CA2376765A1 - Method and device for synchronisation in the encoding and decoding of data that are printed in data tapes - Google Patents
Method and device for synchronisation in the encoding and decoding of data that are printed in data tapes Download PDFInfo
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- CA2376765A1 CA2376765A1 CA002376765A CA2376765A CA2376765A1 CA 2376765 A1 CA2376765 A1 CA 2376765A1 CA 002376765 A CA002376765 A CA 002376765A CA 2376765 A CA2376765 A CA 2376765A CA 2376765 A1 CA2376765 A1 CA 2376765A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
- G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K7/00—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns
- G06K7/10—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation
- G06K7/14—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation using light without selection of wavelength, e.g. sensing reflected white light
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- Editing Of Facsimile Originals (AREA)
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Abstract
The invention relates to a method for synchronisation in the decoding of information that is stored on data tapes with a high data density, in cells that are positioned two-dimensionally on said data tape, using a surface or line sensor. First of all, a specification describing the relative position of the fields of the sensor in relation to the position of the cells is established. This specification is continuously corrected in both dimensions using the relative position of the edges or inner structures of the cells, which is determined using the sensor signals of the sensor fields. The invention also relates to a method for assisting synchronisation in the encoding of this information. According to said method, two-dimensional synchronous information is integrated into the inner structure of the cells, which are positioned two-dimensionally on the data tape and contain the stored information. Finally, the invention also relates to a device that has a detector to which the sensor data are supplied, said detector using this data to determine the position of a cell in relation to the sensor co-ordinate system and the information that it contains.
Description
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Method and Device for Synchronization in the Encoding and Decoding of Data that are Printed in Data Tapes The invention relates to a method for synchronization in the encoding and decoding of data on printed supports, in particular of data tapes containing data with information stored two-dimensionally, which may be read by a reading device comprising a linear or surface sensor, in which process during encoding of the data suitable two-dimensional synchronous information is integrated in the data code, the said information being used during decoding for adjusting a two-dimensional adaptive synchronous filter, as well as to a device for carrying out the process, in which context the optically recordable information is typically read by a CCD-line sensor or a CCD-image sensor.
For storing relatively small amounts of information on sections, bar codes having a one-dimensional structure have been known for a long time and are in general use. In order to encode information, bars and their spacings are applied to the object in different widths. A reading device may capture the bar pattern and decode the information. Although the bar pattern covers a surface, the information is arranged only one-dimensionally. If scanning by the reading device is performed obliquely across the bars, the bar widths change, but the ratio of the two widths remains constant so that synchronization between scanning and bar pattern is very simple and generally known. The data density of such codes, however, is a few bits only per square centimeter of printing area, due to the relatively coarse, one-dimensional data structure.
Two-dimensional bar codes, which are less common, contain somewhat larger amounts of information. For data tapes having bar codes, various codes, for example, EAN, are customary, depending on the field of application. Increased data reliability by the provision of redundancy is illustrated in US 3 211 470.
~pv~~u~ ~ .~Pa-goo os3z9 AMENDED PAGE
' CA 02376765 2001-12-10 In order to attain a higher data density, data tapes are composed of a plurality of data lines and are supplemented by structures for synchronization. WO 86105906 describes such a data tape, containing specific synchronization areas serving to adjust the optical reading device to the data lines and to control the so-called scan rate at which the reading device captures line by line while being guided over a data tape. Within a line one interpolates linearly, i.e. synchronization is not performed within the line.
In DE 41 07 -020 A1 such synchronization areas are evaluated mathematically.
In EP 0 670 555 A1 the synchronization areas are provided in the form of margins of sections of the data tape. The company Cobblestone Software Inc. describes a process at www.~aperdisk.com having synchronous labels serving as a two-dimensional extension of bar codes. By this measure they aim at accommodating in the form of so-called data tiles data densities of up to 4 megabytes on a sheet of 8 x 11 inches.
A drawback of the known data tapes, consisting of a multitude of data lines, i.e. of information points arranged in tines and columns, is the low attainable data density.
The reason for this resides in the fact that the methods and devices used for encoding and decoding the stored data presuppose that the arrangement of data lines and, therefore, also of the information points is sufficiently linear with regard to the resolution of the sensor, that an intended rectangular data structure of data lines remains at least quadrangular with straight data lines, even if affected by interferences and that the data structure may be transformed ~nu~t~~u~~ w .~~ Woo oss~ AMENDED PAGE
' CA 02376765 2001-12-10 back to the original configuration by a turning operation and/or a linear rectification.
These prerequisites can, however, only be complied with readily in the case of relatively small amounts of information, since it is very difficult and costly to technically produce, with regard to the dimensions of a data point, long straight lines, i.e. lines consisting of many data points and, in addition, to prevent the deformation of the data lines due to adverse influences, such as, for example, humidity in the case of a data carrier made of paper and, moreover, to represent them in straight lines on the sensor of the reading device.
For this reason it was proposed in EP 0 670 555 A1 to divide up the data field into many zones each having its own synchronization frame. The transformation of each of the zones captured by the sensor into the target co-ordinates for attaining the originally intended data structure, is performed there from the outside, controlled via the synchronization frame and, as a result, irrespective of the contents of the zone. A desirable, internal synchronization within the zone does, however, not take place.
Furthermore, from US 5,706,099 a process for capturing encoded data tapes is known, wherein separate cells are assumed. Spacing is in this case inevitable, as information in the cells can otherwise not be distinguished. A
high data density is, therefore, not attainable, not intended and also not required for the purpose of application described there (dispatch by mail).
The known techniques provide, therefore, only a low, storable, error-reduced readable and decodable information density. The area so required for certain amounts of data is too large for practical application.
~.~;~.u~~m n~ .~~_~oo os3~ AMENDED PAGE
3a Reducing the size of the printing dots is a possibility for increasing the data density in the known codes. However, in this case, typical image defects such as distortion, astigmatism, coma and shadow images, as they occur by reflections on parallel plates, increase distinctly. The printing process and the image optics then give rise to the fact that the synchronization structures for the reading device appear blurred or distorted, that synchronization to the code fails despite expensive technology, and that decoding becomes incon-ect and, therefore, useless.
In order to record large amounts of data, the technology normally uses two basic principles, namely the recording of data on parallel tracks on a tape-like data carrier and the recording of data on parallel or spiral tracks on a rotating data carrier.
For both basic principles a linear arrangement of data lines is selected, in which context, in the case of lower data density, the prease track guidance depends on the precision of the mechanical guidance of tape and writing/reading head while, in the case of higher data density, a .reading head follows the respectively selected data line. The signal produced by the reading head from the recorded information of the data carrier experiences temporal, i.e. one~iimensional synchronization according to known methods.
~n.~~u~ w.,~~c-goo os3z9 AMENDED PAGE
Method and Device for Synchronization in the Encoding and Decoding of Data that are Printed in Data Tapes The invention relates to a method for synchronization in the encoding and decoding of data on printed supports, in particular of data tapes containing data with information stored two-dimensionally, which may be read by a reading device comprising a linear or surface sensor, in which process during encoding of the data suitable two-dimensional synchronous information is integrated in the data code, the said information being used during decoding for adjusting a two-dimensional adaptive synchronous filter, as well as to a device for carrying out the process, in which context the optically recordable information is typically read by a CCD-line sensor or a CCD-image sensor.
For storing relatively small amounts of information on sections, bar codes having a one-dimensional structure have been known for a long time and are in general use. In order to encode information, bars and their spacings are applied to the object in different widths. A reading device may capture the bar pattern and decode the information. Although the bar pattern covers a surface, the information is arranged only one-dimensionally. If scanning by the reading device is performed obliquely across the bars, the bar widths change, but the ratio of the two widths remains constant so that synchronization between scanning and bar pattern is very simple and generally known. The data density of such codes, however, is a few bits only per square centimeter of printing area, due to the relatively coarse, one-dimensional data structure.
Two-dimensional bar codes, which are less common, contain somewhat larger amounts of information. For data tapes having bar codes, various codes, for example, EAN, are customary, depending on the field of application. Increased data reliability by the provision of redundancy is illustrated in US 3 211 470.
~pv~~u~ ~ .~Pa-goo os3z9 AMENDED PAGE
' CA 02376765 2001-12-10 In order to attain a higher data density, data tapes are composed of a plurality of data lines and are supplemented by structures for synchronization. WO 86105906 describes such a data tape, containing specific synchronization areas serving to adjust the optical reading device to the data lines and to control the so-called scan rate at which the reading device captures line by line while being guided over a data tape. Within a line one interpolates linearly, i.e. synchronization is not performed within the line.
In DE 41 07 -020 A1 such synchronization areas are evaluated mathematically.
In EP 0 670 555 A1 the synchronization areas are provided in the form of margins of sections of the data tape. The company Cobblestone Software Inc. describes a process at www.~aperdisk.com having synchronous labels serving as a two-dimensional extension of bar codes. By this measure they aim at accommodating in the form of so-called data tiles data densities of up to 4 megabytes on a sheet of 8 x 11 inches.
A drawback of the known data tapes, consisting of a multitude of data lines, i.e. of information points arranged in tines and columns, is the low attainable data density.
