CA2391153A1 - Liquid supply system - Google Patents
Liquid supply system Download PDFInfo
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- CA2391153A1 CA2391153A1 CA002391153A CA2391153A CA2391153A1 CA 2391153 A1 CA2391153 A1 CA 2391153A1 CA 002391153 A CA002391153 A CA 002391153A CA 2391153 A CA2391153 A CA 2391153A CA 2391153 A1 CA2391153 A1 CA 2391153A1
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Abstract
A fluid supply system (20) has a series of heads or nozzles (22) for delivering liquid (29) in the form of a spray or mist. Liquid (29) is suppli ed to the heads or nozzles (22) from one or more storage tanks (25, 26, 27). Th e storage tank (25) or tanks (25, 26, 27) are pressurized by a gas compressor (42) having sufficient pressure to force the liquid (29) from the storage ta nk (25) or tanks (25, 26, 27) to the heads or nozzles (22). If more than one storage tank (25) is present, the storage tanks (25, 26, 27) may be connecte d to one another in either series or parallel. The storage tanks (25, 26, 27) can be made of a fiberglass-reinforced polymeric material to reduce weight a nd increase corrosion resistance.
Description
LIQUID SUPPLY SYSTEM
REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This application is a continuation-in-part of application Serial No. 09/026,997 filed 23 February 1998 for "Residential Fire Sprinkler Water Supply System".
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Field of the Invention The invention relates to a system for supplying liquid in a dispersed form, e.g., in the form of a spray or mist.
Description of the Prior Art A growing number of homeowners and fire authorities are recognizing the benefits of installing automatic fire sprinkler systems in homes. Some jurisdictions have mandated installation through local ordinances. Automatic fire sprinklers are generally installed in accordance with codes established by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) and local fire authorities. The NFPA
codes are set forth in NFPA Standards 13D and 13R. These codes require a sustained water supply at a given pressure for a given period of time. Such a sustained water supply at a given pressure for a given period of time is referred to as the system demand. The system demand for a single family home is, generally, a minimum of 60 pounds of water pressure for 10 minutes.
In certain areas, the water pressure in the domestic watt lines is not sufficient to provide the required system demand. Similarly, it may not be possible to achieve t required system demand when there is no dependable watt supply and/or when electricity is limited or lacking.
Under such circumstances, a self-cOt~ined automatic fib!
REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This application is a continuation-in-part of application Serial No. 09/026,997 filed 23 February 1998 for "Residential Fire Sprinkler Water Supply System".
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Field of the Invention The invention relates to a system for supplying liquid in a dispersed form, e.g., in the form of a spray or mist.
Description of the Prior Art A growing number of homeowners and fire authorities are recognizing the benefits of installing automatic fire sprinkler systems in homes. Some jurisdictions have mandated installation through local ordinances. Automatic fire sprinklers are generally installed in accordance with codes established by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) and local fire authorities. The NFPA
codes are set forth in NFPA Standards 13D and 13R. These codes require a sustained water supply at a given pressure for a given period of time. Such a sustained water supply at a given pressure for a given period of time is referred to as the system demand. The system demand for a single family home is, generally, a minimum of 60 pounds of water pressure for 10 minutes.
In certain areas, the water pressure in the domestic watt lines is not sufficient to provide the required system demand. Similarly, it may not be possible to achieve t required system demand when there is no dependable watt supply and/or when electricity is limited or lacking.
Under such circumstances, a self-cOt~ined automatic fib!
sprinkler system is the preferred system for fire protection. Conventional self-contained automatic fire sprinkler systems typically contain a single large water tank and one or more electric pumps to pump water from the tank. See, for example, U.S. Patent No. 4,366,865 to James J. Makibbin. Due to the large size of the water tank, these systems have little flexibility and may be difficult, if not impossible, to install in certain homes.
The water tank in a conventional self-contained automatic fire sprinkler system is typically made of metal. As such, the tank is heavy and difficult to maneuver.
Moreover, it may not be possible to mount the tank at the most convenient location since the tank is susceptible to corrosion~and should be placed in a non-corrosive environment.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the invention to provide a liquid supply system with more flexible liquid storage means.
Another object of the invention is to provide a liquid supply system having more mobile liquid storage means.
An additional object of the invention is to provide a liquid supply system with liquid storage means having good corrosion resistance.
The preceding objects, as well as others which will becosi apparent as the description proceeds, are achieved by the invention.
One aspect of the invention resides in a fluid supply system.
One embodiment of the supply system comprises a pluralit~t of vessels for storing liquid, a quantity of liquid in each of the vessels, and means for dispersing liquid for delivery. This embodiment of the supply system further comprises means for conveying liquid from the vessels to the dispersing means, and means for pressurizing the vessels so as to cause flow of liquid from the vessels to the dispersing means.
In accordance with the preceding embodiment of the liquid supply system, the liquid storage means includes a plurality of vessels. For a given volume of liquid, each of these vessels can be smaller than a single vessel designed for the same volume. The reduction in vessel size allows the vessels to be more readily adapted to existing layouts. Hence, the embodiment of the fluid supply system under consideration enables a relatively good degree of flexibility to be achieved.
Another embodiment of the fluid supply system comprises a vessel for storing liquid, and means for dispersing liquid for delivery. This embodiment of the supply system further comprises means for conveying liquid from the vessel to the dispersing means, and means for pressurizing the vessel so as to cause flow of liquid from the vessel to the dispersing means. The vessel includes a fiberglass-reinforced polymeric material.
The use of a fiberglass-reinforced polymeric material for the liquid storage vessel permits the weight of the vessel to be decreased and the maneuverability or mobility to be increased. Moreover, the vessel can be designed with a high degree of corrosion resistance inasmuch as fiberglass-reinforced polymeric material is resistant to corrosion. The fiberglass reinforcement gives the vessel strength to resist the pressure of liquid contained in ttl~
vessel.
The water tank in a conventional self-contained automatic fire sprinkler system is typically made of metal. As such, the tank is heavy and difficult to maneuver.
Moreover, it may not be possible to mount the tank at the most convenient location since the tank is susceptible to corrosion~and should be placed in a non-corrosive environment.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the invention to provide a liquid supply system with more flexible liquid storage means.
Another object of the invention is to provide a liquid supply system having more mobile liquid storage means.
An additional object of the invention is to provide a liquid supply system with liquid storage means having good corrosion resistance.
The preceding objects, as well as others which will becosi apparent as the description proceeds, are achieved by the invention.
One aspect of the invention resides in a fluid supply system.
One embodiment of the supply system comprises a pluralit~t of vessels for storing liquid, a quantity of liquid in each of the vessels, and means for dispersing liquid for delivery. This embodiment of the supply system further comprises means for conveying liquid from the vessels to the dispersing means, and means for pressurizing the vessels so as to cause flow of liquid from the vessels to the dispersing means.
In accordance with the preceding embodiment of the liquid supply system, the liquid storage means includes a plurality of vessels. For a given volume of liquid, each of these vessels can be smaller than a single vessel designed for the same volume. The reduction in vessel size allows the vessels to be more readily adapted to existing layouts. Hence, the embodiment of the fluid supply system under consideration enables a relatively good degree of flexibility to be achieved.
Another embodiment of the fluid supply system comprises a vessel for storing liquid, and means for dispersing liquid for delivery. This embodiment of the supply system further comprises means for conveying liquid from the vessel to the dispersing means, and means for pressurizing the vessel so as to cause flow of liquid from the vessel to the dispersing means. The vessel includes a fiberglass-reinforced polymeric material.
The use of a fiberglass-reinforced polymeric material for the liquid storage vessel permits the weight of the vessel to be decreased and the maneuverability or mobility to be increased. Moreover, the vessel can be designed with a high degree of corrosion resistance inasmuch as fiberglass-reinforced polymeric material is resistant to corrosion. The fiberglass reinforcement gives the vessel strength to resist the pressure of liquid contained in ttl~
vessel.
Additional features and advantages of the invention will be forthcoming from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a fluid supply system in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic partly sectional view of the fluid supply system of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is similar to FIG. 2 but shows another embodiment .of a fluid supply system according to the invention.
FIG. 4 is a fragmentary partly sectional view illustrating an additional embodiment of a fluid supply system in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 5 is a schematic perspective view showing a plurality of storage tanks constituting part of a further embodiment of a fluid supply system according to the invention.
FIG. 6 is a schematic perspective view illustrating an enclosure for the storage tanks of FIG. 5.
FIG. 7 is a schematic sectional elevational view showing the storage tanks of FIG. 5 and the enclosure of FIG. 6 incorporated in a fluid supply system for a residence.
FIG. 8 is a sectional view of one of the storage tanks of FIG. 5.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a fluid supply system in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic partly sectional view of the fluid supply system of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is similar to FIG. 2 but shows another embodiment .of a fluid supply system according to the invention.
FIG. 4 is a fragmentary partly sectional view illustrating an additional embodiment of a fluid supply system in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 5 is a schematic perspective view showing a plurality of storage tanks constituting part of a further embodiment of a fluid supply system according to the invention.
FIG. 6 is a schematic perspective view illustrating an enclosure for the storage tanks of FIG. 5.
FIG. 7 is a schematic sectional elevational view showing the storage tanks of FIG. 5 and the enclosure of FIG. 6 incorporated in a fluid supply system for a residence.
