CA2422437A1 - Improving protein and milk production of dairy herds - Google Patents
Improving protein and milk production of dairy herds Download PDFInfo
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- CA2422437A1 CA2422437A1 CA 2422437 CA2422437A CA2422437A1 CA 2422437 A1 CA2422437 A1 CA 2422437A1 CA 2422437 CA2422437 CA 2422437 CA 2422437 A CA2422437 A CA 2422437A CA 2422437 A1 CA2422437 A1 CA 2422437A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/02—Food
- G01N33/04—Dairy products
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Description
Imt~ro~rotein a~ Milk P~oducfiiote of Dairy H~r~
Allelic variation {C to T transition that results in an Arg25Cys) in the leptin gene ha,s been associated with increased fat deposition in beef ~Gattle. It has beets shown that a C to T
transition in axon 2 of leptin that encodes an Arg25Cys substitution is associated with body fat deposition in beef cattle (Buchanan et al. 2000, The T allele is associated with increased fat deposition and higfter Ieptin mRIvTA levels in adipose tissue. We have found that this same genetic variant is also present fn dairy hreeds.
Leptin is a hormone secreted predominantly from white adipose tissue and performs important roles in the control of body weight, feed intake, immuune fuuaction and reproduction _ . ........_......_ ..r.~__~..~o .avyauuat~ltt~iLill"3 (T~i.v.l. ..r. _m.naK.. r~ . . . _ affecting plasma leptin levels include body fat mass and enexgy balance (Block et a1. 2U01), Leptin has been shown to regulate the immune response (Senses-Alvarez et al.
199) and a delay in the recovery of leptin secretion post-partum increases the delay to first ovulation in Holstein dairy cows (I~:adodawa et al. 2U00).
Body fat stores and energy balance change dramatically through the lactation cycle of a dairy cow. Body fat reserves play arc important role in sustaining high milk production in early lactation, when energy intake is limited. In early Lactation dairy cattle are in a negative energy balance, such that energy must be drawn from the body fat of the cow to support milk productiot2. Hence body fat condition is increased prior to calving to provide energy stores.
To test for an association between the Ieptin single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and milk praductivily, 416 Holstein cows were genotyped and compared as to lactation perfartnatlce data using a mixed modal. Animals homozygous for the T allele produced more milk (1.5 kglday versus CC animals) arid somatic cell count linear scores, over the entire lactation.
The increase in mills yield is most prominent in the first 100 d$ys of Lactation (2.4~ I~g/d), declining to 1.'74 kgld between IDl and ~~0 days in lactation. Protein yield is also increased an such TT cows. The milk and protein yield advantages, Qbserved in cows homozygotas for the T allele, represent err economic advantage to dairy producers.
Using the PCIt..RFLP to distinguish the alleles (Buchanar.~ et al. 2002) we genotyped individuals frorni six dairy breeds. The SNP was present in all breeds examined (T~Ie 1).
Using bairy Herd Improvement records for 416 Holsteixi cows and a total of observations (from 11 Saskatchewan herds; Table 2) associations between milk production, milk fat percemtage, milk protein percentage, SAC linear scare, and leptin genotype ~rexe analyzed. Data were analy~ad using a mixed model (SAS v. f.0 for Windows (PROC
MIXED); SAS Imstitute, Gary, North Carolina, USA) to account for the repeated observations within cow and the clustering of observations at the herd level, Model specifications included a random statement with subject equal to cow within herd, and a compound sytnmetty covariance structure. Initial bivariate analyses were examined looking at the association between genotype and milk production outcomes. Potentially important cavariates ~uvere their ,introduced using a manual step-wise process to produce the fiaal model.
Additional covariates included milk fat percent, rt~ilk protein percent, days in milk (I~IIVI), lactation number, month the lactation started (for potential seasonal effects), and linear score.
