CA2338454C - A novel formulation useful as a nitrification and urease inhibitor and a method of producing the same - Google Patents
A novel formulation useful as a nitrification and urease inhibitor and a method of producing the same Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2338454C CA2338454C CA002338454A CA2338454A CA2338454C CA 2338454 C CA2338454 C CA 2338454C CA 002338454 A CA002338454 A CA 002338454A CA 2338454 A CA2338454 A CA 2338454A CA 2338454 C CA2338454 C CA 2338454C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- fertilizer
- oil
- urea
- formulation
- nitrification
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 16
- 239000002601 urease inhibitor Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 5
- 229940090496 Urease inhibitor Drugs 0.000 title abstract description 4
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 235000001405 Artemisia annua Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 240000000011 Artemisia annua Species 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000004359 castor oil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 235000019438 castor oil Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-XOQCFJPHSA-N glycerol triricinoleate Natural products CCCCCC[C@@H](O)CC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](COC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CC[C@@H](O)CCCCCC)OC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CC[C@H](O)CCCCCC ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-XOQCFJPHSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000000618 nitrogen fertilizer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N urea group Chemical group NC(=O)N XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 126
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 claims description 64
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 claims description 42
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 33
- 235000003826 Artemisia Nutrition 0.000 claims description 32
- 235000003261 Artemisia vulgaris Nutrition 0.000 claims description 32
- 244000030166 artemisia Species 0.000 claims description 32
- 235000009052 artemisia Nutrition 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- 108010046334 Urease Proteins 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 7
- BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium sulfate Chemical compound N.N.OS(O)(=O)=O BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052921 ammonium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000011130 ammonium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001166 ammonium sulphate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000834 fixative Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 abstract description 34
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 11
- QGBSISYHAICWAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N dicyandiamide Chemical compound NC(N)=NC#N QGBSISYHAICWAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 39
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 16
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 12
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 10
- 238000011534 incubation Methods 0.000 description 9
- 229930014626 natural product Natural products 0.000 description 9
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 9
- 241000186361 Actinobacteria <class> Species 0.000 description 7
- 241000605159 Nitrobacter Species 0.000 description 6
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 6
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 5
- 235000013500 Melia azadirachta Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000002386 leaching Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 5
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 244000245214 Mentha canadensis Species 0.000 description 4
- 235000016278 Mentha canadensis Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 230000001580 bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000000979 retarding effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 240000005343 Azadirachta indica Species 0.000 description 3
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 3
- 230000033228 biological regulation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910000069 nitrogen hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000341 volatile oil Substances 0.000 description 3
- NOOLISFMXDJSKH-UTLUCORTSA-N (+)-Neomenthol Chemical compound CC(C)[C@@H]1CC[C@@H](C)C[C@@H]1O NOOLISFMXDJSKH-UTLUCORTSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NPTGVVKPLWFPPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-amino-4-chloro-6-methylpyrimidine Chemical compound CC1=CC(Cl)=NC(N)=N1 NPTGVVKPLWFPPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NOOLISFMXDJSKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N DL-menthol Natural products CC(C)C1CCC(C)CC1O NOOLISFMXDJSKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 244000237986 Melia azadirachta Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000006679 Mentha X verticillata Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000018978 Mentha arvensis Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000002899 Mentha suaveolens Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000001636 Mentha x rotundifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000004443 Ricinus communis Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000003190 augmentative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000033558 biomineral tissue development Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229940041616 menthol Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001546 nitrifying effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000010076 replication Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- UMGDCJDMYOKAJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiourea Chemical compound NC(N)=S UMGDCJDMYOKAJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241001131796 Botaurus stellaris Species 0.000 description 1
- 101100298222 Caenorhabditis elegans pot-1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 231100000674 Phytotoxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 244000037433 Pongamia pinnata Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000004599 Pongamia pinnata Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000000528 Ricinus communis Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000844 anti-bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000845 anti-microbial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003556 assay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013000 chemical inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003053 completely randomized design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009363 floriculture Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003673 groundwater Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000813 microbial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 244000005706 microflora Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002018 neem oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- DCUJJWWUNKIJPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrapyrin Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC(C(Cl)(Cl)Cl)=N1 DCUJJWWUNKIJPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 231100000989 no adverse effect Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002688 persistence Effects 0.000 description 1
- TZLVRPLSVNESQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium azide Chemical compound [K+].[N-]=[N+]=[N-] TZLVRPLSVNESQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003389 potentiating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Substances C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000004856 soil analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010561 standard procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012622 synthetic inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003442 weekly effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05C—NITROGENOUS FERTILISERS
- C05C3/00—Fertilisers containing other salts of ammonia or ammonia itself, e.g. gas liquor
- C05C3/005—Post-treatment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05C—NITROGENOUS FERTILISERS
- C05C9/00—Fertilisers containing urea or urea compounds
- C05C9/005—Post-treatment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
- C05G3/90—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity for affecting the nitrification of ammonium compounds or urea in the soil
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G5/00—Fertilisers characterised by their form
- C05G5/30—Layered or coated, e.g. dust-preventing coatings
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/20—Reduction of greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions in agriculture, e.g. CO2
- Y02P60/21—Dinitrogen oxide [N2O], e.g. using aquaponics, hydroponics or efficiency measures
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Fertilizers (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to a novel formulation useful as a nitrification and urease inhibitor, said formulation comprising an effective amount of nitrogenous fertilizer, castor oil and oil derived from Artemisia annua, in an amount sufficient to enhance the nitrification activity of the formulation, a method for producing the formulation and method for applying the same to soil.
Description
A NOVEL FORMULATION USEFUL AS A NITRIFICATION AND UREASE
INHIBITOR AND A IvIETHOD OF PRODUCING THE SAME
Field of Invention The present invention relates to a novel formulation comprising nitrogenous fertilizers in combination with castor oil and oil derived from Artemisia annua useful as nitrification and urease inhibitor. More particularly, the invention relates to the development of a cheap, and potential urease/nitrification inhibitor from essential oil (Artemisia annua oil). The invention also provides a method for producing the novel formulation useful as nitrification inhibitor.
Background of the invention:
Among the agricultural inputs to augment food production, use of fertilizer, in particular urea plays a key role. It is estimated that the present global consumption of fertilizer N is in the order of 77 Tg annually which is estimated to be increased to 144 Tg by the beginning of next century. In India, the present consumption of fertilizer N
is about 9.5 m tons which is estimated to be increased to 14 m tons by 2001. Utilization efficiency of fertilizer N seldom exceeds 50%; it is yet low in paddy.