FIG. 8 is a sectional view of one of the storage tanks of FIG. 5.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring to FIG. 1, the numeral 20 identifies a fluid supply system in accordance with the invention. The fluid 5 supply system 20 is a limited-demand liquid supply system and is here in the form of an automatic fire sprinkler system. The fire sprinkler system 20 includes automatic sprinkler heads 22 which constitute a means for dispersing liquid for delivery or discharge. The number and locations of the automatic sprinkler heads 22 are specific to each individual installation and depend upon many factors well known by those knowledgeable in the art.
The fire sprinkler system 20 further includes a plurality of storage tanks or vessels 25, 26 and 27 serving as a vessel means for storing liquid under pressure. The storage tanks 25,26,27 are preferably made of a lightweight fiberglass-reinforced polymeric material, e.g., fiberglass-reinforced polyethylene. Such tanks are available, for instance, from Structural North America, Chardon, OH. The use of fiberglass-reinforced polymeric material for the storage tanks 25,26,27 allows the tanks 25,26,27 to be relatively light as well as corrosion resistant. Furthermore, storage tanks 25,26,27 composed of this type of material have relatively low operating and maintenance costs while possessing sufficient tensile strength to withstand the action of pressurized fluid.
Fiberglass-reinforced polymeric storage tanks 25,26,27 also have the ability to be buried and to be used in marine environments.
Each of the storage tanks 25,26,27 preferably has a capacity of less than about 200 gallons. Such a size has advantages as regards cost and efficiency.
Turning to FIG. 2 in conjunction with FIG. l, the fire sprinkler system 20 employs a liquid as a fire suppression medium. The liquid is here assumed to be water. and a body or quantity of water 29 is maintained under pressure in each of the storage tanks 25,26,27 by a body or layer of compressed gas 30, e.g., air or nitrogen. Each storage tank 25,26,27 can be about two-thirds full of water and about one-third full of compressed gas.
The sizing of the storage tanks 25,26,27 and the volume of compressed gas 30 required to produce the desired delivery pressure of the water 29 can be calculated by those skilled in the art using guidelines established by the NFPA and local fire authorities. For one family and two family residences, the NFPA typically requires a water volume and gas pressure sufficient to produce a ten-minute water supply to the sprinkler heads 22. It has been found that this requirement can be met if the storage tanks 25,26,27 have dimensions of about 30 inches by 72 inches.
These dimensions correspond to a storage capacity of about 188 gallons for each tank 25,26,27, and the required ten-minute water supply may be produced with an initial gas pressure of 150 psi. As the water 29 is used during operation of the sprinkler system 20, the gas pressure decreases and may go as low as 15 psi.
The nizrnber of storage tanks 25,26,27, as well as the capacities of the tanks 25,26,27 and the initial gas pressure, were determined for a particular residence. It will be understood that these parameters may vary for different situations.
The storage tanks 25,26,27, which are installed on-site and are disposed adjacent a structure to be protected, may be mounted in parallel as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. The storage tanks 25,26,27 are preferably located in a secure area to prevent tampering and can, for instance, be situated in a garage.
Referring to FIG. 1, the numeral 20 identifies a fluid supply system in accordance with the invention. The fluid 5 supply system 20 is a limited-demand liquid supply system and is here in the form of an automatic fire sprinkler system. The fire sprinkler system 20 includes automatic sprinkler heads 22 which constitute a means for dispersing liquid for delivery or discharge. The number and locations of the automatic sprinkler heads 22 are specific to each individual installation and depend upon many factors well known by those knowledgeable in the art.
The fire sprinkler system 20 further includes a plurality of storage tanks or vessels 25, 26 and 27 serving as a vessel means for storing liquid under pressure. The storage tanks 25,26,27 are preferably made of a lightweight fiberglass-reinforced polymeric material, e.g., fiberglass-reinforced polyethylene. Such tanks are available, for instance, from Structural North America, Chardon, OH. The use of fiberglass-reinforced polymeric material for the storage tanks 25,26,27 allows the tanks 25,26,27 to be relatively light as well as corrosion resistant. Furthermore, storage tanks 25,26,27 composed of this type of material have relatively low operating and maintenance costs while possessing sufficient tensile strength to withstand the action of pressurized fluid.
Fiberglass-reinforced polymeric storage tanks 25,26,27 also have the ability to be buried and to be used in marine environments.
Each of the storage tanks 25,26,27 preferably has a capacity of less than about 200 gallons. Such a size has advantages as regards cost and efficiency.
Turning to FIG. 2 in conjunction with FIG. l, the fire sprinkler system 20 employs a liquid as a fire suppression medium. The liquid is here assumed to be water. and a body or quantity of water 29 is maintained under pressure in each of the storage tanks 25,26,27 by a body or layer of compressed gas 30, e.g., air or nitrogen. Each storage tank 25,26,27 can be about two-thirds full of water and about one-third full of compressed gas.
The sizing of the storage tanks 25,26,27 and the volume of compressed gas 30 required to produce the desired delivery pressure of the water 29 can be calculated by those skilled in the art using guidelines established by the NFPA and local fire authorities. For one family and two family residences, the NFPA typically requires a water volume and gas pressure sufficient to produce a ten-minute water supply to the sprinkler heads 22. It has been found that this requirement can be met if the storage tanks 25,26,27 have dimensions of about 30 inches by 72 inches.
These dimensions correspond to a storage capacity of about 188 gallons for each tank 25,26,27, and the required ten-minute water supply may be produced with an initial gas pressure of 150 psi. As the water 29 is used during operation of the sprinkler system 20, the gas pressure decreases and may go as low as 15 psi.
The nizrnber of storage tanks 25,26,27, as well as the capacities of the tanks 25,26,27 and the initial gas pressure, were determined for a particular residence. It will be understood that these parameters may vary for different situations.
The storage tanks 25,26,27, which are installed on-site and are disposed adjacent a structure to be protected, may be mounted in parallel as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. The storage tanks 25,26,27 are preferably located in a secure area to prevent tampering and can, for instance, be situated in a garage.
A means for filling the storage tanks 25,26,27 with the water 29 and the compressed gas 30 includes an upper tank piping assembly 31 having a water end 32 and a gas end 33.
The upper tank piping assembly 31 comprises upper tank piping 34 which may be 1/2 inch in diameter. The upper tank piping assembly 31 is connected to the storage tanks 25,26,27 by upper piping couplers 35 which are spaced along the upper tank piping assembly 31 in accordance with the spacing of the storage tanks 25,26,27. The upper piping couplers 35 can be 1/2-inch tees of a well-known type. Tank stems 36 are attached to the piping couplers 35 and to upper tank fittings 36b by way of meshing threads thereby completing the connection of the storage tanks 25,26,27 to the upper tank piping assembly 31. The tank stems 36 can, for example, be 1/2 inch in diameter.
The upper tank piping 34, upper piping couplers 35, upper tank fittings 36b and tank stems 36 constitute, or constitute part of, a fill means for placing the water 29 in or admitting the water 29 into the storage vessels 25,26,27.
Filling of the storage tanks 25,26,27 with the water 29 takes place through a water inlet valve 37 which constitutes, or constitutes part of, a control means for controlling the admission of the water 29 into the tanks 25,26,27. The water inlet valve 37 is of a type selectable by those with ordinary skill in the art and may, for instance, be in the form of a 1/2-inch check valve. The water inlet valve 37 is connected to the storage tanks 25,26,27 above the tanks 25,26,27 and is attached to the water end 32 of the upper tank piping assembly 31 by meshing threads.
The water 29, which may be household water in the case of a home or residence, is transported to the storage tanks 25,26,27 by a conveying means. The conveying means may, for instance, be a garden hose (not shown) which can be attached to the water inlet valve 37 by meshing threads.
It is also possible to supply the water 29 through threaded pipe couplers and adapters.
As mentioned previously, each of the storage tanks 25,26,27 may be two-thirds filled with the water 29 and one-third filled with the compressed gas 30. To assist an operator in monitoring the level of the water 29, a water-level gauge 38 (FIG. 1) is provided in each of the storage tanks 25,26,27.
A means for draining the water 29 from the storage tanks 25,26,27 includes a drainage assembly 39 which is provided with a main drain valve 40. The main drain valve 40 is of a type readily selectable by those skilled in the art and can, for instance, be a 1/2-inch globe valve. The main drain valve 40 is attached to drain piping 41 by meshing threads and allows for manual opening and closing of the drainage assembly 39. By way of example, the drain piping 41 can be 1/2 inch in diameter. The drainage assembly 39 permits the water 29 to be drained from the storage tanks 25,26,27 for system maintenance or in the event of tank overfill.
An air compressor 42 of a type readily selectable by those skilled in the art is provided to supply the compressed gas 30 to the storage tanks 25,26,27. As shown in FIG. 1, the air compressor 42 is attached to the gas end 33 of the upper tank piping assembly 31 in a well-known manner by means of piping. A portable air compressor having an air hose may be employed instead of the illustrated air compressor 42, and the air hose may have a quick-disconnect coupling element of a well-known type for attachment of the air hose to the gas end 33 of the upper tank piping assembly 31.
