CA2444210A1 - Compounds and method for preparing substituted 4-phenyl-4-cyanocyclohexanoic acids - Google Patents

Abstract

This invention relates to a method of preparing a compound of formula (I) by treating a compound of formula (II) with lithium bromide, magnesium bromide and the like.

Description

wo 9sr3assa rc.-r~s9sroz~a9 Compounds and Method for Preparing Substituted 4-Phenyl 4-cyanocyclohexanoic Acids Scope of the Invention This invention covers intermediates and a synthetic route for making 4-cyano-4-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanoic acid and its analogs. This acid and its named analogs are selective for inhibiting the catalytic site in the phosphodiesterase isoenzyme denominated IV (PDE IV hereafter) and as such the acids are useful in treating a number of diseases which can be moderated by affecting the PDE IV
enzyme and its subtypes.
l0 Area of the Invention Bronchial asthma is a complex, multifactorial disease characterized by reversible narrowing of the airway and hyper-reactivity of the respiratory tract to external stimuli.
Identification of novel therapeutic agents for asthma is made difficult by the fact 15 that multiple mediators are responsible for the development of the disease.
Thus, it seems unlikely that eliminating the effects of a single mediator will have a substantial effect on all three components of chronic asthma. An alternative to the "mediator approach" is to regulate the activity of the cells responsible for the pathophysiology of the disease.
20 One such way is by elevating levels of cAMP (adenosine cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate). Cyclic AMP has been shown to be a second messenger mediating the biologic responses to a wide range of hormones, neurotransmitters and drugs;
[Krebs Endocrinology Proceedings of the 4th International Congress Excerpta Medica, 17-29, 1973]. When the appropriate agonist binds to specific cell surface receptors, adenylate 25 cyclase is activated, which converts Mg~2-ATP to cAMP at an accelerated rate.
Cyclic AMP modulates the activity of most, if not all, of the cells that contribute to the pathophysiology of extrinsic (allergic) asthma. As such, an elevation of cAMP
would produce beneficial effects including: 1 ) airway smooth muscle relaxation, 2) inhibition of mast cell mediator release, 3) suppression of neutrophil degranulation, 4) 30 inhibition of basophil degranulation, and 5) inhibition of monocyte and macrophage activation. Hence, compounds that activate adenylate cyclase or inhibit phosphodiesterase should be effective in suppressing the inappropriate activation of airway smooth muscle and a wide variety of inflammatory cells. The principal cellular -_ mechanism for the inactivation of cAMP is hydrolysis of the 3'-phosphodiester bond by one or more of a family of isozymes referred to as cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs).
It has now been shown that a distinct cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) isozyme, PDE IV, is responsible for cAMP breakdown in airway smooth muscle and inflammatory cells. [Torphy, "Phosphodiesterase Isozymes: Potential Targets for Novel Anti-asthmatic Agents" in New Drugs for Asthma, Barnes, ed. IBC
Technical Services Ltd., 1989]. Research indicates that inhibition of this enzyme not only produces airway smooth muscle relaxation, but also suppresses degranulation of mast cells, basophils and neutrophils along with inhibiting the activation of monocytes and neutrophils. Moreover, the beneficial effects of PDE IV inhibitors are markedly potentiated when adenylate cyclase activity of target cells is elevated by appropriate hormones or autocoids, as would be the case in vivo. Thus PDE IV inhibitors would be effective in the asthmatic lung, where levels of prostaglandin E2 and prostacyclin (activators of adenylate cyclase) are elevated. Such compounds would offer a unique approach toward the pharmacotherapy of bronchial asthma and possess significant therapeutic advantages over agents currently on the market.
The process and intermediates of this invention provide a means for making certain 4-substituted-4-(3,4-disubstitutedphenyl)cyclohexanoic acids which are useful for treating asthma, and other diseases which can be moderated by affecting the PDE IV
enzyme and its subtypes. The final products of particular interest are fully described in U.S. patent 5,552,438 issues 03 September 1996.
Summary of the Invention This invention relates a method for making a compound of formula I
X ~ R.
W Y ~ R"
RiX2 Rs (I) R1 is -(CR4R5)nC(~)~(CR4R5)mR6, -(CR4R5)nC(~)NR4(CR4R5)mR6, _ (CR4R5)n0(CR4R5)mR6~ or -(CR4R5)rR6 wherein the alkyl moieties may be optionally substituted with one or more halogens;
misOto2;
n is 1 to 4;
risOto6;

