CA2314885A1 - Pharmaceutical compositions for mucolysis and treatment of inflammation - Google Patents

Abstract

The use of phospholipids of formula (I) to reduce inflammation and the viscosity of mucus in a patient is described, wherein one of X, Y, or Z represents: (a) in which each R represents hydrogen or methyl, and each of the other two of X, Y, or Z represents -CO-R1 in which R1 represents linear or branched C11-21 alkyl or C11-21 alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halo, C1-6 linear or branched alkoxy or cyano.

Description

PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSTIONS FOR MUCOLYSIS
AND TREATMENT OF INFLAMMATION
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention is in the field of mucolysis and topical treatment of inflammation and, in particular, it relates to the use of certain mucolydc agents in thinning or lowering the viscosity of tenacious mucus, a viscid secretion of the mucous membranes. By reducing the viscosity of mucus secretions and reducing inflammation, such agents increase the efficiency of the cough reflex and of ciliary action in removing accumulated mucous secretions from the lung airways.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART
There are several reported drugs which have been shown to have a beneficial effect on airway clearance of mucus, for example, through their effect on cilia or by altering the physical properties of mucous secretions. One class, represented by iodides, for example, a saturated solution of potassium iodide, or iodinated glycerol, is thought to stimulate the secretion of "thinner" secretions that are easier to clear.
Another class is represented by N-acetyl cysteine. The viscosity of pulmonary mucous secretions depends largely on the concentrations of mucoprotein, and the free sulfhydryl groups in N-acetyl cysteine have been thought to open mucoprotein disulfide bonds, thereby reducing the viscosity of mucus. For a review of mucolytic drugs, see the book by P.C. Braga: Drugs in Bronchial Mucology, Raven Press, New York, 19$9.
Inflammation, which often accompanies maladies involving increased mucus secretions, is a pervasive symptom which also accompanies a broad range afflications, such as trauma, many bacterial and viral infections, allergic and immunogenic reactions, autoimmune disorders, and the like. Prompt and effective treatment of inflammation is desired to minimize patient discomfort and the possibility of secondary injury to the patient due to the inflammation itself.

Inflammation within the pulmonary tract, as well as at other surfaces of the body, including the skin, eyes, mucus membranes (buccal and nasal), and anal/rectal/perineum area, can be treated topically by administration of a suitable anti-inflammatory agent. The present invention is directed to the use agents which are S both mucolytic and anti-inflammatory which are phospholipid compounds and which are administered topically.
Trager and Chylinski, U.S. Patent No. 4,421,748, issued 20 December 1983, describes the topical administration of an artificial tearing agent containing a sterile, aqueous hypotonic solution of lecithin and a viscosity-modifying agent.
Lecithin is a phosphatidylcholine which is a mixture of diglycerides of stearic, palmitic, and oleic acids, linked to the choline ester moiety of phosphoric acid. It is found iri all living organisms and is a significant constituent of nerve tissue.
Glonek et al., U.S. Patent No. 4,914,088 describes a method of treating dry eye in which a charged phospholipid is administered to the eye.
A 1994 study by Thomassen et al. (Am. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 10:399-404) presents data showing that dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) has no effect on alveolar macrophage secretion.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an aim of the present invention to provide a method of reducing the viscosity of pulmonary mucus and to reduce inflammation within the pulinonary airways.
It is another aim of the present invention to improve removal of accumulated mucus in patients with excessive mucous secretions.
It is a further aim of the present invention to provide a method of ameliorating a variety of pulmonary disorders involving airway obstruction due to accumulated mucous secretions coupled with inflammation.
A still further aim of the invention is to provide compositions for the topical treatment of inflammation in mammals, including topical treatments for the skin, eyes, nasal and pulmonary passages, anus, rectum, and the like.