A gas pressure gauge 43 of a type readily selectable by those skilled in the art may be installed in the upper tank piping assembly 31 in a well-known manner as shown in FIG. 1. The gas pressure gauge 43 constitutes, or constitutes part of, a means for monitoring and testing the fire sprinkler system 20. To allow passage of the compressed gas 30 while preventing entry of the water 29 into the air compressor 42, a gas inlet valve 44 is attached to the gas end 33 of the upper tank piping assembly 31 by meshing threads. The gas inlet valve 44 can, for example, be a 1/2-inch check valve.
The fire sprinkler system 20 will be seen to include a set of valves structured and arranged to permit placing of the water 29 in or admission of the water 29 into the storage tanks 25,26,27. The set of valves is further structured and arranged to thereafter permit essentially pneumatic sealing of the storage tanks 25,26,27 so as to allow gas under pressure to be applied to the tanks 25,26,27.
To ensure that the required pressure is maintained throughout the fire sprinkler system 20, a gas pressure switch 48 of a type readily selectable by those skilled in the art is attached to the upper tank piping assembly 31 in a well-known fashion. In operation, the gas pressure switch 48 is preset in a conventional manner to monitor the gas pressure in the upper tank piping assembly 31. If the gas pressure drops below the preset level, e.g., due to a gas leak, the gas pressure switch 48 automatically sends an electrical "power on" signal to the air compressor 42 via standard conductive wires 49. This activates the air compressor 42 which, upon activation, supplies compressed gas to the upper tank piping assembly 31 until the prescribed gas pressure is achieved. At this point, the gas pressure switch 48 sends a "power off"
signal to the air compressor 42 thereby deactivating the same. The air compressor 42 may receive power from the electrical wiring in a structure, e.g., a residence, or from battery means (not shown).
The fire sprinkler system 20 will be seen to include pressure means for applying gas under pressure directly to 5 the storage tanks 25,26,27. The fire sprinkler system 20 additionally includes gas pressure management means for managing the application of gas under pressure to the tanks 25,26,27.
The upper tank piping assembly 31 comprises upper tank piping 34 which may be 1/2 inch in diameter. The upper tank piping assembly 31 is connected to the storage tanks 25,26,27 by upper piping couplers 35 which are spaced along the upper tank piping assembly 31 in accordance with the spacing of the storage tanks 25,26,27. The upper piping couplers 35 can be 1/2-inch tees of a well-known type. Tank stems 36 are attached to the piping couplers 35 and to upper tank fittings 36b by way of meshing threads thereby completing the connection of the storage tanks 25,26,27 to the upper tank piping assembly 31. The tank stems 36 can, for example, be 1/2 inch in diameter.
The upper tank piping 34, upper piping couplers 35, upper tank fittings 36b and tank stems 36 constitute, or constitute part of, a fill means for placing the water 29 in or admitting the water 29 into the storage vessels 25,26,27.
Filling of the storage tanks 25,26,27 with the water 29 takes place through a water inlet valve 37 which constitutes, or constitutes part of, a control means for controlling the admission of the water 29 into the tanks 25,26,27. The water inlet valve 37 is of a type selectable by those with ordinary skill in the art and may, for instance, be in the form of a 1/2-inch check valve. The water inlet valve 37 is connected to the storage tanks 25,26,27 above the tanks 25,26,27 and is attached to the water end 32 of the upper tank piping assembly 31 by meshing threads.
The water 29, which may be household water in the case of a home or residence, is transported to the storage tanks 25,26,27 by a conveying means. The conveying means may, for instance, be a garden hose (not shown) which can be attached to the water inlet valve 37 by meshing threads.
It is also possible to supply the water 29 through threaded pipe couplers and adapters.
As mentioned previously, each of the storage tanks 25,26,27 may be two-thirds filled with the water 29 and one-third filled with the compressed gas 30. To assist an operator in monitoring the level of the water 29, a water-level gauge 38 (FIG. 1) is provided in each of the storage tanks 25,26,27.
A means for draining the water 29 from the storage tanks 25,26,27 includes a drainage assembly 39 which is provided with a main drain valve 40. The main drain valve 40 is of a type readily selectable by those skilled in the art and can, for instance, be a 1/2-inch globe valve. The main drain valve 40 is attached to drain piping 41 by meshing threads and allows for manual opening and closing of the drainage assembly 39. By way of example, the drain piping 41 can be 1/2 inch in diameter. The drainage assembly 39 permits the water 29 to be drained from the storage tanks 25,26,27 for system maintenance or in the event of tank overfill.
An air compressor 42 of a type readily selectable by those skilled in the art is provided to supply the compressed gas 30 to the storage tanks 25,26,27. As shown in FIG. 1, the air compressor 42 is attached to the gas end 33 of the upper tank piping assembly 31 in a well-known manner by means of piping. A portable air compressor having an air hose may be employed instead of the illustrated air compressor 42, and the air hose may have a quick-disconnect coupling element of a well-known type for attachment of the air hose to the gas end 33 of the upper tank piping assembly 31.
A gas pressure gauge 43 of a type readily selectable by those skilled in the art may be installed in the upper tank piping assembly 31 in a well-known manner as shown in FIG. 1. The gas pressure gauge 43 constitutes, or constitutes part of, a means for monitoring and testing the fire sprinkler system 20. To allow passage of the compressed gas 30 while preventing entry of the water 29 into the air compressor 42, a gas inlet valve 44 is attached to the gas end 33 of the upper tank piping assembly 31 by meshing threads. The gas inlet valve 44 can, for example, be a 1/2-inch check valve.
The fire sprinkler system 20 will be seen to include a set of valves structured and arranged to permit placing of the water 29 in or admission of the water 29 into the storage tanks 25,26,27. The set of valves is further structured and arranged to thereafter permit essentially pneumatic sealing of the storage tanks 25,26,27 so as to allow gas under pressure to be applied to the tanks 25,26,27.
To ensure that the required pressure is maintained throughout the fire sprinkler system 20, a gas pressure switch 48 of a type readily selectable by those skilled in the art is attached to the upper tank piping assembly 31 in a well-known fashion. In operation, the gas pressure switch 48 is preset in a conventional manner to monitor the gas pressure in the upper tank piping assembly 31. If the gas pressure drops below the preset level, e.g., due to a gas leak, the gas pressure switch 48 automatically sends an electrical "power on" signal to the air compressor 42 via standard conductive wires 49. This activates the air compressor 42 which, upon activation, supplies compressed gas to the upper tank piping assembly 31 until the prescribed gas pressure is achieved. At this point, the gas pressure switch 48 sends a "power off"
signal to the air compressor 42 thereby deactivating the same. The air compressor 42 may receive power from the electrical wiring in a structure, e.g., a residence, or from battery means (not shown).
The fire sprinkler system 20 will be seen to include pressure means for applying gas under pressure directly to 5 the storage tanks 25,26,27. The fire sprinkler system 20 additionally includes gas pressure management means for managing the application of gas under pressure to the tanks 25,26,27.
10 In the event of a fire, one or more of the fire sprinkler heads 22 will activate. The pressurized water 29 will thereupon be forced from the storage tanks 25,26,27 into the drainage assembly 39. As best shown in FIG. 1, the drainage assembly 39 comprises tank drain piping segments 50. Each of the storage tanks 25,26,27 is provided with a tank connection 52 (FIG. 2), and tank couplers 51 connect the tank connections 52 to respective ones of the tank drain piping segments 50 by way of meshing threads. The tank drain piping segments 50 can be one inch in diameter while the tank couplers 51 may be in the form of one-inch elbows.
To prevent backflow if one or more of the storage tanks 25,26,27 needs to be replaced, the drainage assembly 39 further comprises drain valves 58 which are attached to the respective tank drain piping segments 50 via meshing threads. The drain valves 58 can, for instance, be constituted by one-inch check valves. Each tank drain piping segment 50 is, in turn, attached to the drain piping 41 by meshing threads through the agency of a drain pipe coupler 59, e.g., a one-inch tee.
When one or more of the sprinkler heads 22 is activated, the pressurized water 29 is forced through the tank drain piping segments 50 into the drain piping 41. The pressurized water 29 is then forced into transfer piping 60 from where the water 29 is routed to the individual sprinkler heads 22.
As illustrated in FIG. 1, a second gas pressure switch 63 of a type well-known in the art may be attached to the upper tank piping assembly 31 in conventional fashion, e.g., by means of meshing threads. Furthermore, a liquid flow switch 64 may be attached to the drainage assembly 39 or the transfer piping 60 in a well-known manner such as, for example, via meshing threads. The switches 63,64 are intended to sense a dramatic drop in gas pressure or water flow through the sprinkler system 20. If such a drop in gas pressure or water flow occurs, an audible alarm (not shown) sounds and/or an emergency number is automatically dialed.
A fire sprinkler riser 66 may be attached to the transfer piping 60 as shown in FIG. 1. The fire sprinkler riser 66, which is conventional, includes the elements required to test the fire sprinkler system 20.
The fire sprinkler system 20 will be seen to include line means for moving or conveying the water 29 from the storage tanks 25,26,27 to the fire sprinkler riser 66.
The line means is connected to the storage tanks 25,26,27 below the same. It is to be understood that the materials for the various components (piping, valves,, etc.) of the fire sprinkler system 20 will typically be in accordance with the applicable NFPA requirements.
In FIG. 3, the same reference numerals as in FIGS. 1 and 2, plus 100, are used to identify similar elements.