When applied to soil, urea hydrolyses by enzyme urease to from NHS and finally to N03 by some bacteria. The NH.; is subjected to loss by volatilization whereas N03 is prone to losses through leaching and dentrification. Apart from increasing the cost of cultivation in agriculture, N losses through leaching as well as in gaseous form have direct concern in environmental degradation. As a consequence of leaching N03 concentration in ground water has been increasing at an alarming rate. Any strategy that can restrict or retard these processes, would reduce the loss of N. The present invention deals with finding strategies for retarding urea transformation and nitrification for a higher fertilizer N
use efficiency.
Researchers have tried to reduce the losses of N (i) by applying N in small doses at different growth stages of crop, so that the plants use it before it is lost and (ii) by deep placement or incorporating the urea in soil. The ammonium produced can be retained for sometimes in the exchange complex of soil clay particles.
INHIBITOR AND A IvIETHOD OF PRODUCING THE SAME
Field of Invention The present invention relates to a novel formulation comprising nitrogenous fertilizers in combination with castor oil and oil derived from Artemisia annua useful as nitrification and urease inhibitor. More particularly, the invention relates to the development of a cheap, and potential urease/nitrification inhibitor from essential oil (Artemisia annua oil). The invention also provides a method for producing the novel formulation useful as nitrification inhibitor.
Background of the invention:
Among the agricultural inputs to augment food production, use of fertilizer, in particular urea plays a key role. It is estimated that the present global consumption of fertilizer N is in the order of 77 Tg annually which is estimated to be increased to 144 Tg by the beginning of next century. In India, the present consumption of fertilizer N
is about 9.5 m tons which is estimated to be increased to 14 m tons by 2001. Utilization efficiency of fertilizer N seldom exceeds 50%; it is yet low in paddy.
When applied to soil, urea hydrolyses by enzyme urease to from NHS and finally to N03 by some bacteria. The NH.; is subjected to loss by volatilization whereas N03 is prone to losses through leaching and dentrification. Apart from increasing the cost of cultivation in agriculture, N losses through leaching as well as in gaseous form have direct concern in environmental degradation. As a consequence of leaching N03 concentration in ground water has been increasing at an alarming rate. Any strategy that can restrict or retard these processes, would reduce the loss of N. The present invention deals with finding strategies for retarding urea transformation and nitrification for a higher fertilizer N
use efficiency.
Researchers have tried to reduce the losses of N (i) by applying N in small doses at different growth stages of crop, so that the plants use it before it is lost and (ii) by deep placement or incorporating the urea in soil. The ammonium produced can be retained for sometimes in the exchange complex of soil clay particles.
Some of the modern tools suggested are (i) use of unease inhibitors such as phenylphosphorodieamidate (PPD), hydroxamates and benzoqauinones (Gould, WD et al 1986, Adv. Agron. 40:209-238), which reduce the hydrolysis of urea and this can reduce ammonia volatilization losses, and (ii) use of nitrification inhibitors such as N serve or nitrapyrin (2-chloro-6(tricholoromethyl)-pyridine), DCD (Dicyandiamide), AM (2-amino-4-chloro-6-methylpyrimidine), KN3 (potassium azide) and thiourea (Sahrawat, 1989, Adv.
Agron 42:279-302, Prasad and Power, 1995, Adv. Agron 54:233-81).
These compounds have been successful in some parts of the world. However, because of cost and poor availability these could not be made commercially popular to common farmer. An interesting discovery was the nitrification inhibitory properties of neem seed cake (prasad et al, 1971, Adv. Agron 23:337-381) and neem cake coated urea and has found some favour among Indian farmers. Neem bittern/extracts such as NiminTM, NeemexTM, etc.
for treating urea are in Indian market. More recently a neem oil urea emulsion adduct has also been reported (Prasad et al, 1998, Curr. Sci. 75:15). Many of the fertilizer mixture, coated materials especially synthetic chemicals are put to limited use such as in turf or in high price agriculture such as commercial floriculture and that to in developed countries and have not reached the general farmers due to high costs.
Objects of the Invention The main object of the invention is to develop a novel unease and nitrification inhibitor from natural source, more particuarly the evaluation of unease and nitrification inhibiting properties in Artemisia oil.
Another object is to develop novel unease nitrification inhibitor formulation comprising urea and other nitrogenous fertilizers, castor oil and oil derived from Artemisia annua.
Yet another object is to develop cheap and eco-friendly unease and nitrification inhibitor which is easily decomposable and leave no adverse influence in the soil.
Agron 42:279-302, Prasad and Power, 1995, Adv. Agron 54:233-81).
These compounds have been successful in some parts of the world. However, because of cost and poor availability these could not be made commercially popular to common farmer. An interesting discovery was the nitrification inhibitory properties of neem seed cake (prasad et al, 1971, Adv. Agron 23:337-381) and neem cake coated urea and has found some favour among Indian farmers. Neem bittern/extracts such as NiminTM, NeemexTM, etc.
for treating urea are in Indian market. More recently a neem oil urea emulsion adduct has also been reported (Prasad et al, 1998, Curr. Sci. 75:15). Many of the fertilizer mixture, coated materials especially synthetic chemicals are put to limited use such as in turf or in high price agriculture such as commercial floriculture and that to in developed countries and have not reached the general farmers due to high costs.
Objects of the Invention The main object of the invention is to develop a novel unease and nitrification inhibitor from natural source, more particuarly the evaluation of unease and nitrification inhibiting properties in Artemisia oil.
Another object is to develop novel unease nitrification inhibitor formulation comprising urea and other nitrogenous fertilizers, castor oil and oil derived from Artemisia annua.
Yet another object is to develop cheap and eco-friendly unease and nitrification inhibitor which is easily decomposable and leave no adverse influence in the soil.
Still another object is to provide a method for producing nitrification inhibitor formulation.
Summary of the Invention The present invention comprises of development of unease and nitrification inhibitors from essential oil and its derivatives coated with urea/ammonium producing N
fertilizers (0.5-1.0%
on w/w basis of fertilizer). Nitrogenous fertilizer is initially coated with castor oil at 1% (w/w basis of fertilizer). The coating resulted in retarding of nitrification by 29-36% as against 31-42% with dicyandiamide (DCD), which is taken as the reference. This formulation was found superior to DCD with respect to inhibition of unease activity (retarded by 32-35% as compared to DCD; 5-15%). The activity of both the nitrifying organisms i.e.
Nirosomonus and Nitrobacter significantly decreased with this formulation. This natural product formulation augmented apparent N recovery to 56% against 37% with uncoated urea and 54%
with DCD.