The main~effects model was assessed far first-order interactions where genotype and one or more covariates remained in the model with .f ~ 0.05. Model diagnostics included visual examination of the raw and standardized residuals (SAS, 20aU). The residuals were plotted against predicted values of each observation. Rankit plots and VVilk-Shapiro tests were used to assess the normality afthe residuals (SAS, 2000), Our saalysis demonstrated a signi~eant impact of leptin genotype on milk yield, particularly in early lactation. Table 3 provides an ~estin late of the increase in milk yield of TT and TC
genotypes relative to the CC genotype. 43ver the entire lactation, the TT
genotype was associated with an increase in test-day milk yield of 1.5 kg per day versus CC. This effect was most prominent in early lactation (2.44 kgld) declining to 1.74 I~gld between 101 anal 2Q0 I3IM.
Analysis of milk composition indicated a negative impact of the 'T allele on mills fat percent, but an, insignificant impact an nxilk fat yield. As a result, yield of ~.5'/o fat corrected milk was not significantly affected by genotype. The tests shovr that milk fat yield was substantially cnnstant, with the milk fat distributed. through a larger milk yield, thus reducing the milk fat percent. Table 4 illustrates the vff'ect of a T allele at the leptin SNP ors test-day milk f$t percent.
Analysis of test-day milk protein indicated significant a protein yield increase in TT aad TC
cows. Table 5 illustrates the effect of a T allele at the Peptin SNf on test-day mills protein yield. Increased milk yield in caws with a T allele is thus associated with a decline in milk fat percent without changing milk protein percent such that protein yield, but not fat yield, is significantly increased.
The analysis also showed a significant impact of genotype at the leptin SNP
or: milk somatic cell count linear score. Caws homozygous for the T allele demonstrated a signii;zcant increase in somatic cell linear score over the entire lactation (P = 0,002) and within each of the early (P = 0.018), mid (P = 0.0~) and late (P ~ 0.033) lactation periods.
(Table 6).
Liefers et al. (2002) using a difl'°erer~t, intxonic, SNP in the leptin gene also found an increase in milk and protein yield in Holsteins. However, ia: their population the favorable allet~. vv~s. _ . . .__. _ ___ _ -~~- a~.. <zwm uumazyg0us) compared to the High frequency of the SNP reported herein.
These results indicate that the leptin T'f genotype is associated with increased milk and protein yield, without.chaaging ~,~chd-of u~i'~, fat. Seiecti~ TT cows fQr milking herds will increase the milk and protein production of the herd while rnaantaining nzitlc fat yield compared to a similar sized herd of ~CC cows.
Table 1. Frer~uenay of the G arid T alleles at the leptln SNP is dairy breeds # ~f ~Animais T allele C allele Holstein 416 0,46 11.54 Ayrshire 1? 0.62 0.38 grown, Swiss 21 0.45 D.55 Carradienne 9 0.11 0.89 ~'~.ternsey 1 b 0.06 0.94 Jersey 20 (Y.53 0.47 '>G'able 2. Description of 11 Saskatchewan dairy herds used in sturdy.
Item M,ear~ Mie~imu~Max3~sum Number of milking cows 71 36 I29 ~3erd average milk yield 30.5 I9,0 36_8 (kg/d) 3,6~ 2.94 4.51 Herd average fat percent 3.22 3.01 3.44 (%) 300,000S 1,000 S I $,000 Nerd average protein percent ~%) Herd average somatic cell count (aellslm>:,) Table 3. Effect of a T allele at the leptin SNP on test day milk yield (icgld), Genotype' EstimateDegrees ProbabilityLower Upper icgld Freedom ~' conixdenceiim confidence limit lcgld kgld Bntire lactatio TT 1.50 9149 0.04 0.05 2.95 TC 0.91 9149 0.12 -0.24 2.07 CC . . . , TT 2.44 249 0.004 0,78 4.11 TG 1.74 2499 0.01 0.41 3.07 CG
101.200 DIM
TT 1.74 250? 0.04 0.1 t 3.3?
TG 1.3$ 2507 0.04 0.08 2.6$
CC . . . . .