The fire sprinkler system 120 of FIG. 3 also uses multiple tanks or vessels 126 and 127 to store liquid under pressure. Each of the storage tanks 126,127 is completely filled with a body or quantity of liquid 129 which is again assumed to be water. An additional tank or vessel 171 is completely filled with compressed gas 130, e.g., air or nitrogen. The storage tanks 126,127,171 are all the same size so that two-thirds of the total volume of the tanks 126,127,171 is filled with the water 129 while one-third is filled with the compressed gas 130, i.e., the ratio of the volume of the water 129 to the volume of the compressed gas 130 is 2:1 as in FIGS. 1 and 2.
A means to fill the storage tanks 126,127,171 with the water 129 and the compressed gas 130 includes an upper tank piping assembly 131. The upper tank piping assembly 131 has a water portion 167 with a water end 132 and a gas portion 168 with a gas end 133. The water 129 is prevented from flowing into the gas storage tank 171 by a valve 169 which is attached to the upper tank piping assembly 131 by meshing threads between the gas storage tank 171 and the water storage tank 126. By way of example, the valve 169 can be a conventional 1/2-inch check valve.
Readying the fire sprinkler system 120 for use can be accomplished, for instance, by attaching a water conveying means (not shown) to the water end 132 of the upper tank piping assembly 131. The water 129, which may be household water, passes through the water inlet valve 137 and enters the water storage tanks 126,127 completely filling the same. Each of the water storage tanks 126,127 may be provided with a sight glass to monitor the filling process.
To assist in monitoring and testing the fire sprinkler system 120, a water or liquid pressure gauge 170 of a type well-known in the art is attached to the water portion 167 of the upper tank piping assembly 131 by meshing threads.
The compressed gas 130 is supplied to the upper tank piping assembly 131 by an air compressor 142 constituting a means for providing compressed gas. The air compressor 142 is attached to the gas end 133 of the upper tank piping assembly 131 in a known fashion. A portable air compressor having an air hose may be employed instead of the illustrated air compressor 142, and the air hose may have a quick-disconnect coupling element of a well-known type for attachment of the air hose to the gas end 133 of the upper tank piping assembly 131.
A gas inlet valve 144 is attached to the gas end 133 of the upper tank piping assembly 131 by meshing threads, and the valve 144 is designed to maintain the compressed gas 130 within the upper tank piping assembly 131. To monitor the gas pressure in the gas storage tank 171, a gas pressure gauge 143 is attached to the gas portion 168 of the upper tank piping assembly 131 via meshing threads.
A gas pressure switch 148 is attached to the gas portion 168 of the upper tank piping assembly 131 by meshing threads and functions to monitor and maintain the gas pressure in the gas storage tank 171. The gas pressure switch 148 is structured and arranged to activate the air compressor 142 when the pressure in the fire sprinkler system 120 drops below a preset level.
Similarly to the fire sprinkler system 20 of FIGS. 1 and 2, the fire sprinkler system 120 is provided with a drainage assembly 139. To ensure that the system 120 remains pressurized if either the water storage tank 126 or the water storage tank 127 needs to be repaired or replaced, a drain valve 158 is incorporated in the drainage assembly 139 for each of the water storage tanks 126,127. The drain valves 158 can, for example, be in the form of one-inch check valves.
The drainage assembly 139 further comprises drain piping 141. A main drain valve 140, e.g., a 1/2-inch globe valve, is attached to the drain piping 141 by means of meshing threads and allows the water 129 to be manually drained from the fire sprinkler system 120.
As is the case for the fire sprinkler system 20 of FIGS. 1 and 2, a second gas pressure switch, as well as a water flow switch, may be incorporated in the upper tank piping assembly 131 of the fire sprinkler system 120. These switches are intended to sense a dramatic drop in gas pressure or water flow through the fire sprinkler system 120. If such a drop in gas pressure or water flow occurs, an audible alarm (not shown) sounds and/or an emergency number is automatically dialed.
The fire sprinkler system 120 may also comprise a fire sprinkler riser which includes the elements required for testing of the fire sprinkler system 120. The fire sprinkler riser can be conventional and attached to the fire sprinkler system 120 in a known manner.
The fire sprinkler system 120 is provided with a plurality of non-illustrated automatic fire sprinkler heads. In the event of a fire, one or more of the fire sprinkler heads will activate thereby causing a pressure drop in the fire sprinkler system 120. This pressure drop causes the water 129 to be forced from the water storage tanks 126,127 by the compressed gas 130 in the gas storage tank 171. The water 129 flows out of the bottoms of the water storage tanks 126,127 into the drainage assembly 139. The water 129 is then conveyed to the activated sprinkler head or heads through transfer piping which is not shown in FIG.
3.
The NFPA requirement for one and two family residences is a ten-minute water supply to the fire sprinkler heads.
When the fire sprinkler system 120 is built into such a residence, the volume of the water 129 in the water storage tanks 126,127 is sufficient to meet this requirement.
In FIG. 4, the same numerals as in FIGS. 1 and 2, plus 5 200, are used to identify similar elements.
FIG. 4 illustrates a fire sprinkler system 220 which comprises a large liquid storage tank or vessel 275 located outside of and adjacent to a home or residence 10 221. The storage tank 275 is preferably structured for underground placement as shown and may be made 1~f a lightweight yet durable material such as a fiberglass-reinforced polymeric material, e.g., fiberglass-reinforced polyethylene available from Structural North America, 15 Chardon, OH. A body or quantity of liquid 229, once again assumed to be water, is contained in the storage tank 275 which will hereinafter be referred to as a water storage tank. The water storage tank 275 can, for example, have dimensions of 48 inches by 72 inches which would allow the water storage tank 275 to hold about 370 gallons of water.
The fire sprinkler system 220 further comprises an additional tank or vessel 276 which constitutes a storage tank for a body or quantity of compressed gas 230, e.g., air or nitrogen. The compressed gas 230 functions to force the water 229 to automatic fire sprinkler heads 222.
The gas storage tank 276 can be made of a lightweight yet durable material such as a fiberglass-reinforced polymeric material, e.g., fiberglass-reinforced polyethylene available from Structural North America, Chardon, OH.
The water storage tank 275 is completely filled with the water 229 while the gas storage tank 276 is completely filled with the compressed gas 230. If the total volume of the storage tanks 275,276 is to be two-thirds filled with the water 229 and one-third with the compressed gas 230, i.e., if the ratio of the volume of the water 229 to the volume of the compressed gas 230 is to be 2:1, the volume of the gas storage tank 276 will be one-half that of the water storage tank 275. By way of example, the gas storage tank 276 will then have dimensions of 30 inches by 72 inches when the water storage tank 275 has dimensions of 48 inches by 72 inches.
It is preferred for the gas storage tank 276 to be structured so that the tank 276 can be located in a vacant area of the home 221. In FIG. 4, the gas storage tank 276 is disposed in an attic 277 of the home 221.
The fire sprinkler system 220 can be installed in a secure manner with little or no readily visible hardware even if the home 221 does not lend itself to such a system, e.g., due to limited space.
A means for filling the water storage tank 275 with the water 229 comprises an intake pipe 279 having an intake end 278. An intake valve 280, e.g., a 1/2-inch gate valve, is attached to the intake pipe 279 via meshing threads and acts to prevent the escape of the pressurized water 229 from the water storage tank 275. To prepare the fire sprinkler system 220 for use, a water conveying means (not shown) is attached to the intake end 278 of the intake pipe 279 in known fashion. The water conveying means could be an ordinary garden hose which is connected to the intake end 278 of the intake pipe 279 by meshing threads. The water 229 flows from the conveying means through the intake valve 280 and the intake pipe 279 into the water storage tank 275 until the tank 275 is filled to capacity.
The single water storage tank 275 may be replaced by a plurality of water storage tanks. This could be necessary in order to meet applicable NFPA water volume requirements. Furthermore, under certain circumstances, a plurality of water storage tanks may be more cost effective than the single water storage tank 275 or may allow more efficient utilization of space.
The gas storage tank 276 is connected to the water storage tank 275 by gas piping 284, e.g., 1/2-inch piping. To prevent backflow of the water 229 into the gas piping 284 when the fire sprinkler system 220 is not pressurized, a gas valve 283 is attached to the gas piping 284 by means of meshing threads. The gas valve 283, which can be a 1/2-inch check valve, is located between the gas storage tank 276 and the water storage tank 275.
A conventional air compressor 242 supplies the compressed gas 230 to the gas storage tank 276. The air compressor 242 is attached to the gas piping 284 in a known manner.
A portable air compressor having an air hose may be employed instead of the illustrated air compressor 242, and the air hose may have a quick-disconnect coupling element of a well-known type for attachment of the air hose to the gas piping 284.
A gas valve 285, which can be in the form of a 1/2-inch check valve, is attached to the gas piping 284 by way of meshing threads. The gas valve 285, which is located between the gas storage tank 276 and the air compressor 242, helps to pneumatically seal the fire sprinkler system 220. To monitor the pressure in the fire sprinkler system 220, a gas gauge 286 of known kind is attached to the gas piping 284 via meshing threads. The gas gauge-286 is disposed at an appropriate location between the gas storage tank 276 and the water storage tank 275.
A gas pressure switch 248 of a known type is attached to the gas piping 284 by meshing threads. The gas pressure switch 248 is structured and arranged to automatically activate the air compressor 242 when the pressure in the fire sprinkler system 220 drops below a preset level.
