CA2429884A1

CA2429884A1 - Turbojet automobile and aircraft propulsion system

Info

Publication number: CA2429884A1
Application number: CA002429884A
Authority: CA
Inventors: Mikulas Pohanka
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 2003-05-27
Filing date: 2003-05-27
Publication date: 2004-11-27

Abstract

The contemporary Turbojet, used to propel aircraft is a good engine; but all of the Kinetic Energy of the outgoing gas is lost; I propose to fix a divergent nozzle on the end of its exhaust pipe;
which functions as a diffuser of such shape and length that the gas slows its speed within it (to the back) to the same speed as is the forward speed of the aircraft or automobile;
shockwaves would then not form in the diffuser, therefore the pressure of the outgoing gas would be the same as is the pressure of the ambient atmospheric pressure: all of the Kinetic Energy of the gas is used to propel the aircraft; the gas exits the diffuser (without noise) with zero speed measured according to the surface of the Earth; then the theoretical propulsion efficiency of the Turbojet is 100%.

Description

Contemporary Technigue.
C'ontem orar turbojets consist of a compressor, combustion chamber, gas turbine, common shaft, and exhau't pipe. I~l» exhaust loipe can be convergent, convergent-divergent, or, the 'I.av;zl Nozzle'. (Note that the Laval Nozzle is different ti-om the convergent-divergent nozzle).
The turbpjet is a rotary motor, which is simple, light, and strong in comparison with its weight. F3ccavse lherc is no friction, it is also very durable. Because it burns petrcoleum instead of gasoline, it is safer in regards to explosions, in comparison to the internal 'combustion' (i.e., explosion,) engine.
For these reasons, the contemporary Turbojet is the ideal propulsion system for aircraft. It can also be the ideal propulsion system for automobiles, if three or four grave faults are eliminated.
The tirst fault is the fact that the gas ejected from the back is very hot, and its speed is very high. In the street, a car equipped with a contemporary turbojet (just like the 'Batmobile') would actually burn other cars and people.
The second fault is the fact that the efficiency of this propulsion system depends on the speed of the vehicle propelled with this turbojet. If the speed is gr-cat, like that of a jet airpltrne, its propulsion efficiency surpasses 60%, (which is not good, but is acceptable).
If this turbojet propels an automobile, (whose speed is much smaller than that of the jet) its propulsion efficiency will be only 3 or 4%; this is economically unacceptable.
The third fault is its great noise, which would be entirely unacceptable in the street.
The fourth fault, which can be the most grave, is that this turbojet has no motor break.
Generally speaking, the Turbojet is a very good motor, because it is a rotary engine, (which inventors had tried to develop for a long time,) it is simple and durable due to no friction in it, and it is also stxong relative to its weight. It also has the advantage that it can burn all kinds of fuel.
Its principle disadvantage is the fact that the Kinetic Energy of the outgoing gas (which is very high) is lost. Also, when the gas exits the exhaust pipe, shock waves are formed that cause very loud noise. This is also an energy loss that can be as high as 40%.
The efficiency of the contemporary Turbojet depends on the quantity of gas (mass) that is ejected out the back of this engine. If the mass is made larger, the propulsion efficiency is better.
Propulsion efficiency can only reach 100% if the ejected mass of the gas is infinitely large. Because this is not possible, the propulsion efficiency of the contemporary turbojet is bad.
It is for this reason that the constructors of those Turbojets try to increase the gas mass, building a double-flux Turbojet, or the Turbopropulsor engine. We see that the contemporary Turbojet has many faults. For this reason, I have improved it enough to the point where it can even be used to propel an automobile.
My proposition.
To correct or eliminate all these disadvantages, I propose to elongate the divergent part of the Laval Nozzle, (which serves as the exhaust pipe for the contemporary Turbojet,) such that the gas reduces its speed within it towards the back of the Turbojet to the same speed as is the forward speed of the aircraft. The outgoing speed of the gas is also its zero absolute speed, measured according to the surface of the Earth.
The divergent part of the Laval Nozzle must then operate as a diffuser, within which the gas slows its absolute speed, (measured according to the surface of the Earth) to zero m per second, and at the same time, automatically increase its pressure to the same pressure of the ambient atmospheric pressure. The theoretical propulsion efficiency of the Turbojet will then be 100%. Take note that this is no longer the contemporary Turbojet, as the gas is not ejected from it anymore, but instead flows out of it.
In reality, it is the same Turbojet engine, only a divergent pipe is fixed on its exhaust pipe. It is this divergent pipe that acts as a diffuser of such length and shape, that the gas in it slows its speed (towards the back), to the same speed as the forward speed of the aircraft. All of the Kinetic Energy of the gas, entering with great speed into the diffuser, is not lost as it is in the contemporary Turbojet; but is used to propel the aircraft. (This is only possible if the automobile propelled by this Turbojet moves forward.) In books which explain the operation of the contemporary Turbojet it is written : "What is going on inside of the Turbojet is so complicated that it is not possible to understand it. The only important thing is to know the speed of the air coming into the Turbojet, and the speed of the gas exiting it."
According to this explanation, the Turbojet I propose here will not propel an aircraft or an automobile at all; due to the gas exiting the back with the same speed as the speed of the air entering it. Remember that I do not propose a contemporary Turbojet. I am proposing an entirely new kind of Turbojet.
The gas accelerates its speed within it almost to sonic speed within the convergent nozzle, just as in the contemporary Turbojet. However the gas does not exit directly (with its full speed) from there as it does in the contemporary Turbojet. In the new Turbojet that I
propose here, the outgoing gas (with its full speed) enters into the divergent diffuser, within which it slows its speed because the outside air (which is compressed to the pressure of one Bar) pushes the outgoing gas inside of the diffuser. Because this diffuser is divergent, the gas must slow its speed within it, to the same speed as is the forward speed of the aircraft equipped with this Turbojet. The pressure of the gas inside the divergent diffuser pushes perpendicularly against its walls;
thereby pushing it forward, and not back.
The outside atmospheric pressure which slows the speed of the gas within the diffuser is not part of the Turbojet; it is an external force.