It has now been found, without being bound to any particular mode of action, that the following phospholipids of Formula I demonstrate marked topical anti-inflammatory and mucolytic activity:
CHZ_O-X
Y-O-CH

wherein one of X, Y, or Z represent:
O
-P-O-CH2CH2-NR3+
O_ in which each R group independently represents hydrogen or methyl (the compound wherein all three R groups are methyl is preferred); and each of the other two of X, Y, or Z independently represents -CO-R' in which R' represents linear or branched Cu-Zl alkyl or C"-al alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted with one (preferred) or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halo (i.e., fluoro, bromo, chloro, or iodo) and C,~ linear or branched alkoxy or cyano. Preferably, the two -CO-R' groups are identical.
The subject phospholipids of Formula I contain an optically active carbon at the 2-position of the glycerol backbone. All optical isomers, including those having an optical center present in the side chain R', are contemplated by the present invention. Also included are geometrical isomers which result when R' is alkenyl.

The preferred phospholipids of Formula I are represented by Formula II:
O
O CH2-O-C-R~
_ RZ-C-O-CH O
C H2-O-P-O-C H2C H2-NR3+
O-wherein R and R' are as previously defined; and all isomeric forms thereof.
The most preferred phospholipids of Formula I are dlpalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC), also identified as 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, and distearoyl phosphatidylcholine (DSPC), also identified as 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. The naturally occurring isomer of DPPC
is dipalmitoyl-L-alpha-phosphatidylcholine.
Other representative phospholipids of Formula I include:
1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine;
1,3-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-2-phosphocholine;
1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(N-methyl)ethanolamine;
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine;
1, 3-distearoyl-sn-glycero-2-phospho-(N, N-dimethyl)ethanolamine;
1,2-dilauroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine;
1,2-dieicosanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine;
1-oleoyl-3-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(N-methyl)ethanolamine;
1, 2-di-(9-chloro-octadecanoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine;
1, 2-di-(9-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine;
1,2-di-(8-cyano-hexadecanoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine;
1,3-di-(9-hexadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-2-phosphocholine; and 1,2-di-(8-methoxy-hexadecanoyl)-sn-glycero-2-phosphocholine.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
Fig. 1 is a graph depicting respiratory burst in PMA-induced Raw 264.7 cells in the presence of DPPC.
Fig. 2 is a graph depicting the effect of various concentrations of DPPC on inflammation on PMA-induced ear edema in mice.
Fig. 3 is a graph depicting a time course study of the inhibition of PMA-induced ear edema in mice treated with DPPC.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The phospholipids of Formula I and their methods of preparation are known in the literature and several are commercially available, including the most'preferred DPPC and DSPC. For example, see U.S. Patent Nos. 4,814,112 and 4,622,180;
Hansen et al., Lipids (1982), 17, 453-459; Murari et al., J. Org. Chem., (1982), 47, 2158-2163; Lammers et al., Chem. Phys. Lipids (1978), 22, 293-305; Eibl et al., Liebigs Ann. Chem. (1967), 709, 226-230; and Okazaki et al., Bull. Chem. Soc.
Jpn.
(1981), 54, 2399-2407.
Dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is the major component {about 80%) of natural lung surfactant in humans. Lung surfactant is a material ordinarily secreted onto the surface of lung alveoli. It is recognized that a deficiency in lung surfactant is the cause of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in premature babies and infants.
Although such deficiency is not the primary factor in the development of adult respiratory distress syndrome CARDS), it may contribute significantly to the pathophysiology of the disorder.
RDS is the leading cause of death and disability among premature infants. In addition, about 150,000 cases of ARDS are reported annually with 60-80%
mortality.
To treat RDS and ARDS, a number of natural surfactants (human and bovine) and completely synthetic surfactants have been administered to the lungs of human subjects, for example, by inhalation of an aerosol formulation.
In general, most synthetic inhalant surfactant formulations contain DPPC, since it is known that DPPC can improve respiratory function in patients with RDS
and ARDS. It does so by decreasing the surface tension of the alveoli of the lung, thereby permitting them to open more readily to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide. See generally, for example, the disclosures of U.S. Patent No.
5,299,566, which discloses a method for preparing a surfactant dispersion containing DPPC;
U.S. Patent No. 5,110,806, which discloses a synthetic surfactant containing DPPC, a long chain alcohol and a nonionic surfactant; U.S. Patent No. 4,765,987, which discloses a synthetic surfactant containing DPPC, DSPC and Soya lecithin; U.S.
Patent No. 4,571,334, which discloses various drugs in combination with lung surfactant; and U.S. Patent No. 4,312,860, which discloses a synthetic surfactant containing DPPC and a fatty alcohol. Each of the foregoing references are included herein by reference, including references cited therein.
IO Applicant is unaware, however, that DPPC or any other embodiment of the Formula I phospholipids have been reported as having mucolytic or anti-inflammatory activity, the basis of the present invention. It has now been found that the subject phospholipids I decrease the viscosity of tenacious mucus, thereby facilitating removal of viscous, inspissated mucus from the lung airways and also reduces inflammation.
As a result, bronchial and tracheal drainage of mucus is improved, and congestion in acute or chronic pulmonary disorders due to excessive accumulation of mucus in the Lungs and upper respiratory tract is alleviated.
The present invention thus provides a method of alleviating respiratory distress due to tenacious pulmonary mucous secretions and inflammation; particularly of the non-alveolar type, i. e. , in the trachea, the bronchi, and the bronchiols, in a patient suffering from such distress. The method is beneficially accomplished by the intermittent inhalation of an aerosol to deliver an effective mucolytic amount of a Formula I phospholipid to the Lung airways.
The compounds of Formula I also have utility in topically treating any disease state where inflammation is a contributing or major factor, including, but not limited to bronchial asthma, bronchitis, cystic fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, immediate and delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions, conjunctivitis, rhinitis, hemorrhoids, and the like.
"Topical application" may be topical on the skin, conjunctiva, mucus membranes, buccal membranes, or by inhalation to topically contact the pulmonary membranes, or by enema or suppository to contact the rectal membranes.

