). The offal was obtained from WestCoast Reduction Ltd., Vancouver, BC and was stored for one night at -20°C under cover before being handled as described above for the herring.
EXAMPLE 2: oilseeds The four oilseeds that have been tested successfully in this project include Goliath canola seed (CloutierAgra Seeds lnc:, Winnipeg, MB); soybeans (InfraReady Products Ltd., Saskatoon SK), sunflower (cpmpletely dehulled confectionary grade seed obtained from North West Grain, St. Hilaire, MN; USA (batch 1 ) and undehulled animal feed grade seed obtained from Cargilf Incorporated, Wayzata, MN; USA; batch 2), and devitalized hemp seed (SeedteclTerramax, Qu'Appelle, SK sterilized by InfraReady Products Ltd., Saskatoon SK). Delinted glandless cottonseed (California Planting Cottonseed Distributor, Bakersfield; CA, USA) and brown flax (.InfraReady Products Ltd., Saskatoon, SK) were also tested in the process. The analytical results pertaining to products based on the former are pending. it was concluded that flax seed would be suitable for the process provided that the seed is almost totally dehulled or the outer mucilage layer of the seed coat is removed through an economical process.
EXAMPLE 3: Heat treatment or micronization of oilseeds In a preferred embodiment of the invention, specially for canola, soya, flax and hemp, an initial heat treatment was-performed. The process involved subjecting the whole seeds to infrared energy so that the seed temperature reached 110-115°C
for 90 seconds. Subsequently, the micronized seeds were held for 20-30 min, depending upon the seed source, in an insulated tank where temperatures ranged from 100-110°C
(residual cooking conditions). These conditions inactivated enzymes such as myrosinase in canola and tryp in inhibitors in Soya as well as peroxidase and cyanogenic glucosides. Further, they ensured devitalization of viable germ tissue in hemp, improved starch digestibifify; and destroyed or reduced the concentrations of heat labile antinutritional factors other than those mentioned above.
Sunflower seeds (batches 1 and 2) were not micronized before co-processing with animal offal but the batch 1 seedswere dried to ~ 10% moisture to ensure proper seed storage and facilitate dehulting. Thus, only non-micronized dehulled sunflower seeds were tested in this study EXAMPLE 4: Oilseed dehulling Micronized canola; soya, hemp end flax and non-micronized animal feed-grade sunflowerwere dehulled. The process involved seed sizing, impact dehuiling (Forsberg model 15-D impact huller), screening and air classification (Forsberg model screener and screen-afire).
EXAMPLE 5: Oilseed cold-pressing In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the oilseeds (micronized or raw), except soya and micronized dehulled hemp were cold-pressed at a temperature not exceeding 85°C, using a Canadian designed and manufactured laboratory scale Gusta cold press l0 (1 HP Model 11, Gusta Cold Press; St. Andrews, Manitoba, Canada). This served to remove some (dehulled seeds) or a significant proportion (undehulled seeds) of the residual oil (organic human food gradeoii) and concomitantly reduced the particle size of the oilseed before it was co-processed with minced animal offal in various proportions (improved the efficiency of the ubsequent aqueous extraction of the water soluble antinutritional factors and oligosacoharides present in the oilseed).
In a more preferred embodiment, specially for soya, the particle size was further reduced, using a modified crumbles (model 7065, V11:W. Grinder Corp., Wichita, Kansas). This machine was equipped after modification with dual motorized corrugated rolls. One of these had a fixed speed whereas the speed of the other could be varied.
20 For the purpose of this investigation; the variable speed roller was adjusted to rotate much faster than the fixed speed roller to achieve a shearing action.
EXAMPLE 6: Mixing or co-processing step Thawed; ground; whole animal offal (mostly herring, but in two cases poultry offal minus feet; was used) and oilseeds that had been micronized or dried as described in Example
3 or in raw form and either cold pressed or ground as described in Example 5 were first combined in various proportions. fn preferred embodiments; the usual percentages of offal to oilseed were 75:25; 50:50; or 25:75 (w/w). Thereafter, 100 mg of santoquin (antioxidant) per kg of mixture in: a marine oil carrier (1 glkg) were added.
Then hot water was added to the mixture in such away that fihe ratio of water to oil-free dry matter present in the oilseed was maintained between 3-6:1 (w/w), depending upon the source and proportion of oilseed in the mixture. Both he endogenous water originating from the offal and the exogenous water were considered when calculating the aforementioned ratios.
EXAMPLE 7: Cooking step The mixture obtained from co-processing of animal offal and oilseed (Example 6) was cooked for about 27 min at 9a-93°C in the steam jacketed cooker secfion of a pilot-scale fish meal machine (Chemical Res~areh Organization, Esbjerg, Denmark), that was equipped with a heated auger (it is notworthy that the cooking step could have also been pertormed by using a heat exchanger with a positive displacement pump or through direct steam injection coupled with processor). The cooking step was undertaken to: ( 1 ) minimise the loss Qf soluble protein through protein denaturation, (2) destroy or reduce the concentration of heat labile antinufritional factors present in the oilseed (especially importantwh~n processing non-micronized seeds and micronized soya}, {3) liberate the bound cellular water and lipid in the offal and the oilseed, and (4) subject the oilseed to aqueous washing to facilitate removal of the water soluble antinutritional factors originating from this source.
EXAMPLE 8: Pressing step Significant but not total removal of tha latter as well as lipid (animal-feed grade product) was accomplished by passing the cooked mixture through the fish meal machine screw press that was equipped with perforated screens and then a laboratory-scale press {Vincent model CP-4; Vincent Corp., Tampa Florida). Constituents in he waterfraction of the press liquids consisted of water soluble carbohydrates such as monosaccharides, disaccharides, or problem sugars like raffinose and stachyose, phenolic compounds, glucosinolates (when canola used), chlorogenic acid (when unflower used), isoflavones and saponins (when soybeans used} as well as some soluble nitrogen and water soluble vitamins. In preferred embodiments; the presscake in each case was dried in the steam jacketed drier portion of the above-mentioned fish meal machine at 75-83°C
to produce dried protein and lipid-rich products.
EXAMPLE 9: Drying step In one preferred embodiment, further drying of the protein products was necessary to reduce their moisture content. The drying was performed for about 30 min to reduce their moisture content o less than 10%. This was accomplished using a custom designed vertical stack (stainless steelmesh trays) pellet cooler that was equipped with two elecfiric base heaters and a op mounted variable speed fan. The temperature of the upward drawn air was maintained between 70°C and 80°C during the process. All protein and lipid sources stemming from the above process, including the cold-pressed oils were further stabilized with santoquin (ethoxyquin). In a more preferred 10 embodiment, specially in the case of the dried protein products, 100 mg of santoquin were added per kg of product in a marine oil carrier (1 glkg). Then, each of the products was vacuum packaged in oxygen .impermeable bags and stored at -20°C
pending chemical analysis or their evaluation in a digestibility trial (see below). In another embodiment, specially in relation to the oils, 500 mg, of santoquin were added per kg and then each lipid source was; stored at 4-5°C in 1 L black plastic bottles.
EXAMPLE 10: Separation step In preferred embodiments, the press liquid was separated into water and lipid fractions using an Alpha de Laval batch dairy centrifuge (Centrifuges Unlimi ed Inc., Calgary, Alberta). Then; the water fraction was condensed to about one third of its original 20 volume using a steam jacketed bowl cooker.
EXAMPLE 11: Preparation of protein concentrates Protein concentrates that are mostly based on proteinfrom canola, soya, sunflower and hemp were prepared by hexane extracting the products that originated from the co-processing of 1:1 combinations of whole herring and each of the preceding oilseeds. In this regard, 200 g of each of the four protein products were extracted four times with hexane-(5:1 v/w). During each extraction, the mixture was held for 30 min (stirred once after 15 min) before being filtered through Whatman No.1 fiifier paper in a Buchner funnel. Following hexane extraction; each protein product was placed on a tray that was lined with aluminum foil and then it was air-dried overnight. Then, each product was placed in the pellet cooler described in Example 9, where it was dried at about 70-80°C
for 15 min to remove any residual traces of hexane.
EXAMPLE 12: In viVO protein digestibility experiments !n a preferred embodiment, the in vrvo availability (digestibility) of protein in some of the test protein sources thafiwere prepared by co-processing various proportions of whole herring with canola, soya, sunflower and hemp was determined using Atlantic salmon in sea water as the test animal. Two experiments were conducted and the experimental conditions for each are provided in the table 1 below, wherein the flow rate of the oxygenated, filtered, ambient sea water was 6 - B L/rnin, feeding frequency was twice daily, ration was maximum (fish fed to satiation), and the photoperiod was natural.
Table 1.
Variable Ex eriment 1 Experiment 2 Fish source NorAm Aquaculture, NorAm Aquaculture, Campbell River, BC Campbell River, BC
Range in initial 76.6-85.8 54.2-61.6 mean weight (g) Number of fish per 15 15 tank Tanks per diet 3 3 Stocking density <8.6 <6.2 (kglm') Water temperature 8.9-9.1 9.0-9.5 (C) Salinity (g!L) 29-31 28-30 Dissolved oxygen 8.5-9.4 7.5-9.0 (mglL) Fecal collection 14 13 period The design of the digestibility tanks and the fecal collection procedures have been described by Hajen eral: (1993a,b. Aquacu(ture 112: 321-348). The experimental diets consisted of 29.85% test protein producf, 69:65% reference diet, and 0:5%
chromic oxide as the indigestible marker. Table 2 outlined-below provides the ingredient and proximate composition of the reference diet used in the digestibility experiments.
Table 2.
In redients _ (glkg; air-dry basis LT Anchovy meat 643.2 Blood flour; spray-dried 41.0 Pregelatinized wheat starch 80.9 Raw wheat starch 26:9 Vitamin supplement " 18.9 Mineral supplement ~' 18.9 Menhaden oil; stabilized 3' 122.4 Soybean lecithin 9.46 Choline chloride (60%) 4.73 Vitamin C, monophosphate (42%)3.38 Permapell 9.46 Finnstim T"" 14.2 DL-methionine 1:51 Chromic oxide 5.00 Level of:
Dry matter 924-926 Protein 452-453 Lipid 184 Ash 118-123 "The vitamin supplement provided the following amountslkg of diet on an air-dry basis:
vitaminA acetate, 4731 IU; chof~cafciferoi (D~}, 2271 iU; DL-a-tocopheryl acetate (E), 284 IU; menadione, 17.0 mg; D-calcium pantofhenate, 159.3 mg; pyridoxine HCI, 46.6 mg; riboflavin, 56.8 mg; niacin, 283.8 mg; folic acid,14.2 mg; thiamine mononitrate, 53.0 mg; biotin, 1.42 mg; cyanocobalamin (B~2), 0.085 mg; inositol, 378:5 mg.
2' The mineral supplement provided the following (mglkg diet on an air-dry basis):
manganese (as MnSO,~ ~ H20), 71.0; zinc (as ZnS04 ~ 7H20), 85.2; cobalt {as CoCl2 6Hz0), 2.84; copper {as CuS04 v 5H20); 6:62; iron (as FeS04 v 7H20), 94.6;
iodine (as KI03 and KI;1:1 ), 9.46; fluorine (as NaF); 4.73; selenium {as Na2Se03), 0.19;
sodium (as NaCI), 1419; magnesium {as MgS04 - 7H20), 378; potassium (as KzS04 and KZC03, 1:1), 1419.
~' Stabilized with 0.5 g santoquinlkg oil.
After adjustment of all experimenfal diet mashes to a moisture content of 9%;
they were cold pelleted using a California model CL type 2 pellet mill. Diet particle size was adjusted to suit fish size. The reference and experimental diets that were used in the study were stored at 5°C in air-tight containers until required.
The reference and experimental diets tmixture of reference and test diet) and lyophilized fecal samples were analyzed for levels of moisture, protein and chromic oxide at the DFO, West Vancouver Laboratory (WUL) using the procedures described below.
Subsequently, the digestibility coef~iciertts for protein were determined for each diet according to Cho et al. (1985. Finfish nutrition in Asia: methodological approaches to research and development. tDRC Ottawa, Gnt.,154p. ). Then, the digestibility coefficients for each of the protein products themselves were calculated according to Forster ( 1999.
Aquaculture Nutrition 5: 143-145).
The results of chemical analyses of the protein sources used in this study and of the products derived from the co-processing of animal offals {herring or poultry offal) with canola, sunflower, soya and hemp treated as described above are presented in Tables 3-20. The results have been expressed on a dry weight basis and a lipid-free dryweight basis since the mechanical pressing of lipid from the cooked blends of offal and oilseed was variable and not complete. This is a function of the design of the presses and other conventional presses available in industry can be of higher afficiency.
Examples 13 to 16 outlined hereinafter give the results of chemical analyses performed on products obtained in accordance with the process of the invention from:
canola and canola-based products, sunflower and sunflower-based products, soya and soya-based products, as wail as hemp and'hemp-based products. The chemical analyses were performed according to the following methods:
Concentrations of protein, moisture; and ash in the protein sources and products that were prepared as well as in all test diets and fecal samples were determined at the l0 Department of Fisheries and Oceans, West Vancouver Laboratory (DFO-WVL) using the procedures described by Higgs et al. (1979. Irk J.E: Halver, and K. Tiews, ads.
Finfish Nutrition and Fishfeecl Technology, i/ol. 2. Heenemann Uerlagsgesellschaft MbH., Berlin, pp. 191-218).
Similarly, the fatty acid compositions of the cold pressed oils and animal feed grade oils stemming from the press liquids were determined at the same laboratory using the procedures of Silver et al. (1993. In S.J. Kaushik and P. Luquet, ads. Fish nutrition in practice. IVt" International Symposium on Fish Nutrition and Feeding, INRA, Paris, pp.
459-468).
Moreover; the chromic acid concentrations in diets and lyophilized fecal samples were 20 determined at the DFO-VWL using the methods of Fenton and Fenton (1979.
Can. J.
Anim. Sci., 59: 631-634).
Concentrations of crude fibre (AOCS Official Method Ba 6-84), lipid (Troeng, S. 1955.
J:A.O.C.S. 32:124-126), chlorogenic acid (capillary electrophoresi method developed by M. Marianchuk at the POS Pilot Pl~nt Corp.) and sinapine (capillary electrophoresis method developed by P. Koiodziejczyk et al. at the POS Pilot Plant Corp.) in the oilseeds and test protein products aswell as measurements of trypsin inhibitor (AOCS
Official Method Ba 12-75 reapproved 1997) and urease (AOCS Official Method Ba reapproved 1993) activities in soya: and sunflower seeds and protein products were determined at the POS Pilot Plant Corps, Saskatoon; SK. according to the methods cited in the parentheses.
Determinations of the amino acid concentrations in the oilseeds and test protein products were conducted by AAA: Laboratory; Mercer Island, 1IVA, USA using the general procedures described by Mwachireya et at. (1999. Aquacuiture Nutrition 5: 73-82).
Levels of phytic acid in all oilseeds and in the products derived from the ca-processing of oilseeds and animal offal were determined by Ralston Analytical Laboratories, Saint 10 Louis, MO using the procedures described by Forster et al. (1999.
Aquaculture 179:
109-125).
Mineral concentrations in the oilseeds and the protein products were determined by Norwest Labs, Surrey, BC using plasma spectroscopy (Higgs et al.; 1982.
Aquaculture 29: 1-31 ).
Concentrations of glucosinolate compounds (total of all the different types of glucosinolates) present in canola and canola- based products were measured by Dr.
Phii Raney, of Agriculture & Agri-Food-Canada, Saskatoon, SK according to the methods of Daun and McGregor (9981. Glucosinolate Anaiysis of Rapeseed (Canola).
Method of the Canadian Grain Commission Revised Edn. Grain Research Laboratory, 20 Canadian Grain Commission; Winnipeg; Manitoba, Canada).