For a better understanding, refer to the drawinQS.
Flg.l.
This shows the vertical section of a reservoir ( 1 ), filled with compressed gas which is pushed into it through the pipe (2) with a compressor (not shown here). On the side of this reservoir (1 ), is fixed a convergent-divergent nozzle, the name of which is "Laval Nozzle".
F~2.
This shows the vertical section of the reservoir (7), filled with compressed gas (which has been pushed into it through the pipe (8) by the compressor - not shown here).
On the two sides of this reservoir are drilled seven holes, into each of them is inserted a different nozzle.
Fi .~3.
This shows the vertical longitudinal section of the older Turbojet, equipped with a convergent nozzle (I6). This model is not manufactured anymore.
Fig.4.
This shows the vertical longitudinal section of the contemporary Turbojet, equipped with the Laval Nozzle. It is currently used to propel aircraft.
Fi~.S.
This shows the vertical longitudinal section of the Turbojet, equipped with the convergent-divergent nozzle that I propose. The divergent part of it acts as a diffuser.
This new Turbojet is destined to propel aircraft.
Fis~6.
This shows the vertical longitudinal section of the same Turbojet shown in Fig.S., however its diffuser (18) protrudes into the convergent nozzle (16) of the Turbojet engine. It is also destined for propulsion of aircraft.

Flg-7.7.
This shows the vertical longitudinal section of the Turbojet, equipped with a diffuser (18), but the diameter of the exit (19) of this diffuser (18) is larger than the diameter of the entry (11) of the compressor (12) of the Turbojet. This is the Turbojet that I propose for the propulsion of automobiles.
Fig.8.
This shows the horizontal section of the same Turbojet as shown in Fig.7., equipped not only with a diffuser (18), but also with a braking system, which consists of the two diffusers (14).
This Turbojet is also destined for the propulsion of automobiles.
F_ ig.9.
This shows the front view of the Turbojet shown in Fig.B., equipped with the braking system that consists of the two diffusers ( 14).
Fig-10.
This shows the back view of the diffuser (18) shown in Fig.B.
F-i~.11.
This shows the longitudinal section of another Turbojet, which is also destined for the propulsion of automobiles.
Numbering.
1 shows the reservoir.
2 shows the pipe through which the compressor pushes the compressed air into the reservoir.
3 shows the convergent nozzle of the Laval Nozzle.
4 shows the throat of this nozzle.
shows the divergent part of the Laval Nozzle.
6 shows the exit of this nozzle.

7 shows the other reservoir.
In the wall of the reservoir (7) are fixed seven different nozzles. They are numbered as follows:
Case l, Case 2, Case 3, Case 4, Case 5, Case 6 and Case 7.
8 shows the pipe through which another compressor pushes compressed air into the other reservoir.
9 shows the frame of the reservoir (?).
shows the body of the Turbojet.
11 shows the entry.
12 shows the compressor.
13 shows the gas turbine.
14 shows the common shaft.
shows the combustion chamber of the Turbojet.
16 shows the convergent nozzle of the Turbojet.
1? shows the throat of the propulsion system.
18 shows the divergent nozzle.
19 shows the exit of the propulsion system.
shows the principal valve of the propulsion system.
21 shows the two smaller valves of the propulsion system.
22 shows the two smaller diffusers.
23 shows the space behind the gas turbine.
24 shows the long pipe.
shows the throat of the diffuser.
26 shows the thermal insulation of the long pipe (24).
Disclosure.
I must explain the operation of this Turbojet gradually; it is difficult to understand and also to explain.
This invention is founded on the function of the Laval Nozzle. For this reason, I must first explain the operation of the Laval Nozzle. Note that the convergent-divergent nozzle is not the same thing as the Laval Nozzle. The Laval Nozzle is shown in Fig.l . In it, the convergent (3) wall gradually changes into the divergent (5) wall. The convergent-divergent nozzle is shown in Fig.S.
Here, the convergent (16) wall changes brusquely into the divergent (18) wall, and they form an angle a, between them.
In my explanations, I use the terms: Absolute speed of the gas, Absolute speed of the aircraft, and Absolute speed of the automobile. These speeds are measured according to the surface of the Earth.
This propulsion principle is founded upon the operation of the convergent-divergent nozzle.
I will now explain the operation of the Laval Nozzle.
Refer to Fig.l.
This shows a reservoir (1) filled with compressed gas, which has been pushed into it by a compressor, through the pipe (2). The compressor is not shown here.
Composition.
It consists of the reservoir ( 1 ), of the pipe (2), and of the Laval Nozzle, which is fixed on the side of this reservoir. The Laval Nozzle consists of its convergent wall (3), its throat (4), its divergent wall (5), and its exit (6).
Function.
If the pressure of the gas in the reservoir ( 1 ) increases, the gas increases its speed in the convergent wall (3) of the Laval Nozzle, while at the same time its pressure decreases. When the gas goes through the throat (4) of this nozzle, its speed is the biggest, and its pressure is the smallest. In the divergent wall (5) which functions as a diffuser, the gas slows its speed, while at the same time its pressure increases automatically (when it is ejected through the exit (6) of the diffuser (5) ,) to the outside atmospheric pressure. If the diameter of the exit (6) is larger, then the speed of the ejected gas is smaller. If the diameter of the exit (6) is smaller, then the speed of the ejected gas is larger. In this case, the divergent wall (5) of the Laval Nozzle functions as a diffuser (5).