Administration and Pharmaceutical Compositions:
The amount of compound of Formula I required to be effective will, of course, vary with the individual mammal being treated and the condition giving rise to the inflammation and is ultimately at the discretion of the medical or veterinary S practitioner. The factors to be considered include the condition being treated, the route of administration, the nature of the formulation, the mammal's body weight, age and general condition, and the particular compound to be administered.
In general, the compounds are applied ad libitum to the affected area.
Discrete metered dosages are, however, within the scope of the present invention and may be administered to the individual patient if desired to monitor the subsidence of the inflammation in response to a known dose of medication.
In general, pharmaceutical compositions containing the Formula I compound contain from about 1.0 ~ to 100 % of one or more Formula I compounds as the active ingredient. Where the active ingredient is less than the entire composition, the remainder comprises a pharmaceutically-suitable carrier for topical administration or other accessory ingredients well known to the topical pharmaceutical art, such as emulsifying agents, desiccants, colorants, fragrance, stabilizers, flow-enhancing agents, and the like.
The preferred pharmaceutical composition containing Formula I compounds is a liquid or semi-liquid form, such as a solution, suspension, emulsion, gel, lotion, creme, ointment, suppository, and the like, which utilizes a conventional topical carrier. For inhalation therapy, conventional aerosol formulations and methodologies are employed.
Mucolytic Activity:
The mucolytic activity of the subject phospholipids is demonstrated in standard in vitro and in vivo assays employing bovine tracheal mucus and an animal model, respectively. Regarding the in vitro assay, when bovine tracheal mucus is mixed with DPPC, DSPC or other Formula I phospholipid, the mucus is liquefied and flows more freely than when the vehicle alone (saline) is employed. The in vivo mucolytic assay is similar to that described by Chand et al. (1993), Agents and Actions, 3$:165-170, incorporated herein by reference. See in particular the evaluation of mucolytic activity in mice found on page 166 et seq. A more detailed description of the w foregoing in vitro and in vivo assays is provided in the Examples hereinafter.
The results, exemplified by the test compound, DPPC, show mucolytic activity equivalent to the known mucolytic, N-acetylcysteine.
Aerosolized delivery of drugs to the lung airways has been employed in clinical practice for many years. A variety of medicinal agents have been utilized in aerosol therapy including, for example, mucolytics such as N-acetylcysteine and synthetic surfactant formulations containing DPPC and DSPC for treating patients with RDS and ARDS. The advantage of an aerosol delivery system is its wide-spread drug delivery to all Lung regions intermittently over extended periods of time.
It is intended that the phospholipids of Formula I be utilized as a dispersion in aerosolized liquid formulations ready for use, for example, for administration with a nebulizer or a metered-dose inhaler. The subject phospholipids may also be prepared as a sterile lyophilized powder of appropriate average diameter for direct inhalation or, alternatively, the powder is reconstituted with an aqueous carrier such as water or, preferably, a saline solution of about 0.4 to about 0.9 percent sodium chloride as a dispersion and delivered via an appropriate nebulizer or inhalant system.
The recommended average diameter of the particulate dispersed powder along any axis is about 1 to 10 microns (~.m) and, preferably, about 5 to 10 Vim. In general, the phospholipid is included in an amount from about 0.1 to 10 percent weight/volume dispersed in normal or slightly hypotonic saline with an art-recognized propellant such as, for example, dichlorodifluoromethane, presented as a metered-dose aerosol unit. Each actuation releases between 0.1 and 100 mg of the phospholipid I.
The technology for making aerolized drug delivery systems is well documented. The phospholipids of Formula I are incorporated into such systems by art-recognized methodologies which need not be repeated in detail here.
