CA2377424A1 - Drilling-mud cooling system - Google Patents
Drilling-mud cooling system Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2377424A1 CA2377424A1 CA 2377424 CA2377424A CA2377424A1 CA 2377424 A1 CA2377424 A1 CA 2377424A1 CA 2377424 CA2377424 CA 2377424 CA 2377424 A CA2377424 A CA 2377424A CA 2377424 A1 CA2377424 A1 CA 2377424A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- cooling
- drilling
- mud
- heat
- exchanger
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B21/00—Methods or apparatus for flushing boreholes, e.g. by use of exhaust air from motor
- E21B21/06—Arrangements for treating drilling fluids outside the borehole
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B36/00—Heating, cooling, insulating arrangements for boreholes or wells, e.g. for use in permafrost zones
- E21B36/001—Cooling arrangements
Abstract
Drilling-fluids, called Drilling-mud, are used in drilling operations and in some cases become hot, generating difficulties in the operation. A system has been invented for cooling drilling-mud prior to returning it to the drilling operation for reuse. The new system consists of a cooling aggregate, a heat-exchanger and a drilling-mud throughput system. The cooling aggregate is used to cool process cooling-fluid circulated through a heat-exchanger. The heat-exchanger is designed with cooling-plates, prepared with cavities for circulation of the cooling-fluid. These cooling plates are stacked over each other and spaced apart in such a way that they do not plug and thereby avoid improper throughput when the drilling-mud, with its high temperature and consistency, is passed through:
The drilling-mud, coming from the drilling operation, is treated and improved to meet the drilling operation requirements. After treatment; the drilling-mud enters the system and is passed through the heat-exchanger, reducing its temperature prior to returning to the drilling operation.
The drilling-mud, coming from the drilling operation, is treated and improved to meet the drilling operation requirements. After treatment; the drilling-mud enters the system and is passed through the heat-exchanger, reducing its temperature prior to returning to the drilling operation.
Description
Description The drilling-mud returning from drilling operations must be treated and upgraded to meet drilling-operation requirements. In cases where the drilling-mud has high temperatures, it must be cooled after treatment and upgrading, and prior to returning to the drilling operation. Cooling of the drilling-mud increases the drilling rates and reduces rig time; it affects rock mechanics at the bits (formation contact), increases well bore stability, and reduces re-work and down time. Furthermore, it decreases the degradation of the drilling-mud, reducing the cost of additives and upgrading substantially. Conventional air cooling systems are not effective during the summer time due to their day-time temperature dependency; the cooling rate is thereby limited and control of the drilling-mud temperature is also limited.
The new invention The new system consists of A- a cooling-~g_regate: cooling the process-cooling-fluids (further referred to as cooling-fluid), i.e. glycol, by circulating through the cooling-plates of a heat-exchanger. The cooling-plates are prepared with flow-dividers inside the plates to direct and evenly distribute the cooling-fluid throughout the plates;
B- a drilling-mud throughput system: pumping drilling-mud from a storage tank and passing it through the said heat-exchanger over the surface of its cooling-2 0 plates and returning the drilling-mud for re-use to the drilling operations;
C- a heat-exchanger:
designed and prepared with a number of cooling-plates mounted over each-other. These plates are prepared with cavities to circulate cooling-fluids and are arranged with sufficient distance inside of the heat-exchanger, to avoid plugging and flow reduction of the drilling-mud.
Description of the drawings Fig. 1 is a schematic of the system, according to the invention, showing:
a- refrigerator ( 1 ) connected to the cooling-element (23 ) of the cooling-tank (3) by the refrigerator-pipe (15) and the refrigerator-return-pipe (15a);
b- cross-sectional view of the cooling-tank (3) showing its whole cooling-element (23);
c- cooling-fluid-pump (4) connected to the cooling-tank (3); pressure-control valve (6) and pressure-gauge (7) connected to the cooling-fluid pipe (5) d- cross-sectional view of the heat-exchanger (12) with its cooling-plates (8) connected to the cooling-fluid distributor (5a) through the connectors (5b).
e- Drilling-mud storage-tank (9) filled with drilling-mud (10);
f Drilling-mud pump (24) connected to the storage-tank (9);
g- Drilling-mud pressure-valve (13) combined with the pressure-gauge (14) mounted on the Drilling-mud pipe (10a) which is connected to the heat-exchanger inlet (1?);
Fig. 2 is a top view schematic of the system, without the drilling-mud throughput system, showing also the cooling-fluid-return-pipe (22) connected to the cooling-tank 2 0 (3) and the heat-exchanger (12).