If the pressure of the gas in the reservoir ( 1 ) increases even more, the gas will increase its speed in the throat (4) of the Laval Nozzle also, but nothing else changes in the operation of this Laval Nozzle. The divergent wall (5) will function as the diffuser.
However, when the pressure of the gas in the reservoir ( 1 ) increases approximately to the pressure of 2 Bars (assume that the outside atmospheric pressure is 1 Bar), the speed of the gas in the throat (4) of the Laval Nozzle increases to sonic speed. 'Then the divergent wall (5) of the Laval Nozzle will no longer function as a diffuser; the gas will increase its sonic speed in it to supersonic speed. If the diffuser (5) is sufficiently long, at some point of the divergent wall (5) of the Laval Nozzle the gas will abruptly stop increasing its speed, and it will emit a shockwave that makes a very loud noise. From this point to the exit (6), the divergent wall (5) functions as a diffuser (5).
The gas slows its speed, and increases its pressure automatically so that when it is ejected from the exit (6), its pressure is the same as the outside atmospheric pressure.
Even if the gas is compressed in the reservoir (1 ) to a very high pressure, the gas in the throat (4) of the Laval Nozzle cannot surpass its sonic speed, because in the throat (4) of the Laval Nozzle is a sonic barner.
The half divergence of the diffuser must not be bigger than 10 degrees. If it is larger, the gas will detach itself from the wall of the diffuser (5) and its efficiency will deteriorate. This divergence can be smaller, however. The efficiency of the diffuser (5) for gas can be as high as 99%. The diffuser (5) is used in the centrifugal compressor.
I must underline that the Turbojet which I propose here is completely new;
because I
confirm that the goal of this invention is to create a Turbojet that ejects its gas out the back with zero absolute speed, (measured according to the surface of the Earth), and compressed to the same pressure as the outside atmospheric pressure, in order that it can be used to propel an automobile.
As this idea seems far-fetched at first glance I must explain its function Qxadually and meticulously.
Please realize that if gas is ejected out the back with zero absolute speed, and quietly (i.e.
without sonic shock waves), and with a theoretical propulsion efficiency of 100%, and can be equipped with a braking system, then this Turbojet will become the ideal propulsion system for automobiles. All this is possible with my proposed turbojet.

Refer to Fig.2.
This shows the vertical section of the reservoir (?), filled with compressed gas, and equipped with seven different nozzles. This experiment was created by the engineer, Laval, 100 years ago, to discover which of these nozzles allowed supersonic speed for the ejected gas.
Composition.
In the walls (9) of the reservoir (?) are drilled seven holes, and a different nozzle is inserted in each of them. Case 1 shows a divergent nozzle. Case 2 shows a convergent nozzle. Case 3 shows a straight nozzle. Case 4 shows a straight nozzle that protrudes inside of the reservoir. Case S shows a divergent nozzle that protrudes inside of the reservoir. Case 6 shows a convergent-divergent nozzle that protrudes inside of the reservoir. Case ? shows the Laval Nozzle (a type of convergent-divergent nozzle), that protrudes inside of the reservoir.
Function.
Engineer Laval compressed the gas in this reservoir (?) to a high pressure, and made it exit the nozzles one by one. He found out that none of them ejected the gas at supersonic speed. The only area that it reached supersonic speed was in the divergent part of the Laval Nozzle, shown as Case 7. It was also only in the throat (4) of this Laval Nozzle that the gas could reach its sonic speed.
Refer to Fi~.3.
This shows the vertical longitudinal section of the older Turbojet, which is not manufactured anymore.