Rq. and RS are independently selected from hydrogen or a C 1 _2 alkyl;
R6 is hydrogen, methyl, hydroxyl, aryl, halo substituted aryl, aryloxyCl_3 alkyl, halo substituted aryloxyCl-3 alkyl, indanyl, indenyl, C7-1 I polycycloalkyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, furanyl, tetrahydropyranyl, pyranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, thienyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, thiopyranyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, or a C4_6 cycloalkyl containing one or two unsaturated bonds, wherein the cycloalkyl and heterocyclic moieties may be optionally substituted by 1 to 3 methyl groups or one ethyl group;
provided that:
a) when R6 is hydroxyl, then m is 2; or b) when R6 is hydroxyl, then r is 2 to 6; or c) when R6 is 2-tetrahydropyranyl, 2-tetrahydrothiopyranyl, 2-tetrahydrofura.nyl, or 2-tetrahydrothienyl, then m is I or 2; or d) when R6 is 2-tetrahydropyranyl, 2-tetrahydrothiopyranyl, 2-tetrahydrofuranyl, or 2-tetrahydrothienyl, then r is 1 to 6;
I S e) when n is 1 and m is 0, then R6 is other than H in -(CR4R5)n0(CR4R5)mR6;
X is YR2, halogen, nitro, NH~, or formyl amine;
X2 is O or NRg;
Y is O or S(O)m~;
m' is 0, l, or 2;
R2 is independently selected from -CH3 or -CH2CH3 optionally substituted by 1 or more halogens;
R3 is hydrogen, halogen, CI-4 alkyl, CH2NHC(O)C(O)NH2, halo-substituted C I-4 alkyl, -CH=CRg~Rg~, cyclopropyl optionally substituted by Rg~, CN, ORg, CH20Rg, NRgR I0, CH2NRgR l0, C(Z')H, C(O)ORg, C(O)NRgR 10, or C=CRg~;
Rg is hydrogen or C I ~ alkyl optionally substituted by one to three fluorines;
Rg~ is Rg or fluorine;
RIO isORgorRIl:
R1 I is hydrogen, or CIA alkyl optionally substituted by one to three fluorines;
Z' is O, NR9, NORg, NCN, C(-CN)2, CRgCN, CRgN02, CRgC(O)ORg, CRgC(O)NRgRg, C(-CN)N02, C(-CN)C(O)OR9, or C(-CN)C(O)NRgRg;
R' and R" are independently hydrogen or -C(O)OH;
which method comprises treating a compound of formula II(a) or II(b) X / H CN
X
R ~ ~ O ~ O
,Xz v R ~ H

WO 98/34584 - PCT/L1S98/0.2749 II(a) II(b) where R,, R3, X2 and X are the same as for formula (I), with lithium bromide or magnesium bromide in a polar solvent at a temperature between about 60°
and 100° C, optionally under an inert atmosphere for a time sufficient for the reaction to go to completion.
This invention also relates to compounds of formula II per se.
In another aspect this invention relates to a one-pot method for making the ketone of formula III starting with isovanillin, X
O
R~X2 R3 (I~
where R 1, R3, X2 and X are the same as for formula (I), as more fully described herein below.
In yet a third aspect this invention relates to a process for preparing a compound of formula I which process comprises treating a compound of formula (IV) using an alkali metal cyanide, for example LiCN, in a compatible solvent such as dimethylformamide which contains a small proportion of water X
Br R,X2 CHO
CN (N) where, in formula III, R1, X and X2 are the same as in formula I.
In a further embodiment this invention relates to a process for making a compound of formula I comprising treating an acyl nitrile of formula V with water.
X
CtoaCN
I
RtX2 CN (V) The X, X2 and R 1 groups in formula V are the same as those in formula I.
In yet a further embodiment this invention relates to compounds of fomnula II

T
O
R~XZ
R3 (B) Rl is -(CR4R5)nC(O)O(CR4R5)mR6, -(CR4R5)nC(O)NR4(CR4R5)mR6, _ (CR4R5)n0(CR4R5)mR(, or -(CR4R5)rR6 wherein the alkyl moieties may be optionally substituted with one or more halogens;
misOto2;
n is 1 to 4;
risOto6;
R4 and R5 are independently selected from hydrogen or a C 1 _2 alkyl;
R6 is hydrogen, methyl, hydroxyl, aryl, halo substituted aryl, aryloxyCl-3 alkyl, halo substituted aryloxyC 1-3 alkyl, indanyl, indenyl, C'7_ 11 polycycloalkyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, furanyl, tetrahydropyranyl, pyranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, thienyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, thiopyranyl, C3_6 cycloalkyl, or a C4_6 cycloalkyl containing one or two unsaturated bonds, wherein the cycloaIkyl and heterocyclic moieties may be optionally substituted by 1 to 3 methyl groups or one ethyl group;
provided that:
a) when R6 is hydroxyl, then m is 2; or b) when R6 is hydroxyl, then r is 2 to 6; or c) when R6 is 2-tetrahydropyranyl, 2-tetrahydrothiopyranyl, 2-tetrahydrofuranyl, or 2-tetrahydrothienyl, then m is 1 or 2; or d) when R6 is 2-tetrahydropyranyl, 2-tetrahydrothiopyranyl, 2-tetrahydrofuranyl, or 2-tetrahydrothienyl, then r is 1 to 6;
e) when n is 1 and m is 0, then R( is other than H in -(CR4R5)n0(CR4.R5)mR6;
X is YR2, halogen, nitro, NHZ, or formyl amine;
X2 is O or NRg;
Y is O or S(O)m~;
m' is 0, 1, or 2;
R2 is independently selected from -CH3 or -CH2CH3 optionally substituted by 1 or more halogens;
R3 is hydrogen, halogen, C 1-4 alkyl, CH2NHC(O)C(O)NH2, halo-substituted Cl-4 alkyl, -CH=CRg~Rg~, cyciopropyl optionally substituted by Rg~, CN, ORg, CH20Rg, NRgRIp, CH2NRgRlp, C(Z')H, C(O)ORg, C(O)NRgRlp, or C=CRg Rg is hydrogen or C 1 ~ alkyl optionally substituted by one to three fluorines;
Rg~ is Rg or fluorine;
R 10 is ORg or R 11;