Detailed Description of the Invention Accordingly, the present invention provides a novel formulation useful as a nitrification and unease inhibitor; said formulation comprising an effective amount of nitrogenous fertilizer, caster oil and oil derived from Artemisia annua, in an amount sufficient to enhance the nitrification inhibitory activity of the formulation.
In an embodiment of the invention, the amount of caster oil can be selected from 0.2 to 2%
(w/w basis of fertilizer), preferably 1.0% (w/w basis of fertilizer).
In another embodiment, the amount of oil used in the composition, which is derived from Artemisia annua may be in the range of about 0.5-5% (w/w basis of fertilizer).
In a further embodiment of the invention, the oil derived from Artemisia annua may be coated, mixed or doped with the nitrogenous fertilizer.
Summary of the Invention The present invention comprises of development of unease and nitrification inhibitors from essential oil and its derivatives coated with urea/ammonium producing N
fertilizers (0.5-1.0%
on w/w basis of fertilizer). Nitrogenous fertilizer is initially coated with castor oil at 1% (w/w basis of fertilizer). The coating resulted in retarding of nitrification by 29-36% as against 31-42% with dicyandiamide (DCD), which is taken as the reference. This formulation was found superior to DCD with respect to inhibition of unease activity (retarded by 32-35% as compared to DCD; 5-15%). The activity of both the nitrifying organisms i.e.
Nirosomonus and Nitrobacter significantly decreased with this formulation. This natural product formulation augmented apparent N recovery to 56% against 37% with uncoated urea and 54%
with DCD.
Detailed Description of the Invention Accordingly, the present invention provides a novel formulation useful as a nitrification and unease inhibitor; said formulation comprising an effective amount of nitrogenous fertilizer, caster oil and oil derived from Artemisia annua, in an amount sufficient to enhance the nitrification inhibitory activity of the formulation.
In an embodiment of the invention, the amount of caster oil can be selected from 0.2 to 2%
(w/w basis of fertilizer), preferably 1.0% (w/w basis of fertilizer).
In another embodiment, the amount of oil used in the composition, which is derived from Artemisia annua may be in the range of about 0.5-5% (w/w basis of fertilizer).
In a further embodiment of the invention, the oil derived from Artemisia annua may be coated, mixed or doped with the nitrogenous fertilizer.
In another embodiment of the present invention, the nitrogen fertilizer may be selected from urea or ammonium sulphate and other ammonium producing fertilizer.
In yet another embodiment of the present invention, oil derived from Artemisia annua may be selected from Artemisia oil or its derivatives.
In another embodiment the invention provides a method for producing nitrification inhibitor formulation comprising the step of applying an effective amount of castor oil (1%) and oil obtained from Artemisia annua to nitrogenous fertilizer.
In an embodiment, the nitrogenous fertilizer may be coated, doped or even mixed with castor oil and oil obtained from Artemisia annua or its derivatives.
Yet another embodiment of the invention relates to a method of using Artemisia oil as urease and nitrification inhibitor which comprises of coating urea granules or any other ammonium forming fertilizer with castor oil 1.0% w/w/ basis of fertilizer as a primary coating (as fixative material) followed by coating with Artemisia oil in the range of 0.5%-5.0%
(w/w basis of the fertilizer).
Nitrogen is one of the most vital plant nutrients in agriculture. It is estimated that present global consumption of fertilizer N is of the order of 77 Tg annually which is likely to increase to 145 Tg by the beginning of the next century. India consumes about 9.5 million tones, which is estimated to be increased to about 14 million tones by 2005. Fertilizer urea comprises of more than 80% of the total consumption of nitrogenous fertilizers. Out of the total quantity of N applied to soil the recovery seldom exceeds 50%. It is further less in submerged conditions (rice). Fertilizer urea when applied to soil is hydrolysed by enzyme urease to form NII4 which is prone to losses through volatilization. The NH4 further oxidizes to NOz and finally to N03 by nitrification which are generally lost through leaching and denitrification. Any process that slows down these transformation processes can reduce loss of N to a great extent. Urease and nitrification inhibitors play a vital role in retarding these processes, thereby increasing the nitrogen use efficiency.
A series of chemicals have been reported as urease and nitrification inhibitors. However, use of many of these has been restricted to research level because of their high cost, low availability, chemical nature, phytotoxicity and environmental consequences.
Natural products like those from Karanj (Pongamia glabra), neem (Azadirachta indica) etc. are reported to have nitrification inhibitory properties. However, commercial exploitation of these materials had not been possible because of one reason or another.
The present invention relates to development of a urease and nitirification inhibitor from Artemisia oil. This is observed to be as effective as chemical inhibitors like DCD, cost effective, as required in very small quantity and ecofriendly (expected to have minimum residual effect).
Urea is the main source of nitrogen fertilizer used in the world due to its high N content, high solubility and non-polarity. However, it is suceptible to various N loss mechanisms, viz. ammonia volatilization, leaching and denitrification. Urease and nitrification inhibitors are used to resist fertilizer N losses by retarding urea hydrolysis and nitrification. A series of synthetic chemicals are used as urease and nitrification inhibitors to restrict urea hydrolysis and denitrification, respectively. These compounds are successful in some parts of the world. However, many of these synthetic chemicals have not been found to be commercially viable because of one reason or another. The present invention deals with the discovery of urease and nitrification inhibitory properties of Artemisia annua oil which being a natural product is ecofriendly and cheap as compared to synthetic products. A
series of laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted to workout the antimicrobial and N regulatory properties of the oil taking dicyandiamide (DCD) as the reference check. Artemisia oil has been found as effective as DCD as nitrification inhibitor.
This being a natural source and having both urease and nitrification retardation properties, would be very effective, cheap, safe (eco-friendly) doping material to regulate urea N
transformation in soil.
The invention is described in detail hereinbelow with reference to the following examples which should not be construed as limitations on the inventive concept proposed in the invention.
To evaluate the performance of the proposed natural product, incubation experiments were conducted to follow the changes in regulation of urea -N transfomation and the influence of the material on soil microbes and microbial activity. Subsequently, greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of the material on apparant N
recovery by plants.
The following examples are illustration in nature and should not be construed to limit the scope of invention Example 1. Incubation experiment A series of laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the proposed material as potent urease and nitrification inhibitor. Artemsia oil was used as the natural product which was compared with dicyandiamide (DCD) as the standard reference. Urea (46% N) was coated separately with the Artemisia oil and DCD
using castor (Ricinus communis) oil as the fixative material. For this, first coating of urea granules was done by physical mixing of castor oil (1%) followed by the natural product and DCD at 0.50% and 1.00% with urea (w/w basis). After 24 hours of the mixing is done, the coated urea was mixed with 500 g soil (sandy loam, pH 8.2, available N 65 mg kg's ) and was kept in plastic container. A control (with urea alone, no coating) was used as the reference check. The soils under all the treatments having four replications each were incubated at 25° C after maintaining at 60% of the maximum water holding capacity of soil. In one set of experiment, soils were analysed for urease activity and urea N after 24 hours of incubation following methods of Tabatabai and Bremner (1972, Soil.