Measurements of soy isoflavones namely, daidzein, glycifiein; genistein, and saponins were conducted by Dr. Chung-Ja C: Jackson, of the Guelph Center for Functional Foods, University of Guelph Laboratory Services and have been reported here as the total for the preceding compounds (the methodology in each case is the subject of a patent application and hence has not been published).
EXAMPLE 13: Results obtained for canola and canola-based products Table 3 outlined below gives the percentages of extensively dehulled and partially dehulled Goliath canola seedandof hulls in relation to seed size after dehulling by Forsberg Incorporated, Thief River Falls, MN.
Table 3.
Seed sizelfraction Wei ht k Extensively 35.8 39.4 dehulled; lar a "
Extensively 10.8 11.8 dehulled; smaal "
Partially dehulled; 20.4 22.4 lar g 2r Partially dehulled; 14:3 15.7 small 2' Hulls small ~' 3:33 3.66 Hulls; lar a ~' 6.49 7.13 Total 91.1 100 " The extensively dehulled eanola as identified visually by the lack of hulls in the material was used in the tests reported below (referred to as dehulled canola) ~' The partially dehulled canola could be subjected to further dehulling, directed into ruminant diets, andlor mixed at a low proportion with animal offal and then co-processed to create a nutritionally upgraded protein source for monogastrics.
3' The hulls contained little visible evidence of canol'a meats and had low density.
Table 4 gives the percentages of presscake and oil obtained after cold pressing raw, undehulled and micronized; dehulled Goliath canola seed using a laboratory scale Gusta press.
Table 4.
Raw, undehulled Micronized, dehuiled Fraction canola seed canola seed Presscake % 68:3 84.0 Oil /a 31.7 16:0 Total 100 100 Table 5 sets out the initial ratios of water from endogenous and exogenous sources to oilseed lipid-free dry mattes content and percentage yields (air-dry product, moisture-free product, and lipid-free dry weight product) from the co-processing of different blends of whole herring (WH) with dehulled, micronized (DC) and undehulled raw l0 Goliath canola seed (URC):
Table 5.
Protein product"Initial ratio-ofAir-dry Moisture- Lipid-free hot product free productdry product water to oilseed(%) (%) (%) lipid-free dry matter w/w WH75DC25 5:1 29:4 27.0 19.4 WH50DC50 5:1 32.7 31.1 20.4 WH37.5DC62.5 5:1 34.8 31.8 20.0 WH75URC25 4:5:1 30:5 27.1 19.0 WH50URC50 5:1 30.9 29.8 21.3 WH25URC75 5:1 29:6 28:6 20.5 " Numbers following WH, DC, and URC refer to initial percentages of these products 20 in the herringlcanola seed blends (canola seed was cold pressed to remove a significant portion of the oil and reduce the particle size of the starting material before blending with herring and santoquin; 0:1 glkg of mixed product before water addition) before their co-processing using cooking temperatures of 90-93°C and drying temperatures of 77-83°C.
In Table 6, the concentrations of proximate constituents including crude fibre (CF) as well as phytic acid (PA), tots( glucosinolates (TG), and sinapine in whole herring (WH), dehulled micronized cold pressed Goliath canola (DC), undehulled raw cold pressed Goliath canola (URC), and six protein products produced by the co-processing of different proportions of WH with either DC or URC (expressed on a dry weight basis, DWB or lipid-free dry weighfi basis; L~DWB) are provided. The composition of a seventh protein product that was produced by hexane extraction of WH50DC50 is also shown (WH50DC50-hexane) togetherwith the apparent protein digestibility coefficients for some of the products (Atlantic salmon in sea water used as the test animal) is also provided.
N V OG1etel'd'~ M 'd'I~htTyCD O 00d'~!' ~ d~ N M Q (flQ ON ~ ~t(~Ot0 '. r I'~: M'~f'r ~-~A7I~.O
= V ~ T~ ~ O ~ N toOM O N GDNtt O O ~~ (V~ ~ ~ ~ NM p ~-tt)I~.
h N O tnOp00~ O NN d' M N (O
Z U G~Nbra~~,,:r-, ~ ~to d: cfla~~, GO~h N [~e- ,r.N O O N et' ~ j ON M Q O O tt~CpN ~ O NO
~
Q7~hO M ~ ~:~ c/'N~ O
(fl ~j Q r C
~ ~ ,,., , , ,, N
~ N ~N N ' ~
O (flN ~ r a M ~
. ~
O
O
N 0'~ ~ ~ ~ N ~ ~ ~'~t Q u u ' ~ M u 7 ~ 7 .
O d(~C T N M N ~ ~ ~;~~
~
H
00NM ~ ~ ~ ~ N t,4(O~ N ~D l~
r i O unt~N O ~ N N ~C M M
V ~ r d'G
O
U cflao~ o~o~.-W cfl~cflao ~-r~
M ~~O~ O hlCC<37~tClh,. ~ M f-' d7Md'N CO00to00M~ ~- N
U ~ ~ ~ O COM N NN Ob O N h 00:CON 00 0 O NtS~eh~ ~ ~ ~ r N
OpN tt~N
Z c~a3O ~ ,,n N ~0~O~~M eN-' ' ', ' , ' '' O
'~ ~ ~
S ~ ' ~ O
~,' D
Y
O C_ t J -J.....J i m ~ ~.
' O
n o o :~C U a I~-D m _=a z _ '._' N
Table 7 provides the concentrations of essential amino acids (% of protein) and selected minerals (Nglg of lipid-free dry rnatfer) in whole herring (WH), micronized, dehulled, cold pressed Goliath canola (DC), undehulled, raw cold pressed Goliath canola {URC), and six protein products produced by the co-processing of different propotions of WH with either DC or URC. The amino acid and mineral concentrations in a seventh protein product, produced by hexane extraction of WH50DC50 are also shown (WH50DC50-hexane).
=U ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ N r~..~ ~ co0 O O O d N p~j ~-CV r 00~ O d.
~ ~ N N
O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ( N f COct D
~ N O ~ ~ T W
~N
n apL'.T T ~.N
p N CD00 ~ , , , , i , y ... N r r ,NN ~ N O ~ ~
--~
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O i ~ ~ ~ O ~ O
t0~ "~71 ~ ~l. I ~DCOM N O p N N M
fVd'-: ~t' d'~-tc) I~.
. r N ~p~-r,O f~.
T O
~ t001T~O b N ~ ~ ~ N N ~ N O)N ~
~''N .~:no ~ ~t r. ~fo nri t,On Wit'C~ODN tt~M ~ (~M ~C1 ~ ~ d'M ~ O r ~ ~l'CO~ N D CO - DUO ~ M ~' 1 O r C f ~ O M O O
' . ~' '~ r:ci~tao d W aD ~t.=Sri ~ N ,.~ ~ aj~-p t ~
M ~ i.~. M N ~-~C?N '~t' 00 M C~cD ~ O aDc4 ~ - ~ N ~ ~ CQ
N CD00~ O ~ O 00(O(D M ~ ~
t~.~cviv ~o ~r~t ao er~--~.ri N N b.M ~ T
V M ~,~ o ~ ~or:
~ a n i ~ ~ ~ ~ i N
l~'d'OpI~.f~.tt? CO N N ~' r ~ O a ~ O 00 O W N ~t ODtta N C4I~-M y ":N O O
0 ~
I~N d'I'~M ~Ch n. ~ r tfi ~ ~ 1 V ~ ~rj ...
_ _ M M r,d.O
~ ~ c '~ ~ O~'~ tlj ~ M p (DO N N O
t O~J ~ tn 'C~ tn O r d. ~ M h ,d.r ~ M O ~ ~ ~
'O
O N
C C
.I- i O C L
C ~ O.0 ; y m O ~OO C ~O .~.C ~ O ~~ O O
C U N ~ ~ ~ -. C ~ E v7~ O
C ,~a ~ .~ ~ o m o o ~ cLo.~ ~ _ ~
.~
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n Nj ~ Z
cnrns-~-'~Q~ ...n~ ' s I-to ~ N .C~ O O O .~
uJ-v~t= ~ ~~ i- > U a:~ cna U N
I-a 4m Va m N
Table 8 sets out the percentages of selected fatty acids and of saturated, unsaturated, (n-6), (n-3) and n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 HUFA; 20:5 (n-3) +
22:6 (n-3)) in whole herring (WH), undehulfed raw cold pressed Goliath canola (URG), and the press lipids resulting from th a co-processing of different proportions of WH with DC or URC.
t CO M c~ 1~. M
~ N eat?-- 00 I ~ ~ N M ~ T O , e ~ N (D N Ct7 ~ N d' CO ' N i~~~. ~ c'V O
O
J Z V' i i ~ ~ r i n ~ ~ i f~. O vt~ O OD e- G~ GU
N r- pp O
M u~ Ice. OD' ~ ~ ,~ O
O ~ h.. M
U ~ ~- f~ ~ C~ T T
N ~
Q
M ~
M ~ O O) O d' b' CO ~ Ice.
l~ ~y tt~ T CD
~
M ~ T O
~ d' T O M r- QO T 'l-Wit" h ~ N h. ct DO '~T O M n" CO O t1' M N O tn N~ Mr.:C'rj~n; N' ~~N N
U t~. et m o 0~ M [..,. i~..
'~ N OD O C) r1' ~ N C7a O ~ N CO N aO N CO
c~ M
N r ' O O ai I
o0 . d M
'C3 O
O
.
' 4' ~
;i7~..-. ....-.t7 ' ...~ M
~
07 Ci~ N ~ ~ M
cM M ('~ 3 C
C C ~ C ~ '. ... "
C' _ ... L O
.......r O
......~
~''''"e- N M ;N tn +~ I' Z
Ln CD + ,;~
.. a1 .~,~"
O O ~
D O
O
O
ii T
T
T
N N F_ W- _ ( I~- H-O
EXAMPLE 14: Results obtained for sunflower and sunflower-based products in Table 9, initial ratios of water from endogenous and exogenous sources to oilseed lipid-free dry matter and percentage yields (air-dry product, moisture-free product, and lipid-free dry weight product):from the co-processing of different blends of whole herring (WH) or poultry offal (PO) with dehulled, raw sunflower seed, batch 1 (DRSF,) or batch 2 (DRSF2) are provided Table 9.
Protein productInitial ratio Air-dry Moisture- Lipid-free " of hot water to oilseed product free dry product lipid-free dry (I) product (%) matter wfw WH75DRSF 25 5:1 30.4 28.2 19:7 WH50DRSF 50 3:1 ' 31.6 29.0 19.4 WH25DRSF 75 3:1 31.7 31.1 19.9 P050DRSF 50 6:1 46:9 43.0 31.3 '~ Numbers following WH, DRSF:and PO refer to initial percentages of these products in the herring/sunflower seed and poultrylsunflower seed blends (sunflower seed was cold pressed to remove a significant portion of the oil and reduce the particle size of the starting material before blending with herring or poultry and santoquin; 0.1 glkg of mixed product before water addition) before their co-processing using cooking temperatures of 90-93°C and drying temperatures of 77-83°C.
Table 10 gives the concentrations of proximate constituents including crude fibre (CF), phytic acid (PA), trypsin inhibitor activity (TI); urease activity (UA) and chlorogenic acid (CA) content in whole herring (WH); poultry offal (PO), dehulled, raw cold pressed sunflower, batch 1 (DRSF,), and five protein products produced by the co-processing of different proportions of WH or PO with either DRSF, or dehulled, raw cold pressed sunflower, batch 2 (DRSF2) (expressed on a dry weight basis, DWB or lipid-free dry weight basis, LFDWB). The composition of a sixth protein product that was produced by hexane extraction of WH50DRSF;50 is also shown (WH50DRSF,50-hexane) together with the apparent protein digestibility coefficients for some of the products (Atlantic salmon in sea water used as the fiest animal).
p pip ONO N ~ ~ 00 ~ p O1 (p N
M I,n N ~ tD ~e- r N M ~p CO
V
O
Cif t ~n co N ~ CO ~ 0~0 t,~O r pip N tt7 h ~7 ~ Q ~ eh !-~ d' CO M e-~ r- N ,N~ M ~ ~ p ~ ~ a D
N
std ~ ~ 0 ~ OD N ~ ~ ~ OD
, ~ , , , , n M ~~ ~ M M ~ N
D ~'S M
N rN."
C
p ~ csi ~ Q~ ~ O a0 cfl ~Y ~t cQ 00 ~ N tn M CQ
~ I~~ ~ M. r t~~ -N 00 tvj ' M O. ~G d' 01 ~ 1',- M r. ~ ~,r~ ~. N ~ p Lfj Cp ~ ~ I,t7 Q ~ r ~~ N
t0 O .-. ai r Q f~
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NM ~O'N,DOajI~:~ttp~ C~~ ~GO
C) in t~ M e- ~ .r N ~ N P ~ N ~,rj O O~
~ O
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O
~ ~ ~"~ pp ~, ~ .d. N O ~ ~
O tt7 M 1' ~ ~ d' r:
a? M ~ d' tt~ 00 tt7 M ~ ~ O ~ N
tn 'a 'm N
N
00 Q M ~ ~~ ~ .O
N Ih~ h ~ O C~ , , , , , , v , , ' C
M M ~O ~' ~- r ' Q ~
v1 ~N
M
N ~ ~ ~?' ~ r , , v s , v v , , 1~~ .~ O
-o D O D D ~ D ;c -a v c Q
'a 1~ o x v~ c »: v r~, m m m m ~ m ;p ~ ti .~.r~
a~ _m W_m ~ 'S ?~ 'S ~ _ ?~, ° o ~ °' t""o c 'S D .. s p x D ~, 0 a m x D o Z CD o d Qa ~Q U d ,.-! N
Table 11 gives the concentrations of essential amino acids (% of protein) and selected minerals (Ng/g of lipid-free dry matter) in whole herring (WH), poultry offal (PO), dehulled, raw, cold pressed sunflower, batch 1 (DRSF,), and four protein products produced by the co-processing of different proportions of WH or PO with either DRSF, or DRSFZ. The concentrations in a fifth pi-otein product, produced by hexane extraction of WH50DRSF,50, is also shown (WH50DRSF~50-hexane).
O
O
~ N COt0tnp t,t~N f,~O ~ N ~ N N rl'p O
~
N ~ ~ ~ ~ O
ODN ~ f0etCM1~ CMr-d' ~ t M ~
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O
V
- ~ d'M t M ~~ ~ O O N t~CO M O M.a C7~N ~tCO'd.Mr,; ,~~ tn ' v U
O
O G
O
~
_ O e- O
~ ~Qt~r ~ N ~ N p ~ ' ~ ~
' d tDO O N ~ ,= NN
O ' O
N OON et'I'IslMI'~ e1e-d' D~
a c ' a~
'r'u- ~ v ~ nr~'~' ~ aoo~ ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ ~
' = ' , ~CD I N p p ~ ~f,~ ~O~~ ?
N ~
~ ~ , c CON WittOtf7Mt.,.d..O ~ T N ~ ~ ~.M .
r- ~
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D
cu .?
' y a u~ a~
r ~N O O
r I~ (fls1'00t0Opr-(~ p I~p ~ tnM M 00toO~ M
~y 9 M ' p t N ~ 00h~i; fitN O ppO N O _' ' I N '~3"t'~(OMf>.:'d'r l,t~ M O ~ N ~-N ~
M N -r D ~ '~f N
LL (OC~~ N n ~0 ~ M p O 00tnM O ~ O C ,n ' M ~ vi Q tnetM Ct1CC!Cf~ ~-N e- ~ ~ a M N~ o r V ' p M j r r C ~ ( ~rr; d. In ~ N O M ~
D N e- N Q 00 N
E N M
O ap00~Otfa I~~ M O -' ' ' ~ p r OQN e-'d (Qh-O ~~~ ~ ~ ~ i -W.