R 11 is hydrogen, or C 1 ~ alkyl optionally substituted by one to three fluorines;
Z' is O, NR9> NORg, NCN, C(-CN)2, CRBCN, CR8N02, CRBC(O)ORg, CRBC(O)NRBRg, C(-CN)N02, C(-CN)C(O)OR9, or C(-CN)C(O)NRBRg, and T is CN or S02R where R is C1_6aikyl or CO_3alkylphenyl.
Specific Embodiments of the Invention This process involves a nine step synthesis for preparing certain 4-substituted-4-(3,4-disubstitutedphenyI)cyclohexanoic acids. The starting material is isovanillin, 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde, or an analog thereof. "Analog" means another 3 and/or 4 position substituent conforming to the definitions of R,, R,, X: and X in the definition of formula (I).
The compounds which are made by this process are PDE IV inhibitors. They are useful for treating a number of diseases as described in U.S. patent 5,552,438 issued 3 September 1996.
The preferred compounds which can be made by this process are as follows:
Preferred Rl substitutents for the compounds of all named formulas are CH2-cyclopropyl, CH2-CS_6 cycloalkyl, C4_6 cycloalkyl unsubstituted or substituted with OHC~-11 polycycioalkyl, (3- or 4-cycIopentenyl), phenyl, tetrahydrofuran-3-yl, benzyl or C 1-2 alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by 1 or more fluorines, -(CH2)1-3C(O)O(CH2)0-2CH3, -(CH2)1-30(CH2)0-2CH3, and -(CH2)2-40H.
Preferred X groups for Formula (I), (II) or (III) are those wherein X is YR2 and Y is oxygen. The preferred X2 group for Formula (I) is that wherein X2 is oxygen.
Preferred R2 groups are a C 1_2 alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by 1 or more halogens. The halogen atoms are preferably fluorine and chlorine, more preferably fluorine. More preferred R2 groups are those wherein R? is methyl, or the fluoro-substituted alkyls, specifically a C 1 _2 alkyl, such as a -CF3, -CHF2, or -CH2CHF~
moiety. Most preferred are the -CHF2 and -CH3 moieties.
Most preferred are those compounds wherein R 1 is -CH2-cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, 3-hydroxycyclopentyl, methyl or CF2H; X is YR2; Y is oxygen; X2 is oxygen; and R2 is CF2H or methyl; and R3 is CN.
A representative schematic of this process is set out in Scheme I. This graphical representation uses specific examples to illustrate the general methodology used in this mvenuon.

wo 9sr3assa Scheme I
PCT/fJS98/02'7.49 OH ~''~
H3C0 ~CI O
H CO
--~ NaBH4 3 O DMF, 125 °C DMF/MeOH
K2C03 w H
tsovanillin 1-1 H OH

"' O
O

Conc. HCI H CO / NaCN , ~ COOCH3 Toluene. 20 °C ~ ~ DMF, 55°C
W ~ CH3CN, Triton-B
CI CN
1_3 1_4 ~O
H~CO
daOMe NaCI. HZO
~er~. as xH --. i °
DMSO.tso°c cN
,~
,_>
N ~O
H~CO
CICH~CN Ligr , H
THFIaq. K01- DMFICH3CN
0 °C
Catalyst CN H20 COZH
i-8 95° C CN
Formula I
H C4 ~O

CN H1C0 Br ~ MgBrZ Or Liar CN
O
---i , CN Ether H
1-8 1-9b N OM(H3 MgBr2 or Liar Diglyme, 95 C