Indeed, as noted previously, aerosol surfactant formulations containing DPPC and DSPC and their preparation have been previously described for treating 1RDS and ARDS, and similar aerosol methodologies are employed for this invention.
In accordance with the present invention, the subject phospholipids I have utility as an inhalant in the treatment of respiratory diseases in which inflammation and mucous viscosity or accumulated mucus is a major problem. Such diseases may -include chronic bronchitis, cystic fibrosis and asthma (see American Thoracic Society, Symposia Excerpts, 1994 International Conference). Moreover, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is associated with increased mucous secretion (see Ferguson crud Chermiack (1993) Management of COPD, New. Eng. J. Med., pp. 1017-1021). The present invention is not applicable to treating RDS or ARDS since these respiratory ailments are alveolar in nature and are not characterized by thickened or excessive mucous secretions.
The subject phospholipids I may be used alone or in combination with other mucolytics andlor other active ingredients suitable for aerosol delivery to the airways and alveoli of the lung, for example, antibiotics, bronchodilators and the like.
Anti-Inflammatory Activity:
Inflammation is a complex process involving a variety of cell types, including macrophages. See, for example, S.L. Kunkel, "Inflammatory Cytokines", pp. 1-15, in Manual of Vascular Mediators, P.A. Ward, Editor, produced by the publishers of Hospital Practice. References relative to macrophages are numerous, including Ralph and Nakoinz, J. Inununology (1977) 119:950-954, and Raschke et al., Cell (1978) 15:261-267.
Macrophages are activated by infection and by a wide variety of non-infectious irritants and pro-inflammatory agents. Upon activation, macrophages participate in a variety of reactions. They may phagocytize bacteria and kill them by either oxygen-dependent or oxygen-independent pathways. With respect to the oxygen-dependent pathways, activation of macrophages induces them to increase oxygen consumption and produce reactive oxygen species (for example, radicals such as superoxide). Production of reactive oxygen species by activated macrophages is associated with inflammatory responses. In addition, on activation, macrophages release a variety of inflammatory cytokines, including several interleukins and tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-a). Inhibition of any of these activation-related processes can lead to reduced inflammation.
For these reasons, macrophage activation is of critical importance in studies of the inflammatory process. Agents that reduce macrophage activation are likely to have utility as anti-inflammatory agents.
The anti-inflammatory activity of the Formula I compounds may be assayed by many methodologies conventional in the art. Two models of inflammation, macrophage activation and mouse ear edema, are utilized in the Examples which follow to demonstrate the anti-inflammatory effectiveness of the subject compounds.
The following Examples, employing DPPC for illustrative purposes, are intended to illustrate and not to limit the scope of the present invention.
Example 1 Mucolytic Activity in Bovine Tracheal Mucous Tracheal mucus is gently scraped from freshly slaughtered cows obtained from a local slaughter house. Under fixed isothermal conditions, the mucus is mixed at a ratio of 5 ml of mucus to 1 ml of physiological saline and sonicated for 1 minute.
1 milliliter of this mixture is added to 1 ml of the test compound or control saline and sonicated again for 1 minute. Five minutes after sonicating, 1 ml of sample is pipetted into the barrel of a 3-ml syringe with an 18 g x 1.5 inch needle and attached vertically to a ring stand. At time zero, the needle cap is removed and the transit time for the mucus to run through the syringe/needle combination is recorded.
The results are shown beiow:
Compound Final Concentration Transit Time Saline Control Control 3 min. 32 sec.
DPPC 5 mg/ml 2 min. 20 sec.
The results indicate that DPPC has a direct mucolytic effect on bovine tracheal mucus. Similar results are obtained with DSPC.