Biol.
Biochem. 4 : 479-487).
Representative soil samples were analysed for different forms of N i.e. Urea N, NH4 and N03-N at regular intervals to asses the nitrification inhibitory properties of the materials in question following standard procedures (Douglas and Bremner, 1970, Soil Sci Soc. Am.
Proc. 34 : 859-862). Another set of experiment was conducted to assay the total bacterial, actinomycetes and nitrifying bacterial (Nirosomonus and Nitrobacter) population (Alexander and Clark, 1965, In Methods of Soil Analysis Part II (C.A. Black Ed.) Am.
Soc. Agron. Inc. Wisconsin, USA; KenKnight and Torariko, 1973, Agrokhimiya 7 :
3) 2. Greenhouse experiment To confirm the results of the incubation experiment, a pot culture experiment was conducted subsequently, taking Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis) as the test crop. Eight kg soil (2 mm) were taken in plastic container. The same coating materials and fertilizer (urea) as were in incubation experiment, were imposed, except that instead of two levels of coating materials, it was applied at 1.00% (w/w basis). The experiment was laid in a completely randomized design with four replications. The soils were analysed for different forms of N at regular intervals. In addition the plant materials were analysed for N
accumulation and apparent fertilizer N recovery.
N accumulation - N accumulation in treated pot(mg/kg) in control pot (mg/kg) (no fertilzer N) Apparent N recovery - x 100 Amount of N applied (mg/kg) IN/PA-98 g Influence of the Coating materials on N transformation (mineralization), urease activity, nitrification and fertilizer N recovery:
Results from the incubation experiment (Table 1 ) indicate that the natural product delayed the hydrolysis of urea as evidenced by ~a higher concentration of urea-N on day 1 after imposition of treatments. This effect persisted till day 2. Artemisia oil was as effective as DCD with respect to regulation of urea -N transformation to NH4 and N03. There was a significant retardation of N03 formation both in DCD and the natural products at both the level of coating. At day 1 N03 formation retarded by 19-31 % with DCD and 13-44% with Artemisia oil as compared to urea alone.
Comparing on the basis of mean N03 produced, the % retardation of nitrification at 0.5%
level of application were 31 and 29% with DCD and Artemisia oil, respectively . The corresponding retardation at 1.0% level of application were 42 and 36%, respectively.
DCD maintained a higher level of NHS as compared to Artemisia oil.
Accumulation of NH4 is undesirable as an excess of NH3 helps in increasing soil pH making the conditions in soil microsites congenial for NH3 volatilization.
Almost similar trend was observed with respect to transformation of urea N
(forms of N) in the greenhouse experiment when mineral N was assessed at weekly intervals (Table 2). As in incubation experiment, accumulation of NH4 was higher in DCD treated soil as compared to Artemisia oil treated soil. Total N03 production was estimated to be retarded by 60% and 50% over urea alone, with coating of urea with DCD and Artemisia oil, respectively.
The incubation experiment further indicates that like DCD, Artemisia oil influenced the counts of Nitrosomous and Nitro6acter reponsible for nitrification, as well as actinomycetes and total bacteria (Table 4). Nitrosomus population decreased by 9-14%
with DCD and 36-45% with Artemisia. Likewise, Nitrobacter population decreased to an IN/PA-98 g extent of 69-87% with DCD and 65-77% with Artemisia. The retardation increased with increasing the level of coating material.
Total actinomycetes population decreased with DCD at both the levels of application whereas Artemisia did not have any influence on actinomycetes population.
Finally, an account of the total bacterial population indicate a significant antibacterial properties of both the synthetic and natural products.
Influence of these materials on urease and nitrification inhibitory properties and regulation of urea-N transformation was reflected on the apparent N recovery, total N
accumulation by the plant and subsequently the herb yield of the test crop (Table 5). Herb yield of Japanese mint increased by 37%, 82% and 81% over control with urea alone applied at 100 mg kg'1 soil, and that applied with coating DCD and Artemisia, respectively. When compared with urea alone, the herb yield with DCD and Artemisia increased by 29 and 31%, respectively. Both the materials augmented the apparent N recovery. The N
recoveries were 54 and 55% with DCD and Artemisia respectively, as against 37%
with urea alone.
The present invention comprises of evaluation of urease and nitrification inhibitory properties in Artemisia oil. At 0.5% level of application Artemisia decreased formation to an extent of 29%. The corresponding value at 1.0% level of application was 36%. Artemisia oil was found superior to DCD with respect to retardation of urease activity. Urease activity decreased by 32-35% with Artemisia oil as compared to 5-15%
with DCD. This product inhibits the population of both Nitrosomus and Nitrobacter;
actinomycetes population was not affected by Artemisia oil. Coating of urea with Artemisia oil increased apparent N recovery to 56% as against 37% with urea alone and 54% with DCD.
' CA 02338454 2001-O1-23 Table 1. Influence of differrnt coating materials on N transformation at diflerrnt stages of incubation Trcatments~ Forms of N
Day l Day 2 Day 3 Day 7 Day 14 Mean Urea NH, NO~ Urea NH, NO~ Urea NH, NOs Urea, NH, NO~ Urea NH, NO~ Urea NH, NO~
Urea alone 4.5 42.5 99 - 6.2 218 - 16.5 16.9 - 10.5 136 - 6.9 155 - 16.5 156 (no coating materials) Urea +DCD
(0.50) 16.0 59.5 80 - 8.5 125 - 25.2 9.5 - 6.2 100 - 8.5 135 - 21.6 107 (1.00) 16.8 69.5 68 - 20.0 60 - 35.6 99 - 9.2 102 - 8.9 120 - 28.6 90 Urea+ Artemi.ria (0.50) 27.5 35.0 86 7.8 5.0 120 . 22.1 112 - 3.5 109 - 9.5 125 ~ 15.0 I10 (1.00) 32.5 56.5 55 9.2 8.9 92 - 24.2 118 - 3.9 101 - 10.5 128 - 20.8 99 LSD (P=0.05) 3.45 8.90 7.50 - 1.25 10.3 - 3.90 0.50 . - 6.50 - - 7.50 - 4.50 8.50 'Coating materials added at 0.50 and 1.0°,'o w/w basis; urea applied at 100 mg kg ~ soil.