The reason for this resides in the fact that the methods and devices used for encoding and decoding the stored data presuppose that the arrangement of data lines and, therefore, also of the information points is sufficiently linear with regard to the resolution of the sensor, that an intended rectangular data structure of data lines remains at least quadrangular with straight data lines, even if affected by interferences and that the data structure may be transformed ~nu~t~~u~~ w .~~ Woo oss~ AMENDED PAGE
' CA 02376765 2001-12-10 back to the original configuration by a turning operation and/or a linear rectification.
These prerequisites can, however, only be complied with readily in the case of relatively small amounts of information, since it is very difficult and costly to technically produce, with regard to the dimensions of a data point, long straight lines, i.e. lines consisting of many data points and, in addition, to prevent the deformation of the data lines due to adverse influences, such as, for example, humidity in the case of a data carrier made of paper and, moreover, to represent them in straight lines on the sensor of the reading device.
For this reason it was proposed in EP 0 670 555 A1 to divide up the data field into many zones each having its own synchronization frame. The transformation of each of the zones captured by the sensor into the target co-ordinates for attaining the originally intended data structure, is performed there from the outside, controlled via the synchronization frame and, as a result, irrespective of the contents of the zone. A desirable, internal synchronization within the zone does, however, not take place.
Furthermore, from US 5,706,099 a process for capturing encoded data tapes is known, wherein separate cells are assumed. Spacing is in this case inevitable, as information in the cells can otherwise not be distinguished. A
high data density is, therefore, not attainable, not intended and also not required for the purpose of application described there (dispatch by mail).
The known techniques provide, therefore, only a low, storable, error-reduced readable and decodable information density. The area so required for certain amounts of data is too large for practical application.
~.~;~.u~~m n~ .~~_~oo os3~ AMENDED PAGE
3a Reducing the size of the printing dots is a possibility for increasing the data density in the known codes. However, in this case, typical image defects such as distortion, astigmatism, coma and shadow images, as they occur by reflections on parallel plates, increase distinctly. The printing process and the image optics then give rise to the fact that the synchronization structures for the reading device appear blurred or distorted, that synchronization to the code fails despite expensive technology, and that decoding becomes incon-ect and, therefore, useless.
In order to record large amounts of data, the technology normally uses two basic principles, namely the recording of data on parallel tracks on a tape-like data carrier and the recording of data on parallel or spiral tracks on a rotating data carrier.
For both basic principles a linear arrangement of data lines is selected, in which context, in the case of lower data density, the prease track guidance depends on the precision of the mechanical guidance of tape and writing/reading head while, in the case of higher data density, a .reading head follows the respectively selected data line. The signal produced by the reading head from the recorded information of the data carrier experiences temporal, i.e. one~iimensional synchronization according to known methods.
~n.~~u~ w.,~~c-goo os3z9 AMENDED PAGE
These methods of synchronization have been designed only for one-dimensional synchronization with time, even if objects are concerned which are to be represented in a geometrically two-dimensional manner. Thus, synchronization of a television image, for example, is limited to pure time synchronization with temporal synchronous impulses for line and picture.
The known synchronization methods do not make it readily possible to use a sensor consisting of a large number of sensor elements, arranged in linear or planar fashion, such as CCD-line sensors or CCD-surface sensors. Since in the case of these image sensors for the transfer of information from the data carrier onto the sensor a relatively great number of data points is scanned simultaneously, the sensor would have to follow the geometrical pattern of the data points simultaneously represented on it, for which purpose, however, dot scanning instead of linear scanning would be required. If the sensor cells are not substantially smaller than the synchronization screen, synchronization will fail in this case.
The disadvantages of smaller sensor cells are, however, the low light sensitivity, the high price of the sensors and the large amount of data during read-out.
A further drawback of the known methods is the susceptibility to dirt accumulations, wear and tear or deformations of the data carrier. In addition, the coarse data and synchronization structures are perceptible to the human eye and may be a source of interference in various applications and also when overlaying additional visual information.
For the attainable amount of data of a two-dimensional data tape, its dimensions and the perfectly decodable data density are decisive. The greater these two values are selected, the more complex and difficult the required synchronization will become.
~~.~t~ ~ ~u~rooios3z9 It is, therefore, the object of the invention to permit a high data density on a data tape, where encoding, error-reduced decoding and correct synchronization, even in the event of considerably interfering, even non-linear influences, is ensured and that, moreover, the code structures may be so dimensioned that they cannot be perceived by the naked eye and that additional visual information may be overlaid on the stored information.
The object is attained by a method for synchronization in the decoding of stored information filed on data tapes having a high data density in cells positioned two-dimensionally on the data tape by means of a surface or line sensor, in which context at first a specification is established, describing the relative position of the fields of the sensor in relation to the position of the cells and in that this specification is corrected continuously in both dimensions by means of the relative position detectable by sensor signals of the sensor fields of edges or inner structures of the cells and by a method for synchronization in the encoding of this information, in which context two-dimensional syn-chronous information is integrated into the inner structure of the cells positioned two-dimensionally on the data tape and containing the stored information, as well as by a device comprising a detector to which the sensor data are fed and which detects from these data the position of a cell in relation to the sensor coordinate system and its information content.
By synchronization generally the bringing about of the synchronism between two procedures is understood; accordingly, a time relation suffices. For a method realising synchronization this results, therefore, also in the relation to one single dimension, namely time. In the transfer of methods and specifications of the communication technology to optics, time is normally replaced by a spatial dimension so that the concept of synchronization is applied analogously to bringing about image specifications.
By specifications in the context of the invention rules for plotting one system of coordinates on another are understood. This may also mean relations, equations, functions or algorithms. The technology refers here to "image ma~aellantin 1u pa/ap/00J05329 us specifications". In order to carry out a process according to the invention, the conversion of the specifications into algorithms may be advantageous.
Synchronization of the information read from the data tape by the sensor of a reading device is two-dimensional in accordance with the invention and, due to image and scanning errors as well as variations of the area to be scanned, for example, due to humidity in the case of a data carrier of paper, relates to a system of coordinates, which is possibly divided neither orthogonally nor linearly nor uniformly.
Only in the event of a relatively small data density and small superficial extent of a section of the data tape to be read, limited by synchronous frames, synchronization within such a region, i.e. internal synchronization, may be dispensed with, the resultant system of coordinates of the section image may be approximated linearly and the read-out information may be transformed by normal coordinate transformation into the target coordinate system corresponding to the original data.
According to the invention, during encoding of the data suitable two-dimensional synchronous information is integrated into the patterns defined by the 'data and used during decoding for adjusting a two-dimensional adaptive synchronous filter so that even data tapes having large dimensions, which comprise only a single section to be read, not interrupted by synchronous labels, can be encoded very densely and at a low error rate.
In the process a data tape is subdivided two-dimensionally into periodically repeatable cells. On the other hand, the information to be encoded and which is stored in those cells is structured at least three-dimensionally, one dimension corresponding, for example, to the length of the data tape, another to its width and the third one to the information depth of each cell of the data tape.
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In special cases each one of the three dimensions may have the length 1, for example, if the data tape consists of one line or one column only or if only one bit per cell is stored.
The addition of further dimensions according to technical characteristics of a data tape is likewise possible. Thus, a dimension may, for example, correspond to the depth in the data tape, in the case of multi-layered data tapes one or more may correspond to the color dimensions of the color applied to the data tape for the code.
High information densities may be attained advantageously in that in one cell a plurality of information bits is stored, each possible combination of information bits, storable in a cell, having assigned to it a pattern of its own.
The cells are preferably of rectangular shape and are assembled orthogonally.
They may, however, have different shapes as well and may, e.g., be joined into a data tape in a herringbone-like manner. The cells may, moreover, consist of one or a plurality of fields.
In an extended system of coordinates, which, viewed across the surface of the data tape, has no accurately known or at least constant division nor an accurately known or at least constant angle between the axes, the system of coordinates must be synchronized continuously in both axes during a continuous scanning process. Only in this way is it made possible to continuously assign to the target coordinate information from a cell of the data tape, determined by the image intensity of the fields of this cell detected by the sensor.
According to the invention, a mathematical model of synchronization, describing a representation of coordinates of the data tape in the target coordinate system, non-linearly distorted due to various effects such as humidity or optical image errors, is corrected in a continuously adaptive manner for purposes of adaptive control.
marina4ri~xelkNin !u pef/ep~00/05329 us A two-dimensional grid consisting of quadrangular meshes requiring a relatively fine structure, i.e. small mesh size and in which the coordinates are linearly interpolated two-dimensionally within a mesh, serves advantageously as the base structure of this mathematical model. However, a two-dimensional spline is preferred, for example, a B-spline, which requires considerably less support points but which is very well adaptable to the properties of the control path.
In the event that each cell consists of one field only, the number of those cells containing the same information is limited in a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention with regard to further dimensions (e.g. length and width of the data tape).
The internal two-dimensional synchronization is then performed according to the invention at the cell edges. If, for example, rectangular cells are used in dense, orthogonal packing, then by way of the transitions between cells containing different information in one of the two dimensions of the data tape, e.g. in line direction, the column synchronization information to be assigned to the current line position is established from the position of the transition.