~ 200 I7IM
TT 0.24 3299 0.?29 -1.14 1.63 TC 0.22 3299 0,693 -0.8$ 1,32 CC . .
'Covariates included milk fat percent' milk protein percent, d,~,ys in :milk, lactation numb month that the lactation started (for potential seasonal effects), and soanatic aell linear score, zDays in milk Tahle ~ effect of a T allele at the ieutin sNP on test-day milk fat a~ercent.
Genotype'Estimate_~e~rees Probability).owner ~J~per - of (%) Freedom # confldeneecont9dence ilmit Ilmit (%) (%)__ DtMT
~TT -0.10 9150 0,140 -0~~4 0,03 TC ~ -0.07 9 3 50 0, I 79 -0.1 0.03 CC . , . . .
TT Ø95 250 0.057 -0.3i 0.00 TC -0.32 ~50~ O.OSb -0.2,5 0.00 'Covariates included milk fat percent, milk proteln percent, days In rrailk, lactation numbers month the lactation atarted (for potGntiai seaacnal effects), and somatle cell linear score.
~tiays in milk .
'Fable ~ Effect of a T allele at the leotin ~T~IP° ctn ttst-day milk protean yield tkltlti).
Genotype'Estimate~egreos Prm6abilltyIrowyer Upper of (k~ld) ~'e~edom , df cQnftdenseeonfidenee ~
ltnrit limit _ (It~ld3 ~k~Jd) 0-300 ' DiM~
TT O.o~3 ~ l~ I 0.063 -0.002 4.040 TC 0.0'5 91 C i 0.1132 -0.012 0.0b2 CC . . . , O..t00 DINt TT 0.472 2500 0.006 D.O~ 1 0.123 T~ 0.0so 2soo 0.oi 7 0.009 0.091 cc . . . . .
TT 0.047 X50;3 0.073 -0.004 0.099 TC ~ 0.037 2508 0.04 -0.004 O.D79 CC . .
'CoYariates included milk fat percent, tvitk proiain percent, days in milk, la~tatic~n number, momh the lactation started (for potential seasonal et~'tcts), and somatic cell linear soQrs.
Days in milk Table Effect afa T allele at the to tin 5Np on tact-da somatic cell count linear scare.
CenatypeEstimateDegrees ProbebltltyLouver Upp$r of Freedom !~ rdaiidenceepp~ttente limit ~ limit 0.300 TT 0.340 9152 0.002 0,203 0.874 TC 0,30 9152 O.Q9~ -0.037 0.498 CC . . , . , TT O.d82 2513 , 0.018 O,A83 0.881 TC 0,29 2513 0.1&4 Ø092 o.s4s ~C . ~ , , , ~1M
"i'T 0.17 X507 0.040, O.i~O 0.913 TC 0,099 ~s0'7 0.040 -0,;1111 0.415 .
CC .
Plus DtM
TT 0.386 3313 0.033 0.03 0.740 T'C 0,140 31 t 3 0.330 -0, l4~ 0.422 .,r,.
~.vr~nares mcmaea mtstc tat percent, tttfitt protGtn porcerit, siirya in milk, Ia~ta'tion number, the l~tetion started (~f~r po~entla! s~odsanat at~'ccts~ and aromatic sell linear score.
aDeys in milk Block, S,S., HutIer, 'W,R, Frhrhardt, R.A,, Bell, A.W., Van Amburgh, M.E. and Boisclair, ~;~xafS~F~~~ ~f~.~r~''i~t''w.~i i'i-~'~a~
;I~C$'w""''".'.~".~..r..a.v~.a.._____ ._ _____ _ . , Huchanan, F. C., G. J. Fitzsimmons, A. G. Van ICessel, T.D. T'hue, 1.7.C.
Winkelman-Sim, and S. M. Sahmutz. 2002. Association of a missense znutatioa in the bovine leptin gene with carcass fat content and Ieptin mRN'A levels. Genet. Sel, Evol.
34:105-116.
Liefers, S, C., M. F. W. to i~as, R. F_ 'Veerkamp, and T. van der Lende. 2QQ2.