4 PCTIUS98/02'Z49 1-8 . 1-9b t I
II
a O
H B
H3C0 ~ CN CN
OM(H) OM(H
CN
CN
i -9a Enolate A
(M = Li or Mgt O O
H3C0 \ H H3CO ~ COCN
I t COCN ~ H
1-10a CN CN 1-10b 'O
H3C0 H H3C0 ~ COOH
I ( r COOH H
CN CN
1-11a 1-11b Referring to Scheme I, isovanillin, 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde, is a readily available starting material. It can be alkylated with an R,X moiety (X
= Cl, Br, and I) as represented by cyclopentyl chloride. The reaction vessel is first flushed with an inert gas, for example nitrogen. A polar solvent such as DMF is then added to the vessel, then the isovanillin, then the R,X adduct, and some base. About 2 equivalents of the R,X adduct versus the isovanillin are used. Likewise about 2 equivalents of base are used, again relative to the isovanillin. The base can be any inorganic base or a carbonate. Here it is illustrated by potassium carbonate. The vessel contents are heated to about 125° C for about 90 to 120 minutes in which time the reaction will have gone to completion. The vessel contents are cooled to ambient temperature, filtered to remove the inorganic salts, and washed with an alcohol such as methanol. This filtrate contains the aldehyde, labeled 1-1.
The aldehyde is then reduced to the alcohol using an inorganic reducing agent.
To do this the filtrate from the foregoing reaction is treated with sodium borohydride and after workup affords the desired alcohol, 1-2 in 97% overall yield from isovanillin.
This is achieved by cooling the filtrate to about 0° C after which a reducing agent, here sodium borohydride, is added. About 0.25 to 0.5 equivalents of this reducing agent is used. The temperature is keep at about 0° C during the addition of the reducing agent and for about 30 to 40 minutes thereafter. Then the temperature is allowed to rise to about room temperature after which about one-half an equivalent of HCI is added to the reaction vessel. The alcohol is then extracted into an organic solvent, toluene is illustrated, and washed with dilute sodium bicarbonate.
The top organic layer containing the alcohol is then treated with excess concentrated hydrochloric acid at ambient temperature to afford, after workup, the desired benzyl chloride I-3. The chloride is isolated as a w/w solution in an amide solvent, DMF is illustrated, and treated with about a SO% molar excess of sodium cyanide at a mildly elevated temperature, here illustrated as 55° C.
This affords the desired nitrilel-4.. The nitrile is isolated as a w/w solution in an appropriate solvent such as anhydrous acetonitrile and used directly in the next step.
The nitrite solution is charged with methyl acrylate. It is cooled to about -10°
C, and slowly treated with a catalytic amount of Triton-B in the same solvent as used to dissolve the nitrite. The methyl acrylate is added in a 3 to 4-fold excess.
The reaction is complete within 30 to 45 minutes after which the acrylate addition, the pimelate product, 1-5, is isolated as a w/w solution in toluene and treated with about equivalents of sodium methoxide at about 75° C to give the ~-keto-ester product, 1-6 .
The reaction solution is cooled and_neutralized to pH 7 with mineral acid such as 6N

hydrochloric acid. The solution is charged with dimethyl sulfoxide, sodium chloride, water, and heated, for example to about 150° C, to effect the decarboxylation to give 1-7. The ketone, 1-7, is isolated from the solvent system as an off white solid.
The dicarbonitrile 1-8 is prepared from the ketone by treating the ketone with chloroacetonitrile in the presence of an inorganic base and a catalytic amount of benzyltriethylammonium chloride (BTEAC). The ketone is charged into a mixture of strong base (aqueous potassium hydroxide) and a water miscible solvent such as tetrahydrofuran. A slight excess of chloroacetonitrile is added at reduced temperature, about 0° C or thereabouts. The reaction is maintained at about that temperature for the duration of the reaction, usually about 1 hour. The product is isolated and usually it is crystalline.
The dicarbonitrile is convened to the cyclohexanecarboxylic acid using a Lewis acid catalyst; water is also needed to drive the reaction to the acid. Without water intermediates I-10a and I-10b may dimerize. This reaction is carried out by charging a vessel with solvents, in this instance exemplified by DMF, acetonitrile and water, and the Lewis acid (about 1.5 equivalents), Liar is illustrated, sweeping the vessel with an inert gas, adding the dicarbonitriie IIa or IIb, or a mixture of IIa and IIb and heating the vessel and its contents to about 100° C for a number of hours, 8 hours being an example. The acid is isolated by conventional means.
It should be noted that this reaction, that is the conversion of the epoxide to the acid, involves several intermediates which do not need to be isolated. It has been found that treating the epoxide with Liar yields intermediates 1-9a and 1-9b.
Intermediate 1-9a is formed when Liar is added to the reaction pot. But intermediate i-9a converts back to the epoxide under the recited reaction conditions. Intermediate 1-9b is also formed but apparently reacts rapidly to form intermediates such as enolate A, I-l0a and 1-lOb etc leading to product. So it appears 1-9a and 1-9b are formed, but that 1-9a converts back to the epoxide which ultimately forms 1-9b which is then converted to other intermediates enroute to forming the acids of 1-l la and 1-l 1b.
Parenthetically the designation "OM(H)" in I-9a and 1-9b means the metal salt of the alcohol or the alcohol per se, depending on the reaction conditions. Intermediate I-9b is believed to convert to the acyl nitriles of formulas 1-IQa and 1-lOb via the proposed bracketed intermediate. The existence of the_proposed bracketed intermediate (enolate) has not been fully confirmed. And while the acyl nitrites of 1-IOa and I-lOb have not been directly observed, indirect evidence exists for these compounds by virtue of the fact the bis-condensation product dimer B was isolated and is analogous to reported compounds where a similar bis-condensate is the product of an acyl nitrite.
Scheme 2 C(O)CN NC O O NC O O
NC
CN- -HCN
Ar ~' CN
CN Ar CN Ar CN Ar CN Ar 1-10a/b Dimer A Dimer B
Dimers such as dimer A are known to form from the likes of acyl nitrites 1-l0a/b in the presence of HCN (Thesing, J.; Witzet, D.; Brehm, A. Angew Chem..
1956, 68, 425; and Hunig, S.; Schaller, R. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.. 1982, 21,36).
And in addition, authentic samples of intermediates 1-l0a and 1-IOb were prepared and found to convert to acids 1-1 la and 1-1 Ib when exposed to water. The equitorial isomer 1-IOa converted to the acid in an equitorial/axial ratio of about 98:2 IS while the axial isomer I-l0a isomerized to a perponderance of the equitorial isomer 1-l la (77:23). It is believed the axial acyl nitrite converts to the equitorial acyl nitrite via the proposed bracketed enolate intermediate.
The second, following reaction scheme illustrates preparing the acids of formula (I) from the bromoaldehyde of formula (IV).
Scheme 3 WO 98/34584 PGT/US98/027.49 X
X ~ O S02 M~r2 I ~ Br i R~X2 ~ H ' Ether R,Xz CHO