~a the transitions between cells containing different information in the second dimension, e.g. the column direction, the line synchronization information to be assigned to the current column position, is then established.
The advantage of limiting the number of cells containing the same information in the second dimension, the column direction, for example, is that it prevents the representation of more than one adjustable number of the same lines or same portion of lines on the data tape.
A number of suitable methods exists which may be used according to the invention in order to attain these objects; these may be selected individually or in combination. Thus, the capturing, for example, of information regarding a number of repetitions, additionally inserted synchronous patterns, shifting the position of data codes within a cell or column, the recording of parity bits having an uneven parity for an odd number of data bits or codes to be m~ina~trl~zellentin 1u pd/epI00V05329 us encoded, ensuring that not all bits in the codes resulting from data bits and parity bits, have the value ZERO or ONE.
Furthermore, methods such as those used for the reduction of data to be transferred in facsimile processes are also suitable.
If an internal cell structure in the encoding of one bit per cell is dispensed with, then a black cell, for example, represents a ZERO, a white cell a ONE. Two-dimensional synchronization of the reading-out of such a data tape according to the invention can then not be performed in an inner structure of the cell, but only on its outer edges, that is to say at the point, where varicolored cells adjoin one another.
Such transitions may be utilized for two-dimensional synchronization, in which context transitions are used extending predominantly horizontally to column synchronization as defined by the target coordinate system, and those extending predominantly vertically in relation to line synchronization. In the process the direction of the transition may be taken into account in order to include certain properties of the control-technical path, such as, for example, encoding, printing the data tape and scanning. In this manner, it is possible to compensate for printing ink with a tendency to run by shifting the transition from black to white into the direction of white.
The image of possible patterns of a cell expected on the sensor after capturing by the reading device, depends on various parameters, inter alia, for example, the position of the cell on the data tape, the printing ink, properties of various data carrier materials, uneven scanning or optical distortions.
The cells are designed advantageously with regard to their shape, position and configuration so as to be produced readily and reliably by means of the transfer techniques employed and to be recognizable as well as possible after having been transferred by the reading device. Thus, considerable improvements e.g. in printing, may be attained in that the desired printing point is created by a finer exposure screen, i.e. a printing area consisting of a ~~.urm ~ ~u~oaos3~,~
plurality of exposure points is composed. As a result, internal structures of the fields can be brought about, which can compensate for interfering properties of the printing process.
Cells may, moreover, consist of a plurality of fields.
By selecting the shape and position of the cells and/or the fields in the cells, it is possible to take into account technical marginal conditions of the path between encoding of the desired information and its decoding, such as, for example, running printing ink, lack of sharpness of optics used and/or anisotropic behavior of members of the path.
Thus, exposure means used in printing technology have an orthogonal coordinate system of their points to be exposed. The resolution of the half tone screen is often as little as eight micrometers, further refinements have to be assumed. When printing a data tape, it cannot necessarily be assumed that such fine printing points can be produced reliably.
Accordingly, it is advantageous to select a coarser dot screen for the data tape. Thus, shape andlor positioning of the dots on the data tape may be designed by the selection of the half tone dots of the exposure means, determining a printing point, and their position in its coordinate system. If the exposure means has, for example, a screen of eight micrometers, then, in the case of a printing point size of 32 micrometers, each printing point may be composed of 16 exposure points and may be positioned on the data tape at eight micrometers of local resolution.
It is preferred to so design the two-dimensional pattern formed by the cells that it cannot be resolved by the human eye. This is attained in that the geometrical structure within the cells is finer than the local resolution by the eye and that the average color of neighboring cells is identical. According to the invention, any of the possible items of information of a cell is assigned a characteristic, two-dimensional pattern. Thus, a division of the cell into two rows of two fields each is useful, for example, in the case of an information depth of one bit per cell. Of the 16 possible patterns, six are half black, of rtwiaaltrl~zelk~n 1u pd/epI00/05329 us which, for example, those two are selected as characteristic ones, which have two black fields in a diagonal arrangement, in which case the value ZERO is allocated to the characteristic pattern in the one diagonal direction, while the value ONE is allocated to that pointing in the other direction. The pattern to which the value ONE has been allocated is thus replaced by its negative image for the value ZERO to be encoded.
This is also possible for more complex internal structures of a cell, for example, for a black cross on a white background for the value ZERO and a white cross on a black background for the value ONE.
For such an internal structure of cells the information required on the position for synchronization may be established for each individual cell in both dimensions and be supplied to the adaptive control means. As a result, synchronization may be performed in a very fine and rigid manner, whereby pronounced distortions may be compensated for. Likewise, it is possible to provide in a cell having two rows of two fields each, four characteristic patterns corresponding to the information of 2 bits to be encoded, or even six characteristic patterns which are all half black. Even then a uniform unstructured gray area is perceived by the eye, irrespective of the information encoded.
In the case of greater information depth of the cells the corresponding number of necessary, different, characteristic patterns increases, for four bits per cell to sixteen, for example. An advantageous division of the cell into six fields permits the use of up to 20 characteristic patterns, provided one selects as a prerequisite that half of all fields should be black. If lesser demands are made on the uniformity of the average color of the cells, even those having only two white or black fields may be used for the definition of the characteristic patterns, in order to so obtain, for example, 32 characteristic patterns with which five bits per cell may be encoded.
When selecting the characteristic patterns used, which meet the selected, given marginal conditions, preferably two criteria are used from among a ~o.urmu~ m par~roo~os3z9 ~, larger number of possible characteristic patterns, namely, firstly, avoidance, to a large extent, of data-technically similar patterns and, secondly, avoidance of optically disturbing patterns.
The information to be encoded may make decoding by certain methods more difficult, in particular when using tolerances. Thus, with the NRZ-method the number of successive bits having the same value ZERO or ONE, as the case may be, can only be established correctly if the cycle is constant. For the three-dimensional structuring of the information to be encoded, a limitation of the runriing length of sub-structures containing the same information is therefore advantageous for improving synchronization and/or for the optical configuration. The information to be encoded may also give rise to structures, recognizable with the naked eye. In this case, it is advantageous to replace interfering sub-structures by other sub-structures to which the desired infor-mation is allocated.
Overlaying of image-like information, recognizable by the human eye, may be performed according to the invention by varying the printing ink, in which context the latter may remain largely undetected by the reading device. If, for example, an optical reading device having a red window, or red illumination, is used, then the printed colors appear without the red portion, i.e. green, yellow, blue or black, constituting a similar image intensity for the reading device, but not for the eye.
While in known codes having a high data density wavy supports, distorted paper carriers and slight unevenness in the movement of the reading device are particularly critical, since synchronization onto the code and storing of the established data without misalignment in the target coordinate system fails, it is possible with the method according to the invention, despite considerable waviness, to maintain synchronization during the scanning procedure. Even the areas with print patterns otherwise required for synchronization may be dispensed with. This is of particular importance to a data tape of graphically attractive design.
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For decoding, the data tapes are read in by a device, the local resolution of which is advantageously at least twice as high as that of the human eye. As a result, the sensors of the reading device have a local screen. If the sensor in question is a line sensor, moved relative to the data tape, the local scanning frequency may vary with the scan rate in the direction of motion while the local scanning frequency transversely thereto may vary due to sensor tolerances and image errors of the optics, depicting the data tape on the sensor.
In the following the invention is elucidated by way of drawings and embodiments. There are shown in:
Fig. 1 possible encodings of a cell having two rows of two fields each, Fig. 2 possible encodings of a cell having the same average brightness with three rows of two fields each;
Fig. 3 an example of a cell for bleeding printing ink, Fig. 4 two different screens for positioning the cell according to Fig. 3, Fig. 5 the schematic structure of a device for performing the processing steps according to the invention for decoding the code and Fig. 6 a simplified illustration by way of example of printed cells both in the sensor coordinate system as well as in the target coordinate system Figure 1 shows all possibilities of encoding a cell having two rows of two fields each. If, for example, the value ZERO is allocated to a white field and the value ONE to a black field, then, in possible value weighting of the fields, the hexadecimal coding, stated in each case below the cell, of between 0 corresponding to OH (decimal 0) and F corresponding to FH (decimal 15) results. If only one binary digit of information is to be encoded in such a cell, the selection of the cells 6, for example for ZERO, and 9, for example for ONE, is advantageous, both having the same average brightness and ~ow~~ m ~v~ooros3x~
resulting in a particularly fine structure with regard to visual assessment.
By way of a simple detector these two cells may firstly be distinguished from the others, secondly, the information bit may be decoded and thirdly, the position of the cell with regard to the screen of the target coordinate system may be determined in a particularly precise manner and may thus be used for controlling synchronization.
Out of the 64 possibilities for encoding a cell having three rows of two fields each, Figure 2 shows 20 possibilities, where half the fields of a cell are black.
If, for example, the value ZERO is assigned to a white field and the value ONE to a black field, in a possible value weighting of the fields the hexadecimal coding, stated in each case below the cell, of between 00 corresponding to OOH (decimal 0) and 3F corresponding to 3FH (decimal 63) results. If only the 20 possibilities illustrated are used, a constant average brightness is obtained. In order to control synchronization, it is particularly advantageous to dispense with cells having the hexadecimal coding 15, 2A, 31 and 32, since the cells having the hexadecimal coding 15 and 2A in vertical direction cannot be separated screen-reliably from the hexadecimal coding 31 and 32 in horizontal direction during decoding in a column or a row containing the same information. In order to increase decoding reliability, a selection of the encodings of the cells to be used may be made in terms of factors which are common with regard to data reliability, such as the Hamming-distance or factors of simple setting up or effectively realising the detectors.