Composition.
It consists of its body ( 10), of the entry ( 11 ) of the gas into the compressor ( 12) of the Turbojet, of the gas turbine (13) of the common shaft (14), of the combustion chamber (15), of the convergent nozzle ( 16) of the space behind the gas turbine (23) and of the throat ( 17) of the convergent nozzle ( 16).
Function.
Assume that the outside atmospheric pressure is 1 Bar. Atmospheric air enters through the entry (11), into the compressor (12), where it is compressed to a high pressure and pushed into the combustion chamber (15), where the fuel is injected and burned. With combustion, the compressed gas is heated, thereby increasing its volume and its sonic speed. The compressed gas travels through the gas turbine ( 13) and drives it, and ultimately the compressor ( I 2) by the turbine's common shaft ( 14). The pressure of the gas going through the gas turbine ( 13) into the space (23) is strongly diminished, but it is still compressed to a bigger pressure than the outside atmospheric pressure. It therefore accelerates its speed in the convergent nozzle (16) and exits it through the throat (17) with subsonic speed. It is this acceleration of the gas that propels the turbojet and aircraft forward, according to the Third Law of Newton. All the Kinetic Energy of the gas, however, is lost.
Refer to FiQ.4.
This shows the vertical longitudinal section of the contemporary Turbojet. In reality, it is the same Turbojet as shown in Fig.3., with the exception that this one is equipped with the Laval Nozzle (which is not the convergent-divergent nozzle) instead of the convergent nozzle (16).
The Laval Nozzle consists of the convergent nozzle ( 16), its throat ( 17), the divergent nozzle ( 18) and the exit ( 19).

Function.
Assume that the outside atmospheric pressure is 1 Bar. Atmospheric air enters into the compressor (12) which compresses it to the pressure of 12 Bars, and pushes it into the combustion chamber (15). Fuel is injected and burned. This combustion heats the compressed air, (still compressed to a pressure of 12 Bars), increases its volume, and increases its sonic speed. The compressed gas travels through the gas turbine (13) and drives it, and ultimately the compressor ( 12) by the turbine's common shaft ( 14). When the gas travels through the turbine ( 13), its pressure diminishes radically. It is still compressed to a sufficient pressure, however, to accelerate its speed in the convergent nozzle ( 16) of the Laval nozzle to the sonic speed of the gas. Because the gas enters the throat ( 17) of the Laval Nozzle with its sonic speed, the divergent part ( 18) of the Laval Nozzle will not function as a diffuser, but will function instead as a supersonic nozzle. In it, the gas accelerates its sonic speed to supersonic speed; it is with this acceleration that it pushes and propels the Turbojet and aircraft forward, according to the Third Law of Newton. All the Kinetic Energy of the gas, however, is lost.
Because the gas exits the divergent nozzle.(18) through its exit (19) with supersonic speed, this Turbojet is stronger than that shown in Fig.3. (from which the gas exits at subsonic speed).
Refer to Fig.S.
This shows the vertical longitudinal section of the new Turbojet which I
propose. It is the same Turbojet as that shown on Fig.4., with the difference that it is equipped with a convergent-divergent nozzle, NOT the Laval Nozzle. In the Laval Nozzle, the transition from the convergent nozzle (16) to the divergent nozzle (18) is gradual. In this convergent-divergent nozzle however, the transition is not gradual; these two nozzles form the angle a between them.
Composition.
It consists of its body ( 10), of the entry ( 11 ), of the compressor ( 12), of the gas turbine ( 13), of the common shaft ( 14), of the combustion chamber ( 15), of the space (23) behind the gas turbine (13), and of the convergent-divergent nozzle. This nozzle consists of the convergent nozzle (16), of the throat ( 17), of the divergent nozzle ( 18) and of the exit ( 19).
Function.
It functions in the same manner as the Turbojet shown in Fig.4. The gas in the combustion chamber (15) is compressed to the pressure of 12 Bars. The gas in the gas turbine (13) diminishes so that the pressure in the space (23) behind the gas turbine (13) is only 2 or 3 Bars. Because this new Turbojet is equipped with a convergent-divergent nozzle, the gas accelerates its speed in the convergent nozzle (16) to a point below its sonic speed. In this manner, the divergent nozzle (18) functions as a diffuser. In the diffuser (18), the gas slows its speed (although not to zero absolute speed), and it is ejected out the exit (19) with this diminished speed, compressed to a greater pressure than the outside atmospheric pressure.
Refer to Fig.2.
Engineer Laval's experiment proved in Case 6 that the gas in the throat ( 17) of this convergent-divergent nozzle cannot reach its sonic speed. It is for this reason that the divergent part (18) of this nozzle functions as a diffuser. It also acts as a diffuser because the convergent part (16) of the nozzle does not change gradually to the divergent part ( 18) of the nozzle, but instead forms an angle a.
Refer to Fig.S.
The speed of the gas through the throat ( 17) of this nozzle is very sensitive to the angle a. If this angle is bigger, the speed of the gas will be faster. If this angle is smaller, the speed of the gas will be slower. The speed of the gas should not be diminished as much as possible. On the contrary, the speed of the gas should be as large as possible; because the greater the acceleration of the gas in the convergent nozzle (16), the stronger the Turbojet. The gas in the convergent nozzle (16) should not be accelerated to its sonic speed, however, because then the divergent part ( 18) of the nozzle will function as a supersonic nozzle and defeat the purpose. The divergent part (18) of this nozzle must function as a diffuser instead.