Fig. 3 is top cross-sectional view (C-C) of one of the cooling-plates (8) with its two cross-sectional views (D-D and E-E) showing the flow-dividers (21) inside the said cooling-plate (8).
A- Cooling aggregate The cooling aggregate consists of a- The refrigerator (1) connected to the cooling-element (23) of the cooling-tank (3) which is filled with cooling-fluid (2).
b- The circulating-pump (4), connected to the cooling tank (3), pumping the cooling-fluid (2/2a) through the cooling-fluid-pipe (5) and passing through the heat-exchanger cooling-plates (8) which is prepared with flow dividers (21) to evenly direct the cooling-fluid (2b) throughout the said cooling-plate (8).
The cooling-fluid (2c) is then returned back into the cooling-tank (3) through the cooling-fluid return-pipe (22);
c- The pressure-valve (6) combined with the pressure-gauge (7), both placed at the cooling-pipe {5), to regulate the cooling-fluid pressure, read on the pressure-gauge (7).
B- Drilling-mud Throughput S, s~ tem Tl~e drilling-mud throughput system consists of a- The storage-tank (9), filled with drilling-mud (10), connected to the drilling-mud pump (11) for passing the drilling-mud (10a) through the mud-pipe (16) into ,the heat-exchanger {12), over its cooling-plates (8), and discharging the cooled drilling-mud (10c) through the outlet (20).
b- The pressure control-valve (13) and the pressure-gauge (14) placed on the mud-pipe ( 16) to control the drilling-mud pressure.
D- Heat-Exchanger part The heat-exchanger (12) is used for the exchange of the drilling-mud heat and consists of a number of cooling-plates (8) where the cooling-fluid is re-circulated. These cooling plates (8) are fed by the two distributors (5a) through connectors (5b). The drilling-mud pipe (16) is connected to the inlet (17) of the heat-exchanger {12). The outlet (20) ofthe heat-exchanger (12) is prepared with a flow-control-valve {19) to control the flow and the residency time of the drilling-mud (10b) in the heat-exchanger (12). The cooling-plates (8) are prepared with flow-dividers (21) to evenly distribute the cooling-fluid (2b) throughout the inside areas of the said cooling-plates (8).
Process Descr~tion:
The cooling-fluid (2), cooled in the cooling-tank {3) through the cooling-element (23) connected to the refrigerator (1), is pumped by the drilling-fluid pump (4) and passed through the cooling-pipe (5) and the two distributors (5a) into the heat-exchanger cooling-plates (8) of the heat-exchanger (12) by the connectors (5b). The pressure valve (6) regulates the pressure reading on pressure gauge (7). After the cooling-fluid (2b) is circulated through the cooling-plates (8), thereby cooling the surfaces of these plates, the cooling-fluid (2c) is then returned, through the cooling-fluid return-pipe (22), to the cooling-tank (3) for re-circulation.
The drilling-mud (10) from storage tank (9) is pumped by the drilling-mud pump {11) into the heat-exchanger inlet {17) passing the drilling-mud (10b) over the cooling 2 0 Plates (8) of the heat-exchanger ( 12) and thereby reducing its high temperature, adjusting it to the required drilling operating temperature. The cooled drilling-mud {10c) is then returned back to the drilling operation. The drilling-mud circulating pressure, read from the pressure gauge (14), is regulated by the valve (13).