3-1 ._3-2 LiCN, DMF x ~ COCN
i 95° C R X ~ Y ''~H --'~ i-llalb ,z CN
(1-l0a/b) The following examples are provided to illustrate specifics of the invention, not to limit it. What is reserved to the inventors is set forth in the claims appended hereto.
Specific Examples Example 1 Preparation of 3-c~pentyloxy-4-methoxybenzaldeh~de.
A 12 liter round bottom flask equipped with an overhead stirrer, internal thermometer, and a reflux condensor equipped with a nitrogen inlet was flushed with nitrogen. The flask was charged with dimethylformamide (2.4 L), isovanillin (350 g, 2.3 mol, I equivalent), cyclopentyl chloride (481 g, 4.6 mol, 2.0 equivalent) and potassium carbonate (634 g, 4.6 mol, 2.0 equivalents). The vigorously stirred suspension was heated to 125 °C for two hours or until the disappearance of isovanillin.
The reaction was cooled to 20 -30 °C and filtered to remove the inorganic salts. The filter cake was rinsed with methanol ( I .0 L).
The clear, light-brown filtrate (DMF and methanol) containing the product, 3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde, was used directly in the next step ( 100 solution yield).
Example 2 Preparation of 3-Cyclopent rLy-4-meth~xybenzyl cohol.
A 12 liter round bottom flask equipped with an overhead stirrer, internal thermometer, and a reflux condensor equipped with a nitrogen inlet was flushed with nitrogen. The flask was charged with dimethylformamide (2.4 L), methanol ( I
.0 L), and 3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde (506 g, 2.3 mol, I equivalent). The contents of the flask were cooled to 0 to 5 °C followed by the addition of sodium borohydride (32.2 g, 0.85 mol, 0.37 equivalents). The reaction was maintained at 0 to 5 °C for 30 minutes, and warmed to 20 to 25 °C for an additional 2 hours or until the disappearance of the aldehyde. A solution of 6N hydrochloric acid ( 195 mL, 1.17 mol, 0.51 equivalents) was added over 20 minutes. The reaction was concentrated under reduced pressure, and cooled to 20 to 25 °C.
The flask was charged with deionized water ( 1.9 L) and toluene ( 1.9 L). The layers were separated, the organic layer was isolated, and washed twice with deionized water {2 x 800 mL). The product, 3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxybenzyl alcohol was collected as a solution in toluene (97% solution yield) and used directly in the next step.
Example 3 Preparation of 4-Chloromethyl-2-cvclo~entyloxy-1-methoxybenzene.
A 12 liter round bottom flask equipped with an overhead stirrer, internal thermometer, and a reflux condensor equipped with a nitrogen inlet was flushed with nitrogen. The flask was charged with 3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxybenzyl alcohol (495 g, 2.2 mol, 1 equivalent) in a solution of toluene. To the vigorously stirred reaction at 22 °C was added concentrated hydrochloric acid (600 g, 2.75 equivalents}. The reaction was maintained at 20 to 25 °C for 30 minutes. The top organic layer was isolated and the bottom acidic layer was discarded. To the top organic layer was charged a solution of 10% sodium bicarbonate (550 g, 0.6~ mo, 0.36 equivalents) and t-butyl methyl ether (814 g). The contents of the flask were vigorously stirred, and allowed to settle. The product, 4-chloromethyl-2-cyclopentyloxy-1-methoxybenzene, was isolated as a solution in toluene and t-butyl methyl ether (96.8% solution yield}.
This was used directly in the next step.
Example 4 Preparation of 4-Cyanomethyl-2-cvclo~entyloxy-1-methoxybenzene.
A 12 liter round bottom flask equipped with an overhead stirrer, and a distillation apparatus was flushed with nitrogen. The flask was charged with 4-chloromethyl-2-cyclopentyloxy-1-methoxybenzene {519 g, 2.15 mol, 1.0 equivalents) in a solution of toluene and t-butyl methyl ether. The reaction was concentrated under reduce pressure to a residue. To the 12 liter flask was charged DMF (1.44 kg) and sodium cyanide (142 g, 2.9 mol, 1.35 equivalents). While sodium cyanide is used in this example, it is for illustrative purposes only and any other alkalin metal cyanide is suitable as well. ~e reactior. was heated to SS °C
for 6 hours or until deemed complete by the disappearance of the benzyl chloride. The reaction was concentrated under reduced pressure to a residue. To the flask was charged t-butyl methyl ether (2.30 kg) and deionized water (800 mL). The contents of the flask were vigorously stirred, and allowed to settle. The top organic layer was isolated, washed three times with deionized water (3 x 800 mL), and concentrated under atmospheric pressure to a residue. To the flask was added acetonitrile ( 1.26 kg) and the distillation was continued until an additional 400 mL of solvent was collected.
The product, 4-cyanomethyl-2-cyclopentyloxy-1-methoxybenzene, was isolated as a solution in acetonitrile (92.2% yield). This was used directly in the next step.