In the event of a fire, one or more of the automatic sprinkler heads 222 will activate thereby causing the pressure in the fire sprinkler system 220 to drop. Due to the pressure drop, the compressed gas 230 in the gas storage tank 276 forces the water 229 from the bottom 287 of the water storage tank 275 into water piping 288. The water 229 is then forced to the activated sprinkler head or heads 22 by way of transfer piping 260. A fire sprinkler riser 266 may be attached to the transfer piping 260 in known fashion. The fire sprinkler riser 266, which is conventional, includes the elements required to test the fire sprinkler system 220.
A water valve 289, e.g., a one-inch check valve, is attached to the water piping 288 via meshing threads and acts to pneumatically seal the fire sprinkler system 220 if the water storage tank 275 needs to be moved or replaced.
As in the fire sprinkler system 20 of FIGS. 1 and 2, the fire sprinkler system 220 may comprise a second gas pressure switch and a water flow switch. These switches are intended to sense a dramatic drop in gas pressure or water flow within the fire sprinkler system 220. If such a drop in gas pressure or water flow occurs, an audible alarm (not shown) sounds and/or an emergency number is automatically dialed.
The fire sprinkler systems 20,120,220 can be used with particular advantage in small structures since they require relatively little space. In addition, the fire sprinkler systems 20,120,220 are economical and can significantly boost water pressure. The fire sprinkler systems 20,120,220 are also self-contained and can operate without electricity.
To prevent backflow if one or more of the storage tanks 25,26,27 needs to be replaced, the drainage assembly 39 further comprises drain valves 58 which are attached to the respective tank drain piping segments 50 via meshing threads. The drain valves 58 can, for instance, be constituted by one-inch check valves. Each tank drain piping segment 50 is, in turn, attached to the drain piping 41 by meshing threads through the agency of a drain pipe coupler 59, e.g., a one-inch tee.
When one or more of the sprinkler heads 22 is activated, the pressurized water 29 is forced through the tank drain piping segments 50 into the drain piping 41. The pressurized water 29 is then forced into transfer piping 60 from where the water 29 is routed to the individual sprinkler heads 22.
As illustrated in FIG. 1, a second gas pressure switch 63 of a type well-known in the art may be attached to the upper tank piping assembly 31 in conventional fashion, e.g., by means of meshing threads. Furthermore, a liquid flow switch 64 may be attached to the drainage assembly 39 or the transfer piping 60 in a well-known manner such as, for example, via meshing threads. The switches 63,64 are intended to sense a dramatic drop in gas pressure or water flow through the sprinkler system 20. If such a drop in gas pressure or water flow occurs, an audible alarm (not shown) sounds and/or an emergency number is automatically dialed.
A fire sprinkler riser 66 may be attached to the transfer piping 60 as shown in FIG. 1. The fire sprinkler riser 66, which is conventional, includes the elements required to test the fire sprinkler system 20.
The fire sprinkler system 20 will be seen to include line means for moving or conveying the water 29 from the storage tanks 25,26,27 to the fire sprinkler riser 66.
The line means is connected to the storage tanks 25,26,27 below the same. It is to be understood that the materials for the various components (piping, valves,, etc.) of the fire sprinkler system 20 will typically be in accordance with the applicable NFPA requirements.
In FIG. 3, the same reference numerals as in FIGS. 1 and 2, plus 100, are used to identify similar elements.
The fire sprinkler system 120 of FIG. 3 also uses multiple tanks or vessels 126 and 127 to store liquid under pressure. Each of the storage tanks 126,127 is completely filled with a body or quantity of liquid 129 which is again assumed to be water. An additional tank or vessel 171 is completely filled with compressed gas 130, e.g., air or nitrogen. The storage tanks 126,127,171 are all the same size so that two-thirds of the total volume of the tanks 126,127,171 is filled with the water 129 while one-third is filled with the compressed gas 130, i.e., the ratio of the volume of the water 129 to the volume of the compressed gas 130 is 2:1 as in FIGS. 1 and 2.
A means to fill the storage tanks 126,127,171 with the water 129 and the compressed gas 130 includes an upper tank piping assembly 131. The upper tank piping assembly 131 has a water portion 167 with a water end 132 and a gas portion 168 with a gas end 133. The water 129 is prevented from flowing into the gas storage tank 171 by a valve 169 which is attached to the upper tank piping assembly 131 by meshing threads between the gas storage tank 171 and the water storage tank 126. By way of example, the valve 169 can be a conventional 1/2-inch check valve.
Readying the fire sprinkler system 120 for use can be accomplished, for instance, by attaching a water conveying means (not shown) to the water end 132 of the upper tank piping assembly 131. The water 129, which may be household water, passes through the water inlet valve 137 and enters the water storage tanks 126,127 completely filling the same. Each of the water storage tanks 126,127 may be provided with a sight glass to monitor the filling process.
To assist in monitoring and testing the fire sprinkler system 120, a water or liquid pressure gauge 170 of a type well-known in the art is attached to the water portion 167 of the upper tank piping assembly 131 by meshing threads.
The compressed gas 130 is supplied to the upper tank piping assembly 131 by an air compressor 142 constituting a means for providing compressed gas. The air compressor 142 is attached to the gas end 133 of the upper tank piping assembly 131 in a known fashion. A portable air compressor having an air hose may be employed instead of the illustrated air compressor 142, and the air hose may have a quick-disconnect coupling element of a well-known type for attachment of the air hose to the gas end 133 of the upper tank piping assembly 131.
A gas inlet valve 144 is attached to the gas end 133 of the upper tank piping assembly 131 by meshing threads, and the valve 144 is designed to maintain the compressed gas 130 within the upper tank piping assembly 131. To monitor the gas pressure in the gas storage tank 171, a gas pressure gauge 143 is attached to the gas portion 168 of the upper tank piping assembly 131 via meshing threads.
A gas pressure switch 148 is attached to the gas portion 168 of the upper tank piping assembly 131 by meshing threads and functions to monitor and maintain the gas pressure in the gas storage tank 171. The gas pressure switch 148 is structured and arranged to activate the air compressor 142 when the pressure in the fire sprinkler system 120 drops below a preset level.
Similarly to the fire sprinkler system 20 of FIGS. 1 and 2, the fire sprinkler system 120 is provided with a drainage assembly 139. To ensure that the system 120 remains pressurized if either the water storage tank 126 or the water storage tank 127 needs to be repaired or replaced, a drain valve 158 is incorporated in the drainage assembly 139 for each of the water storage tanks 126,127. The drain valves 158 can, for example, be in the form of one-inch check valves.
The drainage assembly 139 further comprises drain piping 141. A main drain valve 140, e.g., a 1/2-inch globe valve, is attached to the drain piping 141 by means of meshing threads and allows the water 129 to be manually drained from the fire sprinkler system 120.
As is the case for the fire sprinkler system 20 of FIGS. 1 and 2, a second gas pressure switch, as well as a water flow switch, may be incorporated in the upper tank piping assembly 131 of the fire sprinkler system 120. These switches are intended to sense a dramatic drop in gas pressure or water flow through the fire sprinkler system 120. If such a drop in gas pressure or water flow occurs, an audible alarm (not shown) sounds and/or an emergency number is automatically dialed.
The fire sprinkler system 120 may also comprise a fire sprinkler riser which includes the elements required for testing of the fire sprinkler system 120. The fire sprinkler riser can be conventional and attached to the fire sprinkler system 120 in a known manner.
The fire sprinkler system 120 is provided with a plurality of non-illustrated automatic fire sprinkler heads. In the event of a fire, one or more of the fire sprinkler heads will activate thereby causing a pressure drop in the fire sprinkler system 120. This pressure drop causes the water 129 to be forced from the water storage tanks 126,127 by the compressed gas 130 in the gas storage tank 171. The water 129 flows out of the bottoms of the water storage tanks 126,127 into the drainage assembly 139. The water 129 is then conveyed to the activated sprinkler head or heads through transfer piping which is not shown in FIG.
3.
The NFPA requirement for one and two family residences is a ten-minute water supply to the fire sprinkler heads.
When the fire sprinkler system 120 is built into such a residence, the volume of the water 129 in the water storage tanks 126,127 is sufficient to meet this requirement.
In FIG. 4, the same numerals as in FIGS. 1 and 2, plus 5 200, are used to identify similar elements.
FIG. 4 illustrates a fire sprinkler system 220 which comprises a large liquid storage tank or vessel 275 located outside of and adjacent to a home or residence 10 221. The storage tank 275 is preferably structured for underground placement as shown and may be made 1~f a lightweight yet durable material such as a fiberglass-reinforced polymeric material, e.g., fiberglass-reinforced polyethylene available from Structural North America, 15 Chardon, OH. A body or quantity of liquid 229, once again assumed to be water, is contained in the storage tank 275 which will hereinafter be referred to as a water storage tank. The water storage tank 275 can, for example, have dimensions of 48 inches by 72 inches which would allow the water storage tank 275 to hold about 370 gallons of water.
The fire sprinkler system 220 further comprises an additional tank or vessel 276 which constitutes a storage tank for a body or quantity of compressed gas 230, e.g., air or nitrogen. The compressed gas 230 functions to force the water 229 to automatic fire sprinkler heads 222.