Figure 3 shows an example of a cell configuration or a field encoding of a rectangular cell designed in order to be able to prevent bleeding colors from mixing with the color of neighboring cells during printing.
Figure 4 illustrates the periodic repetition of cells containing random information. For example, if the all white cells correspond to the value ZERO, the partially black cells will correspond to the value ONE. In section A of Figure 4 it is shown that protection against mixing of printing ink of neighboring cells with the cell according to Figure 3 in an orthogonal system of coordinates is attained only in part, while it can be seen in section B
that in manna4r11rel1eNin !u pcUep/00J05329 us IS
a changed system of coordinates the ink would have to run very far indeed in order to merge with neighboring cells.
Figure 5 shows schematically the essential parts of a device for performing the claimed process. The preferably digitalized sensor data 10 of the sensor 1 are fed to the detector 8 and are processed from there by the synchronous position decoder 3 and pattern recognition means 4 by using the detection parameter 11. In the process, the synchronous position decoder 3 establishes the deviation of the actual position of the sensor data 10 from the next synchronous position, passing same on for actual position calculation 6 in the form of the synchronous key 13. The actual position calculation 6 calculates the probable, actual position from the synchronous keys of the two-dimensionally adjoining sensor data, passing on the result to the parameter calculation means 5 as position information 15 and to the outside for further use. In the pattern recognition means 4 the detector 8 establishes whether one of the characteristic patterns and if so, which, is present and passes on the corresponding pattern key 14 to the bit pattern allocation 7, determining the bit sequence 16 to be issued. In the parameter calculation means 5 the new detection parameters 12 are calculated from the position information 15 and the detection parameters stored previously in the parameter storage means 2 and are then stored in the parameter storage means 2. They are available there to the detector 8 for the following cycle. The parameters for the detector 8 take into account, inter alia, regional scale errors, position shifts and distortions, i.e. those of small regions as well. The position information may serve to determine the address, under which the bit sequence 16 may be filed in a result storage means.
Figure 6 shows a simplified, exemplified illustration of printed cells both in the sensor coordinate system as well as in the target coordinate system. The sensor coordinate system has been selected arbitrarily as the reference system without limiting the generality in this illustration. It has columns to serve as its one dimension, of which those denoted by T-2 to T+8 are illustrated while it has lines to serve as its second dimension, of which those denoted by U-2 to U+8 are shown. Accordingly, the target coordinate system ~o.~k~ w ~v~,~owoss29 has two dimensions, columns N-1 to N+9 as well as the cells M-1 to M+5 being shown. Relative to the sensor coordinate system the target coordinate system is split neither linearly nor evenly, it is in itself not orthogonal either.
Relative to the sensor, the illustration of the printed pattern is very simplified as well.
Thus, the only place where the transitions between black and white are still sharp-edged is on the data tape, the image on the sensor, however, is blurred, the width of the transitional region, in the case of high data density, is approximately within the same order of magnitude as the sensor division corresponding to the division of the sensor coordinate system.
If a line sensor is used to serve as a sensor, the division of the sensor coordinate system in one axis is determined by sectioning the sensitive areas of the sensor, in the second axis it is determined, for example, by the scan rate of the sensor relative to the data tape so that a non-constant scan rate results in a distortion, which may, however, be calculated as part of the target coordinate system and which may be used, if desired or required, for controlling the scan rate.
In the coordinate system of the original information, which should con-espond to the target coordinate system, the example shown here with hatched lines of a printed pattern is so selected that the cells having the coordinates (M, N+6), (M+1, N+6) and (M+2, N+5) should be black. It is shown how, due to the printing process, the edges of the printed pattern, for example, do not match the existing cell borders of the target coordinate system. In addition, there is the lack of definition of the image on the sensor as well as the local transfer function of the sensor itself.
During processing of the data established by the sensor, which correspond, for example, to the values of brightness allocated by the sensor to each field of the sensor coordinate system, the individual fields are utilized differently: for the field (T+4, U-3) there is no utilization, as its position corresponds to a corner of the target coordinate system;
mrinakrl~AkHin 1u pd/ep/00/05329 us the fields (T+3, U+1 ) and (T+4, U+1 ) are used for synchronizing the column coordinate N+6, since they represent a black-white-transition within a line of the target coordinate system;
the fields (T; U+5) and (T, U+6) are used for synchronizing the line coordinate M+2, since they represent a white-black-transition within a column of the target coordinate system;
the field (T+5, U+1 ) is used to serve as data information for the target coordinate (M, N+6), because it is sufficiently remote from the edges of the target field;
for the fields (T+4, U+2) and (T+4, U+3) there is no utilization, as there is no black-white or white-black-transition, which might be used for synchronization.
Accordingly, the sufficiently widely positioned color transitions within a line of the target coordinate system may contribute to column synchronization, the sufficiently widely positioned color transitions within a column of the target coordinate system to line synchronization while the sufficiently widely positioned fields of the sensor coordinate system within line and column of the target coordinate system may be used for data determination of the corresponding cell.
If one operates at high data density, the cells of the target coordinate system are relatively small, the fields of the sensor coordinate system even smaller.
If data of a data tape must be read out within a short time-span, this must be performed at high frequency, for example, at a reading speed of several millions of sensor fields per second.
In the process according to the invention, by adequate synchronization alone, those sensor fields, which may contribute to synchronization or data determination may be established, for example, the five sensor fields positioned closest within a cell of the target coordinate system to the cell edge centers or the cell center.
When considering the neighboring cells the average number of sensor fields per cell to be taken into account may be decreased considerably even further.
marinaltrl~zclkNin !u pd/ep/0W05329 us Ig If, e.g., two neighboring cells have the same color, color transition is dispensed with. The number of sensor fields per cell to be taken into account may be decreased further in that in the regions, where the fields to be used for synchronizing a dimension, for example, the line of a target coordinate system, are positioned very close to one another, only a subset is actually used for synchronization.
If the sensor values, brightness of the sensor fields, for example, are processed with analogous or digital resolution by more than one bit, the coordinates of a brightness transition from the brightness values of the associated sensor fields may not only relate to the edges of the sensor coordinate system, but may be resolved even further. Accordingly, data determination may take place by that sensor cell, which among the sensor cells not positioned in the vicinity of the cell edge has the extreme, i.e.
maximum or minimum value of brightness.
When processing binary brightness values, i.e. a resolution of one bit only, the coordinates of a transition of brightness may initially relate only to edges of the sensor coordinate system. However, even in this case the positions of the cell borders may be estimated more precisely by including neighboring brightness transitions, shown, for example, in the example according to Figure 6 by jointly taking into account the transitions (T+3, U+1 )-(T+4, U+1 ) and (T+2, U+4)0.(T+3, U+4) and (T+1, U+7)-(T+2, U+7). Accordingly, data determination may be performed by producing the mean value of the brightness values of the sensor cells not positioned in the vicinity of the cell edge by limiting value scanning.
The process of representing the existing sensor coordinate system on the desired target coordinate system may be performed in the form of a two-dimensional polygonal grid, as it is used for finite-element methods, by two-dimensional splines or multi-dimensional approximation methods.
The coordinates of the target coordinate system required for storing the established data are normally in whole numbers. It may, nevertheless, be mrinaltrl~aelleW io 1u pcl/ep/00105329 m advantageous to resolve at a higher level the position of sensor fields in the target coordinate system. If the column in the sensor coordinate system is denoted by x and the line by y, the column in the target coordinate system by a and the line by b, then the representation of the sensor coordinate system on the target coordinate system may be attained by two specifications f and g with a=f(x,y) and b=g(x,y). These specifications may, inter alia, be polygons, polynomials, reference curves or B-splines, but also step-wise methods.
When using a line sensor, the brightness values of the fields of a sensor line are captured simultaneously and supplied sequentially at high frequency to further processing means. It is advantageous in this case, to produce, at the beginning of processing the brightness values of a sensor line, the specifications fy and gy with a=fy(x) and b=gy(x) from the specifications f and g, which then depend only on one variable x.
Advantageously, a purely incremental evaluation of the specification fy and gy is adequately considered as well, since the brightness values arrive sequentially. If the spec~cations are realized accordingly, the decision on whether the use of the brightness value for a field is of significance and if so, of which, may be taken by individual bits of a digital representation of the values a(x, y) and b(x, y). Thus, the combination 00 may represent the first two post-comma bits for a front edge position, the combination 11 may represent the rear edge position and the combinations 01 and 10 the central position. For synchronization one would then use, for example, only sensor fields having combinations indicating a central position in one dimension, an edge position in another, for data determination only those having a central position in a cell of the target coordinate system in both dimensions.