The speed of the gas through the throat ( 17) of this nozzle can be increased by rounding the angle a a little. It cannot be too great, otherwise the divergent part (18) will again function as a supersonic nozzle, which is unacceptable.
Refer to Fi~.S.
The diameter of the entry ( 11 ) of the Turbojet is the same as is the diameter of the exit ( 19).
Because the temperature of the gas exiting the diffuser (18) is much higher than the atmospheric air entering the compressor (12), the volume of the exiting gas will also be much higher. It is for this reason that the speed of the gas exiting out the back of the Turbojet will be greater than the forward speed of the aircraft being propelled by this Turbojet.
Because in the contemporary Turbojet the diameter (19) of the exhaust pipe is much smaller than the diameter of the entry (11) of the compressor (12), while in this new Turbojet the two diameters are the same, the gas exits the contemporary Turbojet with a greater speed than it does in exiting the new Turbojet's diffuser; therefore much more Kinetic Energy is lost. It is for this reason that the new Turbojet will be stronger than the contemporary Turbojet. The new Turbojet will also be much quieter; since there are no shockwaves produced.
The new Turbojet shown on Fig.S. can be used to propel aircraft. It can also propel automobiles, since the speed of the exiting gas is substantially diminished in comparison to the contemporary Turbojet. Its theoretical propulsion efficiency is not quite 100%, since the gas exits it with a greater speed than zero absolute speed, and also, the pressure of the exiting gas is greater than the surrounding atmospheric pressure.
Refer to Fi~.6.
This shows the vertical longitudinal section of the Turbojet. It is the same Turbojet as that shown on Fig.S. with the exception that the diffuser (18) of this Turbojet protrudes inside of the convergent nozzle (16).
The gas is compressed in the combustion chamber (15) to the pressure of 12 Bars. Even if this pressure diminishes greatly in the gas turbine (13), it is still strong enough in the space (23) to increase its speed in the convergent nozzle (16) to its sonic speed, if this Turbojet is equipped with the Laval Nozzle. Here, however, it is equipped with the convergent-divergent nozzle; and the diffuser (18) protrudes inside of the convergent nozzle (16). On Fig.2., Engineer Laval proved in Case 5 that the gas in this divergent nozzle -protruding into the reservoir (7)- cannot have a supersonic speed. Therefore the gas enters the nozzle (18) through its throat (17) with a smaller speed than its sonic speed. It is for this reason that the divergent nozzle (I
8) functions as a diffuser.
The divergent diffuser (18) must not protrude too far into the convergent nozzle (16), because then the speed of the gas entering into the diffuser (I 8) will be too slow; and it needs to be as big as possible below its sonic speed. The strength of the Turbojet depends on the acceleration of the gas in the convergent nozzle (16); if the acceleration is greater, so is the Turbojet's strength.
It must be underlined that the gas is compressed in the combustion chamber to a pressure of 12 Bars, and is heated to a very high temperature. The gas then expands in this propulsion system to the pressure of 1 Bar when it exits, and this expansion is adiabatic. (i.e.
the gas not only diminishes its pressure, but also its temperature). This means that the Enthalpy of the gas is strongly diminished in this propulsion system. Because the Enthalpy is diminished, this system performs work. This work is translated into propulsion of this Turbojet and ultimately its aircraft or automobile, forward. This is the proof that this system works.
It is possible to calculate the amount of work performed by this system from the difference in Enthalpy of the gas between the combustion chamber and the exit of the propulsion system.
Refer to Fi~.S.
It must now be explained precisely how this new Turbojet functions in the propulsion of aircraft or automobiles.
A typical cruise speed of contemporary aircraft is 800km per hour, or 220 m per second.
Assume that an aircraft equipped with this new Turbojet is on the tarmac of an airport. It cannot move, because the brakes are engaged. Assume also that the new Turbojet will work with its full strength.
The compressor (12) sucks air into it with the speed of 220 m per second. The air is compressed to the pressure of 12 Bars, and is pushed into the combustion chamber (15), where fuel is injected, and the mixture is burned. The gas is still compressed in the combustion chamber to the pressure of 12 Bars, where it is heated to a very high temperature. The gas drives the gas turbine (13), which drives the compressor (12) by the common shaft (14). The pressure and the temperature of the gas diminishes greatly in the gas turbine ( 13). But the pressure of the gas in the space (23) is still much higher than the pressure of the outside atmosphere, and for this reason the gas accelerates its speed in the convergent nozzle (16) almost to its sonic speed. When the gas goes through the throat ( 17) of the convergent-divergent nozzle, its pressure is the smallest, and its speed is the biggest. In the divergent nozzle (18), (which functions as a diffuser), the gas slows its speed and increases its pressure . It is ejected from the exit (19) with a speed greater than 220 m per second, and its pressure is greater than the outside atmospheric pressure. When the gas goes through the diffuser (18), its Kinetic Energy is continually changed into pressure energy, and when it is ejected from the exit (19), its pressure is greater than the outside atmospheric pressure of 1 Bar. If it were not so, it could not exit the diffuser (18). The pressure of the gas in the diffuser (18) pushes perpendicularly against the wall of this divergent diffuser. Because it is divergent, the pressure pushes the Turbojet, and thus the aircraft, forward; not backward.
What exactly is the force that pushes the Turbojet forward? It is the acceleration of the gas in the convergent nozzle ( 16) of the Turbojet, according to the Third Law of Newton. The perpendicular pressure of the gas against the wall of the divergent diffuser (18) also pushes the Turbojet forward. Because the gas exits the diffuser (18) with a greater speed than 220 m per second, (which is the speed of the air entering the compressor ( 12)), it also pushes the Turbojet forward. Therefore, the Turbojet is pushed forward with three different forces.
The action of the Third Law of Newton will be explained.
Refer to Fig.S.
Assume that the aircraft, equipped with this new Turbojet is on the tarmac of an airport. It cannot move, because the brakes are engaged. Assume also that the new Turbojet will work with its full strength. Assume also that the gas in the space (23) is compressed to the pressure of 5 Bars, and the throat ( 17) of the convergent nozzle ( 16) is closed with a valve. The pressure of the gas in the convergent nozzle (16) pushes perpendicularly against the wall of the convergent nozzle (16), and also against the valve in the throat (17) of this nozzle. This pressure pushes the Turbojet to the back.