Example 5 Prenaration of Dimethyl-4-cyano-4-(3-cycloQentyloxy-4-methoxy,_p en~l,)p~melate A 12 liter round bottom flask equipped with an overhead stirrer, internal thermometer, and a reflux condensor equipped with a nitrogen inlet was flushed with nitrogen. The flask was charged with a solution of 4-cyanomethyl-2-cyclopentyloxy-1-methoxybenzene (460 g, 1.99 mol, 1.0 equivalent) in acetonitrile, and methyl acrylate (520 g, 6.0 mol, 3.0 equivalents). The contents of the flask was cooled to -10 °C. A
pressure equalizing addition fiinnel was charged with acetonitrile ( 1.1 L) and benzyltrimethyl ammonium hydroxide (a 40% w/w solution in methanol, 25 g, 0.06 mol, 0.03 equivalents). The contents of the addition funnel was added to the flask. An exotherm was observed, and after stirring for 30 minutes the contents of the flask were cooled to 20 °C. The reaction was concentrated under reduced pressure to a residue.
To the residue was added toluene (2.6 L). This solution of dimethyl-4-cyano-4-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)pimelate ( 90% solution yield) was used directly in 1 S the next step.
Exam In a 6 Preparation of 4-Cyano-4-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyllcvclohexan-1-A 12 liter round bottom flask equipped with an overhead stirrer, internal thermometer, and a reflux condensor equipped with a nitrogen inlet was flushed with nitrogen. The flask was charged with a solution of dimethyl-4-cyano-4-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)pimelate ( 720 g, 1.78 mol, 1 equivalent) in toluene, and sodium methoxide (25 wt% in methanol, 545 g, 2.67 mol, 1.5 equivalents).
The reaction was heated to 70 to 75 °C for 2 hours or until deemed complete by the disappearance of the pimelate. The reaction was cooled to 25 °C. A
solution of 6N
hydrochloric acid was added in order to adjust the pH to 6.8 - 7.2. The reaction was concentrated under vacuum to a residue. The flask was charged with dimethylsulfoxide (3.3 L), deionized water (250 mL) and sodium chloride (250 g).
The contents of the flask were heated to 145-155 °C, and held at this temperature for 2 hours. The reaction was cooled and concentrated under vacuum to a residue. To the residue was added water (1.9 L), ethyl acetate (1.25 L), and t-butyl methyl ether (620 mL). The solution was stirred and allowed to settle. The layers were separated, and the aqueous layer was re-extracted with ethyl acetate ( 1.25 L). The combined organic layers were washed twice with deionized water (2 X 2.5 L).
The organic layer was isolated and concentrated under reduced pressure to a residue. To this residue was added isopropanol ( 1.66 L) and heated to produce a solution followed by the slow addition of hexanes ( 1.66 L). The suspension was cooled to 5 °C over 30 minutes, and held at 0 to 5 °C for two hours. The product was filtered and washed with 50-50 isopropanol-hexanes (840 mL) mixture at 0 °C. The product was dried to afford 4-cyano-4-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexan-1-one (3I5 g, 56 % from the pimelate).
Example 7 Preparation of cis-(+1-)-6-f3-(cyclo~entyloxX)-4-methoxyphen, l~~l-1-oxobic clo(2.5]octane-2.6-dicarbonitrile.
A 5 liter round bottom flask equipped with an overhead stirrer, internal thermometer, and a nitrogen inlet was flushed with nitrogen. The flask was charged with SO% potassium hydroxide (220 g) and tetrahydrofuran (550 mL). While stirring at room temperature, benzyltriethylammonium chloride (8.1 g, 0.035 mol, 0.05 equivalent) was added. The solution was cooled to 0 °C. To a pressure equalizing addition funnel was charged a solution containing tetrahydrofuran (550 mL), 4-cyano-4-{3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl) cyclohexan-1-one (230 g, 0.73 mol, 1.0 equivalent), and chloroacetonitrile (59 g, 0.78 mol, I.07 equivalent) at room temperature. While stirring the flasks contents at 0 °C, the solution in the pressure addition funnel was added over 15 minutes. The temperature was maintained between 0 and 5 °C, and stirred for one hour. The reaction was warmed to 25 °C, diluted with water (900 mL), and ethyl acetate (900 mL). The solution was stirred and allowed to settle for 30 minutes. The layers were separated, the organic layer was isolated, and concentrated by vacuum distillation to a residue. Methanol (540 mL) was added and the solution was heated to 40 °C. While cooling to 20 ° C over 90 minutes, hexanes (540 mL) was added. Cooling was continued, and the product began to crystallize at 10 °C. The suspension was then cooled to -5 °C and held at -5-0 °C for two hours. The product was filtered and washed with a SO-50 methanol-hexanes mixture (300 mL) at 0 °C. The product was dried to afford cis-(+/-)-6-[3-(cyclopentyloxy)-4-methoxyphenyl]-I-oxobicyclo[2.5]octane-2,6-dicarbonitrile (190 g, 73 %) as a white crystalline solid.
Exam 1p a 8 Preparation of 1-9a In a stoppered 12 dram screw-top vial was added diglyme (5.92 g) and the epoxy nitrite (0.70 g, leq) of Example 7. This mixture was stirred with heating in an oil bath for 5 min. Then MgBr2~6H20 (0.906 g, 1.55 eq) was added. After 3 hr no starting material was detected. The reaction mixture was cooled, then mixed with 5%
aqueous citric acid/ethyl acetate and the layers shaken and separated. The second extraction with ether/ethyl acetate gave some color extracted into organic layer; but the next extraction had no color. The organic fractions were combined and washed with water and brine and dried with MgS04. The product was crystallized from hexane; mp 151-152 °C.