If digital signal processors are used, the specifications pertaining to the methods in floating-point arithmetics or fixed-point arithmetics may be realized. It may be advantageous to base portions of the methods on processing by way of tables in the sense of image procedures. In order to keep the required storage space as low as possible, storage of brightness values of sensor fields not required or not required any longer may be marinakrllullenun 1u pct/ep/00V05329 m dispensed with. At the same time this reduces processing to the required magnitude.
In order to facilitate the transient effect at the beginning of data tape scanning, the image may be supported by a suitable estimate of the process parameters. According to the local density of synchronization information, control-technical methods for continuing and controlling the image may be used, such as smoothing, production of mean values, disturbance variable compensation or adaptive control.
The areas illustrated in the figures as black or white may, of course, be interchanged. Black denotes low brightness of the image of the data tape on the sensor, white denotes high brightness, each relating to the color spectrum analyzed by the sensor. In this manner, colors being perceived by man as equally bright may appear in different degrees of brightness to the sensor due to filters or colored illumination of the data tape.
If the cells are divided up into fields and filled with preset patterns, the considerations with regard to synchronization on the inner structures of the cells may be expanded. On comparison of a cell with the possible patterns provided, for example, in the form of a two-dimensional cross correlation, the pattern with the highest conformity, corresponding to the highest correlation coefficient, may determine the data information pertaining to the pattern, comprising a plurality of bits, con-esponding to a third dimension of the cell, while the position having the highest correlation coefficient, established by the two-dimensional cross correlation, may be inGuded in the synchronization process as the central cell position. By the appropriate selection of the patterns to be provided from the entirety of possible patterns it is ensured that each cell may contribute to synchronization. Binary, digital or analogous brightness parameters may be used.
If binary brightness values are used, then the required comparisons may be replaced in a particularly simple manner by access to tables. In this case, the address required for the access to tables is compiled by the brightness ~owf~~ a. ~e~ooross~ ~.
values, i.e. individual bits only, of the fields of the sensor coordinate system to be incorporated in the comparison or it is produced according to an algorithm while different output values, such as, for example, a field center coordinate, the data information searched for andlor quality identification for estimating the probability of correct data information are entered in the table under the respective address. By means of the latter an effect on the synchronization process may be suitably value weighted and an error correction algorithm for checking or correcting transfer errors may be improved. The table may be varied adaptively, for example, it may be adapted to a varying division of the target coordinate system or to a varying degree of brightness of the data tape.
romMltrI~IlecWn lu pd/Cp~OOIOS329 us
The known synchronization methods do not make it readily possible to use a sensor consisting of a large number of sensor elements, arranged in linear or planar fashion, such as CCD-line sensors or CCD-surface sensors. Since in the case of these image sensors for the transfer of information from the data carrier onto the sensor a relatively great number of data points is scanned simultaneously, the sensor would have to follow the geometrical pattern of the data points simultaneously represented on it, for which purpose, however, dot scanning instead of linear scanning would be required. If the sensor cells are not substantially smaller than the synchronization screen, synchronization will fail in this case.
The disadvantages of smaller sensor cells are, however, the low light sensitivity, the high price of the sensors and the large amount of data during read-out.
A further drawback of the known methods is the susceptibility to dirt accumulations, wear and tear or deformations of the data carrier. In addition, the coarse data and synchronization structures are perceptible to the human eye and may be a source of interference in various applications and also when overlaying additional visual information.
For the attainable amount of data of a two-dimensional data tape, its dimensions and the perfectly decodable data density are decisive. The greater these two values are selected, the more complex and difficult the required synchronization will become.
~~.~t~ ~ ~u~rooios3z9 It is, therefore, the object of the invention to permit a high data density on a data tape, where encoding, error-reduced decoding and correct synchronization, even in the event of considerably interfering, even non-linear influences, is ensured and that, moreover, the code structures may be so dimensioned that they cannot be perceived by the naked eye and that additional visual information may be overlaid on the stored information.
The object is attained by a method for synchronization in the decoding of stored information filed on data tapes having a high data density in cells positioned two-dimensionally on the data tape by means of a surface or line sensor, in which context at first a specification is established, describing the relative position of the fields of the sensor in relation to the position of the cells and in that this specification is corrected continuously in both dimensions by means of the relative position detectable by sensor signals of the sensor fields of edges or inner structures of the cells and by a method for synchronization in the encoding of this information, in which context two-dimensional syn-chronous information is integrated into the inner structure of the cells positioned two-dimensionally on the data tape and containing the stored information, as well as by a device comprising a detector to which the sensor data are fed and which detects from these data the position of a cell in relation to the sensor coordinate system and its information content.
By synchronization generally the bringing about of the synchronism between two procedures is understood; accordingly, a time relation suffices. For a method realising synchronization this results, therefore, also in the relation to one single dimension, namely time. In the transfer of methods and specifications of the communication technology to optics, time is normally replaced by a spatial dimension so that the concept of synchronization is applied analogously to bringing about image specifications.
By specifications in the context of the invention rules for plotting one system of coordinates on another are understood. This may also mean relations, equations, functions or algorithms. The technology refers here to "image ma~aellantin 1u pa/ap/00J05329 us specifications". In order to carry out a process according to the invention, the conversion of the specifications into algorithms may be advantageous.
Synchronization of the information read from the data tape by the sensor of a reading device is two-dimensional in accordance with the invention and, due to image and scanning errors as well as variations of the area to be scanned, for example, due to humidity in the case of a data carrier of paper, relates to a system of coordinates, which is possibly divided neither orthogonally nor linearly nor uniformly.
Only in the event of a relatively small data density and small superficial extent of a section of the data tape to be read, limited by synchronous frames, synchronization within such a region, i.e. internal synchronization, may be dispensed with, the resultant system of coordinates of the section image may be approximated linearly and the read-out information may be transformed by normal coordinate transformation into the target coordinate system corresponding to the original data.
According to the invention, during encoding of the data suitable two-dimensional synchronous information is integrated into the patterns defined by the 'data and used during decoding for adjusting a two-dimensional adaptive synchronous filter so that even data tapes having large dimensions, which comprise only a single section to be read, not interrupted by synchronous labels, can be encoded very densely and at a low error rate.
In the process a data tape is subdivided two-dimensionally into periodically repeatable cells. On the other hand, the information to be encoded and which is stored in those cells is structured at least three-dimensionally, one dimension corresponding, for example, to the length of the data tape, another to its width and the third one to the information depth of each cell of the data tape.
~n.ur~ ~ Par~~owossx9 ~.
In special cases each one of the three dimensions may have the length 1, for example, if the data tape consists of one line or one column only or if only one bit per cell is stored.
The addition of further dimensions according to technical characteristics of a data tape is likewise possible. Thus, a dimension may, for example, correspond to the depth in the data tape, in the case of multi-layered data tapes one or more may correspond to the color dimensions of the color applied to the data tape for the code.
High information densities may be attained advantageously in that in one cell a plurality of information bits is stored, each possible combination of information bits, storable in a cell, having assigned to it a pattern of its own.
The cells are preferably of rectangular shape and are assembled orthogonally.
They may, however, have different shapes as well and may, e.g., be joined into a data tape in a herringbone-like manner. The cells may, moreover, consist of one or a plurality of fields.
In an extended system of coordinates, which, viewed across the surface of the data tape, has no accurately known or at least constant division nor an accurately known or at least constant angle between the axes, the system of coordinates must be synchronized continuously in both axes during a continuous scanning process. Only in this way is it made possible to continuously assign to the target coordinate information from a cell of the data tape, determined by the image intensity of the fields of this cell detected by the sensor.
According to the invention, a mathematical model of synchronization, describing a representation of coordinates of the data tape in the target coordinate system, non-linearly distorted due to various effects such as humidity or optical image errors, is corrected in a continuously adaptive manner for purposes of adaptive control.
marina4ri~xelkNin !u pef/ep~00/05329 us A two-dimensional grid consisting of quadrangular meshes requiring a relatively fine structure, i.e. small mesh size and in which the coordinates are linearly interpolated two-dimensionally within a mesh, serves advantageously as the base structure of this mathematical model. However, a two-dimensional spline is preferred, for example, a B-spline, which requires considerably less support points but which is very well adaptable to the properties of the control path.
In the event that each cell consists of one field only, the number of those cells containing the same information is limited in a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention with regard to further dimensions (e.g. length and width of the data tape).
The internal two-dimensional synchronization is then performed according to the invention at the cell edges. If, for example, rectangular cells are used in dense, orthogonal packing, then by way of the transitions between cells containing different information in one of the two dimensions of the data tape, e.g. in line direction, the column synchronization information to be assigned to the current line position is established from the position of the transition.
~a the transitions between cells containing different information in the second dimension, e.g. the column direction, the line synchronization information to be assigned to the current column position, is then established.
The advantage of limiting the number of cells containing the same information in the second dimension, the column direction, for example, is that it prevents the representation of more than one adjustable number of the same lines or same portion of lines on the data tape.
A number of suitable methods exists which may be used according to the invention in order to attain these objects; these may be selected individually or in combination. Thus, the capturing, for example, of information regarding a number of repetitions, additionally inserted synchronous patterns, shifting the position of data codes within a cell or column, the recording of parity bits having an uneven parity for an odd number of data bits or codes to be m~ina~trl~zellentin 1u pd/epI00V05329 us encoded, ensuring that not all bits in the codes resulting from data bits and parity bits, have the value ZERO or ONE.