However, the pressure of the gas also pushes against the gas turbine (13), and thus, the Turbojet is pushed forward. Because these two pressures are equal in size, but opposite in direction, they cancel each other out, and the Turbojet is pushed neither forward nor back. When the valve in the throat (17) of the nozzle (16) is opened, the pressure of the gas in the space (23) stays at 5 Bars, because the Turbojet works with its full strength. The perpendicular pressure of the gas against the wall of the convergent nozzle ( 16) pushes the Turbojet to the back, while the pressure of the gas against the gas turbine (13) pushes it forward. However, the perpendicular pressure of the gas against the wall of the convergent nozzle (16) is smaller than the pressure of the gas against the gas turbine (13) because of the hole (which is represented by the throat (17) of the nozzle (16), through which the gas passes freely). The difference between these two pressures pushes the Turbojet, and thus the aircraft, forward. This is the explanation of how the Third Law of Newton functions.
The propulsion system of the new Turbojet actually consists of two parts. The first is the convergent nozzle (16), and the second is the diffuser (18). It has been explained how the gas pressure in the convergent nozzle (16) pushes the Turbojet forward. However, the gas also travels with very high speed from the convergent nozzle (16) into the diffuser (18).
The (very big) Kinetic Energy of the gas traveling from the convergent nozzle (16) into the diffuser (18) is not lost; but is used to propel the aircraft. The functioning of this must be explained.
The diffuser (18) creates suction. This means that it diminishes the pressure of the gas in the throat (17) of the convergent nozzle (16) considerably. This is due to the gas slowing its speed in the diffuser ( 18). The acceleration of the gas in the convergent nozzle ( 16) does not depend only on the pressure of the gas in it, but it also depends on the pressure of the gas in the throat (17) of this nozzle (which functions as a counter pressure for the gas exiting the convergent nozzle ( 16)). If the counter pressure of the gas in the throat (17) is bigger, then acceleration of the gas in the convergent nozzle (16) is smaller. If this counter pressure is smaller, the acceleration of the gas in this nozzle is bigger, even if the pressure of the gas in the space (23) stays the same.
Because the strength of the Turbojet depends upon this acceleration, the suction of the diffuser (18) increases the strength of the new Turbojet in diminishing the pressure of the gas in the throat (17) of the convergent nozzle (16).
Also, because the speed of the gas ejected from the diffuser (18) through its exit (19) is greater than 220 m per second, (remember that for this case the Turbojet and aircraft does not move), its pressure in the exit ( 19) must be bigger than the outer atmospheric pressure of 1 Bar. If it were not so, then the gas could not exit into the outer atmosphere that acts as a counter pressure.
Also, because the pressure inside the diffuser (18) is greater, the suction of it will be greater, and consequently, the pressure of the gas in the throat (17) diminishes even more.
This increases the acceleration of the gas in the convergent nozzle ( 16), thus increasing the strength of the Turbojet.
Because the absolute speed of the outgoing gas through the exit ( 19) is greater than the absolute forward speed of the aircraft, (which is nil), the aircraft is pushed forward according to the Third Law of Newton.
This is the explanation of how the (very big) Kinetic Energy of the gas, exiting the convergent nozzle (16) into the diffuser (18) is used to push the Turbojet, and thus the aircraft, forward.
Since in our case, the aircraft's (on the tarmac of the airport), brakes are engaged, all of the Turbojet's pushing force is wasted. If the brakes are disengaged, it will move forward, and accelerate its forward speed.
Note that the interior wall of the diffuser (18) must be as smooth as possible.
Refer to Fig.7.
This is the Turbojet that can be used for propulsion of an automobile. It shows the longitudinal section.
Composition.
It is composed of the entry ( 11 ), the compressor ( 12), the gas turbine ( 13), the shaft ( 14), the combustion chamber ( 15), the convergent nozzle ( 16), its throat ( 17), the divergent nozzle ( 18), its exit (19), and the space (23) behind the gas turbine (13).
Function.
It operates in the same manner as shown on Fig.S., which has already been explained. The difference is that the diameter of the exit (19) is larger, as is the diameter of the entry (11) of the compressor (12). It is because the temperature of the gas exiting the diffuser (18) is much higher than the temperature of the atmospheric air entering the compressor ( 12). The volume of the gas exiting the diffuser (18) is also much larger than the volume of the atmospheric air entering the compressor (12). Because it is desired that the gas exits the diffuser (18) backwards with the same speed as is the forward speed of the aircraft or automobile; the diameter of the exit (19) must be bigger than the diameter of the entry (11 ) of the diffuser (12).
Because the divergence of the diffuser (18) must not be greater than 10 degrees, the only way to increase the diameter of its exit (19) is to lengthen the diffuser (18). Because it is not easy to make a variable-extension diffuser ( 18), it could be made of a set length that corresponds to the cruising speed of the aircraft or automobile; so that the gas is ejected from the diffuser's (18) exit (19) with zero absolute speed. This is possible only if the aircraft or automobile moves forward. if the aircraft or automobile does not move forward, the gas cannot exit it with zero absolute speed.
Because the diameter of the exit ( 19) is larger than the diameter of the entry ( 11 ) of the compressor (12), the ram pressure will push the Turbojet to the back. Note that the ram pressure is big only if the speed of the aircraft is big. Because the speed of the automobile is small, the ram pressure will also be small, and thus acceptable. If this Turbojet is used for aircraft, it should be fixed in the tail housing; some aircraft today already have the contemporary Turbojet housed here.
The ram pressure will then be eliminated.
For the automobile, if the gas exits with zero absolute speed, and is compressed to the same pressure as the outside atmospheric air, then the theoretical propulsion efficiency of the Turbojet will be 100%.
For an easier comprehension of the functioning of this propulsion principle, I
have assumed that everything functions perfectly in it. This means that the theoretical efficiency of the compressor (12) and the gas turbine (13) is 100%, and that there is no friction between the gas and the piping of the Turbojet.
It must be underlined that the expansion of the gas in this Turbojet from the pressure of 12 Bars (in the combustion chamber (15)), to the pressure of the gas ejected from the exit (19) (which is 1 Bar) is adiabatic, and for this reason the high temperature of the gas is cooled substantially.
Furthermore, in this Turbojet, shockwaves do not occur, and so it will work relatively quietly.
For propulsion of the automobile, I have solved the problems of high speed and temperature of the ejected gas, eliminated the very loud noise, and increased its theoretical efficiency from 4%
to 100%.
All that is left is to equip it with a motor brake.