00r M IntnM~ M O ~ 'p v O
>
Then hot water was added to the mixture in such away that fihe ratio of water to oil-free dry matter present in the oilseed was maintained between 3-6:1 (w/w), depending upon the source and proportion of oilseed in the mixture. Both he endogenous water originating from the offal and the exogenous water were considered when calculating the aforementioned ratios.
EXAMPLE 7: Cooking step The mixture obtained from co-processing of animal offal and oilseed (Example 6) was cooked for about 27 min at 9a-93°C in the steam jacketed cooker secfion of a pilot-scale fish meal machine (Chemical Res~areh Organization, Esbjerg, Denmark), that was equipped with a heated auger (it is notworthy that the cooking step could have also been pertormed by using a heat exchanger with a positive displacement pump or through direct steam injection coupled with processor). The cooking step was undertaken to: ( 1 ) minimise the loss Qf soluble protein through protein denaturation, (2) destroy or reduce the concentration of heat labile antinufritional factors present in the oilseed (especially importantwh~n processing non-micronized seeds and micronized soya}, {3) liberate the bound cellular water and lipid in the offal and the oilseed, and (4) subject the oilseed to aqueous washing to facilitate removal of the water soluble antinutritional factors originating from this source.
EXAMPLE 8: Pressing step Significant but not total removal of tha latter as well as lipid (animal-feed grade product) was accomplished by passing the cooked mixture through the fish meal machine screw press that was equipped with perforated screens and then a laboratory-scale press {Vincent model CP-4; Vincent Corp., Tampa Florida). Constituents in he waterfraction of the press liquids consisted of water soluble carbohydrates such as monosaccharides, disaccharides, or problem sugars like raffinose and stachyose, phenolic compounds, glucosinolates (when canola used), chlorogenic acid (when unflower used), isoflavones and saponins (when soybeans used} as well as some soluble nitrogen and water soluble vitamins. In preferred embodiments; the presscake in each case was dried in the steam jacketed drier portion of the above-mentioned fish meal machine at 75-83°C
to produce dried protein and lipid-rich products.
EXAMPLE 9: Drying step In one preferred embodiment, further drying of the protein products was necessary to reduce their moisture content. The drying was performed for about 30 min to reduce their moisture content o less than 10%. This was accomplished using a custom designed vertical stack (stainless steelmesh trays) pellet cooler that was equipped with two elecfiric base heaters and a op mounted variable speed fan. The temperature of the upward drawn air was maintained between 70°C and 80°C during the process. All protein and lipid sources stemming from the above process, including the cold-pressed oils were further stabilized with santoquin (ethoxyquin). In a more preferred 10 embodiment, specially in the case of the dried protein products, 100 mg of santoquin were added per kg of product in a marine oil carrier (1 glkg). Then, each of the products was vacuum packaged in oxygen .impermeable bags and stored at -20°C
pending chemical analysis or their evaluation in a digestibility trial (see below). In another embodiment, specially in relation to the oils, 500 mg, of santoquin were added per kg and then each lipid source was; stored at 4-5°C in 1 L black plastic bottles.
EXAMPLE 10: Separation step In preferred embodiments, the press liquid was separated into water and lipid fractions using an Alpha de Laval batch dairy centrifuge (Centrifuges Unlimi ed Inc., Calgary, Alberta). Then; the water fraction was condensed to about one third of its original 20 volume using a steam jacketed bowl cooker.
EXAMPLE 11: Preparation of protein concentrates Protein concentrates that are mostly based on proteinfrom canola, soya, sunflower and hemp were prepared by hexane extracting the products that originated from the co-processing of 1:1 combinations of whole herring and each of the preceding oilseeds. In this regard, 200 g of each of the four protein products were extracted four times with hexane-(5:1 v/w). During each extraction, the mixture was held for 30 min (stirred once after 15 min) before being filtered through Whatman No.1 fiifier paper in a Buchner funnel. Following hexane extraction; each protein product was placed on a tray that was lined with aluminum foil and then it was air-dried overnight. Then, each product was placed in the pellet cooler described in Example 9, where it was dried at about 70-80°C
for 15 min to remove any residual traces of hexane.
EXAMPLE 12: In viVO protein digestibility experiments !n a preferred embodiment, the in vrvo availability (digestibility) of protein in some of the test protein sources thafiwere prepared by co-processing various proportions of whole herring with canola, soya, sunflower and hemp was determined using Atlantic salmon in sea water as the test animal. Two experiments were conducted and the experimental conditions for each are provided in the table 1 below, wherein the flow rate of the oxygenated, filtered, ambient sea water was 6 - B L/rnin, feeding frequency was twice daily, ration was maximum (fish fed to satiation), and the photoperiod was natural.
Table 1.
Variable Ex eriment 1 Experiment 2 Fish source NorAm Aquaculture, NorAm Aquaculture, Campbell River, BC Campbell River, BC
Range in initial 76.6-85.8 54.2-61.6 mean weight (g) Number of fish per 15 15 tank Tanks per diet 3 3 Stocking density <8.6 <6.2 (kglm') Water temperature 8.9-9.1 9.0-9.5 (C) Salinity (g!L) 29-31 28-30 Dissolved oxygen 8.5-9.4 7.5-9.0 (mglL) Fecal collection 14 13 period The design of the digestibility tanks and the fecal collection procedures have been described by Hajen eral: (1993a,b. Aquacu(ture 112: 321-348). The experimental diets consisted of 29.85% test protein producf, 69:65% reference diet, and 0:5%
chromic oxide as the indigestible marker. Table 2 outlined-below provides the ingredient and proximate composition of the reference diet used in the digestibility experiments.
Table 2.
In redients _ (glkg; air-dry basis LT Anchovy meat 643.2 Blood flour; spray-dried 41.0 Pregelatinized wheat starch 80.9 Raw wheat starch 26:9 Vitamin supplement " 18.9 Mineral supplement ~' 18.9 Menhaden oil; stabilized 3' 122.4 Soybean lecithin 9.46 Choline chloride (60%) 4.73 Vitamin C, monophosphate (42%)3.38 Permapell 9.46 Finnstim T"" 14.2 DL-methionine 1:51 Chromic oxide 5.00 Level of:
Dry matter 924-926 Protein 452-453 Lipid 184 Ash 118-123 "The vitamin supplement provided the following amountslkg of diet on an air-dry basis:
vitaminA acetate, 4731 IU; chof~cafciferoi (D~}, 2271 iU; DL-a-tocopheryl acetate (E), 284 IU; menadione, 17.0 mg; D-calcium pantofhenate, 159.3 mg; pyridoxine HCI, 46.6 mg; riboflavin, 56.8 mg; niacin, 283.8 mg; folic acid,14.2 mg; thiamine mononitrate, 53.0 mg; biotin, 1.42 mg; cyanocobalamin (B~2), 0.085 mg; inositol, 378:5 mg.
2' The mineral supplement provided the following (mglkg diet on an air-dry basis):
manganese (as MnSO,~ ~ H20), 71.0; zinc (as ZnS04 ~ 7H20), 85.2; cobalt {as CoCl2 6Hz0), 2.84; copper {as CuS04 v 5H20); 6:62; iron (as FeS04 v 7H20), 94.6;
iodine (as KI03 and KI;1:1 ), 9.46; fluorine (as NaF); 4.73; selenium {as Na2Se03), 0.19;
sodium (as NaCI), 1419; magnesium {as MgS04 - 7H20), 378; potassium (as KzS04 and KZC03, 1:1), 1419.
~' Stabilized with 0.5 g santoquinlkg oil.
After adjustment of all experimenfal diet mashes to a moisture content of 9%;
they were cold pelleted using a California model CL type 2 pellet mill. Diet particle size was adjusted to suit fish size. The reference and experimental diets that were used in the study were stored at 5°C in air-tight containers until required.
The reference and experimental diets tmixture of reference and test diet) and lyophilized fecal samples were analyzed for levels of moisture, protein and chromic oxide at the DFO, West Vancouver Laboratory (WUL) using the procedures described below.
Subsequently, the digestibility coef~iciertts for protein were determined for each diet according to Cho et al. (1985. Finfish nutrition in Asia: methodological approaches to research and development. tDRC Ottawa, Gnt.,154p. ). Then, the digestibility coefficients for each of the protein products themselves were calculated according to Forster ( 1999.
Aquaculture Nutrition 5: 143-145).
The results of chemical analyses of the protein sources used in this study and of the products derived from the co-processing of animal offals {herring or poultry offal) with canola, sunflower, soya and hemp treated as described above are presented in Tables 3-20. The results have been expressed on a dry weight basis and a lipid-free dryweight basis since the mechanical pressing of lipid from the cooked blends of offal and oilseed was variable and not complete. This is a function of the design of the presses and other conventional presses available in industry can be of higher afficiency.
Examples 13 to 16 outlined hereinafter give the results of chemical analyses performed on products obtained in accordance with the process of the invention from:
canola and canola-based products, sunflower and sunflower-based products, soya and soya-based products, as wail as hemp and'hemp-based products. The chemical analyses were performed according to the following methods:
Concentrations of protein, moisture; and ash in the protein sources and products that were prepared as well as in all test diets and fecal samples were determined at the l0 Department of Fisheries and Oceans, West Vancouver Laboratory (DFO-WVL) using the procedures described by Higgs et al. (1979. Irk J.E: Halver, and K. Tiews, ads.
Finfish Nutrition and Fishfeecl Technology, i/ol. 2. Heenemann Uerlagsgesellschaft MbH., Berlin, pp. 191-218).
Similarly, the fatty acid compositions of the cold pressed oils and animal feed grade oils stemming from the press liquids were determined at the same laboratory using the procedures of Silver et al. (1993. In S.J. Kaushik and P. Luquet, ads. Fish nutrition in practice. IVt" International Symposium on Fish Nutrition and Feeding, INRA, Paris, pp.
459-468).
Moreover; the chromic acid concentrations in diets and lyophilized fecal samples were 20 determined at the DFO-VWL using the methods of Fenton and Fenton (1979.
Can. J.
Anim. Sci., 59: 631-634).
Concentrations of crude fibre (AOCS Official Method Ba 6-84), lipid (Troeng, S. 1955.
J:A.O.C.S. 32:124-126), chlorogenic acid (capillary electrophoresi method developed by M. Marianchuk at the POS Pilot Pl~nt Corp.) and sinapine (capillary electrophoresis method developed by P. Koiodziejczyk et al. at the POS Pilot Plant Corp.) in the oilseeds and test protein products aswell as measurements of trypsin inhibitor (AOCS
Official Method Ba 12-75 reapproved 1997) and urease (AOCS Official Method Ba reapproved 1993) activities in soya: and sunflower seeds and protein products were determined at the POS Pilot Plant Corps, Saskatoon; SK. according to the methods cited in the parentheses.
Determinations of the amino acid concentrations in the oilseeds and test protein products were conducted by AAA: Laboratory; Mercer Island, 1IVA, USA using the general procedures described by Mwachireya et at. (1999. Aquacuiture Nutrition 5: 73-82).
Levels of phytic acid in all oilseeds and in the products derived from the ca-processing of oilseeds and animal offal were determined by Ralston Analytical Laboratories, Saint 10 Louis, MO using the procedures described by Forster et al. (1999.
Aquaculture 179:
109-125).
Mineral concentrations in the oilseeds and the protein products were determined by Norwest Labs, Surrey, BC using plasma spectroscopy (Higgs et al.; 1982.
Aquaculture 29: 1-31 ).
Concentrations of glucosinolate compounds (total of all the different types of glucosinolates) present in canola and canola- based products were measured by Dr.
Phii Raney, of Agriculture & Agri-Food-Canada, Saskatoon, SK according to the methods of Daun and McGregor (9981. Glucosinolate Anaiysis of Rapeseed (Canola).
Method of the Canadian Grain Commission Revised Edn. Grain Research Laboratory, 20 Canadian Grain Commission; Winnipeg; Manitoba, Canada).
Measurements of soy isoflavones namely, daidzein, glycifiein; genistein, and saponins were conducted by Dr. Chung-Ja C: Jackson, of the Guelph Center for Functional Foods, University of Guelph Laboratory Services and have been reported here as the total for the preceding compounds (the methodology in each case is the subject of a patent application and hence has not been published).
EXAMPLE 13: Results obtained for canola and canola-based products Table 3 outlined below gives the percentages of extensively dehulled and partially dehulled Goliath canola seedandof hulls in relation to seed size after dehulling by Forsberg Incorporated, Thief River Falls, MN.
Table 3.
Seed sizelfraction Wei ht k Extensively 35.8 39.4 dehulled; lar a "
Extensively 10.8 11.8 dehulled; smaal "
Partially dehulled; 20.4 22.4 lar g 2r Partially dehulled; 14:3 15.7 small 2' Hulls small ~' 3:33 3.66 Hulls; lar a ~' 6.49 7.13 Total 91.1 100 " The extensively dehulled eanola as identified visually by the lack of hulls in the material was used in the tests reported below (referred to as dehulled canola) ~' The partially dehulled canola could be subjected to further dehulling, directed into ruminant diets, andlor mixed at a low proportion with animal offal and then co-processed to create a nutritionally upgraded protein source for monogastrics.
3' The hulls contained little visible evidence of canol'a meats and had low density.
Table 4 gives the percentages of presscake and oil obtained after cold pressing raw, undehulled and micronized; dehulled Goliath canola seed using a laboratory scale Gusta press.
Table 4.
Raw, undehulled Micronized, dehuiled Fraction canola seed canola seed Presscake % 68:3 84.0 Oil /a 31.7 16:0 Total 100 100 Table 5 sets out the initial ratios of water from endogenous and exogenous sources to oilseed lipid-free dry mattes content and percentage yields (air-dry product, moisture-free product, and lipid-free dry weight product) from the co-processing of different blends of whole herring (WH) with dehulled, micronized (DC) and undehulled raw l0 Goliath canola seed (URC):
Table 5.
Protein product"Initial ratio-ofAir-dry Moisture- Lipid-free hot product free productdry product water to oilseed(%) (%) (%) lipid-free dry matter w/w WH75DC25 5:1 29:4 27.0 19.4 WH50DC50 5:1 32.7 31.1 20.4 WH37.5DC62.5 5:1 34.8 31.8 20.0 WH75URC25 4:5:1 30:5 27.1 19.0 WH50URC50 5:1 30.9 29.8 21.3 WH25URC75 5:1 29:6 28:6 20.5 " Numbers following WH, DC, and URC refer to initial percentages of these products 20 in the herringlcanola seed blends (canola seed was cold pressed to remove a significant portion of the oil and reduce the particle size of the starting material before blending with herring and santoquin; 0:1 glkg of mixed product before water addition) before their co-processing using cooking temperatures of 90-93°C and drying temperatures of 77-83°C.
In Table 6, the concentrations of proximate constituents including crude fibre (CF) as well as phytic acid (PA), tots( glucosinolates (TG), and sinapine in whole herring (WH), dehulled micronized cold pressed Goliath canola (DC), undehulled raw cold pressed Goliath canola (URC), and six protein products produced by the co-processing of different proportions of WH with either DC or URC (expressed on a dry weight basis, DWB or lipid-free dry weighfi basis; L~DWB) are provided. The composition of a seventh protein product that was produced by hexane extraction of WH50DC50 is also shown (WH50DC50-hexane) togetherwith the apparent protein digestibility coefficients for some of the products (Atlantic salmon in sea water used as the test animal) is also provided.