Table 2 : Influence of different coating materials on N mineralization in soil cropped with menthol mint. (Mentha arvensis) Treatment Mineral-N
s (mgkg-soil) Week Week Week Week Week Total t II tII IV V
NH, NH, NH, NH, NH, NH, NO~ NO~ NO~ N03 NO~ N03 Control 6.5 6.4 - 4.8- 6.8 - 9.3 2.8 3.5 9.3 30.8 (no fertilizer and no coating material) Urea alone 20.0109 25.51208.0 45 - 34 10.218.963.8 324 (no coating maerials) Urea+DCD 45.039.050.025.012.014.010.520.06.5 12.512.4 110 Urea+Artemisia25.049.020.535.06.5 17.5- 22.85.9 11.258.0 135 LSD (P=0.05)3.8 5.2 2.9 5.42.5 5.0 - 6.5 1.9 2.8 6.9 13.5 Table 3. Influence of different coating materials on urease activity (in terms of ~g NH4-N
liberated/g soiUhour) Treatments* Urease activity Control (No fertilizer and 24.5 no coating materials) Urea alone (No coating materials)66.5 Urea+DCD (0.50) 56.7 (1.00) 45.1 Urea + Artemisia oil (0.50) 45.2 ( 1.00) 43.5 LSD(P=0.05) 8.23 * Urea applied @ 100mg kg's soil; coating materials applied @ 0.50 and 1.00%
(w/w basis) Table 4: Influence of coating materials on Nitrosomomus Nitrobacter, total actinomycetes and bacterial population in soil.
Treatment* Nitrosomonus Nitrobacter Actinomycetes Total X103 g-~ soil x 103 g-~ soil x 104 g-lsoil bacteria x 105 g-~ soil Control (no fertilizer and 1.10 2.50 6.50 2.00 no coating materials) Urea alone (no coating 3.30 14.00 5.60 4.00 materials) Urea+ DCD(0.50) 3.00 4.30 1.00 1.00 (1.00) 2.85 1.80 1.00 1.00 Urea + Artemisia oil (0.50) 2.10 4.90 6.00 3.50 ( 1.00) 1.80 3.20 6.00 2.50 LSD (P=0.05) 0.25 0.50 0.45 0.45 *Urea applied @ 100 mg kg ~ soil; coating materials @ 0.50 and 1.00 % (w/w basis) Table S: Influence of different coating materials on herb yield, total N
accumulation and apparent N recovery in menthol mint.
Treatment Herb yield N accumulation Apparent N
(g pot' (mg pot 1) recovery ) Level of Coating (%) urea-N (mg kg't)materials ( 1.00%) 0 (Control)Nil 32.5 170 -100 Nil 44.5 467 37.12 DCD 59.2 603 54.12 Artemisia 58.9 612 55.25 LSD (P=0.05) 5.20 11.8 Advantages of the inventions 1. This product is as effective as dicyandiamide (DCD) as nitrification inhibitor.
2. This product has higher urease inhibitory properties.
3. This product doesn't allow high accumulation of NH.~-N following hydrolysis of urea Higher accumulation of NH4-N helps in increasing soil pH and thereby causing volatilization of NH3.
4. This product being natural and having low persistence, is expected to leave no adverse effect in soil, on beneficial microflora and related transformation processes and environment.
In yet another embodiment of the present invention, oil derived from Artemisia annua may be selected from Artemisia oil or its derivatives.
In another embodiment the invention provides a method for producing nitrification inhibitor formulation comprising the step of applying an effective amount of castor oil (1%) and oil obtained from Artemisia annua to nitrogenous fertilizer.
In an embodiment, the nitrogenous fertilizer may be coated, doped or even mixed with castor oil and oil obtained from Artemisia annua or its derivatives.
Yet another embodiment of the invention relates to a method of using Artemisia oil as urease and nitrification inhibitor which comprises of coating urea granules or any other ammonium forming fertilizer with castor oil 1.0% w/w/ basis of fertilizer as a primary coating (as fixative material) followed by coating with Artemisia oil in the range of 0.5%-5.0%
(w/w basis of the fertilizer).
Nitrogen is one of the most vital plant nutrients in agriculture. It is estimated that present global consumption of fertilizer N is of the order of 77 Tg annually which is likely to increase to 145 Tg by the beginning of the next century. India consumes about 9.5 million tones, which is estimated to be increased to about 14 million tones by 2005. Fertilizer urea comprises of more than 80% of the total consumption of nitrogenous fertilizers. Out of the total quantity of N applied to soil the recovery seldom exceeds 50%. It is further less in submerged conditions (rice). Fertilizer urea when applied to soil is hydrolysed by enzyme urease to form NII4 which is prone to losses through volatilization. The NH4 further oxidizes to NOz and finally to N03 by nitrification which are generally lost through leaching and denitrification. Any process that slows down these transformation processes can reduce loss of N to a great extent. Urease and nitrification inhibitors play a vital role in retarding these processes, thereby increasing the nitrogen use efficiency.
A series of chemicals have been reported as urease and nitrification inhibitors. However, use of many of these has been restricted to research level because of their high cost, low availability, chemical nature, phytotoxicity and environmental consequences.
Natural products like those from Karanj (Pongamia glabra), neem (Azadirachta indica) etc. are reported to have nitrification inhibitory properties. However, commercial exploitation of these materials had not been possible because of one reason or another.
The present invention relates to development of a urease and nitirification inhibitor from Artemisia oil. This is observed to be as effective as chemical inhibitors like DCD, cost effective, as required in very small quantity and ecofriendly (expected to have minimum residual effect).
Urea is the main source of nitrogen fertilizer used in the world due to its high N content, high solubility and non-polarity. However, it is suceptible to various N loss mechanisms, viz. ammonia volatilization, leaching and denitrification. Urease and nitrification inhibitors are used to resist fertilizer N losses by retarding urea hydrolysis and nitrification. A series of synthetic chemicals are used as urease and nitrification inhibitors to restrict urea hydrolysis and denitrification, respectively. These compounds are successful in some parts of the world. However, many of these synthetic chemicals have not been found to be commercially viable because of one reason or another. The present invention deals with the discovery of urease and nitrification inhibitory properties of Artemisia annua oil which being a natural product is ecofriendly and cheap as compared to synthetic products. A
series of laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted to workout the antimicrobial and N regulatory properties of the oil taking dicyandiamide (DCD) as the reference check. Artemisia oil has been found as effective as DCD as nitrification inhibitor.