The gas storage tank 276 can be made of a lightweight yet durable material such as a fiberglass-reinforced polymeric material, e.g., fiberglass-reinforced polyethylene available from Structural North America, Chardon, OH.
The water storage tank 275 is completely filled with the water 229 while the gas storage tank 276 is completely filled with the compressed gas 230. If the total volume of the storage tanks 275,276 is to be two-thirds filled with the water 229 and one-third with the compressed gas 230, i.e., if the ratio of the volume of the water 229 to the volume of the compressed gas 230 is to be 2:1, the volume of the gas storage tank 276 will be one-half that of the water storage tank 275. By way of example, the gas storage tank 276 will then have dimensions of 30 inches by 72 inches when the water storage tank 275 has dimensions of 48 inches by 72 inches.
It is preferred for the gas storage tank 276 to be structured so that the tank 276 can be located in a vacant area of the home 221. In FIG. 4, the gas storage tank 276 is disposed in an attic 277 of the home 221.
The fire sprinkler system 220 can be installed in a secure manner with little or no readily visible hardware even if the home 221 does not lend itself to such a system, e.g., due to limited space.
A means for filling the water storage tank 275 with the water 229 comprises an intake pipe 279 having an intake end 278. An intake valve 280, e.g., a 1/2-inch gate valve, is attached to the intake pipe 279 via meshing threads and acts to prevent the escape of the pressurized water 229 from the water storage tank 275. To prepare the fire sprinkler system 220 for use, a water conveying means (not shown) is attached to the intake end 278 of the intake pipe 279 in known fashion. The water conveying means could be an ordinary garden hose which is connected to the intake end 278 of the intake pipe 279 by meshing threads. The water 229 flows from the conveying means through the intake valve 280 and the intake pipe 279 into the water storage tank 275 until the tank 275 is filled to capacity.
The single water storage tank 275 may be replaced by a plurality of water storage tanks. This could be necessary in order to meet applicable NFPA water volume requirements. Furthermore, under certain circumstances, a plurality of water storage tanks may be more cost effective than the single water storage tank 275 or may allow more efficient utilization of space.
The gas storage tank 276 is connected to the water storage tank 275 by gas piping 284, e.g., 1/2-inch piping. To prevent backflow of the water 229 into the gas piping 284 when the fire sprinkler system 220 is not pressurized, a gas valve 283 is attached to the gas piping 284 by means of meshing threads. The gas valve 283, which can be a 1/2-inch check valve, is located between the gas storage tank 276 and the water storage tank 275.
A conventional air compressor 242 supplies the compressed gas 230 to the gas storage tank 276. The air compressor 242 is attached to the gas piping 284 in a known manner.
A portable air compressor having an air hose may be employed instead of the illustrated air compressor 242, and the air hose may have a quick-disconnect coupling element of a well-known type for attachment of the air hose to the gas piping 284.
A gas valve 285, which can be in the form of a 1/2-inch check valve, is attached to the gas piping 284 by way of meshing threads. The gas valve 285, which is located between the gas storage tank 276 and the air compressor 242, helps to pneumatically seal the fire sprinkler system 220. To monitor the pressure in the fire sprinkler system 220, a gas gauge 286 of known kind is attached to the gas piping 284 via meshing threads. The gas gauge-286 is disposed at an appropriate location between the gas storage tank 276 and the water storage tank 275.
A gas pressure switch 248 of a known type is attached to the gas piping 284 by meshing threads. The gas pressure switch 248 is structured and arranged to automatically activate the air compressor 242 when the pressure in the fire sprinkler system 220 drops below a preset level.
In the event of a fire, one or more of the automatic sprinkler heads 222 will activate thereby causing the pressure in the fire sprinkler system 220 to drop. Due to the pressure drop, the compressed gas 230 in the gas storage tank 276 forces the water 229 from the bottom 287 of the water storage tank 275 into water piping 288. The water 229 is then forced to the activated sprinkler head or heads 22 by way of transfer piping 260. A fire sprinkler riser 266 may be attached to the transfer piping 260 in known fashion. The fire sprinkler riser 266, which is conventional, includes the elements required to test the fire sprinkler system 220.
A water valve 289, e.g., a one-inch check valve, is attached to the water piping 288 via meshing threads and acts to pneumatically seal the fire sprinkler system 220 if the water storage tank 275 needs to be moved or replaced.
As in the fire sprinkler system 20 of FIGS. 1 and 2, the fire sprinkler system 220 may comprise a second gas pressure switch and a water flow switch. These switches are intended to sense a dramatic drop in gas pressure or water flow within the fire sprinkler system 220. If such a drop in gas pressure or water flow occurs, an audible alarm (not shown) sounds and/or an emergency number is automatically dialed.
The fire sprinkler systems 20,120,220 can be used with particular advantage in small structures since they require relatively little space. In addition, the fire sprinkler systems 20,120,220 are economical and can significantly boost water pressure. The fire sprinkler systems 20,120,220 are also self-contained and can operate without electricity.
The fire sprinkler systems 20,120,220 can be employed in commercial buildings and residential buildings as well as in recreational vehicles, watercraft and aircraft.
Referring to FIG. 5, three storage tanks or vessels for storing liquid under pressure are identified by the numerals 325, 326 and 327, respectively. The storage tanks 325,326,326 are elongated and have respective longitudinal axes which extend horizontally, i.e., the storage tanks 325,326,327 lie on their sides. The storage tanks 325,326,327 are arranged side-by-side with the longitudinal axes of the tanks 325,326,327 parallel to one another.
The storage tank 325 has an opening 325a at one longitudinal end and an opening 325b at the opposite longitudinal end: the storage tank 326 has an opening 326a at one longitudinal end and an opening 326b at the opposite longitudinal end; and the storage tank 327 has an opening 327a at one longitudinal end and an opening 327b at the opposite longitudinal end. A gas supply line 310, which can be provided with a manifold, extends into the storage tank 325 through the opening 325a and can be releasably connected to a source of pressurized gas. The opening 325a is sealed around the gas supply line 310.
A gas and liquid transfer line 312 passes through the opening 325b into the storage tank 325 and through the opening 326b into the storage tank 326. The openings 325b,326b are sealed around the transfer line 312.
A second gas and liquid transfer line 314 passes through the opening 326a into the storage tank 326 and through the opening 327a into the storage tank 327. The openings 326a,327a are sealed around the transfer line 314.
A liquid transfer line 316 extends into the storage tank WO 01/37935 PCT/US99/2?894 327 through the opening 327b which is sealed around the transfer line 316. The liquid transfer line 316 has a branch 316a which is connectable to a source of liquid and a branch 316b which is connectable to a fluid supply 5 system such as a fire sprinkler system.
The storage tanks 325,326,327 are arranged in series.
When the storage tanks 325,326,327 are installed in a fluid supply system, the liquid transfer branch line 316a 10 is connected to a source of liquid before the gas supply line 310 is connected to a source of pressurized gas.
Assuming that the liquid transfer branch line 316a is connected to a source of water, water is allowed to flow from the liquid transfer line 316 into the storage tank 15 327. As the storage tank 327 fills up, water begins to flow through the gas and liquid transfer line 314 into the storage tank 326. Similarly, water flows from the storage tank 326 to the storage tank 325 via the gas and liquid transfer line 312 as the storage tank 326 is filled.
Air which is present in the storage tanks 325,326,327 and is displaced by the incoming water is purged by way of the gas supply line 310. Once the storage tanks 325,326,327 have been filled with water, the gas supply line 310 is attached to a source of pressurized gas. Each of the storage tanks 325,326,327 may be provided with a conventional non-illustrated float valve or float switch to monitor the water level in the respective storage tank 325,326,327.
As shown in FIG. 6, the storage tanks 325,326,327 may be placed in a portable enclosure 318. The enclosure 318 includes a box-like container or tub 318a which serves to hold the storage tanks 325,326,327 and a rigid cover or lid 318b for the container 318a. The container 318a may be made of sheet metal, preferably lightweight sheet metal, while the cover 318b advantageously is made of or includes an insulating material. The cover 318b is provided with an opening 319a for the gas supply line 310 and an opening 319b for the liquid transfer line 316.
The fluid storage unit comprising the enclosure 318 and the storage tanks 325,326,327 can be used with particular advantage for a manufactured or prefabricated structure such as the manufactured home 321 illustrated in FIG. 7.
The manufactured home 321 is in the process of being transported to a homesite and, to this end, is temporarily mounted on wheels 301.
The manufactured home 321 is equipped with automatic fire sprinkler heads 322 and transfer piping 360 for delivering water to the sprinkler heads 322. Several steel supporting beams 302 are mounted on the bottom of the manufactured home 321, and the supporting beams 302 are spaced from, and extend parallel to, one another. The fluid storage unit comprising the enclosure 318 and the storage tanks 325,326,327 is disposed between two of the supporting beams 302 and rests on a steel framework 303 secured to such supporting beams 302.
The storage tanks 325,326,327 within the enclosure 318 are advantageously surrounded by insulation 304, e.g., foam insulation.
A cabinet 305 is located inside the manufactured home 321 above the fluid storage unit comprising the enclosure 318 and the storage tanks 325,326,327. A storage tank or vessel 376 containing a body or quantity of compressed gas stands inside the cabinet 305. The storage tank 376 is here assumed to be a conventional cylinder of nitrogen.