Refer to F~.B.
This shows the horizontal section of the Turbojet that is destined for the propulsion of automobiles. It is equipped with a motor brake.
Composition.
It is composed ofthe entry (11), the compressor (12), the gas turbine (13), the shaft (14), the combustion chamber (15), the convergent nozzle (16), its throat (17), the diffuser (18), its exit (19), the principal valve (20), the two secondary valves (21 ), the two smaller diffusers (22), and of the space (23) behind the gas turbine (13).
Function.
It operates in the same manner as shown on Fig.7., the difference being that when this Turbojet propels the automobile, the principal valve (20) is open, and the secondary valves (21 ) are closed. When the driver decides to brake the automobile, the principal valve (20) closes, while the secondary valves (21 ) open. The gas then enters into the two smaller diffusers (22), slows its speed in them, and pushes the automobile with full force against its forward motion, in accordance with the Third Law of Newton. There is a danger: if the gas enters into the two diffusers (22) with sonic speed, then they will act as supersonic nozzles. This is not permissible. For this reason, the two valves (21 ) may not open completely; only partially.
This propulsion system can be fixed on the roof of the automobile.
Refer to Fi~.9.
This shows the front view of the Turbojet shown in Fig.B.

Composition.
Shown is the body ( 10) of the Turbojet, the compressor ( I 2), the shaft ( 14), and the two diffusers (22) Refer to Fig,lO.
This shows the back view of the diffuser (18) of the Turbojet shown in Fig.B.
Shown is the body (10) of the Turbojet, the diffuser (18), and the throat (17) of the convergent nozzle (16).
Refer to FiQ.ll.
This shows the longitudinal section of the Turbojet, destined for propulsion of the automobile.
Composition.
It is composed of the entry (11), the compressor (12), the gas turbine (13), the shaft (14), the combustion chamber (15), the convergent nozzle (16), its throat (17), the pipe (24), the throat (25) of the diffuser ( I 8), the thermal isolation (26), the diffuser ( I 8) and its exit ( 19), aid the spa-ce 23.
Installation.
The front half of the Turbojet will be installed in the hood of the automobile. The pipe (24) can be fixed on the floor of the automobile, or under it. The diffuser (18) will be installed in the back of the carnage of the automobile. The entry ( 11 ) of the compressor ( 12) and the exit ( I 9) of the diffuser ( I 8) must be open to the outside atmosphere.