The new invention The new system consists of A- a cooling-~g_regate: cooling the process-cooling-fluids (further referred to as cooling-fluid), i.e. glycol, by circulating through the cooling-plates of a heat-exchanger. The cooling-plates are prepared with flow-dividers inside the plates to direct and evenly distribute the cooling-fluid throughout the plates;
B- a drilling-mud throughput system: pumping drilling-mud from a storage tank and passing it through the said heat-exchanger over the surface of its cooling-2 0 plates and returning the drilling-mud for re-use to the drilling operations;
C- a heat-exchanger:
designed and prepared with a number of cooling-plates mounted over each-other. These plates are prepared with cavities to circulate cooling-fluids and are arranged with sufficient distance inside of the heat-exchanger, to avoid plugging and flow reduction of the drilling-mud.
Description of the drawings Fig. 1 is a schematic of the system, according to the invention, showing:
a- refrigerator ( 1 ) connected to the cooling-element (23 ) of the cooling-tank (3) by the refrigerator-pipe (15) and the refrigerator-return-pipe (15a);
b- cross-sectional view of the cooling-tank (3) showing its whole cooling-element (23);
c- cooling-fluid-pump (4) connected to the cooling-tank (3); pressure-control valve (6) and pressure-gauge (7) connected to the cooling-fluid pipe (5) d- cross-sectional view of the heat-exchanger (12) with its cooling-plates (8) connected to the cooling-fluid distributor (5a) through the connectors (5b).
e- Drilling-mud storage-tank (9) filled with drilling-mud (10);
f Drilling-mud pump (24) connected to the storage-tank (9);
g- Drilling-mud pressure-valve (13) combined with the pressure-gauge (14) mounted on the Drilling-mud pipe (10a) which is connected to the heat-exchanger inlet (1?);
Fig. 2 is a top view schematic of the system, without the drilling-mud throughput system, showing also the cooling-fluid-return-pipe (22) connected to the cooling-tank 2 0 (3) and the heat-exchanger (12).
Fig. 3 is top cross-sectional view (C-C) of one of the cooling-plates (8) with its two cross-sectional views (D-D and E-E) showing the flow-dividers (21) inside the said cooling-plate (8).
A- Cooling aggregate The cooling aggregate consists of a- The refrigerator (1) connected to the cooling-element (23) of the cooling-tank (3) which is filled with cooling-fluid (2).
b- The circulating-pump (4), connected to the cooling tank (3), pumping the cooling-fluid (2/2a) through the cooling-fluid-pipe (5) and passing through the heat-exchanger cooling-plates (8) which is prepared with flow dividers (21) to evenly direct the cooling-fluid (2b) throughout the said cooling-plate (8).
The cooling-fluid (2c) is then returned back into the cooling-tank (3) through the cooling-fluid return-pipe (22);
c- The pressure-valve (6) combined with the pressure-gauge (7), both placed at the cooling-pipe {5), to regulate the cooling-fluid pressure, read on the pressure-gauge (7).
B- Drilling-mud Throughput S, s~ tem Tl~e drilling-mud throughput system consists of a- The storage-tank (9), filled with drilling-mud (10), connected to the drilling-mud pump (11) for passing the drilling-mud (10a) through the mud-pipe (16) into ,the heat-exchanger {12), over its cooling-plates (8), and discharging the cooled drilling-mud (10c) through the outlet (20).
b- The pressure control-valve (13) and the pressure-gauge (14) placed on the mud-pipe ( 16) to control the drilling-mud pressure.
D- Heat-Exchanger part The heat-exchanger (12) is used for the exchange of the drilling-mud heat and consists of a number of cooling-plates (8) where the cooling-fluid is re-circulated. These cooling plates (8) are fed by the two distributors (5a) through connectors (5b). The drilling-mud pipe (16) is connected to the inlet (17) of the heat-exchanger {12). The outlet (20) ofthe heat-exchanger (12) is prepared with a flow-control-valve {19) to control the flow and the residency time of the drilling-mud (10b) in the heat-exchanger (12). The cooling-plates (8) are prepared with flow-dividers (21) to evenly distribute the cooling-fluid (2b) throughout the inside areas of the said cooling-plates (8).