Elemental analysis: C - 58.20, H - 5,82, Br - 18.44, N - 6.46; found C -58.32, H

- 5.73, Br - 18.48 , N - 6.34. The structure was confirmed by X-ray structure determination of a crystalline sample obtained from methyl alcohol.
EXample 9 Preparation of I-9b To Mg (0.189 g, 2.02 eq) (polished with mortar and pestle) in ether was added 1,2-dibromoethane (1.55 g, 2.06 eq) in a small volume of ether to initiate the Grignard.
When most of the magnesium was consumed and no more evolution of ethane was observed, the reaction was stirred for an additional 0.5 hr at room temperature after which was added the epoxide of Example 7 (1.418; I eq) in a minimal amount of dry tetrahydrofuran at ambient temperature. After about 70 hr at room temperature there was obtained both the bromo cyanoalcohol ( 1-9b) and bromo cyanohydrin ( 1-9a) in a ratio of 6:1. The 1-9b product was isolated as an oil by prepartive HPLC. The structure was confirmed by carbon and proton NMR.
Example 10 Preparation of Compound 3-1 - Epoxysulfone To a 25m1 round-bottom flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and a rubber septum was charged 1.00 g of 4-cyano-4-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexan-1-one, 0.70 g of chloromethyl p-tolylsulfome, and 7 ml of tetrahydrofuran. This was stirred, then 3 ml of 50% w/w aqueous NaOH and benzyltrimeth ch (O.OSg) was added. This suspension was vigorously stirred for 2 hours at room temperature. The reaction solution was transferred to a separatory funnel to which was added 50 ml of ethyl acetate and acidified with 6N HCI. The organic layer was retained, washed ZX with deionized water, dried with MgS04 and filtered to 2~ remove the salts.
Example 1 I
Preparation of Compound 3-2 - Bromoalde~de To magnesium (0.048g, 1.03 eq, 0.021 mol; polished with mortar and pestle) in ether was added 1,2-dibromoethane (0.40 g, 1.06 eq, 0.02 mol) under nitrogen.
Two drops of iodine were added in ether to start the reaction, after which the reaction was heated gently. Once the Grignard had formed, the reaction flask was cooled to about ~
°C and the epoxysulfone of Example 10 (0.93 g, 1 eq, 0.002 mol) was added in ether/methylene chloride. The reaction was followed via TLC (conditions:
silica gel with cyclohexaneaoluene:acetonitcile:acetic acid 40:40:20:4). The reaction was stirred at 5° for 2 hours. The product was isolated by adding water and ether/TBME to the reaction mixture, and seperating the organic layers. These were washed with water and brine and dried over MgS04. Evaporation gave an oil which was flash _ chromatographed over 40 g of silica gel using a mixture of hexane and ethyl acetate (5-WO 98/34584 PCT/US98~2749 40% ethyl acetate). This gave a clear oil (0.49 g) containing about equal proportions of the equitorial and axial isomers as determined by proton NMR. Mass specrum showed a molecular ion at m/e 405 containing 1 bromine atom [C2pH24BrN03].
Example 12 Preparation of c-4-cyano-4-(3-cyclopentylox~4-methoxyphenyl)-r-~clohexanecarboxylic acid.
A 5 liter round bottom flask equipped with an overhead stirrer, internal thermometer> and a reflux condensor equipped with a nitrogen inlet was flushed with nitrogen. The flask was charged with dimethylformamide (580 g), acetonitrile (480 g), lithium bromide (72 g, 0.83 mol, 1.62 equivalents) and deionized water (20 g, 1.1 mol, 2.2 equivalents). The solution was stirred under nitrogen at 25 - 30 °C