N V OG1etel'd'~ M 'd'I~htTyCD O 00d'~!' ~ d~ N M Q (flQ ON ~ ~t(~Ot0 '. r I'~: M'~f'r ~-~A7I~.O
= V ~ T~ ~ O ~ N toOM O N GDNtt O O ~~ (V~ ~ ~ ~ NM p ~-tt)I~.
h N O tnOp00~ O NN d' M N (O
Z U G~Nbra~~,,:r-, ~ ~to d: cfla~~, GO~h N [~e- ,r.N O O N et' ~ j ON M Q O O tt~CpN ~ O NO
~
Q7~hO M ~ ~:~ c/'N~ O
(fl ~j Q r C
~ ~ ,,., , , ,, N
~ N ~N N ' ~
O (flN ~ r a M ~
. ~
O
O
N 0'~ ~ ~ ~ N ~ ~ ~'~t Q u u ' ~ M u 7 ~ 7 .
O d(~C T N M N ~ ~ ~;~~
~
H
00NM ~ ~ ~ ~ N t,4(O~ N ~D l~
r i O unt~N O ~ N N ~C M M
V ~ r d'G
O
U cflao~ o~o~.-W cfl~cflao ~-r~
M ~~O~ O hlCC<37~tClh,. ~ M f-' d7Md'N CO00to00M~ ~- N
U ~ ~ ~ O COM N NN Ob O N h 00:CON 00 0 O NtS~eh~ ~ ~ ~ r N
OpN tt~N
Z c~a3O ~ ,,n N ~0~O~~M eN-' ' ', ' , ' '' O
'~ ~ ~
S ~ ' ~ O
~,' D
Y
O C_ t J -J.....J i m ~ ~.
' O
n o o :~C U a I~-D m _=a z _ '._' N
Table 7 provides the concentrations of essential amino acids (% of protein) and selected minerals (Nglg of lipid-free dry rnatfer) in whole herring (WH), micronized, dehulled, cold pressed Goliath canola (DC), undehulled, raw cold pressed Goliath canola {URC), and six protein products produced by the co-processing of different propotions of WH with either DC or URC. The amino acid and mineral concentrations in a seventh protein product, produced by hexane extraction of WH50DC50 are also shown (WH50DC50-hexane).
=U ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ N r~..~ ~ co0 O O O d N p~j ~-CV r 00~ O d.
~ ~ N N
O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ( N f COct D
~ N O ~ ~ T W
~N
n apL'.T T ~.N
p N CD00 ~ , , , , i , y ... N r r ,NN ~ N O ~ ~
--~
V
O i ~ ~ ~ O ~ O
t0~ "~71 ~ ~l. I ~DCOM N O p N N M
fVd'-: ~t' d'~-tc) I~.
. r N ~p~-r,O f~.
T O
~ t001T~O b N ~ ~ ~ N N ~ N O)N ~
~''N .~:no ~ ~t r. ~fo nri t,On Wit'C~ODN tt~M ~ (~M ~C1 ~ ~ d'M ~ O r ~ ~l'CO~ N D CO - DUO ~ M ~' 1 O r C f ~ O M O O
' . ~' '~ r:ci~tao d W aD ~t.=Sri ~ N ,.~ ~ aj~-p t ~
M ~ i.~. M N ~-~C?N '~t' 00 M C~cD ~ O aDc4 ~ - ~ N ~ ~ CQ
N CD00~ O ~ O 00(O(D M ~ ~
t~.~cviv ~o ~r~t ao er~--~.ri N N b.M ~ T
V M ~,~ o ~ ~or:
~ a n i ~ ~ ~ ~ i N
l~'d'OpI~.f~.tt? CO N N ~' r ~ O a ~ O 00 O W N ~t ODtta N C4I~-M y ":N O O
0 ~
I~N d'I'~M ~Ch n. ~ r tfi ~ ~ 1 V ~ ~rj ...
_ _ M M r,d.O
~ ~ c '~ ~ O~'~ tlj ~ M p (DO N N O
t O~J ~ tn 'C~ tn O r d. ~ M h ,d.r ~ M O ~ ~ ~
'O
O N
C C
.I- i O C L
C ~ O.0 ; y m O ~OO C ~O .~.C ~ O ~~ O O
C U N ~ ~ ~ -. C ~ E v7~ O
C ,~a ~ .~ ~ o m o o ~ cLo.~ ~ _ ~
.~
~ ' O ~ N ~ .~O ~ ._~ ~ U p '.O~ ~
n Nj ~ Z
cnrns-~-'~Q~ ...n~ ' s I-to ~ N .C~ O O O .~
uJ-v~t= ~ ~~ i- > U a:~ cna U N
I-a 4m Va m N
Table 8 sets out the percentages of selected fatty acids and of saturated, unsaturated, (n-6), (n-3) and n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 HUFA; 20:5 (n-3) +
22:6 (n-3)) in whole herring (WH), undehulfed raw cold pressed Goliath canola (URG), and the press lipids resulting from th a co-processing of different proportions of WH with DC or URC.
t CO M c~ 1~. M
~ N eat?-- 00 I ~ ~ N M ~ T O , e ~ N (D N Ct7 ~ N d' CO ' N i~~~. ~ c'V O
O
J Z V' i i ~ ~ r i n ~ ~ i f~. O vt~ O OD e- G~ GU
N r- pp O
M u~ Ice. OD' ~ ~ ,~ O
O ~ h.. M
U ~ ~- f~ ~ C~ T T
N ~
Q
M ~
M ~ O O) O d' b' CO ~ Ice.
l~ ~y tt~ T CD
~
M ~ T O
~ d' T O M r- QO T 'l-Wit" h ~ N h. ct DO '~T O M n" CO O t1' M N O tn N~ Mr.:C'rj~n; N' ~~N N
U t~. et m o 0~ M [..,. i~..
'~ N OD O C) r1' ~ N C7a O ~ N CO N aO N CO
c~ M
N r ' O O ai I
o0 . d M
'C3 O
O
.
' 4' ~
;i7~..-. ....-.t7 ' ...~ M
~
07 Ci~ N ~ ~ M
cM M ('~ 3 C
C C ~ C ~ '. ... "
C' _ ... L O
.......r O
......~
~''''"e- N M ;N tn +~ I' Z
Ln CD + ,;~
.. a1 .~,~"
O O ~
D O
O
O
ii T
T
T
N N F_ W- _ ( I~- H-O
EXAMPLE 14: Results obtained for sunflower and sunflower-based products in Table 9, initial ratios of water from endogenous and exogenous sources to oilseed lipid-free dry matter and percentage yields (air-dry product, moisture-free product, and lipid-free dry weight product):from the co-processing of different blends of whole herring (WH) or poultry offal (PO) with dehulled, raw sunflower seed, batch 1 (DRSF,) or batch 2 (DRSF2) are provided Table 9.
Protein productInitial ratio Air-dry Moisture- Lipid-free " of hot water to oilseed product free dry product lipid-free dry (I) product (%) matter wfw WH75DRSF 25 5:1 30.4 28.2 19:7 WH50DRSF 50 3:1 ' 31.6 29.0 19.4 WH25DRSF 75 3:1 31.7 31.1 19.9 P050DRSF 50 6:1 46:9 43.0 31.3 '~ Numbers following WH, DRSF:and PO refer to initial percentages of these products in the herring/sunflower seed and poultrylsunflower seed blends (sunflower seed was cold pressed to remove a significant portion of the oil and reduce the particle size of the starting material before blending with herring or poultry and santoquin; 0.1 glkg of mixed product before water addition) before their co-processing using cooking temperatures of 90-93°C and drying temperatures of 77-83°C.
Table 10 gives the concentrations of proximate constituents including crude fibre (CF), phytic acid (PA), trypsin inhibitor activity (TI); urease activity (UA) and chlorogenic acid (CA) content in whole herring (WH); poultry offal (PO), dehulled, raw cold pressed sunflower, batch 1 (DRSF,), and five protein products produced by the co-processing of different proportions of WH or PO with either DRSF, or dehulled, raw cold pressed sunflower, batch 2 (DRSF2) (expressed on a dry weight basis, DWB or lipid-free dry weight basis, LFDWB). The composition of a sixth protein product that was produced by hexane extraction of WH50DRSF;50 is also shown (WH50DRSF,50-hexane) together with the apparent protein digestibility coefficients for some of the products (Atlantic salmon in sea water used as the fiest animal).
p pip ONO N ~ ~ 00 ~ p O1 (p N
M I,n N ~ tD ~e- r N M ~p CO
V
O
Cif t ~n co N ~ CO ~ 0~0 t,~O r pip N tt7 h ~7 ~ Q ~ eh !-~ d' CO M e-~ r- N ,N~ M ~ ~ p ~ ~ a D
N
std ~ ~ 0 ~ OD N ~ ~ ~ OD
, ~ , , , , n M ~~ ~ M M ~ N
D ~'S M
N rN."
C
p ~ csi ~ Q~ ~ O a0 cfl ~Y ~t cQ 00 ~ N tn M CQ
~ I~~ ~ M. r t~~ -N 00 tvj ' M O. ~G d' 01 ~ 1',- M r. ~ ~,r~ ~. N ~ p Lfj Cp ~ ~ I,t7 Q ~ r ~~ N
t0 O .-. ai r Q f~
~M
NM ~O'N,DOajI~:~ttp~ C~~ ~GO
C) in t~ M e- ~ .r N ~ N P ~ N ~,rj O O~
~ O
~ ~
O
~ ~ ~"~ pp ~, ~ .d. N O ~ ~
O tt7 M 1' ~ ~ d' r:
a? M ~ d' tt~ 00 tt7 M ~ ~ O ~ N
tn 'a 'm N
N
00 Q M ~ ~~ ~ .O
N Ih~ h ~ O C~ , , , , , , v , , ' C
M M ~O ~' ~- r ' Q ~
v1 ~N
M
N ~ ~ ~?' ~ r , , v s , v v , , 1~~ .~ O
-o D O D D ~ D ;c -a v c Q
'a 1~ o x v~ c »: v r~, m m m m ~ m ;p ~ ti .~.r~
a~ _m W_m ~ 'S ?~ 'S ~ _ ?~, ° o ~ °' t""o c 'S D .. s p x D ~, 0 a m x D o Z CD o d Qa ~Q U d ,.-! N
Table 11 gives the concentrations of essential amino acids (% of protein) and selected minerals (Ng/g of lipid-free dry matter) in whole herring (WH), poultry offal (PO), dehulled, raw, cold pressed sunflower, batch 1 (DRSF,), and four protein products produced by the co-processing of different proportions of WH or PO with either DRSF, or DRSFZ. The concentrations in a fifth pi-otein product, produced by hexane extraction of WH50DRSF,50, is also shown (WH50DRSF~50-hexane).
O
O
~ N COt0tnp t,t~N f,~O ~ N ~ N N rl'p O
~
N ~ ~ ~ ~ O
ODN ~ f0etCM1~ CMr-d' ~ t M ~
~
O
V
- ~ d'M t M ~~ ~ O O N t~CO M O M.a C7~N ~tCO'd.Mr,; ,~~ tn ' v U
O
O G
O
~
_ O e- O
~ ~Qt~r ~ N ~ N p ~ ' ~ ~
' d tDO O N ~ ,= NN
O ' O
N OON et'I'IslMI'~ e1e-d' D~
a c ' a~
'r'u- ~ v ~ nr~'~' ~ aoo~ ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ ~
' = ' , ~CD I N p p ~ ~f,~ ~O~~ ?
N ~
~ ~ , c CON WittOtf7Mt.,.d..O ~ T N ~ ~ ~.M .
r- ~
N
D
cu .?
' y a u~ a~
r ~N O O
r I~ (fls1'00t0Opr-(~ p I~p ~ tnM M 00toO~ M
~y 9 M ' p t N ~ 00h~i; fitN O ppO N O _' ' I N '~3"t'~(OMf>.:'d'r l,t~ M O ~ N ~-N ~
M N -r D ~ '~f N
LL (OC~~ N n ~0 ~ M p O 00tnM O ~ O C ,n ' M ~ vi Q tnetM Ct1CC!Cf~ ~-N e- ~ ~ a M N~ o r V ' p M j r r C ~ ( ~rr; d. In ~ N O M ~
D N e- N Q 00 N
E N M
O ap00~Otfa I~~ M O -' ' ' ~ p r OQN e-'d (Qh-O ~~~ ~ ~ ~ i -W.
00r M IntnM~ M O ~ 'p v O
>
4 .
~
iOt~(OO I~I~tn I'~r e- ~ ~ .r.d'~ p ~~ 'C D
' b c0 cQ(~tne1"d ~tn O tt~tn M p C O N N O-~..
~
O Q
Cflr eT00t~MI~ ~ r t0 ,O'f3~~ ~ tCj~N
3 ~n ~ ~
~ 3 ~
.~
.~
a c U
c +c G
N C~ N c O N ,G G O O ~ N t~ O
.C 'C1 :.;,G C V C ~~ y NE -GN E 'V~
:
N N C ~ N 'UG t'C O ~ C ~'~N G ~ N O ~ w O
: n p ~ , QT~ ~ c0 C~ r tpp p O G:) ~ c.~
_ 'N -~
a u.~4 = N ~ :~~a ~.-E-> ~U a ~ cna U i~
o Q t- m o ,~ ~
' a~
z ~
>r Q
N f' N
In Table 12, percentages of selected fatty acids and of saturated, unsaturated, (n-6), (n-3) and n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 HUFA; 20:5 (n-3) + 22:6 (n-3)) in whole herring {WH), poultry offal (PO), dehuffed, raw, cold pressed sunflower, batch 1 (DRSF, ), and the press lipids resulting from the co-processing of different proportions of WH or PO with DRSF, or dehulled, raw, cold pressed sunflower, batch 2 (DRSFz).
U
U
C
O
'O_ ~ c~ t'~ 000 h. O p fl ~ O p M i~., .
0 rM M _ N
O
~ OOO ~ C O C
U' C' ~O
>' O
~.
N
~ L tJl U
~ N
~,,.
i ~ ~ ~ M
Q
Q
= C
.3 tt3 O
~ N
~ ~
, ~ ~ ~
'~J'~- N O M - O r ~ I'~ e O M ~
Q ~N
~
N CD d' 00 07 r- ~ N p~ .-.
r.. ~t7 d' p ~
Z ~ Cvj N Ctj tM ~ a7 ~-~ ~' O
O
,~? N N d' cM ~- 00 N - of ~
~ Cfl .-.
Q
N N D
N
O !L p p r. 0 r t~ to O U
b ~ M O ~ O N
O
ai r.. o r. oo r. co o ci ci J
(~ ~ ~ ~ ~' O ~ 00 (D O U-M t~. u7 O tn p M ~ CV O M ~ e- ~j p ~ 'N
O
~- ~ N p ~
O N
~ M
ap p -C
C N p cci O p ~
o - c r r 3 0 oaioa V vcci a~
a~
~' a~
a U .-. ~ .-. 'a a~ .-.., ~ o a --. ~ ~ M
. . ~ ~ P .~
.
~ C~ c'M
c'~ M
~ ~ ~ L ~ O
~ L
v r- N M tf? ~~" ~ CO t6 ~ ~ N O
(O t"'"'D ~ f~ ' Z
.Q
t cCf ap 00 tip ttf C O O (A
i O clj O O O ;, -r cn Q !- E- ~
r- ~ N N F- i- O LY
I- C
Z Q ~3 ~- N O
U
O
EXAMPLE 15: Results obtained for soya and soya-based products In Table 13, the initial ratios of water from endogenous and exogenous sources to oilseed, lipid-free dry matter and percentage yields (air-dry product, moisture-free product, and lipid-free dry weight product} from the co-processing of different blends of whole herring (WH} with dehulledrnicronized (DSY) and undehulled raw soya seed (URSY).
Table 13.
Protein productInitial ratio Air-dry Moisture- Lipid-free " of hot product free productdry product water to oilseed(%) (%) (%) lipid-free' dry matter wlw WH75DSY25 5:1 14.2 13:6 10.3 10 WH50DSY50 5:1 36.7 34:9 26.4 WH25DSY75 4:1 48.3 43:8 32.7 WH75URSY25 5:1 20.7 19.1 15.0 WH50URSY50 5:1 29:9 27.4 21.1 WH25URSY75 4:1 43.8 38.4 33.7 "Numbers following WH, DSY and URSY refer to initial percentages of these products in the herringlsoya blends (soya seed was ground to reduce the particle size of the starting material before blending with herring and santoquin; 0.1 glkg of mixed product before water addition} prior to their co-processing using cooking temperatures of 90-93 °C and drying temperatures of 77-83 °C.