Associations between leptin gene polymorphisans and praduction, live weight, energy belance, feed intake, and fertility in Holstein heifers. J. Dairy Sci. 85:1633-163 $, Ka,dodawa, H., D. Blacks, Y. ~'amada and G. B. Mat~tin. 2004. Relationships between changes in plasma coneentratians of legtin before and after parturition and the timing of first post-partum ovulation in high-producing Holstein dairy cows. Reprod, Fertil. Dev.
I2:4Q5-41 I.
Sant09-AlVareZ, .~., R. ~?'0~78Ina, and v. S8nC11BZ-11IIH2'~~Iet. 199.
~ILlnlail leptin a'f~TilulatBS
proliferation and activation of human: circulating monocytes. Cellular Immunology.
I X4:6-1 I .
SAS Lrser°s guide: Statistics, Version 8 Edition. 2000. SAS Inst., Inc.
Gary, NC.
Silva, L. F. P., M. J, vandeFlaar, M. S. Weber Nielsen, and G. W. Smith. 2002.
Evidence for a local effect of leptin is the bovine mammary gland. J. Dairy Sci.
85:31?3286.
Allelic variation {C to T transition that results in an Arg25Cys) in the leptin gene ha,s been associated with increased fat deposition in beef ~Gattle. It has beets shown that a C to T
transition in axon 2 of leptin that encodes an Arg25Cys substitution is associated with body fat deposition in beef cattle (Buchanan et al. 2000, The T allele is associated with increased fat deposition and higfter Ieptin mRIvTA levels in adipose tissue. We have found that this same genetic variant is also present fn dairy hreeds.
Leptin is a hormone secreted predominantly from white adipose tissue and performs important roles in the control of body weight, feed intake, immuune fuuaction and reproduction _ . ........_......_ ..r.~__~..~o .avyauuat~ltt~iLill"3 (T~i.v.l. ..r. _m.naK.. r~ . . . _ affecting plasma leptin levels include body fat mass and enexgy balance (Block et a1. 2U01), Leptin has been shown to regulate the immune response (Senses-Alvarez et al.
199) and a delay in the recovery of leptin secretion post-partum increases the delay to first ovulation in Holstein dairy cows (I~:adodawa et al. 2U00).
Body fat stores and energy balance change dramatically through the lactation cycle of a dairy cow. Body fat reserves play arc important role in sustaining high milk production in early lactation, when energy intake is limited. In early Lactation dairy cattle are in a negative energy balance, such that energy must be drawn from the body fat of the cow to support milk productiot2. Hence body fat condition is increased prior to calving to provide energy stores.
To test for an association between the Ieptin single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and milk praductivily, 416 Holstein cows were genotyped and compared as to lactation perfartnatlce data using a mixed modal. Animals homozygous for the T allele produced more milk (1.5 kglday versus CC animals) arid somatic cell count linear scores, over the entire lactation.
The increase in mills yield is most prominent in the first 100 d$ys of Lactation (2.4~ I~g/d), declining to 1.'74 kgld between IDl and ~~0 days in lactation. Protein yield is also increased an such TT cows. The milk and protein yield advantages, Qbserved in cows homozygotas for the T allele, represent err economic advantage to dairy producers.
Using the PCIt..RFLP to distinguish the alleles (Buchanar.~ et al. 2002) we genotyped individuals frorni six dairy breeds. The SNP was present in all breeds examined (T~Ie 1).
Using bairy Herd Improvement records for 416 Holsteixi cows and a total of observations (from 11 Saskatchewan herds; Table 2) associations between milk production, milk fat percemtage, milk protein percentage, SAC linear scare, and leptin genotype ~rexe analyzed. Data were analy~ad using a mixed model (SAS v. f.0 for Windows (PROC
MIXED); SAS Imstitute, Gary, North Carolina, USA) to account for the repeated observations within cow and the clustering of observations at the herd level, Model specifications included a random statement with subject equal to cow within herd, and a compound sytnmetty covariance structure. Initial bivariate analyses were examined looking at the association between genotype and milk production outcomes. Potentially important cavariates ~uvere their ,introduced using a manual step-wise process to produce the fiaal model.