Process Descr~tion:
The cooling-fluid (2), cooled in the cooling-tank {3) through the cooling-element (23) connected to the refrigerator (1), is pumped by the drilling-fluid pump (4) and passed through the cooling-pipe (5) and the two distributors (5a) into the heat-exchanger cooling-plates (8) of the heat-exchanger (12) by the connectors (5b). The pressure valve (6) regulates the pressure reading on pressure gauge (7). After the cooling-fluid (2b) is circulated through the cooling-plates (8), thereby cooling the surfaces of these plates, the cooling-fluid (2c) is then returned, through the cooling-fluid return-pipe (22), to the cooling-tank (3) for re-circulation.
The drilling-mud (10) from storage tank (9) is pumped by the drilling-mud pump {11) into the heat-exchanger inlet {17) passing the drilling-mud (10b) over the cooling 2 0 Plates (8) of the heat-exchanger ( 12) and thereby reducing its high temperature, adjusting it to the required drilling operating temperature. The cooled drilling-mud {10c) is then returned back to the drilling operation. The drilling-mud circulating pressure, read from the pressure gauge (14), is regulated by the valve (13).
Claims (7)
1- A system for cooling high temperature drilling-mud, produced from drilling operations (i.e. in the drilling of oil / gas wells) for the purpose of returning the drilling-mud back to the drilling operation for reuse, comprising of:
a- a cooling aggregate consisting of:
i- a refrigerator unit for cooling purposes;
ii- a cooling-tank filled with cooling-fluid which is equipped with a cooling-element, which is connected to the said refrigerator unit (a-i) for the purpose of cooling the said cooling-fluid;
iii- a circulating-pump connected to the said cooling-tank (a-ii) for circulating the said cooling-fluid;
iv- a cooling-fluid pipe connected to one side of the circulating-pump (iii);
v- a back-flow pipe connected to the cooling tank (a-ii);
vi- a flow regulating valve combined with a pressure-gauge placed on the cooling-fluid pipe ((iv) to regulate the flow of the said cooling-fluids;
b- a heat-exchanger consisting of i- heat-exchanger body prepared with:
i-i inlet i-ii outlet;
ii- a number of cooling-plates, prepared with circulation-cavities, placed over each other inside the heat-exchange body (b-i) and each connected to the said cooling-fluid pipe (a-iv) and the back-flow pipe (a-v);
iii- a closing-valve, placed at the heat-exchanger outlet (b-i-ii) for regulating the residency time of the drilling-fluid inside the said heat-exchanger body (b-i).
c- a drilling-mud circulating system consisting of i- a drilling-mud storage-tank filled with:
i-i drilling-mud ;
ii- a drilling-mud pump, connected on one side to the said storage-tank (c-i-i-i) and the heat-exchanger inlet (b-i-i-i) pumping the drilling-mud from the storage-tank (c-i) into the said heat-exchanger inlet (b-i-i-i);
iii- a pressure-control valve along with a pressure-gauge placed between the drilling-mud pump (c-ii) and the heat-exchanger body (b-i) to control the pressure and the flow of the drilling-mud.
a- a cooling aggregate consisting of:
i- a refrigerator unit for cooling purposes;
ii- a cooling-tank filled with cooling-fluid which is equipped with a cooling-element, which is connected to the said refrigerator unit (a-i) for the purpose of cooling the said cooling-fluid;
iii- a circulating-pump connected to the said cooling-tank (a-ii) for circulating the said cooling-fluid;
iv- a cooling-fluid pipe connected to one side of the circulating-pump (iii);
v- a back-flow pipe connected to the cooling tank (a-ii);
vi- a flow regulating valve combined with a pressure-gauge placed on the cooling-fluid pipe ((iv) to regulate the flow of the said cooling-fluids;
b- a heat-exchanger consisting of i- heat-exchanger body prepared with:
i-i inlet i-ii outlet;
ii- a number of cooling-plates, prepared with circulation-cavities, placed over each other inside the heat-exchange body (b-i) and each connected to the said cooling-fluid pipe (a-iv) and the back-flow pipe (a-v);
iii- a closing-valve, placed at the heat-exchanger outlet (b-i-ii) for regulating the residency time of the drilling-fluid inside the said heat-exchanger body (b-i).