20 Table 14 shows the concentrations of proximate constituents including crude fibre (CF) as well as phytic acid (PA), total saponins, total isoflavones (TIF}, unease activity (UA), and trypsin inhibitor activity (Ti) in whole herring (WH), dehulled, micronized, , soya (DSY), undehulled, raw soya (tJRSY}, and six protein products produced by the co-processing of different proportions of WH with either DSY or URSY (expressed on a dry weight basis, DWB or lipid-free dryweight basis; LFDWB}: The composition of a seventh protein product that was produced by hexane extraction of WH5DDSY50 is also shown (WH50DSY50-hexane) together wi#h the apparent protein digestibility coefficients for some of the products (Atlantic salmon in sea water used as the test animal).
N 0000 d'N M O N ~ N d' ~
~ M ~ N ~ N ' ~ , , M M
p ~ ~ ~ ~ N O d0 p r CO~ i~O st N ~ C~~ f~ Op~ ,,n CO Cfli~ r.tL~ O ' n , , N N C'M
CD ODCflOD~- N O 00 p1 t~7 N
t'- r r. M u7 a0 p~CD M I~ ~ ~ N
~-~ ~ ~ , , , , O ~ , N 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ T
O O Op~ N O M ~ ~ M 00 ~ N ~ N M N
p ~ Q di N ~ a O
C N I' e-C
(Of~ 00r N d'1~.M
X M d' t~O M 0 ~ ' , , r 0 , , , , , , Q~C~ COM r, ~.:T r ~
O
~
' ~' t~M ~ ~ ~tM i.f?~ i'~-N M 0 'OO
N
d 2 W t~ O ~ ~ C ~ O 00 f~. 0 . , N r N ~ r ~,~ d O
Q~
(fl _ d' ~
u~')N ~ ~ N o N ado I~:~ ~ ~ N r-h. to r c'M. ~ O h , tn toN [v;,~-~- N 6j r O O M ~ p OQ
I~.r1' etO ~ N <D 01O ~ pp M M M ~..;Wit'et I~CO lfj, , , W t T , 00M et'N
tn ~,~. tnN N N Q
r T t0 N N M srN M 07! C4O - ~ r'r M
N ~ N st p ~ ~j T ~. ~ W r C7 ~tp e- , O)M tt7N ~7 COr N ~- a-e- N N M p O
f' Z ~ 00 O ~ M ~
N d ~ ~ d T ' ' ' , , , , , , , , ' 0 , , , ' , , , C
.
.r.
a; ~ ~ D ~ ~ D .-,D ~ D N D --~ D c C J ~ ~ J ~ V'~ ~ C LJ-~f lL,.'~' J J m J J s~
~
~m y ~m ~ j j a~ ~o ~~ a ~ ~' z ~
D.. D a J <( U a cn I= ~ I= .~
D D O D D ' D J
o a "" N
Table 15 provides concentrations of essential amino acids (% of protein) and selected minerals (~g/g of Lipid free dry matter) in whole herring (WH), dehulled;
micronized, soya (DSY), and three protein products produced by the co-processing of different proportions of WH with DSY. The concentrations in a fourth protein product, produced by hexane extraction ofi WH50DSY50, is also shown (WH50DSY50-hexane).
00't~-r.DON I~-r.. O ~ p CO~ ~-- I~
M d'u7u7t t7. d' r ~
n ~ i M M C5~ M ..O tn ' ~ ~
~' f N ~ f~.t.~N 00 d'r ~f' ~ N N COW N C
Q O
r r 'd'~7M O N O 00 d'O C~ M r"'~tt'~-O
CO~tCOO iceN I~ ~ ~i?~ N ~ C Cfl(O
O
. . ~ N 1 E E
I~.N '~ODC~M 04 d'r e~ ~ ~ N ~ ~ N C
O
I~.CVO ODp O f~..I'~r ~ O ~ h-O ~ f',.
- ' ~ d t0~tt~:h N M M O M O O Cn,O
~
~ 1'~-N d't.CpN OD ~ ~-ifj '~~t'N ~ CflN S~
C
r r r , r h' O ~l7h tOM O r f'sODtD M dO"'d'ODI I~.M
N ~
M ~tCOCOi-M N IOM N r ~ 00N r I~N ~f'Ice,I~..M OO ~ ~ N N M
. r N ~ ~ I
.Q
E-" I~.00~C5M 'Cf'GOCO r tn~' h O ODO O (QM
~ d'~ ~ ' ' C!~ C ~ ~ t!7 N d ~i7 ' .
h CV'd1~.CfJN 00 '~r ~ h..
N O M -V N ~
N
C,~I~Cfl0 1'.f'~~ Ice.r r ~ ~ ~ d'~ O r O O u ' ' 7 d d ~ tn 0 X17~ M O ~ ~ N N O
CO~-d'00~ M r.: d'r tf) M ~ r I d'~fjr n , ~ ~
C
i ~ +
C N
+ C
,C C .
C . C ' ~ .~v ~ ~. ~
f~ N .~~ N V .~_~ ~ ~ ''''C ~ 'Vtn~ ~ ~ U
p tnp ~ t/~~ ~ ~ ' ~~ C ~ ~ f6-O O O ~
m Q = ~ ~ ~ ~ a ~ t-> ~ v ~ ~ cn~ U .
- N
CO
~' N
Table 16 provides the percentages of selected fatty acids and of saturated, unsaturated, (n-6), (n-3) and n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 HUFA; 20:5 (n-3) +
22:6 (n-3)) in whole herring (WH), micronized, dehulled, soya (DSY), undehuiled, raw soya (URSY), and the press lipids resulting from he co-processing of different proportions of WH with DSY or URSY.
N ~ ~ N O t~. f~ OD N N r- i.t~
CO c- N _ ?~ ~ ~ N ~tm.f7 C~ N fM... N N
O
~ ~ ~ O t~ tc~ c~7 ~l' CO O ~c7 N
I~.. aD M
?y, ~ ~ r N t'- OD N IM ~ N CO
rte... ~ ~ ~I' O d' 0 O O d' h~. ~f7 N O ~ N
N ~ ~ M O
~
~. OD OD 00 CO N 00 M
N 00 t~. ~
M ~ f~.
~
Q ~ N ~ ~ N r f0 ,. N
N
~
~p ~ ~ ~ (n N f~ M r- O
r (O
r C~ r-~ N ~- ~ r ~ ~ N
N C
Cfl .Q
I_ N tn L t~ O f~ 1'- e- O CD I~-N N tt~ M
O ~- 1~: M CO CV h N C~ C3i e- tn ~ r- CO N N ice-t- CO Cfi N
' Q
J
~t N N 0 M I~ OO O
0 ~t ' ~ o0 0 ~' ~ o ~
u o ci a o~i cici ao~no~oo v ct>o0 0 r. o 0 0 ~ o 0 ioioo ~ o ci o~i Q7 t1' N CO GO N a0 N M C~
~ h- ~ CO O N ~ Op ~
~- Q tO ~ OCi N I'~ ~1' M e-N .-. .-.
:O ,.~ .-~ ..-. .-~ .-.. '~ ~ Cfl M M
U O~ CS~MMM 4,3 ~ O C, r- N M ~ cD ~ .~ ~ tn ~ ~ ~ 1~1 N OD 00 a0 O CV O ~ O O O O O
O
Example 16: Results obtained for hemp and hemp-based products.
In Table 17, the initial ratios of water from endogenous and exogenous sources to oilseed lipid-free dry matter and ;percentage yields (air-dry product, moisture-free product, and lipid-free dry weight product) from the co-processing of different blends of whole herring (WH} with dehulled, terilized (DHP) and undehulled sterilized hemp seed (UHP).
Table 17:
Protein productInitial ratio Air-dry Moisture- Lipid-free " of hot product free productdry water to oilseed product lipid- (%) free d matter wlw WH75DHP25 5:1- 3.04 2:93 2.80 WH50DHP50 4:1 20.4 19.9 15.1 WH25DHP75 3:1 37.3 32:6 23.2 WH75UHP25 5:1 15.0 14.7 11.9 WH50UHP50 5:1 36.9 36.4 31.4 WH25lJHP75 4:9 40:3 39.7 34.2 "Numbers following WH, DHP and UHP refer to initial percentages of these products in the herringlhemp blends (UHP seed was cold pressed to remove a significant portion of the oil and to reduce the particle size of the starting material before blending with herring and santoquin; 0.1 glkg of mixed product before water addition) prior to their co processing using cooking temperatures of 90-93°C and drying temperatures of 77-83 °C.
Table 18 gives the concentrations of proximate constituents including crude fibre (CF}
as well as phytic acid (PA} in whole herring-(WH), dehulled, sterilized hemp (DHP), cold pressed undehulled; sterilized hemp (UHP); and six protein products produced by the co-processing of different proportions of WH with either DHP or UHP (expressed on a dry weight basis, DWB or lipid-free dry weight basis, LFDWB). The composition of a seventh protein product that was produced by hexane extraction of WH50DHP50 is also shown (WH50DHP50-hexane) togetherwith the apparent protein digestibility coefficients for some of the products (Atlantic salmon in sea water used as the test animal).
u~
Z fl- 0~0 due' N M e~- ~ M I~~" C~ CD
01 ~' ~ r e- r- N N N N
M M
C~0 N ~ M ~ M M h~..yf7 ai ' 01 d' d'w- r- e- N N N CV
a N ~ O N ~ ~ ~ t~ 0~0 a~ ~n co z a ~ M ,~ ~ co N ~ d7 t' .- a~
N M t~. l~ ai OO tn f'- N Gp ~ tn l~~ d' Cfl Cn ~ as ~ t0 ~' ap N ~ 1~.
h~~ M - r !' M ' ' ~
M lp tn O
CO = ~ ~ ~ ~ r" ~ ~"' ~t N M ~-QO aj a-% tn to Cfl ~ tt~ t~ N pp ~- M t0 M st C~
h N CO ~ tCf M N e- h~ ~i' ~ tn j ~ N Gn ~ d' ai N to D
N ~- Gn ~ CO (fl r- N I~ M
j ~ M M N ~ ~'N 7 M ~ i M M N ~l7 N Ca e' N ~ I~
Q ~ M ~D t~f~ dj r ~ pip t j ~ n M
N~ 0~0~ deN.~~' ' ' i i W
N
N .L~
~ O
'Q C
c_ t~ ~ m ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~-' N
ar u~ as ~ L ~ C~ D D
~ ~ Cl J ~ ~ ,J ~ .-~ Y -~ 4 Z
O
O
a o a' :~~ Q U a Table 19 shows the concentratians ofiessential amino acids (°!°
of protein) and selected minerals (~,glg of lipid-free dry matter) in whale herring (WH), dehulled, sterilized hemp (DHP), and three protein products produced bythe co-processing of different proportions of WH with DHP, or UHP. The conicentrations in a fourth protein product, produced by hexane extraction of WH50DHP50, are also shown (WH50DH1'S0-hexane).
~'r ~ ~ p ~ O (~'.tar~ N O ,~,~
' r I ~ M M ~ j I'N ~ ~ N
w..1. , Q N ~I'h.~ M GO d'O tt7 T N ~ r M T r (ON O~O O N OD CflO O ~ ~ e-00~ ~ r M O
~DL,.~ M O ~,Q M M ~- i N 'fitf~-(fl_~ G~ ~ r tI~ ~ N p ~ ~ N T
p ~ y p ~ 0 ~ M M M M ~ N O ~ ~ u7 ~ A
~ M r C ~ N r '"D
~ N Wit'I~.,c~~f'QO d'O tn < p ODr r N
p p N
r rte" QOM ice.N M T N O ~ O r"~ d0dD~ i'~r N
V ~.f3O M O r-O e0d'~ ~ (DC4u~pp~ O
' ' -00N d"a0I~..''d'00 d cOtti M N ~ N ~ e-r H
d O r ~ N t-r ~ r O r.. N .Md.p pppOpGOO
' = d:CON f~00-r~~ h d O ~ O N ~ ap~ (p D r N Vii't0M '~t'O tMO d' r M ~ M ~ M ~-h-,~O Iw.l~I,n I~T r p hM..~ ~ COOO r ' ' t t N
C
~ ~I7d d ~ ~ O7n , M O O I~N O
' ' ~ i d'rir n C~r d d0tI7M t ~ e-t M ~ r ~ L
U :i..
N
U
c o .E + ~ cn .c ~
~.. .~~ ~ ~Vo~ 'cm ~~_ ~ E ~ 'v~ .~~..
~ '~
o c a~o ~, o a~ ~so o a~
~ ~ ~ ' ~
N N .~' N ~ .~y ~ N ~ ~ t~0 :~~ U
..-.- 0 ' c c ~
~ v o ~ ~y~ ~ ~ ~ ,s~ o 0 0 , ' ~ 4 _ ~ ~ ~ ~ a. 1-I-,:a g V p_~ cna U N
I-a 4 00 N
Table 20 sets out the percentages of selected fatty acids and of saturated, unsaturated, (n-6), {n-3) and n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 HUFA; 20:5 (n-3) +
22:6 (n-3)) in whole herring (WH), dehulled, sterilized hemp (DHP), undehulled, sterilized hemp (UHP), and the press lipids resulting from the co-processing of different proportions of WH with DHP or UHP.
N ~ N c0 u7 t!~ O r. M u7 M
O'O O
~ M ~ O M Ci~ OMO M 0~ ~rj t~ ~ !- Cf~ N CO ~f' ~ CO C~ Cfl O
11 M! ~' tJ7 d' ~ 00 1~.. cY7 u7 j 01'D. O NN Oi ~ N ~ (.. N M tI~ 00 N 00 O h~
~-' to O _ ~
N r 00 00 (O ~h O ~-t ~ e- t0 ~ dj (D' ~ t.~ ~ fV
~ ~
~ CQ ~i- f ~ 00 d' N
~ r.
O
U
O ~
O ~ M i~. O d' Cfl QO N
N ~ O
N M
= 00 d ~ O
' ~' N N D ~ N 6n O
l~ J
~ N O Q7 O O Wit' O O CO d' ~ M M ~ N
p DO M ~ ti' M N ~ M N 00 _ IN ~t O N O O O GD ~ NI
t~. t~ ~' O CO ~ OO? (OD ~ O
00 t~ 00 ~ Ln t~. t~
C C
D O O
a _ r _ C ~ ~
~ N
tn t 0 O
D
07 'ct N N 00 N M CD
CO CO
t~.. ~ (Q QO
Ch ~
~
Ci 0 Qi '00 N 1 - d' M
11.
'O .-. ,-.. .-. ~-. ~.. 'iJ O C(~ M M
U ~ CQ, f~ M M ~ ~ O O ~
~,~,, ~,...... C
~ N M ~ O ~ .~ ~ t0/~
N 00 ~ 00' O N O c9 O O O O O
l1. ~~.-NNI-fnI-=I-I-~°
The co-processing of animal offal with the foregoing: oilseeds pretreated using the methods according to the present invention resulted in nutritionally upgraded protein sources suitable for use.
The yields of these protein sources were good for all canola and sunflower-based products and this was also true for the soya and hemp-based products when higher concentrations (> 50% in initial mixture} of these treated oilseeds were used.
All of the yields were likely underestimated of true values owing to the,difficulty in quantitatively collecting alt of the material from fhe drier portion of the fish meal machine.