Additional covariates included milk fat percent, rt~ilk protein percent, days in milk (I~IIVI), lactation number, month the lactation started (for potential seasonal effects), and linear score.
The main~effects model was assessed far first-order interactions where genotype and one or more covariates remained in the model with .f ~ 0.05. Model diagnostics included visual examination of the raw and standardized residuals (SAS, 20aU). The residuals were plotted against predicted values of each observation. Rankit plots and VVilk-Shapiro tests were used to assess the normality afthe residuals (SAS, 2000), Our saalysis demonstrated a signi~eant impact of leptin genotype on milk yield, particularly in early lactation. Table 3 provides an ~estin late of the increase in milk yield of TT and TC
genotypes relative to the CC genotype. 43ver the entire lactation, the TT
genotype was associated with an increase in test-day milk yield of 1.5 kg per day versus CC. This effect was most prominent in early lactation (2.44 kgld) declining to 1.74 I~gld between 101 anal 2Q0 I3IM.
Analysis of milk composition indicated a negative impact of the 'T allele on mills fat percent, but an, insignificant impact an nxilk fat yield. As a result, yield of ~.5'/o fat corrected milk was not significantly affected by genotype. The tests shovr that milk fat yield was substantially cnnstant, with the milk fat distributed. through a larger milk yield, thus reducing the milk fat percent. Table 4 illustrates the vff'ect of a T allele at the leptin SNP ors test-day milk f$t percent.
Analysis of test-day milk protein indicated significant a protein yield increase in TT aad TC
cows. Table 5 illustrates the effect of a T allele at the Peptin SNf on test-day mills protein yield. Increased milk yield in caws with a T allele is thus associated with a decline in milk fat percent without changing milk protein percent such that protein yield, but not fat yield, is significantly increased.
The analysis also showed a significant impact of genotype at the leptin SNP
or: milk somatic cell count linear score. Caws homozygous for the T allele demonstrated a signii;zcant increase in somatic cell linear score over the entire lactation (P = 0,002) and within each of the early (P = 0.018), mid (P = 0.0~) and late (P ~ 0.033) lactation periods.
(Table 6).
Liefers et al. (2002) using a difl'°erer~t, intxonic, SNP in the leptin gene also found an increase in milk and protein yield in Holsteins. However, ia: their population the favorable allet~. vv~s. _ . . .__. _ ___ _ -~~- a~.. <zwm uumazyg0us) compared to the High frequency of the SNP reported herein.
These results indicate that the leptin T'f genotype is associated with increased milk and protein yield, without.chaaging ~,~chd-of u~i'~, fat. Seiecti~ TT cows fQr milking herds will increase the milk and protein production of the herd while rnaantaining nzitlc fat yield compared to a similar sized herd of ~CC cows.
Table 1. Frer~uenay of the G arid T alleles at the leptln SNP is dairy breeds # ~f ~Animais T allele C allele Holstein 416 0,46 11.54 Ayrshire 1? 0.62 0.38 grown, Swiss 21 0.45 D.55 Carradienne 9 0.11 0.89 ~'~.ternsey 1 b 0.06 0.94 Jersey 20 (Y.53 0.47 '>G'able 2. Description of 11 Saskatchewan dairy herds used in sturdy.
Item M,ear~ Mie~imu~Max3~sum Number of milking cows 71 36 I29 ~3erd average milk yield 30.5 I9,0 36_8 (kg/d) 3,6~ 2.94 4.51 Herd average fat percent 3.22 3.01 3.44 (%) 300,000S 1,000 S I $,000 Nerd average protein percent ~%) Herd average somatic cell count (aellslm>:,) Table 3. Effect of a T allele at the leptin SNP on test day milk yield (icgld), Genotype' EstimateDegrees ProbabilityLower Upper icgld Freedom ~' conixdenceiim confidence limit lcgld kgld Bntire lactatio TT 1.50 9149 0.04 0.05 2.95 TC 0.91 9149 0.12 -0.24 2.07 CC . . . , TT 2.44 249 0.004 0,78 4.11 TG 1.74 2499 0.01 0.41 3.07 CG
101.200 DIM
TT 1.74 250? 0.04 0.1 t 3.3?