Furthermore, methods such as those used for the reduction of data to be transferred in facsimile processes are also suitable.
If an internal cell structure in the encoding of one bit per cell is dispensed with, then a black cell, for example, represents a ZERO, a white cell a ONE. Two-dimensional synchronization of the reading-out of such a data tape according to the invention can then not be performed in an inner structure of the cell, but only on its outer edges, that is to say at the point, where varicolored cells adjoin one another.
Such transitions may be utilized for two-dimensional synchronization, in which context transitions are used extending predominantly horizontally to column synchronization as defined by the target coordinate system, and those extending predominantly vertically in relation to line synchronization. In the process the direction of the transition may be taken into account in order to include certain properties of the control-technical path, such as, for example, encoding, printing the data tape and scanning. In this manner, it is possible to compensate for printing ink with a tendency to run by shifting the transition from black to white into the direction of white.
The image of possible patterns of a cell expected on the sensor after capturing by the reading device, depends on various parameters, inter alia, for example, the position of the cell on the data tape, the printing ink, properties of various data carrier materials, uneven scanning or optical distortions.
The cells are designed advantageously with regard to their shape, position and configuration so as to be produced readily and reliably by means of the transfer techniques employed and to be recognizable as well as possible after having been transferred by the reading device. Thus, considerable improvements e.g. in printing, may be attained in that the desired printing point is created by a finer exposure screen, i.e. a printing area consisting of a ~~.urm ~ ~u~oaos3~,~
plurality of exposure points is composed. As a result, internal structures of the fields can be brought about, which can compensate for interfering properties of the printing process.
Cells may, moreover, consist of a plurality of fields.
By selecting the shape and position of the cells and/or the fields in the cells, it is possible to take into account technical marginal conditions of the path between encoding of the desired information and its decoding, such as, for example, running printing ink, lack of sharpness of optics used and/or anisotropic behavior of members of the path.
Thus, exposure means used in printing technology have an orthogonal coordinate system of their points to be exposed. The resolution of the half tone screen is often as little as eight micrometers, further refinements have to be assumed. When printing a data tape, it cannot necessarily be assumed that such fine printing points can be produced reliably.
Accordingly, it is advantageous to select a coarser dot screen for the data tape. Thus, shape andlor positioning of the dots on the data tape may be designed by the selection of the half tone dots of the exposure means, determining a printing point, and their position in its coordinate system. If the exposure means has, for example, a screen of eight micrometers, then, in the case of a printing point size of 32 micrometers, each printing point may be composed of 16 exposure points and may be positioned on the data tape at eight micrometers of local resolution.
It is preferred to so design the two-dimensional pattern formed by the cells that it cannot be resolved by the human eye. This is attained in that the geometrical structure within the cells is finer than the local resolution by the eye and that the average color of neighboring cells is identical. According to the invention, any of the possible items of information of a cell is assigned a characteristic, two-dimensional pattern. Thus, a division of the cell into two rows of two fields each is useful, for example, in the case of an information depth of one bit per cell. Of the 16 possible patterns, six are half black, of rtwiaaltrl~zelk~n 1u pd/epI00/05329 us which, for example, those two are selected as characteristic ones, which have two black fields in a diagonal arrangement, in which case the value ZERO is allocated to the characteristic pattern in the one diagonal direction, while the value ONE is allocated to that pointing in the other direction. The pattern to which the value ONE has been allocated is thus replaced by its negative image for the value ZERO to be encoded.
This is also possible for more complex internal structures of a cell, for example, for a black cross on a white background for the value ZERO and a white cross on a black background for the value ONE.
For such an internal structure of cells the information required on the position for synchronization may be established for each individual cell in both dimensions and be supplied to the adaptive control means. As a result, synchronization may be performed in a very fine and rigid manner, whereby pronounced distortions may be compensated for. Likewise, it is possible to provide in a cell having two rows of two fields each, four characteristic patterns corresponding to the information of 2 bits to be encoded, or even six characteristic patterns which are all half black. Even then a uniform unstructured gray area is perceived by the eye, irrespective of the information encoded.
In the case of greater information depth of the cells the corresponding number of necessary, different, characteristic patterns increases, for four bits per cell to sixteen, for example. An advantageous division of the cell into six fields permits the use of up to 20 characteristic patterns, provided one selects as a prerequisite that half of all fields should be black. If lesser demands are made on the uniformity of the average color of the cells, even those having only two white or black fields may be used for the definition of the characteristic patterns, in order to so obtain, for example, 32 characteristic patterns with which five bits per cell may be encoded.
When selecting the characteristic patterns used, which meet the selected, given marginal conditions, preferably two criteria are used from among a ~o.urmu~ m par~roo~os3z9 ~, larger number of possible characteristic patterns, namely, firstly, avoidance, to a large extent, of data-technically similar patterns and, secondly, avoidance of optically disturbing patterns.
The information to be encoded may make decoding by certain methods more difficult, in particular when using tolerances. Thus, with the NRZ-method the number of successive bits having the same value ZERO or ONE, as the case may be, can only be established correctly if the cycle is constant. For the three-dimensional structuring of the information to be encoded, a limitation of the runriing length of sub-structures containing the same information is therefore advantageous for improving synchronization and/or for the optical configuration. The information to be encoded may also give rise to structures, recognizable with the naked eye. In this case, it is advantageous to replace interfering sub-structures by other sub-structures to which the desired infor-mation is allocated.
Overlaying of image-like information, recognizable by the human eye, may be performed according to the invention by varying the printing ink, in which context the latter may remain largely undetected by the reading device. If, for example, an optical reading device having a red window, or red illumination, is used, then the printed colors appear without the red portion, i.e. green, yellow, blue or black, constituting a similar image intensity for the reading device, but not for the eye.
While in known codes having a high data density wavy supports, distorted paper carriers and slight unevenness in the movement of the reading device are particularly critical, since synchronization onto the code and storing of the established data without misalignment in the target coordinate system fails, it is possible with the method according to the invention, despite considerable waviness, to maintain synchronization during the scanning procedure. Even the areas with print patterns otherwise required for synchronization may be dispensed with. This is of particular importance to a data tape of graphically attractive design.
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For decoding, the data tapes are read in by a device, the local resolution of which is advantageously at least twice as high as that of the human eye. As a result, the sensors of the reading device have a local screen. If the sensor in question is a line sensor, moved relative to the data tape, the local scanning frequency may vary with the scan rate in the direction of motion while the local scanning frequency transversely thereto may vary due to sensor tolerances and image errors of the optics, depicting the data tape on the sensor.
In the following the invention is elucidated by way of drawings and embodiments. There are shown in:
Fig. 1 possible encodings of a cell having two rows of two fields each, Fig. 2 possible encodings of a cell having the same average brightness with three rows of two fields each;
Fig. 3 an example of a cell for bleeding printing ink, Fig. 4 two different screens for positioning the cell according to Fig. 3, Fig. 5 the schematic structure of a device for performing the processing steps according to the invention for decoding the code and Fig. 6 a simplified illustration by way of example of printed cells both in the sensor coordinate system as well as in the target coordinate system Figure 1 shows all possibilities of encoding a cell having two rows of two fields each. If, for example, the value ZERO is allocated to a white field and the value ONE to a black field, then, in possible value weighting of the fields, the hexadecimal coding, stated in each case below the cell, of between 0 corresponding to OH (decimal 0) and F corresponding to FH (decimal 15) results. If only one binary digit of information is to be encoded in such a cell, the selection of the cells 6, for example for ZERO, and 9, for example for ONE, is advantageous, both having the same average brightness and ~ow~~ m ~v~ooros3x~
resulting in a particularly fine structure with regard to visual assessment.
By way of a simple detector these two cells may firstly be distinguished from the others, secondly, the information bit may be decoded and thirdly, the position of the cell with regard to the screen of the target coordinate system may be determined in a particularly precise manner and may thus be used for controlling synchronization.
Out of the 64 possibilities for encoding a cell having three rows of two fields each, Figure 2 shows 20 possibilities, where half the fields of a cell are black.
If, for example, the value ZERO is assigned to a white field and the value ONE to a black field, in a possible value weighting of the fields the hexadecimal coding, stated in each case below the cell, of between 00 corresponding to OOH (decimal 0) and 3F corresponding to 3FH (decimal 63) results. If only the 20 possibilities illustrated are used, a constant average brightness is obtained. In order to control synchronization, it is particularly advantageous to dispense with cells having the hexadecimal coding 15, 2A, 31 and 32, since the cells having the hexadecimal coding 15 and 2A in vertical direction cannot be separated screen-reliably from the hexadecimal coding 31 and 32 in horizontal direction during decoding in a column or a row containing the same information. In order to increase decoding reliability, a selection of the encodings of the cells to be used may be made in terms of factors which are common with regard to data reliability, such as the Hamming-distance or factors of simple setting up or effectively realising the detectors.
Figure 3 shows an example of a cell configuration or a field encoding of a rectangular cell designed in order to be able to prevent bleeding colors from mixing with the color of neighboring cells during printing.