The oilseed-based protein products contained high concentrations of protein that was highly bioavailable to salmon (generally 89% to 100°l° of the protein was noted to be digestible in Atlantic salmon held in sea water depending upon the source and percentage of the oilseed in the initial mixture of offal and oilseed and the pretreatment of the fatter and the offal before their co-processing}. Moreover, these protein products had significantly reduced concentrations of all heaf labile and water soluble antinutritional factors except phytic acid relative to their respective initial levels in the oilseeds. Phytic acid was concentrated during the co-processing of offal with oilseed and the extent depended upon its initial concentration in the oilseed used in the process.
The fatty acid compositions of the: animal feed grade lipid sources: produced by the process largely reflected the fatty acid compositions and lipid levels contributed by the different proportions of the animal,offal and oilseed'used initially in the process. This provides considerable scope to produce special ly designed lipid sources that are tailored to meet the fatty acid needs of various animal species.
The cold-pressing of oilseeds before they are blended with animal offal yielded high quality economically valuable human flood grade oils whose fatty acid compositions can be varied, depending upon market requirements and the selection of the oilseed or combination of oilseeds that are used in cold pressing. The high value of the cold pressed oils which can be generated in greater quantities wen undehulled seeds rather than dehulled seeds are cold pressed will contribute to the overall economic viability of the co-processing of animal offals with oilseeds.
The hulls resulted from the dehulling of the oilseeds used in his study and the condensed solubles produced by co-processing animal offal(s}with oilseeds) likely will be excellent organic fertilizer constituents. This is because they collectively contain soluble protein, some lipid and minerals and other components that can be degraded by aerobic or anaerobic bacterial processes into value-addod fertilizer products making the overall process described herein economically viable.
The rapid heat treatment of oilseeds to inactivate enzymes like the protease inhibitors in soya and clestruct heat labile antinutritional components coupled with the dehulling of oilseeds yield protein and lipid-rich products that potential can be used directly in high energy feeds such as those destined for aquatic species like salmon (salmon grower diets frequently contain 25-35% lipid on an air-dry basis and they are produced by extrusion processing technology).
~
iOt~(OO I~I~tn I'~r e- ~ ~ .r.d'~ p ~~ 'C D
' b c0 cQ(~tne1"d ~tn O tt~tn M p C O N N O-~..
~
O Q
Cflr eT00t~MI~ ~ r t0 ,O'f3~~ ~ tCj~N
3 ~n ~ ~
~ 3 ~
.~
.~
a c U
c +c G
N C~ N c O N ,G G O O ~ N t~ O
.C 'C1 :.;,G C V C ~~ y NE -GN E 'V~
:
N N C ~ N 'UG t'C O ~ C ~'~N G ~ N O ~ w O
: n p ~ , QT~ ~ c0 C~ r tpp p O G:) ~ c.~
_ 'N -~
a u.~4 = N ~ :~~a ~.-E-> ~U a ~ cna U i~
o Q t- m o ,~ ~
' a~
z ~
>r Q
N f' N
In Table 12, percentages of selected fatty acids and of saturated, unsaturated, (n-6), (n-3) and n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 HUFA; 20:5 (n-3) + 22:6 (n-3)) in whole herring {WH), poultry offal (PO), dehuffed, raw, cold pressed sunflower, batch 1 (DRSF, ), and the press lipids resulting from the co-processing of different proportions of WH or PO with DRSF, or dehulled, raw, cold pressed sunflower, batch 2 (DRSFz).
U
U
C
O
'O_ ~ c~ t'~ 000 h. O p fl ~ O p M i~., .
0 rM M _ N
O
~ OOO ~ C O C
U' C' ~O
>' O
~.
N
~ L tJl U
~ N
~,,.
i ~ ~ ~ M
Q
Q
= C
.3 tt3 O
~ N
~ ~
, ~ ~ ~
'~J'~- N O M - O r ~ I'~ e O M ~
Q ~N
~
N CD d' 00 07 r- ~ N p~ .-.
r.. ~t7 d' p ~
Z ~ Cvj N Ctj tM ~ a7 ~-~ ~' O
O
,~? N N d' cM ~- 00 N - of ~
~ Cfl .-.
Q
N N D
N
O !L p p r. 0 r t~ to O U
b ~ M O ~ O N
O
ai r.. o r. oo r. co o ci ci J
(~ ~ ~ ~ ~' O ~ 00 (D O U-M t~. u7 O tn p M ~ CV O M ~ e- ~j p ~ 'N
O
~- ~ N p ~
O N
~ M
ap p -C
C N p cci O p ~
o - c r r 3 0 oaioa V vcci a~
a~
~' a~
a U .-. ~ .-. 'a a~ .-.., ~ o a --. ~ ~ M
. . ~ ~ P .~
.
~ C~ c'M
c'~ M
~ ~ ~ L ~ O
~ L
v r- N M tf? ~~" ~ CO t6 ~ ~ N O
(O t"'"'D ~ f~ ' Z
.Q
t cCf ap 00 tip ttf C O O (A
i O clj O O O ;, -r cn Q !- E- ~
r- ~ N N F- i- O LY
I- C
Z Q ~3 ~- N O
U
O
EXAMPLE 15: Results obtained for soya and soya-based products In Table 13, the initial ratios of water from endogenous and exogenous sources to oilseed, lipid-free dry matter and percentage yields (air-dry product, moisture-free product, and lipid-free dry weight product} from the co-processing of different blends of whole herring (WH} with dehulledrnicronized (DSY) and undehulled raw soya seed (URSY).
Table 13.
Protein productInitial ratio Air-dry Moisture- Lipid-free " of hot product free productdry product water to oilseed(%) (%) (%) lipid-free' dry matter wlw WH75DSY25 5:1 14.2 13:6 10.3 10 WH50DSY50 5:1 36.7 34:9 26.4 WH25DSY75 4:1 48.3 43:8 32.7 WH75URSY25 5:1 20.7 19.1 15.0 WH50URSY50 5:1 29:9 27.4 21.1 WH25URSY75 4:1 43.8 38.4 33.7 "Numbers following WH, DSY and URSY refer to initial percentages of these products in the herringlsoya blends (soya seed was ground to reduce the particle size of the starting material before blending with herring and santoquin; 0.1 glkg of mixed product before water addition} prior to their co-processing using cooking temperatures of 90-93 °C and drying temperatures of 77-83 °C.
20 Table 14 shows the concentrations of proximate constituents including crude fibre (CF) as well as phytic acid (PA), total saponins, total isoflavones (TIF}, unease activity (UA), and trypsin inhibitor activity (Ti) in whole herring (WH), dehulled, micronized, , soya (DSY), undehulled, raw soya (tJRSY}, and six protein products produced by the co-processing of different proportions of WH with either DSY or URSY (expressed on a dry weight basis, DWB or lipid-free dryweight basis; LFDWB}: The composition of a seventh protein product that was produced by hexane extraction of WH5DDSY50 is also shown (WH50DSY50-hexane) together wi#h the apparent protein digestibility coefficients for some of the products (Atlantic salmon in sea water used as the test animal).
N 0000 d'N M O N ~ N d' ~
~ M ~ N ~ N ' ~ , , M M
p ~ ~ ~ ~ N O d0 p r CO~ i~O st N ~ C~~ f~ Op~ ,,n CO Cfli~ r.tL~ O ' n , , N N C'M
CD ODCflOD~- N O 00 p1 t~7 N
t'- r r. M u7 a0 p~CD M I~ ~ ~ N
~-~ ~ ~ , , , , O ~ , N 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ T
O O Op~ N O M ~ ~ M 00 ~ N ~ N M N
p ~ Q di N ~ a O
C N I' e-C
(Of~ 00r N d'1~.M
X M d' t~O M 0 ~ ' , , r 0 , , , , , , Q~C~ COM r, ~.:T r ~
O
~
' ~' t~M ~ ~ ~tM i.f?~ i'~-N M 0 'OO
N
d 2 W t~ O ~ ~ C ~ O 00 f~. 0 . , N r N ~ r ~,~ d O
Q~
(fl _ d' ~
u~')N ~ ~ N o N ado I~:~ ~ ~ N r-h. to r c'M. ~ O h , tn toN [v;,~-~- N 6j r O O M ~ p OQ
I~.r1' etO ~ N <D 01O ~ pp M M M ~..;Wit'et I~CO lfj, , , W t T , 00M et'N
tn ~,~. tnN N N Q
r T t0 N N M srN M 07! C4O - ~ r'r M
N ~ N st p ~ ~j T ~. ~ W r C7 ~tp e- , O)M tt7N ~7 COr N ~- a-e- N N M p O
f' Z ~ 00 O ~ M ~
N d ~ ~ d T ' ' ' , , , , , , , , ' 0 , , , ' , , , C
.
.r.
a; ~ ~ D ~ ~ D .-,D ~ D N D --~ D c C J ~ ~ J ~ V'~ ~ C LJ-~f lL,.'~' J J m J J s~
~
~m y ~m ~ j j a~ ~o ~~ a ~ ~' z ~
D.. D a J <( U a cn I= ~ I= .~
D D O D D ' D J
o a "" N
Table 15 provides concentrations of essential amino acids (% of protein) and selected minerals (~g/g of Lipid free dry matter) in whole herring (WH), dehulled;
micronized, soya (DSY), and three protein products produced by the co-processing of different proportions of WH with DSY. The concentrations in a fourth protein product, produced by hexane extraction ofi WH50DSY50, is also shown (WH50DSY50-hexane).
00't~-r.DON I~-r.. O ~ p CO~ ~-- I~
M d'u7u7t t7. d' r ~
n ~ i M M C5~ M ..O tn ' ~ ~
~' f N ~ f~.t.~N 00 d'r ~f' ~ N N COW N C
Q O
r r 'd'~7M O N O 00 d'O C~ M r"'~tt'~-O
CO~tCOO iceN I~ ~ ~i?~ N ~ C Cfl(O
O
. . ~ N 1 E E
I~.N '~ODC~M 04 d'r e~ ~ ~ N ~ ~ N C
O
I~.CVO ODp O f~..I'~r ~ O ~ h-O ~ f',.
- ' ~ d t0~tt~:h N M M O M O O Cn,O
~
~ 1'~-N d't.CpN OD ~ ~-ifj '~~t'N ~ CflN S~
C
r r r , r h' O ~l7h tOM O r f'sODtD M dO"'d'ODI I~.M
N ~
M ~tCOCOi-M N IOM N r ~ 00N r I~N ~f'Ice,I~..M OO ~ ~ N N M
. r N ~ ~ I
.Q
E-" I~.00~C5M 'Cf'GOCO r tn~' h O ODO O (QM
~ d'~ ~ ' ' C!~ C ~ ~ t!7 N d ~i7 ' .
h CV'd1~.CfJN 00 '~r ~ h..
N O M -V N ~
N
C,~I~Cfl0 1'.f'~~ Ice.r r ~ ~ ~ d'~ O r O O u ' ' 7 d d ~ tn 0 X17~ M O ~ ~ N N O
CO~-d'00~ M r.: d'r tf) M ~ r I d'~fjr n , ~ ~
C
i ~ +
C N
+ C
,C C .
C . C ' ~ .~v ~ ~. ~
f~ N .~~ N V .~_~ ~ ~ ''''C ~ 'Vtn~ ~ ~ U
p tnp ~ t/~~ ~ ~ ' ~~ C ~ ~ f6-O O O ~
m Q = ~ ~ ~ ~ a ~ t-> ~ v ~ ~ cn~ U .
- N
CO
~' N
Table 16 provides the percentages of selected fatty acids and of saturated, unsaturated, (n-6), (n-3) and n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 HUFA; 20:5 (n-3) +
22:6 (n-3)) in whole herring (WH), micronized, dehulled, soya (DSY), undehuiled, raw soya (URSY), and the press lipids resulting from he co-processing of different proportions of WH with DSY or URSY.
N ~ ~ N O t~. f~ OD N N r- i.t~
CO c- N _ ?~ ~ ~ N ~tm.f7 C~ N fM... N N
O
~ ~ ~ O t~ tc~ c~7 ~l' CO O ~c7 N
I~.. aD M
?y, ~ ~ r N t'- OD N IM ~ N CO
rte... ~ ~ ~I' O d' 0 O O d' h~. ~f7 N O ~ N
N ~ ~ M O
~
~. OD OD 00 CO N 00 M
N 00 t~. ~
M ~ f~.
~
Q ~ N ~ ~ N r f0 ,. N
N
~
~p ~ ~ ~ (n N f~ M r- O
r (O
r C~ r-~ N ~- ~ r ~ ~ N
N C
Cfl .Q
I_ N tn L t~ O f~ 1'- e- O CD I~-N N tt~ M
O ~- 1~: M CO CV h N C~ C3i e- tn ~ r- CO N N ice-t- CO Cfi N
' Q
J
~t N N 0 M I~ OO O
0 ~t ' ~ o0 0 ~' ~ o ~
u o ci a o~i cici ao~no~oo v ct>o0 0 r. o 0 0 ~ o 0 ioioo ~ o ci o~i Q7 t1' N CO GO N a0 N M C~
~ h- ~ CO O N ~ Op ~
~- Q tO ~ OCi N I'~ ~1' M e-N .-. .-.
:O ,.~ .-~ ..-. .-~ .-.. '~ ~ Cfl M M
U O~ CS~MMM 4,3 ~ O C, r- N M ~ cD ~ .~ ~ tn ~ ~ ~ 1~1 N OD 00 a0 O CV O ~ O O O O O
O
Example 16: Results obtained for hemp and hemp-based products.
In Table 17, the initial ratios of water from endogenous and exogenous sources to oilseed lipid-free dry matter and ;percentage yields (air-dry product, moisture-free product, and lipid-free dry weight product) from the co-processing of different blends of whole herring (WH} with dehulled, terilized (DHP) and undehulled sterilized hemp seed (UHP).
Table 17:
Protein productInitial ratio Air-dry Moisture- Lipid-free " of hot product free productdry water to oilseed product lipid- (%) free d matter wlw WH75DHP25 5:1- 3.04 2:93 2.80 WH50DHP50 4:1 20.4 19.9 15.1 WH25DHP75 3:1 37.3 32:6 23.2 WH75UHP25 5:1 15.0 14.7 11.9 WH50UHP50 5:1 36.9 36.4 31.4 WH25lJHP75 4:9 40:3 39.7 34.2 "Numbers following WH, DHP and UHP refer to initial percentages of these products in the herringlhemp blends (UHP seed was cold pressed to remove a significant portion of the oil and to reduce the particle size of the starting material before blending with herring and santoquin; 0.1 glkg of mixed product before water addition) prior to their co processing using cooking temperatures of 90-93°C and drying temperatures of 77-83 °C.
Table 18 gives the concentrations of proximate constituents including crude fibre (CF}
as well as phytic acid (PA} in whole herring-(WH), dehulled, sterilized hemp (DHP), cold pressed undehulled; sterilized hemp (UHP); and six protein products produced by the co-processing of different proportions of WH with either DHP or UHP (expressed on a dry weight basis, DWB or lipid-free dry weight basis, LFDWB). The composition of a seventh protein product that was produced by hexane extraction of WH50DHP50 is also shown (WH50DHP50-hexane) togetherwith the apparent protein digestibility coefficients for some of the products (Atlantic salmon in sea water used as the test animal).
u~
Z fl- 0~0 due' N M e~- ~ M I~~" C~ CD
01 ~' ~ r e- r- N N N N
M M
C~0 N ~ M ~ M M h~..yf7 ai ' 01 d' d'w- r- e- N N N CV
a N ~ O N ~ ~ ~ t~ 0~0 a~ ~n co z a ~ M ,~ ~ co N ~ d7 t' .- a~
N M t~. l~ ai OO tn f'- N Gp ~ tn l~~ d' Cfl Cn ~ as ~ t0 ~' ap N ~ 1~.
h~~ M - r !' M ' ' ~
M lp tn O
CO = ~ ~ ~ ~ r" ~ ~"' ~t N M ~-QO aj a-% tn to Cfl ~ tt~ t~ N pp ~- M t0 M st C~
h N CO ~ tCf M N e- h~ ~i' ~ tn j ~ N Gn ~ d' ai N to D
N ~- Gn ~ CO (fl r- N I~ M
j ~ M M N ~ ~'N 7 M ~ i M M N ~l7 N Ca e' N ~ I~
Q ~ M ~D t~f~ dj r ~ pip t j ~ n M
N~ 0~0~ deN.~~' ' ' i i W
N
N .L~
~ O
'Q C
c_ t~ ~ m ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~-' N
ar u~ as ~ L ~ C~ D D
~ ~ Cl J ~ ~ ,J ~ .-~ Y -~ 4 Z
O
O
a o a' :~~ Q U a Table 19 shows the concentratians ofiessential amino acids (°!°
of protein) and selected minerals (~,glg of lipid-free dry matter) in whale herring (WH), dehulled, sterilized hemp (DHP), and three protein products produced bythe co-processing of different proportions of WH with DHP, or UHP. The conicentrations in a fourth protein product, produced by hexane extraction of WH50DHP50, are also shown (WH50DH1'S0-hexane).