TG 1.3$ 2507 0.04 0.08 2.6$
CC . . . . .
~ 200 I7IM
TT 0.24 3299 0.?29 -1.14 1.63 TC 0.22 3299 0,693 -0.8$ 1,32 CC . .
'Covariates included milk fat percent' milk protein percent, d,~,ys in :milk, lactation numb month that the lactation started (for potential seasonal effects), and soanatic aell linear score, zDays in milk Tahle ~ effect of a T allele at the ieutin sNP on test-day milk fat a~ercent.
Genotype'Estimate_~e~rees Probability).owner ~J~per - of (%) Freedom # confldeneecont9dence ilmit Ilmit (%) (%)__ DtMT
~TT -0.10 9150 0,140 -0~~4 0,03 TC ~ -0.07 9 3 50 0, I 79 -0.1 0.03 CC . , . . .
TT Ø95 250 0.057 -0.3i 0.00 TC -0.32 ~50~ O.OSb -0.2,5 0.00 'Covariates included milk fat percent, milk proteln percent, days In rrailk, lactation numbers month the lactation atarted (for potGntiai seaacnal effects), and somatle cell linear score.
~tiays in milk .
'Fable ~ Effect of a T allele at the leotin ~T~IP° ctn ttst-day milk protean yield tkltlti).
Genotype'Estimate~egreos Prm6abilltyIrowyer Upper of (k~ld) ~'e~edom , df cQnftdenseeonfidenee ~
ltnrit limit _ (It~ld3 ~k~Jd) 0-300 ' DiM~
TT O.o~3 ~ l~ I 0.063 -0.002 4.040 TC 0.0'5 91 C i 0.1132 -0.012 0.0b2 CC . . . , O..t00 DINt TT 0.472 2500 0.006 D.O~ 1 0.123 T~ 0.0so 2soo 0.oi 7 0.009 0.091 cc . . . . .
TT 0.047 X50;3 0.073 -0.004 0.099 TC ~ 0.037 2508 0.04 -0.004 O.D79 CC . .
'CoYariates included milk fat percent, tvitk proiain percent, days in milk, la~tatic~n number, momh the lactation started (for potential seasonal et~'tcts), and somatic cell linear soQrs.
Days in milk Table Effect afa T allele at the to tin 5Np on tact-da somatic cell count linear scare.
CenatypeEstimateDegrees ProbebltltyLouver Upp$r of Freedom !~ rdaiidenceepp~ttente limit ~ limit 0.300 TT 0.340 9152 0.002 0,203 0.874 TC 0,30 9152 O.Q9~ -0.037 0.498 CC . . , . , TT O.d82 2513 , 0.018 O,A83 0.881 TC 0,29 2513 0.1&4 Ø092 o.s4s ~C . ~ , , , ~1M
"i'T 0.17 X507 0.040, O.i~O 0.913 TC 0,099 ~s0'7 0.040 -0,;1111 0.415 .
CC .
Plus DtM
TT 0.386 3313 0.033 0.03 0.740 T'C 0,140 31 t 3 0.330 -0, l4~ 0.422 .,r,.
~.vr~nares mcmaea mtstc tat percent, tttfitt protGtn porcerit, siirya in milk, Ia~ta'tion number, the l~tetion started (~f~r po~entla! s~odsanat at~'ccts~ and aromatic sell linear score.
aDeys in milk Block, S,S., HutIer, 'W,R, Frhrhardt, R.A,, Bell, A.W., Van Amburgh, M.E. and Boisclair, ~;~xafS~F~~~ ~f~.~r~''i~t''w.~i i'i-~'~a~
;I~C$'w""''".'.~".~..r..a.v~.a.._____ ._ _____ _ . , Huchanan, F. C., G. J. Fitzsimmons, A. G. Van ICessel, T.D. T'hue, 1.7.C.