This being a natural source and having both urease and nitrification retardation properties, would be very effective, cheap, safe (eco-friendly) doping material to regulate urea N
transformation in soil.
The invention is described in detail hereinbelow with reference to the following examples which should not be construed as limitations on the inventive concept proposed in the invention.
To evaluate the performance of the proposed natural product, incubation experiments were conducted to follow the changes in regulation of urea -N transfomation and the influence of the material on soil microbes and microbial activity. Subsequently, greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of the material on apparant N
recovery by plants.
The following examples are illustration in nature and should not be construed to limit the scope of invention Example 1. Incubation experiment A series of laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the proposed material as potent urease and nitrification inhibitor. Artemsia oil was used as the natural product which was compared with dicyandiamide (DCD) as the standard reference. Urea (46% N) was coated separately with the Artemisia oil and DCD
using castor (Ricinus communis) oil as the fixative material. For this, first coating of urea granules was done by physical mixing of castor oil (1%) followed by the natural product and DCD at 0.50% and 1.00% with urea (w/w basis). After 24 hours of the mixing is done, the coated urea was mixed with 500 g soil (sandy loam, pH 8.2, available N 65 mg kg's ) and was kept in plastic container. A control (with urea alone, no coating) was used as the reference check. The soils under all the treatments having four replications each were incubated at 25° C after maintaining at 60% of the maximum water holding capacity of soil. In one set of experiment, soils were analysed for urease activity and urea N after 24 hours of incubation following methods of Tabatabai and Bremner (1972, Soil.
Biol.
Biochem. 4 : 479-487).
Representative soil samples were analysed for different forms of N i.e. Urea N, NH4 and N03-N at regular intervals to asses the nitrification inhibitory properties of the materials in question following standard procedures (Douglas and Bremner, 1970, Soil Sci Soc. Am.
Proc. 34 : 859-862). Another set of experiment was conducted to assay the total bacterial, actinomycetes and nitrifying bacterial (Nirosomonus and Nitrobacter) population (Alexander and Clark, 1965, In Methods of Soil Analysis Part II (C.A. Black Ed.) Am.
Soc. Agron. Inc. Wisconsin, USA; KenKnight and Torariko, 1973, Agrokhimiya 7 :
3) 2. Greenhouse experiment To confirm the results of the incubation experiment, a pot culture experiment was conducted subsequently, taking Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis) as the test crop. Eight kg soil (2 mm) were taken in plastic container. The same coating materials and fertilizer (urea) as were in incubation experiment, were imposed, except that instead of two levels of coating materials, it was applied at 1.00% (w/w basis). The experiment was laid in a completely randomized design with four replications. The soils were analysed for different forms of N at regular intervals. In addition the plant materials were analysed for N
accumulation and apparent fertilizer N recovery.
N accumulation - N accumulation in treated pot(mg/kg) in control pot (mg/kg) (no fertilzer N) Apparent N recovery - x 100 Amount of N applied (mg/kg) IN/PA-98 g Influence of the Coating materials on N transformation (mineralization), urease activity, nitrification and fertilizer N recovery:
Results from the incubation experiment (Table 1 ) indicate that the natural product delayed the hydrolysis of urea as evidenced by ~a higher concentration of urea-N on day 1 after imposition of treatments. This effect persisted till day 2. Artemisia oil was as effective as DCD with respect to regulation of urea -N transformation to NH4 and N03. There was a significant retardation of N03 formation both in DCD and the natural products at both the level of coating. At day 1 N03 formation retarded by 19-31 % with DCD and 13-44% with Artemisia oil as compared to urea alone.
Comparing on the basis of mean N03 produced, the % retardation of nitrification at 0.5%
level of application were 31 and 29% with DCD and Artemisia oil, respectively . The corresponding retardation at 1.0% level of application were 42 and 36%, respectively.
DCD maintained a higher level of NHS as compared to Artemisia oil.
Accumulation of NH4 is undesirable as an excess of NH3 helps in increasing soil pH making the conditions in soil microsites congenial for NH3 volatilization.
Almost similar trend was observed with respect to transformation of urea N
(forms of N) in the greenhouse experiment when mineral N was assessed at weekly intervals (Table 2). As in incubation experiment, accumulation of NH4 was higher in DCD treated soil as compared to Artemisia oil treated soil. Total N03 production was estimated to be retarded by 60% and 50% over urea alone, with coating of urea with DCD and Artemisia oil, respectively.
The incubation experiment further indicates that like DCD, Artemisia oil influenced the counts of Nitrosomous and Nitro6acter reponsible for nitrification, as well as actinomycetes and total bacteria (Table 4). Nitrosomus population decreased by 9-14%
with DCD and 36-45% with Artemisia. Likewise, Nitrobacter population decreased to an IN/PA-98 g extent of 69-87% with DCD and 65-77% with Artemisia. The retardation increased with increasing the level of coating material.
Total actinomycetes population decreased with DCD at both the levels of application whereas Artemisia did not have any influence on actinomycetes population.
Finally, an account of the total bacterial population indicate a significant antibacterial properties of both the synthetic and natural products.
Influence of these materials on urease and nitrification inhibitory properties and regulation of urea-N transformation was reflected on the apparent N recovery, total N
accumulation by the plant and subsequently the herb yield of the test crop (Table 5). Herb yield of Japanese mint increased by 37%, 82% and 81% over control with urea alone applied at 100 mg kg'1 soil, and that applied with coating DCD and Artemisia, respectively. When compared with urea alone, the herb yield with DCD and Artemisia increased by 29 and 31%, respectively. Both the materials augmented the apparent N recovery. The N
recoveries were 54 and 55% with DCD and Artemisia respectively, as against 37%
with urea alone.
The present invention comprises of evaluation of urease and nitrification inhibitory properties in Artemisia oil. At 0.5% level of application Artemisia decreased formation to an extent of 29%. The corresponding value at 1.0% level of application was 36%. Artemisia oil was found superior to DCD with respect to retardation of urease activity. Urease activity decreased by 32-35% with Artemisia oil as compared to 5-15%
with DCD. This product inhibits the population of both Nitrosomus and Nitrobacter;
actinomycetes population was not affected by Artemisia oil. Coating of urea with Artemisia oil increased apparent N recovery to 56% as against 37% with urea alone and 54% with DCD.