c- a drilling-mud circulating system consisting of i- a drilling-mud storage-tank filled with:
i-i drilling-mud ;
ii- a drilling-mud pump, connected on one side to the said storage-tank (c-i-i-i) and the heat-exchanger inlet (b-i-i-i) pumping the drilling-mud from the storage-tank (c-i) into the said heat-exchanger inlet (b-i-i-i);
iii- a pressure-control valve along with a pressure-gauge placed between the drilling-mud pump (c-ii) and the heat-exchanger body (b-i) to control the pressure and the flow of the drilling-mud.
2- A system as in claim " 1" wherein the cooling-tank (a-ii), circulating-pump (a-iii), cooling-fluid pipe (a-iv), back-flow pipe(a-v), the combined pressure-valve and the pressure-gauge (a-vi) are eliminated and the refrigerator cooling system is connected directly to the cooling-plates (b-ii) of the heat-exchanger (b).
3- A system as in claim "1" wherein any suitable process cooling-fluid, i.e.
glycol, is used.
glycol, is used.
4- A system as in claim "1" wherein an existing, modified or newly designed heat-exchanger is used in place of the heat-exchanger (b).
5- A system as in claim "1" wherein one or more cooling plates (1-b-ii) of the heat-exchanger (b) are prepared with flow-dividers for even distribution of the cooling-fluid.
6- A system as in claim "1" wherein the cooling plates (b-ii) are made of any suitable pure- or alloy-material for improved heat exchange.
7- A system as in claim "6" wherein the cooling-plates are coated with any coating material for any purpose, i.e. avoiding corrosion and/or adhering of drilling mud, to the surface of the said cooling plates.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2377424 CA2377424A1 (en) | 2002-03-28 | 2002-03-28 | Drilling-mud cooling system |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2377424 CA2377424A1 (en) | 2002-03-28 | 2002-03-28 | Drilling-mud cooling system |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2377424A1 true CA2377424A1 (en) | 2003-09-28 |
Family
ID=28796431
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2377424 Abandoned CA2377424A1 (en) | 2002-03-28 | 2002-03-28 | Drilling-mud cooling system |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA2377424A1 (en) |
Cited By (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2004055320A1 (en) * | 2002-12-18 | 2004-07-01 | Task Environmental Services Bv | Apparatus for the cooling of drilling liquids |
| US8997562B2 (en) | 2013-01-21 | 2015-04-07 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Drilling fluid sampling system and sampling heat exchanger |
| WO2016007598A1 (en) * | 2014-07-08 | 2016-01-14 | National Oilwell Varco, L.P. | Closed loop drilling mud cooling system for land-based drilling operations |
| WO2016111616A1 (en) * | 2015-01-05 | 2016-07-14 | Meto Beheer B.V. | Mud cooling device |
| CN106978983A (en) * | 2017-04-28 | 2017-07-25 | 浙江坤德创新岩土工程有限公司 | Mud cyclic processing device and its application method |
| CN107165594A (en) * | 2017-06-08 | 2017-09-15 | 巴州山水源工程技术有限公司 | A kind of processing unit of deep-well sulphonated polymer mud discarded slurry and landwaste |
| US10012054B2 (en) | 2012-02-08 | 2018-07-03 | Visuray Technology Ltd. | Downhole logging tool cooling device |
| EP3143241B1 (en) * | 2014-05-13 | 2018-09-12 | National Oilwell Varco, L.P. | Drilling mud cooling system |
| CN111810067A (en) * | 2020-07-03 | 2020-10-23 | 四川宏华石油设备有限公司 | Drilling fluid cooling system |