Figure 4 illustrates the periodic repetition of cells containing random information. For example, if the all white cells correspond to the value ZERO, the partially black cells will correspond to the value ONE. In section A of Figure 4 it is shown that protection against mixing of printing ink of neighboring cells with the cell according to Figure 3 in an orthogonal system of coordinates is attained only in part, while it can be seen in section B
that in manna4r11rel1eNin !u pcUep/00J05329 us IS
a changed system of coordinates the ink would have to run very far indeed in order to merge with neighboring cells.
Figure 5 shows schematically the essential parts of a device for performing the claimed process. The preferably digitalized sensor data 10 of the sensor 1 are fed to the detector 8 and are processed from there by the synchronous position decoder 3 and pattern recognition means 4 by using the detection parameter 11. In the process, the synchronous position decoder 3 establishes the deviation of the actual position of the sensor data 10 from the next synchronous position, passing same on for actual position calculation 6 in the form of the synchronous key 13. The actual position calculation 6 calculates the probable, actual position from the synchronous keys of the two-dimensionally adjoining sensor data, passing on the result to the parameter calculation means 5 as position information 15 and to the outside for further use. In the pattern recognition means 4 the detector 8 establishes whether one of the characteristic patterns and if so, which, is present and passes on the corresponding pattern key 14 to the bit pattern allocation 7, determining the bit sequence 16 to be issued. In the parameter calculation means 5 the new detection parameters 12 are calculated from the position information 15 and the detection parameters stored previously in the parameter storage means 2 and are then stored in the parameter storage means 2. They are available there to the detector 8 for the following cycle. The parameters for the detector 8 take into account, inter alia, regional scale errors, position shifts and distortions, i.e. those of small regions as well. The position information may serve to determine the address, under which the bit sequence 16 may be filed in a result storage means.
Figure 6 shows a simplified, exemplified illustration of printed cells both in the sensor coordinate system as well as in the target coordinate system. The sensor coordinate system has been selected arbitrarily as the reference system without limiting the generality in this illustration. It has columns to serve as its one dimension, of which those denoted by T-2 to T+8 are illustrated while it has lines to serve as its second dimension, of which those denoted by U-2 to U+8 are shown. Accordingly, the target coordinate system ~o.~k~ w ~v~,~owoss29 has two dimensions, columns N-1 to N+9 as well as the cells M-1 to M+5 being shown. Relative to the sensor coordinate system the target coordinate system is split neither linearly nor evenly, it is in itself not orthogonal either.
Relative to the sensor, the illustration of the printed pattern is very simplified as well.
Thus, the only place where the transitions between black and white are still sharp-edged is on the data tape, the image on the sensor, however, is blurred, the width of the transitional region, in the case of high data density, is approximately within the same order of magnitude as the sensor division corresponding to the division of the sensor coordinate system.
If a line sensor is used to serve as a sensor, the division of the sensor coordinate system in one axis is determined by sectioning the sensitive areas of the sensor, in the second axis it is determined, for example, by the scan rate of the sensor relative to the data tape so that a non-constant scan rate results in a distortion, which may, however, be calculated as part of the target coordinate system and which may be used, if desired or required, for controlling the scan rate.
In the coordinate system of the original information, which should con-espond to the target coordinate system, the example shown here with hatched lines of a printed pattern is so selected that the cells having the coordinates (M, N+6), (M+1, N+6) and (M+2, N+5) should be black. It is shown how, due to the printing process, the edges of the printed pattern, for example, do not match the existing cell borders of the target coordinate system. In addition, there is the lack of definition of the image on the sensor as well as the local transfer function of the sensor itself.
During processing of the data established by the sensor, which correspond, for example, to the values of brightness allocated by the sensor to each field of the sensor coordinate system, the individual fields are utilized differently: for the field (T+4, U-3) there is no utilization, as its position corresponds to a corner of the target coordinate system;
mrinakrl~AkHin 1u pd/ep/00/05329 us the fields (T+3, U+1 ) and (T+4, U+1 ) are used for synchronizing the column coordinate N+6, since they represent a black-white-transition within a line of the target coordinate system;
the fields (T; U+5) and (T, U+6) are used for synchronizing the line coordinate M+2, since they represent a white-black-transition within a column of the target coordinate system;
the field (T+5, U+1 ) is used to serve as data information for the target coordinate (M, N+6), because it is sufficiently remote from the edges of the target field;
for the fields (T+4, U+2) and (T+4, U+3) there is no utilization, as there is no black-white or white-black-transition, which might be used for synchronization.
Accordingly, the sufficiently widely positioned color transitions within a line of the target coordinate system may contribute to column synchronization, the sufficiently widely positioned color transitions within a column of the target coordinate system to line synchronization while the sufficiently widely positioned fields of the sensor coordinate system within line and column of the target coordinate system may be used for data determination of the corresponding cell.
If one operates at high data density, the cells of the target coordinate system are relatively small, the fields of the sensor coordinate system even smaller.
If data of a data tape must be read out within a short time-span, this must be performed at high frequency, for example, at a reading speed of several millions of sensor fields per second.
In the process according to the invention, by adequate synchronization alone, those sensor fields, which may contribute to synchronization or data determination may be established, for example, the five sensor fields positioned closest within a cell of the target coordinate system to the cell edge centers or the cell center.
When considering the neighboring cells the average number of sensor fields per cell to be taken into account may be decreased considerably even further.
marinaltrl~zclkNin !u pd/ep/0W05329 us Ig If, e.g., two neighboring cells have the same color, color transition is dispensed with. The number of sensor fields per cell to be taken into account may be decreased further in that in the regions, where the fields to be used for synchronizing a dimension, for example, the line of a target coordinate system, are positioned very close to one another, only a subset is actually used for synchronization.
If the sensor values, brightness of the sensor fields, for example, are processed with analogous or digital resolution by more than one bit, the coordinates of a brightness transition from the brightness values of the associated sensor fields may not only relate to the edges of the sensor coordinate system, but may be resolved even further. Accordingly, data determination may take place by that sensor cell, which among the sensor cells not positioned in the vicinity of the cell edge has the extreme, i.e.
maximum or minimum value of brightness.
When processing binary brightness values, i.e. a resolution of one bit only, the coordinates of a transition of brightness may initially relate only to edges of the sensor coordinate system. However, even in this case the positions of the cell borders may be estimated more precisely by including neighboring brightness transitions, shown, for example, in the example according to Figure 6 by jointly taking into account the transitions (T+3, U+1 )-(T+4, U+1 ) and (T+2, U+4)0.(T+3, U+4) and (T+1, U+7)-(T+2, U+7). Accordingly, data determination may be performed by producing the mean value of the brightness values of the sensor cells not positioned in the vicinity of the cell edge by limiting value scanning.
The process of representing the existing sensor coordinate system on the desired target coordinate system may be performed in the form of a two-dimensional polygonal grid, as it is used for finite-element methods, by two-dimensional splines or multi-dimensional approximation methods.
The coordinates of the target coordinate system required for storing the established data are normally in whole numbers. It may, nevertheless, be mrinaltrl~aelleW io 1u pcl/ep/00105329 m advantageous to resolve at a higher level the position of sensor fields in the target coordinate system. If the column in the sensor coordinate system is denoted by x and the line by y, the column in the target coordinate system by a and the line by b, then the representation of the sensor coordinate system on the target coordinate system may be attained by two specifications f and g with a=f(x,y) and b=g(x,y). These specifications may, inter alia, be polygons, polynomials, reference curves or B-splines, but also step-wise methods.
When using a line sensor, the brightness values of the fields of a sensor line are captured simultaneously and supplied sequentially at high frequency to further processing means. It is advantageous in this case, to produce, at the beginning of processing the brightness values of a sensor line, the specifications fy and gy with a=fy(x) and b=gy(x) from the specifications f and g, which then depend only on one variable x.
Advantageously, a purely incremental evaluation of the specification fy and gy is adequately considered as well, since the brightness values arrive sequentially. If the spec~cations are realized accordingly, the decision on whether the use of the brightness value for a field is of significance and if so, of which, may be taken by individual bits of a digital representation of the values a(x, y) and b(x, y). Thus, the combination 00 may represent the first two post-comma bits for a front edge position, the combination 11 may represent the rear edge position and the combinations 01 and 10 the central position. For synchronization one would then use, for example, only sensor fields having combinations indicating a central position in one dimension, an edge position in another, for data determination only those having a central position in a cell of the target coordinate system in both dimensions.
If digital signal processors are used, the specifications pertaining to the methods in floating-point arithmetics or fixed-point arithmetics may be realized. It may be advantageous to base portions of the methods on processing by way of tables in the sense of image procedures. In order to keep the required storage space as low as possible, storage of brightness values of sensor fields not required or not required any longer may be marinakrllullenun 1u pct/ep/00V05329 m dispensed with. At the same time this reduces processing to the required magnitude.
In order to facilitate the transient effect at the beginning of data tape scanning, the image may be supported by a suitable estimate of the process parameters. According to the local density of synchronization information, control-technical methods for continuing and controlling the image may be used, such as smoothing, production of mean values, disturbance variable compensation or adaptive control.