' CA 02338454 2001-O1-23 Table 1. Influence of differrnt coating materials on N transformation at diflerrnt stages of incubation Trcatments~ Forms of N
Day l Day 2 Day 3 Day 7 Day 14 Mean Urea NH, NO~ Urea NH, NO~ Urea NH, NOs Urea, NH, NO~ Urea NH, NO~ Urea NH, NO~
Urea alone 4.5 42.5 99 - 6.2 218 - 16.5 16.9 - 10.5 136 - 6.9 155 - 16.5 156 (no coating materials) Urea +DCD
(0.50) 16.0 59.5 80 - 8.5 125 - 25.2 9.5 - 6.2 100 - 8.5 135 - 21.6 107 (1.00) 16.8 69.5 68 - 20.0 60 - 35.6 99 - 9.2 102 - 8.9 120 - 28.6 90 Urea+ Artemi.ria (0.50) 27.5 35.0 86 7.8 5.0 120 . 22.1 112 - 3.5 109 - 9.5 125 ~ 15.0 I10 (1.00) 32.5 56.5 55 9.2 8.9 92 - 24.2 118 - 3.9 101 - 10.5 128 - 20.8 99 LSD (P=0.05) 3.45 8.90 7.50 - 1.25 10.3 - 3.90 0.50 . - 6.50 - - 7.50 - 4.50 8.50 'Coating materials added at 0.50 and 1.0°,'o w/w basis; urea applied at 100 mg kg ~ soil.
Table 2 : Influence of different coating materials on N mineralization in soil cropped with menthol mint. (Mentha arvensis) Treatment Mineral-N
s (mgkg-soil) Week Week Week Week Week Total t II tII IV V
NH, NH, NH, NH, NH, NH, NO~ NO~ NO~ N03 NO~ N03 Control 6.5 6.4 - 4.8- 6.8 - 9.3 2.8 3.5 9.3 30.8 (no fertilizer and no coating material) Urea alone 20.0109 25.51208.0 45 - 34 10.218.963.8 324 (no coating maerials) Urea+DCD 45.039.050.025.012.014.010.520.06.5 12.512.4 110 Urea+Artemisia25.049.020.535.06.5 17.5- 22.85.9 11.258.0 135 LSD (P=0.05)3.8 5.2 2.9 5.42.5 5.0 - 6.5 1.9 2.8 6.9 13.5 Table 3. Influence of different coating materials on urease activity (in terms of ~g NH4-N
liberated/g soiUhour) Treatments* Urease activity Control (No fertilizer and 24.5 no coating materials) Urea alone (No coating materials)66.5 Urea+DCD (0.50) 56.7 (1.00) 45.1 Urea + Artemisia oil (0.50) 45.2 ( 1.00) 43.5 LSD(P=0.05) 8.23 * Urea applied @ 100mg kg's soil; coating materials applied @ 0.50 and 1.00%
(w/w basis) Table 4: Influence of coating materials on Nitrosomomus Nitrobacter, total actinomycetes and bacterial population in soil.
Treatment* Nitrosomonus Nitrobacter Actinomycetes Total X103 g-~ soil x 103 g-~ soil x 104 g-lsoil bacteria x 105 g-~ soil Control (no fertilizer and 1.10 2.50 6.50 2.00 no coating materials) Urea alone (no coating 3.30 14.00 5.60 4.00 materials) Urea+ DCD(0.50) 3.00 4.30 1.00 1.00 (1.00) 2.85 1.80 1.00 1.00 Urea + Artemisia oil (0.50) 2.10 4.90 6.00 3.50 ( 1.00) 1.80 3.20 6.00 2.50 LSD (P=0.05) 0.25 0.50 0.45 0.45 *Urea applied @ 100 mg kg ~ soil; coating materials @ 0.50 and 1.00 % (w/w basis) Table S: Influence of different coating materials on herb yield, total N
accumulation and apparent N recovery in menthol mint.
Treatment Herb yield N accumulation Apparent N
(g pot' (mg pot 1) recovery ) Level of Coating (%) urea-N (mg kg't)materials ( 1.00%) 0 (Control)Nil 32.5 170 -100 Nil 44.5 467 37.12 DCD 59.2 603 54.12 Artemisia 58.9 612 55.25 LSD (P=0.05) 5.20 11.8 Advantages of the inventions 1. This product is as effective as dicyandiamide (DCD) as nitrification inhibitor.
2. This product has higher urease inhibitory properties.
3. This product doesn't allow high accumulation of NH.~-N following hydrolysis of urea Higher accumulation of NH4-N helps in increasing soil pH and thereby causing volatilization of NH3.
4. This product being natural and having low persistence, is expected to leave no adverse effect in soil, on beneficial microflora and related transformation processes and environment.
5. This product is better than other essential oils and derivatives.
6. This product is cheaper than many synthetic inhibitors.
Claims (14)
1. A fertilizer formulation comprising an effective amount of nitrogenous fertilizer and, castor oil and oil derived from Artemisia annua in an amount sufficient to enhance the nitrification and urease inhibitory activity of the formulation.
2. A formulation as claimed in claim 1 wherein the oil derived from Artemisia annua is in the range of about 0.5-5% (w/w/ basis of fertilizer).
3. A formulation as claimed in claim 1 wherein castor oil is present in an amount of 0.2%
to 2.0% (w/w/ basis of fertilizer).
to 2.0% (w/w/ basis of fertilizer).
4. A formulation as claimed in claim 1 wherein the oil derived from Artemisia annua is coated, mixed or doped with the nitrogenous fertilizer.
5. A formulation as claimed in claim 1 wherein the nitrogen fertilizer is selected from urea, ammonium sulphate and ammonium producing fertilizer.
6. A formulation as claimed in claim 1 wherein the oil derived from Artemisia annua is selected from Artemisia oil and its derivatives.
7. A method for producing a nitrogenous fertilizer formulation, comprising the step of applying an effective amount of castor oil and oil obtained from Artemisia annua to a nitrogenous fertilizer to impart nitrification and urease inhibition property to the fertilizer.
8. A method as claimed in claim 7 wherein castor oil is present in an amount of 0.2% to 2.0% (w/w/ basis of fertilizer).
9. A method as claimed in claim 7 wherein the nitrogenous fertilizer is coated, doped or even mixed with castor oil and oil obtained from Artemisia annua and its derivatives.
10. A method as claimed in claim 7 wherein the nitrogen fertilizer is selected from urea, ammonium sulphate and ammonium producing fertilizer.
11. A method as claimed in claim 7 wherein the amount of oil derived from Artemisia annua is in the range of about 0.5-5% (w/w basis of the fertilizer).
12. A method of using Artemisia oil as urease and nitrification inhibitor which comprises coating granules selected from urea and ammonium forming fertilizer with castor oil on 1.0% w/w/ basis of fertilizer as a primary coating (as fixative material) followed by coating with Artemisia oil in the range of 0.5%-5.0% (w/w basis of the fertilizer).