Function.
The diffuser (18) has such shape and length that when the automobile drives at its cruising speed, the gas is ejected from the exit ( 19) of the diffuser with zero absolute speed. Because the pressure of the gas is the same as the pressure of the outside air, the theoretical propulsion efficiency of the Turbojet is 100%. This is possible only if the automobile propelled by this Turbojet is moving forward. If the automobile does not move forward, the gas cannot be ejected from the diffuser (18) to the back with zero absolute speed.
Supplementary exulanation.
The gas turbine has been used in the past for the propulsion of the automobile. It was abandoned, however, particularly because this propulsion system had no motor brake, and the noise was disagreeable. Its thermal efficiency was also bad.
The Turbojet was not used generally for this purpose. The Turbojet shown in Fig.7. can be used advantageously for propulsion of the automobile if it is fixed to the roof. There must be two Turbojets; one aimed forward with its compressor, one aimed back. The first one propels the automobile, the other brakes it intermittently.
There is the objection that the Turbojet may cost too much for this purpose.
The Turbojet is expensive because it is big. The Turbojet of a commercial aircraft must use SOkg of gas per second;
for an automobile, 1 kg of gas per second is enough.
It is also costly because of the high standard of maintenance. Failure means the aircraft will fall, be crushed, and all passengers will be killed. If the Turbojet that propels the automobile breaks down, the only problem is that it will stop; nothing else will happen to it or the people in it. The Turbojet of aircraft must be lightweight; since it is constantly flying in the sky. Therefore, it is made with expensive Titanium. It must also be as efficient as possible; the gas must be heated in it to a very high temperature; this is not easy.
The Turbojet for an automobile, however, will be small and simple. It will be built from inexpensive material. It is much simpler than the internal combustion engine.
It is also very durable, and will never break down in the automobile. It is also a rotary engine; it is not pushed forward by its wheels, but directly by the ejection of the gas. In winter, there will be no problem with ice or snow; the driver no longer needs to carry a shovel; the Turbojet can push the automobile through the snow easily.
The contemporary Turbojet is already developed now. It has been improved upon for the last fifty years. It will be a simple matter for the factories that build big Turbojets to build small ones also. It can be built from inexpensive materials, because, unlike aircraft, the supplementary weight of the Turbojet is not a problem for automobiles that rest on the ground with four wheels. It will also make no noise.
The thermal efficiency can be as good as the internal combustion engine, (30%), and may even be better, since its mechanical efficiency is very good in comparison.
In my opinion, this is the ideal propulsion system for automobiles.
Advantages of this Propulsion System Please take note that I have eliminated all the problems that make it impossible to use this Turbojet for the propulsion of automobiles.
I have eliminated the big speed of the gas exiting it, and the loud noise. I
have increased the theoretical propulsion efficiency from 4% to 100%. I have added a motor brake.
I have diminished the high temperature of the gas exiting the system.
At the same time, all of the advantages of the old Turbojet have been kept.
Since the Turbojet is a rotary motor, it can burn all kinds of fuel. It is very durable, because there is no friction in it. It can burn petroleum, which is cheaper and less explosive than gasoline. It is simpler than the internal combustion engine used to propel automobiles now. It is also light and strong in comparison to the gas or Diesel motor, and it can be equipped with a motor brake that is stronger and surer than the mechanical friction brakes of the automobile. This type of brake works just as well; even if the automobile is on slick ice. It can also propel automobiles on ice. There is no need to keep a shovel to dig the automobile out of the snow either. Do not forget that the mechanical efficiency of the Turbojet is much better than that of the internal combustion engine. The thermal efficiency of the Turbojet is also improved over the internal combustion engine.
The cruise speed of the automobile can be 1 OOkm per hour; i.e., 28 m per second. If the automobile or the aircraft moves forward at its cruise speed, its theoretical propulsion efficiency is 100%. If it travels slower or faster, the propulsion efficiency does diminish, but not by much;
because the Kinetic Energy of the gas at these small speeds is very low.
I must underline that the diffuser ( I 8) of this Turbojet will also function as the muffler for the automobile. Because the expansion of the gas in this Turbojet is adiabatic, the gas exiting the muffler (18) is cooled substantially. The muffler (18) will also not burn as fast with this Turbojet, as it does in contemporary Internal Combustion Engines.
A Turbojet automobile can also be equipped with traditional wheel brakes. Both braking systems can be used at the same time to double the braking effect. Use of dual braking systems together will save many people from injury or death, as well as millions of dollars in insurance settlements and repairs.
Furthermore, this propulsion system does not need a differential, nor a gearbox, nor winter tires. All-season tires will suffice.
This propulsion system can also be adapted to helicopter lift, as well as to ship propulsion.
In my opinion, this new Turbojet Automobile and Aircraft Propulsion System which I
propose here, is ideal for the propulsion of automobiles.

Claims

1. A Turbojet automobile or aircraft propulsion system, which consists of the compressor that compresses atmospheric air and pushes it into the combustion chamber, where fuel is injected and burned, this gas then drives the gas turbine of the Turbojet, the gas turbine drives the common shaft which drives the compressor; and of the convergent-divergent nozzle, and the throat of it, the divergent nozzle acts as a diffuser, it must be long enough so that when the automobile or aircraft moves forward with its approximate cruise speed, the gas exits the diffuser with approximately the same speed as that forward speed of the automobile or aircraft that this Turbojet propels.

2 A Turbojet automobile or aircraft propulsion system as defined in claim 1, where the end of the diffuser can have approximately the same diameter as is the diameter of the compressor of the Turbojet automobile or aircraft propulsion system.