~'r ~ ~ p ~ O (~'.tar~ N O ,~,~
' r I ~ M M ~ j I'N ~ ~ N
w..1. , Q N ~I'h.~ M GO d'O tt7 T N ~ r M T r (ON O~O O N OD CflO O ~ ~ e-00~ ~ r M O
~DL,.~ M O ~,Q M M ~- i N 'fitf~-(fl_~ G~ ~ r tI~ ~ N p ~ ~ N T
p ~ y p ~ 0 ~ M M M M ~ N O ~ ~ u7 ~ A
~ M r C ~ N r '"D
~ N Wit'I~.,c~~f'QO d'O tn < p ODr r N
p p N
r rte" QOM ice.N M T N O ~ O r"~ d0dD~ i'~r N
V ~.f3O M O r-O e0d'~ ~ (DC4u~pp~ O
' ' -00N d"a0I~..''d'00 d cOtti M N ~ N ~ e-r H
d O r ~ N t-r ~ r O r.. N .Md.p pppOpGOO
' = d:CON f~00-r~~ h d O ~ O N ~ ap~ (p D r N Vii't0M '~t'O tMO d' r M ~ M ~ M ~-h-,~O Iw.l~I,n I~T r p hM..~ ~ COOO r ' ' t t N
C
~ ~I7d d ~ ~ O7n , M O O I~N O
' ' ~ i d'rir n C~r d d0tI7M t ~ e-t M ~ r ~ L
U :i..
N
U
c o .E + ~ cn .c ~
~.. .~~ ~ ~Vo~ 'cm ~~_ ~ E ~ 'v~ .~~..
~ '~
o c a~o ~, o a~ ~so o a~
~ ~ ~ ' ~
N N .~' N ~ .~y ~ N ~ ~ t~0 :~~ U
..-.- 0 ' c c ~
~ v o ~ ~y~ ~ ~ ~ ,s~ o 0 0 , ' ~ 4 _ ~ ~ ~ ~ a. 1-I-,:a g V p_~ cna U N
I-a 4 00 N
Table 20 sets out the percentages of selected fatty acids and of saturated, unsaturated, (n-6), {n-3) and n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 HUFA; 20:5 (n-3) +
22:6 (n-3)) in whole herring (WH), dehulled, sterilized hemp (DHP), undehulled, sterilized hemp (UHP), and the press lipids resulting from the co-processing of different proportions of WH with DHP or UHP.
N ~ N c0 u7 t!~ O r. M u7 M
O'O O
~ M ~ O M Ci~ OMO M 0~ ~rj t~ ~ !- Cf~ N CO ~f' ~ CO C~ Cfl O
11 M! ~' tJ7 d' ~ 00 1~.. cY7 u7 j 01'D. O NN Oi ~ N ~ (.. N M tI~ 00 N 00 O h~
~-' to O _ ~
N r 00 00 (O ~h O ~-t ~ e- t0 ~ dj (D' ~ t.~ ~ fV
~ ~
~ CQ ~i- f ~ 00 d' N
~ r.
O
U
O ~
O ~ M i~. O d' Cfl QO N
N ~ O
N M
= 00 d ~ O
' ~' N N D ~ N 6n O
l~ J
~ N O Q7 O O Wit' O O CO d' ~ M M ~ N
p DO M ~ ti' M N ~ M N 00 _ IN ~t O N O O O GD ~ NI
t~. t~ ~' O CO ~ OO? (OD ~ O
00 t~ 00 ~ Ln t~. t~
C C
D O O
a _ r _ C ~ ~
~ N
tn t 0 O
D
07 'ct N N 00 N M CD
CO CO
t~.. ~ (Q QO
Ch ~
~
Ci 0 Qi '00 N 1 - d' M
11.
'O .-. ,-.. .-. ~-. ~.. 'iJ O C(~ M M
U ~ CQ, f~ M M ~ ~ O O ~
~,~,, ~,...... C
~ N M ~ O ~ .~ ~ t0/~
N 00 ~ 00' O N O c9 O O O O O
l1. ~~.-NNI-fnI-=I-I-~°
The co-processing of animal offal with the foregoing: oilseeds pretreated using the methods according to the present invention resulted in nutritionally upgraded protein sources suitable for use.
The yields of these protein sources were good for all canola and sunflower-based products and this was also true for the soya and hemp-based products when higher concentrations (> 50% in initial mixture} of these treated oilseeds were used.
All of the yields were likely underestimated of true values owing to the,difficulty in quantitatively collecting alt of the material from fhe drier portion of the fish meal machine.
The oilseed-based protein products contained high concentrations of protein that was highly bioavailable to salmon (generally 89% to 100°l° of the protein was noted to be digestible in Atlantic salmon held in sea water depending upon the source and percentage of the oilseed in the initial mixture of offal and oilseed and the pretreatment of the fatter and the offal before their co-processing}. Moreover, these protein products had significantly reduced concentrations of all heaf labile and water soluble antinutritional factors except phytic acid relative to their respective initial levels in the oilseeds. Phytic acid was concentrated during the co-processing of offal with oilseed and the extent depended upon its initial concentration in the oilseed used in the process.
The fatty acid compositions of the: animal feed grade lipid sources: produced by the process largely reflected the fatty acid compositions and lipid levels contributed by the different proportions of the animal,offal and oilseed'used initially in the process. This provides considerable scope to produce special ly designed lipid sources that are tailored to meet the fatty acid needs of various animal species.
The cold-pressing of oilseeds before they are blended with animal offal yielded high quality economically valuable human flood grade oils whose fatty acid compositions can be varied, depending upon market requirements and the selection of the oilseed or combination of oilseeds that are used in cold pressing. The high value of the cold pressed oils which can be generated in greater quantities wen undehulled seeds rather than dehulled seeds are cold pressed will contribute to the overall economic viability of the co-processing of animal offals with oilseeds.
The hulls resulted from the dehulling of the oilseeds used in his study and the condensed solubles produced by co-processing animal offal(s}with oilseeds) likely will be excellent organic fertilizer constituents. This is because they collectively contain soluble protein, some lipid and minerals and other components that can be degraded by aerobic or anaerobic bacterial processes into value-addod fertilizer products making the overall process described herein economically viable.
The rapid heat treatment of oilseeds to inactivate enzymes like the protease inhibitors in soya and clestruct heat labile antinutritional components coupled with the dehulling of oilseeds yield protein and lipid-rich products that potential can be used directly in high energy feeds such as those destined for aquatic species like salmon (salmon grower diets frequently contain 25-35% lipid on an air-dry basis and they are produced by extrusion processing technology).
Claims (85)
1. A process for preparation of nutritionally upgraded oilseed meals, which are protein and lipid-rich and have a reduced fibre content, and plant oils from oilseeds for use in fish or other non-human animal diets or human foods comprising the steps of:
- providing a source of oilseed;
- subjecting said oilseed to heat treatment to substantially reduce the concentration of at least some antinutritional components normally present in said oilseed to obtain heat-treated particulate seed;
- providing a source of unhydrolyzed animal offal;
- blending said heat-treated seed in particulate form with said animal offal to form a mixture thereof;
- cooking said mixture under conditions selected to substantially improve protein digestibility, and substantially free cellular water present in said animal offal, as well as to facilitate separation of protein from the lipid in said animal offal and said oilseeds to obtain a cooked mixture; and - separating said cooked mixture into a stickwater fraction, a moisture containing protein-rich fraction, and an animal feed grade oil fraction.
- providing a source of oilseed;
- subjecting said oilseed to heat treatment to substantially reduce the concentration of at least some antinutritional components normally present in said oilseed to obtain heat-treated particulate seed;
- providing a source of unhydrolyzed animal offal;
- blending said heat-treated seed in particulate form with said animal offal to form a mixture thereof;
- cooking said mixture under conditions selected to substantially improve protein digestibility, and substantially free cellular water present in said animal offal, as well as to facilitate separation of protein from the lipid in said animal offal and said oilseeds to obtain a cooked mixture; and - separating said cooked mixture into a stickwater fraction, a moisture containing protein-rich fraction, and an animal feed grade oil fraction.
2. A process according to claim 1 for the preparation of protein concentrates and lipid sources from co-processing of animal offal with oilseed for use in fish or other non-human animal feeds, wherein the cold pressing step of said meat fraction or said mixture is carried out so as to substantially reduce the particle size of said meat or said mixture and to yield a high value human grade oil and protein and lipid-rich meals with reduced fibre content; said process comprising the further steps of:
-providing a source of unhydrolyzed animal offal;
- blending said protein and lipid-rich meal with said animal offal to form a blended mixture thereof;
- cooking said blended mixture under conditions selected to substantially improve protein digestibility, and substantially free cellular water present in said animal offal, as well as to facilitate separation of protein from the lipid in said animal offal and said oilseeds to obtain a cooked mixture; and - separating said cooked mixture into a stickwater fraction, a moisture containing protein-rich fraction, and an animal feed grade oil fraction.
-providing a source of unhydrolyzed animal offal;
- blending said protein and lipid-rich meal with said animal offal to form a blended mixture thereof;
- cooking said blended mixture under conditions selected to substantially improve protein digestibility, and substantially free cellular water present in said animal offal, as well as to facilitate separation of protein from the lipid in said animal offal and said oilseeds to obtain a cooked mixture; and - separating said cooked mixture into a stickwater fraction, a moisture containing protein-rich fraction, and an animal feed grade oil fraction.
3. A process for preparation of protein concentrates and lipid sources from co-processing of animal offal with oilseeds for use in fish or other non-human animal diets comprising the steps of:
- providing a source of oilseed;
- cold pressing said oilseed under conditions to substantially reduce particle size of said oilseed and obtain pressed raw seeds;
- providing a source of unhydrolyzed animal offal;
- blending said pressed raw seeds with said animal offal to produce a mixture thereof;
- cooking said mixture under conditions to substantially improve protein digestibility, and substantially free cellular water present in said animal offal and facilitate separation of protein from the lipid in said animal offal and said oilseed to obtain a cooked mixture; and - separating said cooked mixture into a stickwater fraction, a moisture containing protein-rich fraction, and an animal feed grade oil fraction.
- providing a source of oilseed;
- cold pressing said oilseed under conditions to substantially reduce particle size of said oilseed and obtain pressed raw seeds;
- providing a source of unhydrolyzed animal offal;
- blending said pressed raw seeds with said animal offal to produce a mixture thereof;
- cooking said mixture under conditions to substantially improve protein digestibility, and substantially free cellular water present in said animal offal and facilitate separation of protein from the lipid in said animal offal and said oilseed to obtain a cooked mixture; and - separating said cooked mixture into a stickwater fraction, a moisture containing protein-rich fraction, and an animal feed grade oil fraction.
4. A process for preparation of protein concentrates and lipid sources from the co-processing of animal offal with oilseeds for use in fish or other non-human animal diets comprising the steps of:
- providing a source of oilseed;
- drying said oilseed to produce a dried seed;
- dehulling said dried seed to produce a meat fraction, a hull fraction or a mixture thereof;
- cold pressing said meat fraction or said mixture under conditions selected to substantially reduce particle size of said meat or mixture to yield a high value human grade oil and protein and lipid-rich meals with reduced fibre content;
- providing a source of unhydrolyzed animal offal;
- blending said protein and lipid-rich meals with said animal offal to form a blended mixture thereof;
- cooking said blended mixture under conditions selected to substantially improve protein digestibility, substantially free cellular water present in said animal offal and facilitate separation of protein from the lipid in said animal offal and said oilseeds to obtain a cooked mixture; and - separating said cooked mixture into a stickwater fraction, a moisture containing protein-rich fraction, and an animal feed grade oil fraction.
- providing a source of oilseed;
- drying said oilseed to produce a dried seed;
- dehulling said dried seed to produce a meat fraction, a hull fraction or a mixture thereof;
- cold pressing said meat fraction or said mixture under conditions selected to substantially reduce particle size of said meat or mixture to yield a high value human grade oil and protein and lipid-rich meals with reduced fibre content;
- providing a source of unhydrolyzed animal offal;
- blending said protein and lipid-rich meals with said animal offal to form a blended mixture thereof;
- cooking said blended mixture under conditions selected to substantially improve protein digestibility, substantially free cellular water present in said animal offal and facilitate separation of protein from the lipid in said animal offal and said oilseeds to obtain a cooked mixture; and - separating said cooked mixture into a stickwater fraction, a moisture containing protein-rich fraction, and an animal feed grade oil fraction.
5. A process for producing a protein concentrate for use in animal and aquafeeds comprising the steps of:
- providing a source of oilseed;
- drying said oilseed to reduce its moisture content to below about 10%
to obtain a dried seed or subjecting said oilseed to heat treatment under conditions selected to substantially deactivate, destroy or reduce the concentration of at leash some of the antinutritional components normally present in oilseed to produce a heat-treated seed;
- cold pressing or grinding said dried seed or heat-treated seed to reduce the particle size and yield human grade oil;
- providing a source of unhydrolyzed animal offal;
- blending said oilseed and said animal offal in a ratio of about 10:90 to about 90:10 to form a mixture thereof;
- extracting said mixture with a solvent; and - removing said solvent to obtain a protein concentrate.
- providing a source of oilseed;
- drying said oilseed to reduce its moisture content to below about 10%
to obtain a dried seed or subjecting said oilseed to heat treatment under conditions selected to substantially deactivate, destroy or reduce the concentration of at leash some of the antinutritional components normally present in oilseed to produce a heat-treated seed;
- cold pressing or grinding said dried seed or heat-treated seed to reduce the particle size and yield human grade oil;
- providing a source of unhydrolyzed animal offal;
- blending said oilseed and said animal offal in a ratio of about 10:90 to about 90:10 to form a mixture thereof;
- extracting said mixture with a solvent; and - removing said solvent to obtain a protein concentrate.
6. The process according to any one of claims 1 to 4, further comprising the steps of:
- extracting said protein rich fraction with a solvent; and - removing said solvent to obtain a protein concentrate.
- extracting said protein rich fraction with a solvent; and - removing said solvent to obtain a protein concentrate.
7. The process according o claim 5, further comprising the step of cooking said mixture to obtain a cooked mixture prior to said extracting step.
8. The process according to claim 7, further comprising the step of separating said cooked mixture into a stickwater fraction, a moisture containing protein-rich fraction, and an animal feed-grade oil fraction.
9. The process according to any one of claims 1 to 4 or 8, further including the step of stabilizing said animal feed grade oil by adding an antioxidant.
10. The process according to any one of claims 1 to 4, further including the step of drying said protein-rich fraction to reduce its moisture content to below about 10%.
11. The process according to any one of claims 1 to 4, further including the step of drying said protein-rich fraction to reduce its moisture content to about 6%
to about 9%.
to about 9%.