Winkelman-Sim, and S. M. Sahmutz. 2002. Association of a missense znutatioa in the bovine leptin gene with carcass fat content and Ieptin mRN'A levels. Genet. Sel, Evol.
34:105-116.
Liefers, S, C., M. F. W. to i~as, R. F_ 'Veerkamp, and T. van der Lende. 2QQ2.
Associations between leptin gene polymorphisans and praduction, live weight, energy belance, feed intake, and fertility in Holstein heifers. J. Dairy Sci. 85:1633-163 $, Ka,dodawa, H., D. Blacks, Y. ~'amada and G. B. Mat~tin. 2004. Relationships between changes in plasma coneentratians of legtin before and after parturition and the timing of first post-partum ovulation in high-producing Holstein dairy cows. Reprod, Fertil. Dev.
I2:4Q5-41 I.
Sant09-AlVareZ, .~., R. ~?'0~78Ina, and v. S8nC11BZ-11IIH2'~~Iet. 199.
~ILlnlail leptin a'f~TilulatBS
proliferation and activation of human: circulating monocytes. Cellular Immunology.
I X4:6-1 I .
SAS Lrser°s guide: Statistics, Version 8 Edition. 2000. SAS Inst., Inc.
Gary, NC.
Silva, L. F. P., M. J, vandeFlaar, M. S. Weber Nielsen, and G. W. Smith. 2002.
Evidence for a local effect of leptin is the bovine mammary gland. J. Dairy Sci.
85:31?3286.
Claims
Priority Applications (6)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2422437 CA2422437A1 (en) | 2003-03-18 | 2003-03-18 | Improving protein and milk production of dairy herds |
| EP11159459A EP2390352A1 (en) | 2003-03-18 | 2004-03-18 | Systems and methods for improving protein and milk production of dairy herds |
| US10/803,713 US20040241723A1 (en) | 2002-03-18 | 2004-03-18 | Systems and methods for improving protein and milk production of dairy herds |
| EP04721437A EP1606419A1 (en) | 2003-03-18 | 2004-03-18 | Systems and methods for improving protein and milk production of dairy herds |
| US12/396,804 US20100015613A1 (en) | 2003-03-18 | 2009-03-03 | Systems and Methods for Improving Protein and Milk Production of Dairy Herds |
| US13/226,217 US20120012065A1 (en) | 2003-03-18 | 2011-09-06 | Systems and Methods for Improving Protein and Milk Production of Dairy Herds |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2422437 CA2422437A1 (en) | 2003-03-18 | 2003-03-18 | Improving protein and milk production of dairy herds |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2422437A1 true CA2422437A1 (en) | 2004-09-18 |
Family
ID=32968235
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2422437 Abandoned CA2422437A1 (en) | 2002-03-18 | 2003-03-18 | Improving protein and milk production of dairy herds |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA2422437A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN113897441A (en) * | 2021-11-03 | 2022-01-07 | 山东省农业科学院畜牧兽医研究所 | SNP molecular marker for dairy cow milk production heat resistance screening and application of SNP molecular marker in breeding field |
| CN113897441B (en) * | 2021-11-03 | 2024-05-31 | 山东省农业科学院畜牧兽医研究所 | SNP molecular marker for screening milk heat resistance of dairy cows and application of SNP molecular marker in breeding field |
-
2003
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN113897441A (en) * | 2021-11-03 | 2022-01-07 | 山东省农业科学院畜牧兽医研究所 | SNP molecular marker for dairy cow milk production heat resistance screening and application of SNP molecular marker in breeding field |
| CN113897441B (en) * | 2021-11-03 | 2024-05-31 | 山东省农业科学院畜牧兽医研究所 | SNP molecular marker for screening milk heat resistance of dairy cows and application of SNP molecular marker in breeding field |
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