The nitrogen cylinder 376 can be equipped with a regulator of known type. A faceplate may be provided on the cabinet 305 and may be used, among other things, to record the demand of the fire sprinkler system in the manufactured home 321.
The fluid storage unit comprising the enclosure 318 and the storage tanks 325,326,326 is prefabricated and then installed beneath the manufactured home 321 at the factory. At this time, the nitrogen cylinder 376 can be placed in the cabinet 305 and the liquid transfer branch line 316b communicating with the storage tank 327 can be connected to the transfer piping 360 leading to the sprinkler heads 322. A check valve 306 is interposed between the liquid transfer line 316 and the transfer piping 360. After the nitrogen cylinder 376 and the fluid storage unit comprising the enclosure 318 and the storage tanks 325,326,327 have been installed, the manufactured home 321 is transported to the homesite.
At the homesite, the liquid transfer branch line 316a is connected to a source of liquid which is here assumed to be the domestic water supply. The storage tanks 325,326,327 are filled with water as described previously and the gas supply line 310 is then connected to the nitrogen tank 376.
In the event of a fire, one or more of the sprinkler heads 322 is activated thereby causing a pressure drop in the fire sprinkler system of the manufactured home 321. The compressed nitrogen in the nitrogen cylinder 376 thereupon forces the water in the storage tanks 325,326,327 into the liquid transfer line 316 and to the activated sprinkler head or heads 322 via the liquid transfer branch line 316b and the transfer piping 360.
Due to the fact that the gas supply line 310 leads into the storage tank 325, the compressed nitrogen acts on the water in the storage tank 325. However, since the storage tanks 325,326,327 are connected in series with the liquid transfer line 316 extending from the storage tank 327, the water in the storage tanks 325,326,327 can flow out to the activated sprinkler head or heads 322 only from the storage tank 327. Thus, the compressed nitrogen initially forces water out of the storage tank 327 by pushing on the water in the storage tank 325. The water in the storage tank 325 then exerts a push on the water in the storage tank 326 which, in turn, pushes on the water in the storage tank 327.
As water flows out of the storage tank 327, water from the storage tank 326 enters the storage tank 327 by way of the gas and liquid transfer line 314. Concurrently, water from the storage tank 325 flows into the storage tank 326 via the gas and liquid transfer line 312. Inasmuch as no water enters the storage tank 325, the storage tank 325 empties. Once the storage tank 325 has emptied so that water no longer flows into the storage tank 326, the storage tank 326 begins to empty. The storage tank 327 empties after all of the water has left the storage tank 326.
By installing the fire sprinkler system for the manufactured home 321 at the factory, optimal sizing of the transfer piping 360 and optimal placement of the sprinkler heads 322 can be achieved. Moreover, a reliable, verifiable and adequate water supply can be obtained.
FIG. 8 employs the storage tank 325 to illustrate a preferred configuration for the storage tanks 325,326,327.
As indicated earlier and shown in FIG. 8, the storage tank 325 is elongated and has opposite longitudinal ends. One of the longitudinal ends is here denoted by 307a while the other is denoted by 307b. The storage tank 325 further has a body or main portion 308 which extends from the longitudinal end 307a to the longitudinal end 307b. The body 308 is cylindrical while each of the longitudinal ends 307a,307b is part-spherical.
A storage tank 325 composed of a fiberglass-reinforced polymeric material and shaped as in FIG. 8 has the advantage that it can be readily manufactured by molding.
A status panel can be incorporated in a fluid supply system according to the invention in order to monitor the system.
A fluid supply system in accordance with the invention can find many applications other than as a fire sprinkler system for residences. For example, since such a system is a limited-supply system, it can be employed in water-sensitive installations, e.g., as a first line of defense in clean rooms or wet bench areas of semiconductor or pharmaceutical plants. Moreover, a fluid supply system according to the invention can be employed for cooling using mist nozzles. Such a cooling system could be mounted on a hand truck or other vehicle for portability and could be adjustable as well as expandable. A fluid supply system in accordance with the invention can also be used for the suppression of explosive dust in a baghouse.
As mentioned earlier, a fluid supply system in accordance with the invention can also be used as a fire sprinkler system for recreational vehicles or watercraft. Here, the interior of the vehicle or watercraft can be protected with sprinkler heads of the type employed in residences while the engine compartment can be protected with mist nozzles.
Various other modifications are possible within the meaning and range of equivalence of the appended claims.
Referring to FIG. 5, three storage tanks or vessels for storing liquid under pressure are identified by the numerals 325, 326 and 327, respectively. The storage tanks 325,326,326 are elongated and have respective longitudinal axes which extend horizontally, i.e., the storage tanks 325,326,327 lie on their sides. The storage tanks 325,326,327 are arranged side-by-side with the longitudinal axes of the tanks 325,326,327 parallel to one another.
The storage tank 325 has an opening 325a at one longitudinal end and an opening 325b at the opposite longitudinal end: the storage tank 326 has an opening 326a at one longitudinal end and an opening 326b at the opposite longitudinal end; and the storage tank 327 has an opening 327a at one longitudinal end and an opening 327b at the opposite longitudinal end. A gas supply line 310, which can be provided with a manifold, extends into the storage tank 325 through the opening 325a and can be releasably connected to a source of pressurized gas. The opening 325a is sealed around the gas supply line 310.
A gas and liquid transfer line 312 passes through the opening 325b into the storage tank 325 and through the opening 326b into the storage tank 326. The openings 325b,326b are sealed around the transfer line 312.
A second gas and liquid transfer line 314 passes through the opening 326a into the storage tank 326 and through the opening 327a into the storage tank 327. The openings 326a,327a are sealed around the transfer line 314.
A liquid transfer line 316 extends into the storage tank WO 01/37935 PCT/US99/2?894 327 through the opening 327b which is sealed around the transfer line 316. The liquid transfer line 316 has a branch 316a which is connectable to a source of liquid and a branch 316b which is connectable to a fluid supply 5 system such as a fire sprinkler system.
The storage tanks 325,326,327 are arranged in series.
When the storage tanks 325,326,327 are installed in a fluid supply system, the liquid transfer branch line 316a 10 is connected to a source of liquid before the gas supply line 310 is connected to a source of pressurized gas.
Assuming that the liquid transfer branch line 316a is connected to a source of water, water is allowed to flow from the liquid transfer line 316 into the storage tank 15 327. As the storage tank 327 fills up, water begins to flow through the gas and liquid transfer line 314 into the storage tank 326. Similarly, water flows from the storage tank 326 to the storage tank 325 via the gas and liquid transfer line 312 as the storage tank 326 is filled.
Air which is present in the storage tanks 325,326,327 and is displaced by the incoming water is purged by way of the gas supply line 310. Once the storage tanks 325,326,327 have been filled with water, the gas supply line 310 is attached to a source of pressurized gas. Each of the storage tanks 325,326,327 may be provided with a conventional non-illustrated float valve or float switch to monitor the water level in the respective storage tank 325,326,327.
As shown in FIG. 6, the storage tanks 325,326,327 may be placed in a portable enclosure 318. The enclosure 318 includes a box-like container or tub 318a which serves to hold the storage tanks 325,326,327 and a rigid cover or lid 318b for the container 318a. The container 318a may be made of sheet metal, preferably lightweight sheet metal, while the cover 318b advantageously is made of or includes an insulating material. The cover 318b is provided with an opening 319a for the gas supply line 310 and an opening 319b for the liquid transfer line 316.
The fluid storage unit comprising the enclosure 318 and the storage tanks 325,326,327 can be used with particular advantage for a manufactured or prefabricated structure such as the manufactured home 321 illustrated in FIG. 7.
The manufactured home 321 is in the process of being transported to a homesite and, to this end, is temporarily mounted on wheels 301.
The manufactured home 321 is equipped with automatic fire sprinkler heads 322 and transfer piping 360 for delivering water to the sprinkler heads 322. Several steel supporting beams 302 are mounted on the bottom of the manufactured home 321, and the supporting beams 302 are spaced from, and extend parallel to, one another. The fluid storage unit comprising the enclosure 318 and the storage tanks 325,326,327 is disposed between two of the supporting beams 302 and rests on a steel framework 303 secured to such supporting beams 302.
The storage tanks 325,326,327 within the enclosure 318 are advantageously surrounded by insulation 304, e.g., foam insulation.
A cabinet 305 is located inside the manufactured home 321 above the fluid storage unit comprising the enclosure 318 and the storage tanks 325,326,327. A storage tank or vessel 376 containing a body or quantity of compressed gas stands inside the cabinet 305. The storage tank 376 is here assumed to be a conventional cylinder of nitrogen.
The nitrogen cylinder 376 can be equipped with a regulator of known type. A faceplate may be provided on the cabinet 305 and may be used, among other things, to record the demand of the fire sprinkler system in the manufactured home 321.
The fluid storage unit comprising the enclosure 318 and the storage tanks 325,326,326 is prefabricated and then installed beneath the manufactured home 321 at the factory. At this time, the nitrogen cylinder 376 can be placed in the cabinet 305 and the liquid transfer branch line 316b communicating with the storage tank 327 can be connected to the transfer piping 360 leading to the sprinkler heads 322. A check valve 306 is interposed between the liquid transfer line 316 and the transfer piping 360. After the nitrogen cylinder 376 and the fluid storage unit comprising the enclosure 318 and the storage tanks 325,326,327 have been installed, the manufactured home 321 is transported to the homesite.