The areas illustrated in the figures as black or white may, of course, be interchanged. Black denotes low brightness of the image of the data tape on the sensor, white denotes high brightness, each relating to the color spectrum analyzed by the sensor. In this manner, colors being perceived by man as equally bright may appear in different degrees of brightness to the sensor due to filters or colored illumination of the data tape.
If the cells are divided up into fields and filled with preset patterns, the considerations with regard to synchronization on the inner structures of the cells may be expanded. On comparison of a cell with the possible patterns provided, for example, in the form of a two-dimensional cross correlation, the pattern with the highest conformity, corresponding to the highest correlation coefficient, may determine the data information pertaining to the pattern, comprising a plurality of bits, con-esponding to a third dimension of the cell, while the position having the highest correlation coefficient, established by the two-dimensional cross correlation, may be inGuded in the synchronization process as the central cell position. By the appropriate selection of the patterns to be provided from the entirety of possible patterns it is ensured that each cell may contribute to synchronization. Binary, digital or analogous brightness parameters may be used.
If binary brightness values are used, then the required comparisons may be replaced in a particularly simple manner by access to tables. In this case, the address required for the access to tables is compiled by the brightness ~owf~~ a. ~e~ooross~ ~.
values, i.e. individual bits only, of the fields of the sensor coordinate system to be incorporated in the comparison or it is produced according to an algorithm while different output values, such as, for example, a field center coordinate, the data information searched for andlor quality identification for estimating the probability of correct data information are entered in the table under the respective address. By means of the latter an effect on the synchronization process may be suitably value weighted and an error correction algorithm for checking or correcting transfer errors may be improved. The table may be varied adaptively, for example, it may be adapted to a varying division of the target coordinate system or to a varying degree of brightness of the data tape.
romMltrI~IlecWn lu pd/Cp~OOIOS329 us
Claims (11)
1. Method for synchronization in the decoding of information stored on data tapes having a high data density, in cells positioned two-dimensionally on the said data tape, using a surface or line sensor, characterized in that a) a specification is established describing the relative position of the fields of the sensor in relation to the position of the cells, b) the specification is continuously corrected in both dimensions using the relative position of the edges or inner structures of the cells, determined by using the sensor signals of the sensor fields.
2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the information content of a cell is determined by the sensor signal of a sensor field to be selected on the basis of the specification.
3. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the information content of a cell is determined by the sensor signal of a plurality of sensor fields to be selected on the basis of the specification.
4. Method according to claim 3, characterized in that the information content of a cell comprises a plurality of data bits.
5. Method for encoding information and for recording the encoded information on a data tape having a high data density, which can be decoded by way of a method according to claim 1, characterized in that two-dimensional synchronous information is integrated into the inner structure of the cells positioned two-dimensionally on the data tape, containing the information to be stored.
6. Method according to claim 5, characterized in that the number of cells containing the same information in both dimensions is limited to small values in comparison with the respective dimensions of the entire data tape.
7. Method according to at least one of claims 5 to 6, characterized in that for representing the information content of a cell consisting of different fields characteristic patterns existing in the cell are used.
8. Method according to claim 7, characterized in that the different characteristic patterns, measured on average across the respective pattern, possess among one another identical or similar characteristics which are perceivable by man.
9. Method according to any one of claims 7 or 8, characterized in that the characteristic patterns consist of colors which appear in different degrees of brightness to the sensor.
10. Device for performing a process according to at least one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the sensor data are supplied to a detector, which determines from the latter the position of a cell in relation to the sensor coordinate system and its information content.
11. Device according to claim 10, characterized in that the device comprises a sensor, movable for scanning the data tape, a mean value producing means for centering the sensor coordinates of a row or column of the data tape, a storage means for storing the mean value, a subtracter for producing the difference between the last produced and the previously stored mean value and a control means for controlling the scan rate, to which the produced difference may be fed.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19926197.0 | 1999-06-09 | ||
| DE19926197A DE19926197C1 (en) | 1999-06-09 | 1999-06-09 | Procedure to synchronize decoding of two-dimensional data strips, with specification formed to describe relative position of sensor fields to position of information cells |
| PCT/EP2000/005329 WO2000077725A1 (en) | 1999-06-09 | 2000-06-09 | Method and device for synchronisation in the encoding and decoding of data that are printed in data tapes |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2376765A1 true CA2376765A1 (en) | 2000-12-21 |
Family
ID=7910619
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002376765A Abandoned CA2376765A1 (en) | 1999-06-09 | 2000-06-09 | Method and device for synchronisation in the encoding and decoding of data that are printed in data tapes |
Country Status (15)
| Country | Link |
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| EP (1) | EP1183641B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP2003502742A (en) |
| KR (1) | KR20020013575A (en) |
| CN (1) | CN1360709A (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE229203T1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU773496B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2376765A1 (en) |
| CZ (1) | CZ20014389A3 (en) |
| DE (2) | DE19926197C1 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK1183641T3 (en) |
| EA (1) | EA200200012A1 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2188561T3 (en) |
| HU (1) | HUP0201360A2 (en) |
| PL (1) | PL352091A1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2000077725A1 (en) |
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| DE10307775B4 (en) * | 2002-02-22 | 2008-04-17 | Tropf, Hermann, Dipl.-Ing. | Patterned code with robust decoding, in particular signal code, decoding method, decoding device, reading device, and data carrier with program |
| DE102004063950B4 (en) * | 2004-08-07 | 2009-02-19 | Tropf, Hermann | channel coding |
| DE102004038601B4 (en) * | 2004-08-07 | 2006-08-24 | Tropf, Hermann | Channel coding method and coding device |
| US7775428B2 (en) | 2005-05-06 | 2010-08-17 | Berkun Kenneth A | Systems and methods for generating, reading and transferring identifiers |
| US7427018B2 (en) | 2005-05-06 | 2008-09-23 | Berkun Kenneth A | Systems and methods for generating, reading and transferring identifiers |
| DE102005037388B4 (en) * | 2005-08-08 | 2007-05-16 | Tropf Hermann | Channel decoding with associated code |
| US8226007B2 (en) | 2007-03-23 | 2012-07-24 | Ltt, Ltd | Method and apparatus for using a limited capacity portable data carrier |
| US8662396B2 (en) | 2007-03-23 | 2014-03-04 | Labels That Talk, Ltd | Method for reproducing and using a bar code symbol |
| JP5158598B2 (en) * | 2008-08-04 | 2013-03-06 | 独立行政法人 国立印刷局 | Information carrying piece, machine reading method, decoding method, and recording medium |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3211470A (en) * | 1963-07-02 | 1965-10-12 | Gift Stars Inc | Coded coupon |
| US5170044A (en) * | 1990-11-09 | 1992-12-08 | Pitney Bowes Inc. | Error tolerant 3x3 bit-map coding of binary data and method of decoding |
| DE4107020A1 (en) * | 1991-03-05 | 1992-09-10 | Franzis Verlag Gmbh | Two=dimensional data storage on printable or photographic medium - is for hand held scanners, involves blocking binary input data according to scanner capacity, arranging in matrix form, adding synchronising characteristics and test bits |
| DE69329120T2 (en) * | 1992-09-28 | 2001-03-22 | Olympus Optical Co | RECORDING MEDIUM FOR POINT CODE AND INFORMATION RECORDING SYSTEM |
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1999
- 1999-06-09 DE DE19926197A patent/DE19926197C1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2000
- 2000-06-09 JP JP2001503127A patent/JP2003502742A/en active Pending
- 2000-06-09 CA CA002376765A patent/CA2376765A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2000-06-09 EA EA200200012A patent/EA200200012A1/en unknown
- 2000-06-09 EP EP00945729A patent/EP1183641B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-06-09 HU HU0201360A patent/HUP0201360A2/en unknown
- 2000-06-09 DE DE50000881T patent/DE50000881D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2000-06-09 PL PL00352091A patent/PL352091A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2000-06-09 AU AU59715/00A patent/AU773496B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2000-06-09 DK DK00945729T patent/DK1183641T3/en active
- 2000-06-09 WO PCT/EP2000/005329 patent/WO2000077725A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2000-06-09 ES ES00945729T patent/ES2188561T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-06-09 CN CN00810248A patent/CN1360709A/en active Pending
- 2000-06-09 AT AT00945729T patent/ATE229203T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2000-06-09 KR KR1020017015858A patent/KR20020013575A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2000-06-09 CZ CZ20014389A patent/CZ20014389A3/en unknown
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| DK1183641T3 (en) | 2003-03-31 |
| AU773496B2 (en) | 2004-05-27 |
| WO2000077725A1 (en) | 2000-12-21 |
| CZ20014389A3 (en) | 2003-01-15 |
| EP1183641B1 (en) | 2002-12-04 |
| DE19926197C1 (en) | 2000-08-10 |
| JP2003502742A (en) | 2003-01-21 |
| PL352091A1 (en) | 2003-07-28 |
| KR20020013575A (en) | 2002-02-20 |
| ES2188561T3 (en) | 2003-07-01 |
| DE50000881D1 (en) | 2003-01-16 |
| AU5971500A (en) | 2001-01-02 |
| CN1360709A (en) | 2002-07-24 |
| EP1183641A1 (en) | 2002-03-06 |
| ATE229203T1 (en) | 2002-12-15 |
| HUP0201360A2 (en) | 2002-08-28 |
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