| CN113123740A (en) * | 2019-12-30 | 2021-07-16 | 四川宏华石油设备有限公司 | Drilling fluid cooling system |
| CN113898305A (en) * | 2021-11-18 | 2022-01-07 | 西南石油大学 | High-temperature drilling fluid screening and cooling device and method |
| CN114776239A (en) * | 2022-05-06 | 2022-07-22 | 吉林大学 | High-temperature drilling fluid cooling system |
-
2002
- 2002-03-28 CA CA 2377424 patent/CA2377424A1/en not_active Abandoned
Cited By (22)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7819205B2 (en) | 2002-12-18 | 2010-10-26 | Task Environmental Services Bv. | Apparatus for the cooling of drilling liquids |
| WO2004055320A1 (en) * | 2002-12-18 | 2004-07-01 | Task Environmental Services Bv | Apparatus for the cooling of drilling liquids |
| US10012054B2 (en) | 2012-02-08 | 2018-07-03 | Visuray Technology Ltd. | Downhole logging tool cooling device |
| US8997562B2 (en) | 2013-01-21 | 2015-04-07 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Drilling fluid sampling system and sampling heat exchanger |
| EP3143241B1 (en) * | 2014-05-13 | 2018-09-12 | National Oilwell Varco, L.P. | Drilling mud cooling system |
| US10041314B2 (en) | 2014-07-08 | 2018-08-07 | National Oilwell Varco, L.P. | Closed loop drilling mud cooling system for land-based drilling operations |
| WO2016007598A1 (en) * | 2014-07-08 | 2016-01-14 | National Oilwell Varco, L.P. | Closed loop drilling mud cooling system for land-based drilling operations |
| US11384610B2 (en) | 2014-07-08 | 2022-07-12 | National Oilwell Varco, L.P. | Closed loop drilling mud cooling system for land-based drilling operations |
| AU2015287875B2 (en) * | 2014-07-08 | 2017-02-02 | National Oilwell Varco, L.P. | Closed loop drilling mud cooling system for land-based drilling operations |
| GB2542072A (en) * | 2014-07-08 | 2017-03-08 | Nat Oilwell Varco Lp | Closed loop drilling mud cooling system for land-based drilling operations |
| GB2542072B (en) * | 2014-07-08 | 2018-12-12 | Nat Oilwell Varco Lp | Closed loop drilling mud cooling system for land-based drilling operations |
| NL2014082A (en) * | 2015-01-05 | 2016-09-23 | Meto Beheer B V | Mud cooling device. |
| WO2016111616A1 (en) * | 2015-01-05 | 2016-07-14 | Meto Beheer B.V. | Mud cooling device |
| CN106978983A (en) * | 2017-04-28 | 2017-07-25 | 浙江坤德创新岩土工程有限公司 | Mud cyclic processing device and its application method |
| CN106978983B (en) * | 2017-04-28 | 2024-01-30 | 浙江坤德创新岩土工程有限公司 | Mud circulation treatment device and use method thereof |
| CN107165594A (en) * | 2017-06-08 | 2017-09-15 | 巴州山水源工程技术有限公司 | A kind of processing unit of deep-well sulphonated polymer mud discarded slurry and landwaste |
| CN107165594B (en) * | 2017-06-08 | 2019-04-16 | 巴州山水源工程技术有限公司 | A kind of processing unit of deep-well sulphonated polymer mud discarded slurry and landwaste |
| CN113123740A (en) * | 2019-12-30 | 2021-07-16 | 四川宏华石油设备有限公司 | Drilling fluid cooling system |
| CN111810067A (en) * | 2020-07-03 | 2020-10-23 | 四川宏华石油设备有限公司 | Drilling fluid cooling system |
| CN111810067B (en) * | 2020-07-03 | 2024-04-09 | 四川宏华石油设备有限公司 | Drilling fluid cooling system |
| CN113898305A (en) * | 2021-11-18 | 2022-01-07 | 西南石油大学 | High-temperature drilling fluid screening and cooling device and method |
| CN114776239A (en) * | 2022-05-06 | 2022-07-22 | 吉林大学 | High-temperature drilling fluid cooling system |
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| FZDE | Dead |