followed by the addition of cis-(+/-)-6-[3-(cyclopentyloxy)-4-methoxyphenyl]-1-oxobicyclo[2.5]octane-2,6-dicarbonitrile ( 180 g, 0.51 mol, I .0 equivalent). The reactor was heated to 90 - 95 °C for 8 hours or until deemed complete by the disappearance of epoxy nitrite. The 1 ~ contents of the flask was cooled to 20 °C , followed by the addition of a sodium hydroxide solution (92 g of sodium hydroxide, 2.3 mot, 4.5 equivalents, dissolved in 200 mL of deionized water). The suspension was stirred at 20 °C for 30 minutes followed by the addition of sodium hypochlorite (600 mL, 0.46 mot, 0.9 equivalents).
The contents of the flask were stirred for 90 minutes followed by the addition of t-butyl methyl ether ( 2.27 kg) and 6N HCl (644 mL, 3.86 mot, 7.5 equivalents). The bottom aqueous layer was back-extracted with t-butyl methyl ether (454 g), and the combined organic layer was washed four times with deionized water (4 X 800 mL). The organic layer was concentrated to a residue. To the flask was charged ethyl acetate (900 g) and heated to reflux. The contents of the flask was cooled to 50 °C
followed by the addition of hexanes (672 g). The contents of the flask were cooled to 0 °C and held for 1 hour. The product was filtered and washed with cold ethyl acetate / hexanes ( 1/9, 175 g). The product was dried to afford c-4-cyano-4-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-r-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (125 g, 69 %) as an off white powder.
Example 13 Preparation of c-4-cyano-4-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-r-c"r~clohexanecarbox,~c acid chloride In a 1 neck flask equipped for nitrogen flow was combined c-4-cyano-4-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-r-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (1.3728, I eq, 0.004 mot) and oxalyl chloride (4.5688, 9eq, 0.036 mot). One drop of dimethyl formamide was then added. This mixture was stirred at ambient temperature overnight.
After evaporation under high vacuum this yielded the captioned product.
Example 14 Preparation of Form 1-l0a - 4-cyano-4-(3-cyclo~tyloxv-4-methox~ohenyl)-r-cyclohexane acvl nitrite In a flask a sample of the acid chloride (0.217 g, 0.006 mot, 1 eq) prepared in Example l3 was dissolved in CDC13 (2.34 mL). To this was solution (cooled to 5°C) S was added trimethylsilyl cyanide (0.07g, 1.3 eq, 0.008 mot.) and a catalytic amount of ZnI2 (0.004g). This solution was refluxed overnight. This yielded 0.211g of the captioned product. IR: COCN, v 2220 cm-t ; C=O, v 1720cm- l . The isomeric purity of 1-l0a was determined by hydrolyzing the acyl nitrite in warm water, the product being essentially pure compound 1-l la.
Example 15 Preparation of Form 1-lOb of 4-cyano-4-(3-cvcl~entyloxy-4-methoxYphenyl)-r-cyclohexane acvl nitrite In an experiment analogous to Example 14, the axial carboxylic acid was convened to the acid chloride using oxalyl chloride and catalytic amount of dimethyl formamide. This acid chloride was convened directly to the cozresponding acyl nitrite, 1-tOb, the isomer of the compound prepared in Example 14. The isomeric purity was assayed by hydrolyzing the acyl nitrite by stirring it in warm water for 20 hours.
Analytical HPLC determination showed that > 96% of the product had the form of l Ob.

Claims (2)

1. A compound according to formula (VI) wherein X is OR2, R2 is independently selected from -CH3 or -CH2CH3 optionally substituted by 1 or more halogens;
R1 is -(CR4R5)r R6, R4 and R5 are independently selected from hydrogen or a C1-2 alkyl;
R6 is C3-6 cycloalkyl which may be optionally substituted by 1 to 3 methyl groups or one ethyl group;

X2 is O; and r is O to 6 .

2. A compound according to claim 32 wherein X is cyclopentyloxy, and R2 is -CH3.