12. The process according to claim 5, further including the step of drying said protein concentrate.
13. The process according to any one of claims 1, 2 or 5, wherein said heat treatment is a rapid heat treatment.
14. The process according to claims 1 to 3 or 5, wherein said oilseed is selected from the group consisting of canola, rape seed, soybeans, sunflower seed, flax seed, mustard seed, cotton seed, hemp and mixtures thereof.
15. The process according to anyone of claims 2, 3 or 4, wherein said oilseed is selected from the group consisting of canola, rape seed, sunflower seed, flax seed, mustard seed, cotton seed and mixtures thereof.
16. The process according to claim 4, wherein said oilseed is sunflower seed.
17. The process according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein said animal offal is selected from the group consisting of fish processing waste, whole fish, fish by-catch, squid offal, whole birds, beef offal, lamb offal and mixtures thereof.
18. The process according to claims 1 or 5, further including the step of dehulling said heat-treated seed.
19. The process according to any one of claims 1, 2, 4, or 18, wherein said dehulling is carried out by a mechanical treatment with a gravity screening or air-classification step.
20. The process according to any one of claims 1, 2, 4 or 18, wherein said process further includes a seed sizing step.
21. The process according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein said blending step includes adding hot water to said mixture.
22. The process according to any one of claims 1 to 4 or 7, wherein said cooking is performed at a temperature of about 90°C to about 93°C.
23. The process according to any one of claims 1 to 5, further including the step of adding a palatability enhancer to said mixture.
24. The process according to any one of claims 1 to 5, further including the step of adding an antioxidant to aid mixture.
25. The process according to claim 23, wherein said palatability enhances is selected from the group consisting of natural and synthetic products based on krill, euphausiids and derivatives thereof, squid, Finnstim.TM. and mixtures thereof.
26. The process according to any one of claims 8 or 24, wherein said antioxidant is selected from the group consisting of ethoxyquin (santoquin), butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, tertiary butyl hydroquinone, natural antioxidants and mixtures thereof.
27. The process according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein said oilseed and said animal offal are mixed together in a ratio of about 10:90 to about 90:10 by weight.
28. The process according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein said oilseed and said animal offal are mixed together in a ratio of about 25:75 to about 75:25 by weight.
29. The process according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein said oilseed and said animal offal are mixed together in a ratio of about 60:40 to about 40:60 by weight.
30. The process according to any one of claims 1 to 4 or 12, wherein said drying step is performed at a temperature of between about 70°C to about 85°C.
31. The process according to any one of claims 1 to 4 or 8, wherein said separation step is carried out in a screw press, expeller press or decanter centrifuge, or any combination thereof.
32. The process according to any one of claims 1 to 4 or 8, further comprising the step of condensing said stickwater fraction to yield condensed solubles.
33. The process according to claim 32, further comprising the step of stabilizing said condensed solubles with an inorganic acid
34. The process according to any one of claims 1 to 4, further including the step of incubating said mixture in the presence of one or more enzymes prior to said cooking step.
35. The process according to claim 34, wherein said enzyme includes the enzyme phytase.
36. The process according to any one of claims 1 to 4 or 7, wherein said cooking step is carried out using a heat exchanger or through direct steam injection coupled with batch processor.
37. The process according to any one of claims 1 to 5, further comprising the initial step of deboning said animal offal to produced deboned animal offal and bones.
38. The process according to any one of claims 5 to 6, wherein said solvent extraction is carried out at least twice.
39. The process according to any one of claims 5 to 6, wherein said solvent includes hexane.
40. The process according to claim 5, wherein said oilseed is selected from the group consisting of canola, soybeans, cotton seed, sunflower, hemp and mixtures thereof.
41. The process according to claim 5, wherein said animal offal is a fish product or poultry.
42. The process according to any one of claims 2 to 5, wherein said cold pressing step is carried out at a temperature not exceeding 85°C.
43. The process according to any one of claims 1 or 5, wherein said source of oilseed is a commercially available particulate processed oilseed meal which has not been submitted to the initial rapid heat treatment or cold pressing steps.
44. The process according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein said unhydrolyzed animal offal is a minced unhydrolyzed animal offal.
45. A protein source having from about 40% to about 80% protein calculated on a lipid-free dry weight basis, said source being adapted for use in animal and aquafeeds and comprising an admixture of treated oilseed protein and animal offal whereby said admixture is characterized by at least one of the following:
- enriched concentrations of essential amino acids and bio-available minerals relative to those present in said animal offal or untreated oilseed;
- enriched concentrations of highly unsaturated n-3 fatty acids relative to those present initially in said oilseed if said source of animal offal is fish;
- reduced concentrations of heat-labile and water soluble and antinutritional factors in an amount of at least 20% by weight relative to non-treated oilseed protein;
- increased protein digestibility relative to non-treated oilseed protein;
and - a lipid concentration of less than 10% of dry weight of said source.
- enriched concentrations of essential amino acids and bio-available minerals relative to those present in said animal offal or untreated oilseed;
- enriched concentrations of highly unsaturated n-3 fatty acids relative to those present initially in said oilseed if said source of animal offal is fish;
- reduced concentrations of heat-labile and water soluble and antinutritional factors in an amount of at least 20% by weight relative to non-treated oilseed protein;
- increased protein digestibility relative to non-treated oilseed protein;
and - a lipid concentration of less than 10% of dry weight of said source.
46. The protein source according to claim 45, wherein said reduction of the heat-labile and antinutritional factors is at least 80% calculated on a lipid-free dry weight basis.
47. The protein source according to claim 45, further comprising an antioxidant.
48. The protein source according to claim 47, wherein said antioxidant is selected from ethoxyquin (santoquin), butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, tertiary butyl hydroxyquinone, natural antioxidants and mixtures thereof.
49. The protein source according to claim 45, wherein said amino acid is at least one acid selected from arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, cystine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine.
50. The protein source according to claim 45, wherein said amino acid is at least one acid selected from lysine, methionine or cystine.
51. The protein source according to claim 45, wherein said mineral is at least one mineral selected from calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, copper and zinc.
52. The protein source according to claim 45, wherein said mineral is at least one mineral selected from calcium, phosphorus, sodium or zinc.
53. The protein source according to claim 45, wherein said n-3 highly saturated fatty acid is at least one fatty acid selected from eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) or docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3).
54. The protein source according to claim 45, wherein said heat-labile and water soluble antinutritional components are selected from glucosinolates, phenolic compounds including sinapine, chlorogenic acid, oligosaccharides, trypsin inhibitor, saponins or isoflavones.
55. The protein source according to claim 45, wherein said protein digestibility is at least 89% for Atlantic salmon in sea water.
56. The protein source according to claim 45, wherein said oilseed is selected from canola, rape seed, soybeans, sunflower seed, flax seed, mustard seed, cotton seed, hemp and mixtures thereof.
57. The protein source according to claim 45, wherein said animal offal is selected from whole fish, fish processing waste, fish by-catch, squid offal, whole birds, beef offal, lamb offal and mixtures thereof.
58. The protein source according to claim 45, having a protein content of about 50%
to about 77% calculated on a lipid-free dry weight basis and a lipid content of less than about 10% by weight.
to about 77% calculated on a lipid-free dry weight basis and a lipid content of less than about 10% by weight.
59. The protein source according to claim 45, having a protein content of about 38%
and a lipid content of up to about 40% calculated on a dry weight basis.
and a lipid content of up to about 40% calculated on a dry weight basis.
60. The protein source according to claim 45, wherein said treated oilseed is heat-treated.
61. An animal feed grade oil for use in animal and aquafeeds comprising an admixture of treated oilseed oil and animal offal, said admixture having an enriched n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid content (20:5n-3 + 22:6n-3) relative to non treated oilseed oil if fish is said source of animal offal.
62. The animal feed grade oil according to claim 61, wherein said oilseed is canola and further comprising an enriched monounsaturated fatty acid content (18:1 n-9) relative to non-treated oilseed oil.
63. The animal feed grade oil according to claim 61, wherein said treated oilseed is heat-treated.
64. The animal feed grade oil according to claim 61, wherein said oilseed is selected from canola, rape seed, soybeans, sunflower seed, flax seed, mustard seed, cotton seed, hemp and mixtures thereof.
65. Condensed solubles for use as constituents in organic fertilizers comprising an admixture of treated oilseed and animal offal whereby said admixture has an enriched soluble nitrogen content; water soluble carbohydrate content, water soluble or heat-labile antinutritional component content and mineral content.
66. The solubles according to claim 65, wherein said treated oilseed is heat-treated.
67. The solubles according to claim 65, wherein said oilseed is selected from canola, rape seed, soybeans, sunflower seed, flax seed, mustard seed, cotton seed, hemp and mixtures thereof.
68. The solubles according to claim 65, wherein said animal offal is selected from fish processing waste, whole fish, fish by-catch, squid offal, whole birds, beef offal, lamb offal and mixtures thereof.
69. The solubles according to claim 65, wherein said water soluble carbohydrate is selected from monosaccharides, disaccharides or oligosaccharides.
70. The solubles according to claim 65, wherein said antinutritional component is selected from glucosinolates, phenolic compounds including sinapine, chlorogenic acid, oligosaccharides, trypsin inhibitor, saponins or isoflavones.
71. The solubles according to claim 65, wherein said mineral is selected from calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium; potassium, copper and zinc.
72. A protein concentrate containing an admixture of a co-processed oilseed and unhydrolyzed animal offal, said concentrate being suitable for use in fish and non-human animal diets, said oilseed comprising a heat-treated dehulled oilseed substantially free of flaxseed, mustard seed; rapeseed and cotton seed, said protein concentrate having:
- from about 38% to about 58% protein on a dry weight basis;
- from about 52% to about 77% protein on a lipid-free dry weight basis;
- from about 2.7% to about 4.6% methionine and cystine calculated as a percent of protein;
- from about 4.3% to about 7.9% lysine calculated as a percent of said protein;
- from about 24% to about 37% lipid on a dry weight basis;
- from about 1.7% to about 10% crude fibre on a lipid-free dry weight basis;
- from about 0.7% to about 3.6% calcium on a lipid-free dry weight basis;
and - from about 0.06% to about 0.30% sodium on a lipid-free dry weight basis.
- from about 38% to about 58% protein on a dry weight basis;
- from about 52% to about 77% protein on a lipid-free dry weight basis;
- from about 2.7% to about 4.6% methionine and cystine calculated as a percent of protein;
- from about 4.3% to about 7.9% lysine calculated as a percent of said protein;
- from about 24% to about 37% lipid on a dry weight basis;
- from about 1.7% to about 10% crude fibre on a lipid-free dry weight basis;
- from about 0.7% to about 3.6% calcium on a lipid-free dry weight basis;
and - from about 0.06% to about 0.30% sodium on a lipid-free dry weight basis.
73. The protein concentrate according to claim 72, further comprising at least one of trypsin inhibitor, glucosinolates, sinapine, chlorogenic acid and mixtures thereof.
74. The protein concentrate according to claim 72, wherein said trypsin inhibitor is in an amount of up to about 2500 units/g on a lipid-free dry weight basis.
75. The protein concentrate according to claim 72 wherein said glucosinolates are in an amount of up to about 4.0 µmoles/g of total glucosinolates on a lipid-free dry weight basis.
76. The protein concentrate according to claim 72, wherein said sinapine is in an amount of up to about 1.2% on a lipid-free dry weight basis.
77. The protein concentrate according to claim 72 wherein said chlorogenic acid is in an amount of up to about 1.7% on a lipid-free dry weight basis.
78. The protein concentrate according to claim 72, wherein said dehulled oilseed is greater than about 55% dehulled
79. An animal grade oil comprising oil derived from an admixture of a co-processed oilseed and unhydrolyzed animal offal, said oil being substantially free of flaxseed oil, mustard seed oil, rapeseed oil, and cotton seed oil, said animal grade oil having:
- from about 60% to about 92% of total fatty acids as unsaturated fatty acids;
- from about 8% to about 50% of total fatty acids as (n-6) fatty acids;
- from about 0.5% to about 35% of total fatty acids as (n-3) fatty acids;
- from about 3% to about 25% of total fatty acids as n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids if said source of animal offal is fish; and - a peroxide value less thanabout 8 milliequivalents per kg of oil at the time of production.
- from about 60% to about 92% of total fatty acids as unsaturated fatty acids;
- from about 8% to about 50% of total fatty acids as (n-6) fatty acids;
- from about 0.5% to about 35% of total fatty acids as (n-3) fatty acids;
- from about 3% to about 25% of total fatty acids as n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids if said source of animal offal is fish; and - a peroxide value less thanabout 8 milliequivalents per kg of oil at the time of production.
80. The animal grade oil according to claim 79, wherein said animal offal is a fish or poultry product and further comprises (20:5n-3+22:6n-3).
81. The animal grade oil according to claim 79, wherein said oilseed is a raw oilseed.
82. The animal grade oil according to claim 79, wherein said oilseed is a heat-treated oilseed.
83. As a new composition of matter, a protein concentrate comprising defatted ail seed and having a reduced phytate content in combination with offal.
84. The composition as defined in claim 83, wherein the oil seed is an oil seed selected from canola seed; rape seed, sunflower seed, flax seed and cotton seed.
85. The composition as defined in claim 83, wherein the oil seed is rape seed or canola seed.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002482299A CA2482299A1 (en) | 2000-05-09 | 2001-05-08 | Protein and lipid sources for use in aquafeeds and animal feeds and a process for their preparation |
Applications Claiming Priority (6)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US56672800A | 2000-05-09 | 2000-05-09 | |
| US09/566,728 | 2000-05-09 | ||
| CA002335745A CA2335745A1 (en) | 2001-02-13 | 2001-02-13 | Process for preparing nutritionally upgraded canola products |
| CA2,335,745 | 2001-02-13 | ||
| CA002408551A CA2408551C (en) | 2000-05-09 | 2001-05-08 | Protein and lipid sources for use in aquafeeds and animal feeds and a process for their preparation |
| CA002482299A CA2482299A1 (en) | 2000-05-09 | 2001-05-08 | Protein and lipid sources for use in aquafeeds and animal feeds and a process for their preparation |
Related Parent Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002408551A Division CA2408551C (en) | 2000-05-09 | 2001-05-08 | Protein and lipid sources for use in aquafeeds and animal feeds and a process for their preparation |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2482299A1 true CA2482299A1 (en) | 2001-11-15 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002482299A Abandoned CA2482299A1 (en) | 2000-05-09 | 2001-05-08 | Protein and lipid sources for use in aquafeeds and animal feeds and a process for their preparation |
| CA002408551A Expired - Fee Related CA2408551C (en) | 2000-05-09 | 2001-05-08 | Protein and lipid sources for use in aquafeeds and animal feeds and a process for their preparation |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002408551A Expired - Fee Related CA2408551C (en) | 2000-05-09 | 2001-05-08 | Protein and lipid sources for use in aquafeeds and animal feeds and a process for their preparation |
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| Country | Link |
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| CA (2) | CA2482299A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP1677621A1 (en) * | 2003-10-29 | 2006-07-12 | Cerestar Holding B.V. | Fish feed and process for preparing the same |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102013021294A1 (en) * | 2013-12-19 | 2015-06-25 | Kramerbräu Agro & Food GmbH | Process and plant for the production of vegetable protein, in particular as a protein-rich food, and protein-rich food |
-
2001
- 2001-05-08 CA CA002482299A patent/CA2482299A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2001-05-08 CA CA002408551A patent/CA2408551C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP1677621A1 (en) * | 2003-10-29 | 2006-07-12 | Cerestar Holding B.V. | Fish feed and process for preparing the same |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CA2408551A1 (en) | 2001-11-15 |
| CA2408551C (en) | 2007-09-25 |
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| EEER | Examination request | ||
| FZDE | Discontinued | ||
| FZDE | Discontinued |
Effective date: 20100510 |