13. A formulation as claimed in claim 1 wherein said castor oil is present in an amount of 1.0% (w/w basis of fertilizer).
14. A method as claimed in claim 7 wherein said castor oil is present in an amount of 1.0% (w/w basis of fertilizer).
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/IN2000/000032 WO2001072665A1 (en) | 2000-03-28 | 2000-03-28 | Formulation useful as a nitrification and urease inhibitor and a method of producing the same |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2338454A1 CA2338454A1 (en) | 2001-09-28 |
| CA2338454C true CA2338454C (en) | 2004-12-14 |
Family
ID=11076233
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002338454A Expired - Fee Related CA2338454C (en) | 2000-03-28 | 2000-03-28 | A novel formulation useful as a nitrification and urease inhibitor and a method of producing the same |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN1248989C (en) |
| AU (1) | AU779660B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2338454C (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2001072665A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ES2264386B1 (en) * | 2005-06-07 | 2007-11-16 | Inabonos, S.A. | NEW FORMULATIONS WITH THE CAPACITY OF INHIBITING UREASA ACTIVITY AND POTENTIAL AGRONOMIC USE. |
| FR2925826B1 (en) | 2007-12-31 | 2010-01-29 | Agrofinance Internationale | UREASE AND NITRIFICATION INHIBITOR COMPOSITION |
| US10501383B2 (en) | 2014-10-31 | 2019-12-10 | Koch Agronomic Services, Llc | Nitrification inhibitor compositions and methods of making thereof |
| NZ732464A (en) * | 2014-12-11 | 2018-12-21 | Dow Agrosciences Llc | Nitrification inhibitor compositions and methods for preparing the same |
| EP3130578B1 (en) | 2015-08-14 | 2019-03-13 | Fertinagro Biotech, S.L. | Fertilizing composition which includes an inhibitor of urease activity |
| CN107955619A (en) * | 2017-11-20 | 2018-04-24 | 郑州搜趣信息技术有限公司 | A kind of composite soil modifier and preparation method thereof |
| LT6961B (en) * | 2021-05-06 | 2022-12-12 | Akcinė bendrovė „ACHEMA“ | Preparation used as an urease inhibitor, method for production thereof and urea fertilizer |
| WO2023135341A1 (en) | 2022-01-12 | 2023-07-20 | Fertinagro Biotech, S.L. | Urease inhibiting composition and use of same |
| CN116621646B (en) * | 2023-05-10 | 2024-02-06 | 中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所 | Cyclopentanone as an inhibitor for N reduction in soil 2 Application of O emission |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE1592593A1 (en) * | 1966-06-28 | 1971-01-14 | Baerlocher Chem | Process for granulating fertilizers |
| FR2529195B1 (en) * | 1982-06-29 | 1990-05-11 | Clement Henri | FERTILIZERS IN THE FORM OF STICKS |
| JPS62270485A (en) * | 1986-05-19 | 1987-11-24 | 亀井 豊 | Manufacture of herbicidal fertilizer composition |
| JPH0819595A (en) * | 1994-07-05 | 1996-01-23 | Maruzen Pharmaceut Co Ltd | Agent for preventing generation of ammonia |
-
2000
- 2000-03-28 CN CNB008011567A patent/CN1248989C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2000-03-28 AU AU54250/00A patent/AU779660B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2000-03-28 CA CA002338454A patent/CA2338454C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2000-03-28 WO PCT/IN2000/000032 patent/WO2001072665A1/en active Application Filing
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN1248989C (en) | 2006-04-05 |
| AU779660B2 (en) | 2005-02-03 |
| CN1354736A (en) | 2002-06-19 |
| CA2338454A1 (en) | 2001-09-28 |
| WO2001072665A1 (en) | 2001-10-04 |
| AU5425000A (en) | 2001-10-08 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| ME Trenkel | Slow-and controlled-release and Stabilized Fertilizers: an option for enhancing nutrient use effiiency in agriculture | |
| Kiran et al. | Medicinal and aromatic plant materials as nitrification inhibitors for augmenting yield and nitrogen uptake of Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis L. Var. Piperascens) | |
| Maqsood et al. | Nitrogen management in calcareous soils: problems and solutions. | |
| US8211200B2 (en) | Controlled release nitrogeneous fertilizer composition system | |
| US6315807B1 (en) | Formulation useful as a nitrification and urease inhibitor and a method of producing the same | |
| US10954171B2 (en) | Method for producing stable fertilizer by nano-carbon sol | |
| Ashraf et al. | Evaluating organic materials coating on urea as potential nitrification inhibitors for enhanced nitrogen recovery and growth of maize (Zea mays). | |
| CA2338454C (en) | A novel formulation useful as a nitrification and urease inhibitor and a method of producing the same | |
| Buresh et al. | Effect of two urease inhibitors on floodwater ammonia following urea application to lowland rice | |
| US5549728A (en) | Urea-containing fertilizer with reduced rate of ammonia release | |
| US6336949B1 (en) | Slow release urea fertilizer composition and a process for the preparation of the said composition | |
| Stevens et al. | Soil properties related to the dynamics of ammonia volatilization from urea applied to the surface of acidic soils | |
| Joseph et al. | The effect of dicyandiamide and neem cake on the nitrification of urea-derived ammonium under field conditions | |
| Kumar et al. | A review on enhancing the fertilizers use efficiency to minimize environmental impacts | |
| EP4045475A1 (en) | Inhibitors of soil nitrification and processes to prevent same | |
| Azam et al. | Nitrification inhibition in soil and ecosystem functioning–an overview | |
| Verstraete | Nitrification in agricultural systems: call for control | |
| CN108794185B (en) | Application of rhamnolipid as nitrification inhibitor | |
| Hayatsu et al. | Effects of difference in fertilization treatments on nitrification activity in tea soils | |
| Varadachari et al. | Slow-release and controlled-release nitrogen fertilizers | |
| Overdahl et al. | Fertilizer urea | |
| Sander et al. | Comparative Toxicity of Nitrapyrin and 6‐Chloropicolinic Acid to Radish and Cucumber under Different N Nutrition Regimes 1 | |
| Lapushkin et al. | The effect of slow-release coated fertilizers on the yield of spring wheat | |
| RU2667159C1 (en) | Organomineral fertiliser | |
| KONWAR et al. | A REVIEW ON USE OF NITRIFICATION INDICATORS FOR INCREASING NITROGEN USE EFFICIENCY |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request | ||
| MKLA | Lapsed |
Effective date: 20140328 |