At the homesite, the liquid transfer branch line 316a is connected to a source of liquid which is here assumed to be the domestic water supply. The storage tanks 325,326,327 are filled with water as described previously and the gas supply line 310 is then connected to the nitrogen tank 376.
In the event of a fire, one or more of the sprinkler heads 322 is activated thereby causing a pressure drop in the fire sprinkler system of the manufactured home 321. The compressed nitrogen in the nitrogen cylinder 376 thereupon forces the water in the storage tanks 325,326,327 into the liquid transfer line 316 and to the activated sprinkler head or heads 322 via the liquid transfer branch line 316b and the transfer piping 360.
Due to the fact that the gas supply line 310 leads into the storage tank 325, the compressed nitrogen acts on the water in the storage tank 325. However, since the storage tanks 325,326,327 are connected in series with the liquid transfer line 316 extending from the storage tank 327, the water in the storage tanks 325,326,327 can flow out to the activated sprinkler head or heads 322 only from the storage tank 327. Thus, the compressed nitrogen initially forces water out of the storage tank 327 by pushing on the water in the storage tank 325. The water in the storage tank 325 then exerts a push on the water in the storage tank 326 which, in turn, pushes on the water in the storage tank 327.
As water flows out of the storage tank 327, water from the storage tank 326 enters the storage tank 327 by way of the gas and liquid transfer line 314. Concurrently, water from the storage tank 325 flows into the storage tank 326 via the gas and liquid transfer line 312. Inasmuch as no water enters the storage tank 325, the storage tank 325 empties. Once the storage tank 325 has emptied so that water no longer flows into the storage tank 326, the storage tank 326 begins to empty. The storage tank 327 empties after all of the water has left the storage tank 326.
By installing the fire sprinkler system for the manufactured home 321 at the factory, optimal sizing of the transfer piping 360 and optimal placement of the sprinkler heads 322 can be achieved. Moreover, a reliable, verifiable and adequate water supply can be obtained.
FIG. 8 employs the storage tank 325 to illustrate a preferred configuration for the storage tanks 325,326,327.
As indicated earlier and shown in FIG. 8, the storage tank 325 is elongated and has opposite longitudinal ends. One of the longitudinal ends is here denoted by 307a while the other is denoted by 307b. The storage tank 325 further has a body or main portion 308 which extends from the longitudinal end 307a to the longitudinal end 307b. The body 308 is cylindrical while each of the longitudinal ends 307a,307b is part-spherical.
A storage tank 325 composed of a fiberglass-reinforced polymeric material and shaped as in FIG. 8 has the advantage that it can be readily manufactured by molding.
A status panel can be incorporated in a fluid supply system according to the invention in order to monitor the system.
A fluid supply system in accordance with the invention can find many applications other than as a fire sprinkler system for residences. For example, since such a system is a limited-supply system, it can be employed in water-sensitive installations, e.g., as a first line of defense in clean rooms or wet bench areas of semiconductor or pharmaceutical plants. Moreover, a fluid supply system according to the invention can be employed for cooling using mist nozzles. Such a cooling system could be mounted on a hand truck or other vehicle for portability and could be adjustable as well as expandable. A fluid supply system in accordance with the invention can also be used for the suppression of explosive dust in a baghouse.
As mentioned earlier, a fluid supply system in accordance with the invention can also be used as a fire sprinkler system for recreational vehicles or watercraft. Here, the interior of the vehicle or watercraft can be protected with sprinkler heads of the type employed in residences while the engine compartment can be protected with mist nozzles.
Various other modifications are possible within the meaning and range of equivalence of the appended claims.
Claims (27)
1. A fluid supply system comprising:
a plurality of vessels for storing liquid;
a quantity of liquid in each of said vessels;
means for dispersing liquid for delivery;
means for conveying liquid from said vessels to said dispersing means; and means for pressurizing said vessels so as to cause flow of liquid from said vessels to said dispersing means.
a plurality of vessels for storing liquid;
a quantity of liquid in each of said vessels;
means for dispersing liquid for delivery;
means for conveying liquid from said vessels to said dispersing means; and means for pressurizing said vessels so as to cause flow of liquid from said vessels to said dispersing means.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein said vessels are connected in series with one another and with said dispersing means.
3. The system of claim 1, further comprising an insulated enclosure for said vessels.
4. The system of claim 1, further comprising means for controlling the admission of fluid into and the pressurization of said vessels, said controlling means including valve means structured and arranged to permit sealing of said vessels, and means for measuring the pressure in said vessels.
5. The system of claim 1, wherein each of said vessels is only partially filled with liquid.
6. The system of claim 5, wherein about two-thirds of each of said vessels is filled with liquid.
7. The system of claim 6, wherein the remainder of each of said vessels is filled with gas under pressure.
8. The system of claim 1, further comprising an additional vessel essentially completely filled with gas under pressure.
9. The system of claim 1, wherein said dispersing means comprises a sprinkler head.
10. A fluid supply system comprising:
a vessel for storing liquid;
means for dispersing liquid for delivery;
means for conveying liquid from said vessel to said dispersing means: and means for pressurizing said vessel so as to cause flow of liquid from said vessel to said dispersing means, said vessel including a fiberglass-reinforced polymeric material.
a vessel for storing liquid;
means for dispersing liquid for delivery;
means for conveying liquid from said vessel to said dispersing means: and means for pressurizing said vessel so as to cause flow of liquid from said vessel to said dispersing means, said vessel including a fiberglass-reinforced polymeric material.
11. The system of claim 10, further comprising an insulated enclosure for said vessel.
12. The system of claim 10, further comprising means for controlling the admission of fluid into and the pressurization of said vessel, said controlling means including valve means structured and arranged to permit sealing of said vessel, and means for measuring the pressure in said vessel.
13. The system of claim 10, further comprising liquid in said vessel, said vessel being only partially filled with liquid.
14. The system of claim 13, wherein about two-thirds of said vessel is filled with liquid.
15. The system of claim 14, wherein the remainder of said vessel is filled with gas under pressure.
16. The system of claim 10, further comprising an additional vessel essentially completely filled with gas under pressure.
17. The system of claim 10, wherein said dispersing means comprises a sprinkler head.
18. The system of claim 10, wherein said vessel is elongated and has opposite longitudinal ends, each of said ends being provided with an opening.
19. The system of claim 18, wherein said vessel comprises a body between said ends, said body being at least approximately cylindrical and said ends being at least approximately part-spherical.
20. The system of claim 10, wherein said polymeric material comprises polyethylene.
21. In an automatic fire sprinkler system for buildings of the type having automatic fire sprinkler heads, a limited-demand water supply system comprising:
a. vessel means for storing fluids under pressure;
b. fill means for placing water into said vessel means;
c. pressure means for applying gas under pressure directly to said vessel means;
d. gas pressure management means for managing application of said gas under pressure to said vessel means; and e. line means for moving said water from said vessel means to a residential fire sprinkler riser system;
wherein said pressure means comprises an gas compressor.
a. vessel means for storing fluids under pressure;
b. fill means for placing water into said vessel means;
c. pressure means for applying gas under pressure directly to said vessel means;
d. gas pressure management means for managing application of said gas under pressure to said vessel means; and e. line means for moving said water from said vessel means to a residential fire sprinkler riser system;
wherein said pressure means comprises an gas compressor.
22. A water supply system according to Claim 21 wherein said vessel means comprises multiple vessels.
23. A water supply system according to Claim 21 further comprising:
a. control means for controlling said placing water and said applying gas under pressure.
a. control means for controlling said placing water and said applying gas under pressure.
24. A water supply system according to Claim 21 wherein said vessel means is made of fiberglass-reinforced polymeric material.
25. A limited-demand water supply system comprising:
a. a structure;
b. a plurality of automatic fire sprinkler heads placed within said structure.
c. a riser pipe system connecting said fire sprinkler heads with a supply of on-site stored water pressurized under sufficient gas pressure to empty said stored water through said fire sprinklers, when open;
d. said supply of on-site stored water being contained in a plurality of connected vessels.
a. a structure;
b. a plurality of automatic fire sprinkler heads placed within said structure.
c. a riser pipe system connecting said fire sprinkler heads with a supply of on-site stored water pressurized under sufficient gas pressure to empty said stored water through said fire sprinklers, when open;
d. said supply of on-site stored water being contained in a plurality of connected vessels.
26. A water supply system according to Claim 25 wherein said vessels are made of fiberglass-reinforced polymeric material.
27. A water supply system according to Claim 25 wherein said on-site stored water is pressurized by a gas contained in an additional vessel fluidly coupled to said plurality of connected vessels.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US1999/027894 WO2001037935A1 (en) | 1998-02-23 | 1999-11-23 | Liquid supply system |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2391153A1 true CA2391153A1 (en) | 2001-05-31 |
Family
ID=22274139
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002391153A Abandoned CA2391153A1 (en) | 1999-11-23 | 1999-11-23 | Liquid supply system |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| AU (1) | AU2029900A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2391153A1 (en) |
-
1999
- 1999-11-23 AU AU20299/00A patent/AU2029900A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1999-11-23 CA CA002391153A patent/CA2391153A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU2029900A (en) | 2001-06-04 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request | ||
| FZDE | Discontinued |