Example 2 Mucolytic Activity in Mouse Tracheal Mucous The procedure, which delivers the test compound to mice as an aerosol, is a modified assay for the evaluation of mucolytic activity in mice described by Chand S et al. , previously cited.
1. The test animals are Hsd:ICR(CD-1) mice that weigh approximately 25 g each.
2. The test compound is diluted in normal saline to a concentration of 25 mg/ml and administered using a human De Vilbiss atomizer Model No. 15 at approximately 100 mg/kg. The control group receives saline. The nozzle is placed in the mouth of the mouse anc~ 2 spray doses are given.
3 . After 30 minutes, phenol red dissolved as a 5 % solution in saline is given IP at a dose of 0.1 ml/lOg body weight.
4. Thirty minutes after phenol red administration, the animals are sacrificed by exposure to 100 % C02.
5. The entire trachea is removed, the exterior blotted dry and the trachea washed in 1.0 ml saline. 30 Minutes later, 0.1 ml of 1M NaOH is added to the tracheal washings to stabilize the pH of the lavage fluid.
6. The amount of phenol red secreted into the trachea is quantitated photometrically at 546 nm.
7. Calibration of the dose delivered is done by measuring the volume of five sprays per tube in five separate tubes. The average amount is 60.4 ~ul/spray with a range of 58-63 ~.1.
The test results indicate that the measured percent change in mucolytic activity for DPPC is about 58 percent, as compared to about 62 percent for N-acetylcysteine and zero percent for the saline control.

Exam le Inhalation Cartridge Component Amount per Cartridge DPPC 5.0 mg Lactose, q.s. 25.0 mg The active ingredient, DPPC, premicronized to a particle size between 10-50 microns in average diameter, is blended with normal tabletting grade lactose in a high energy mixer. The powder blend is' micronized to a fine particle size betvYeen microns and filled into appropriately sized hard gelatin capsules or cartridges on a suitable encapsulating machine. The respirable contents of the capsules or cartridges are administered using a powder inhaler.
Example 4 Metered Liquid Dose Component Amount per Cartridge DPPC 5.0 % by weight isotonic saline q,s, The active ingredient, DPPC, is dissolved in a sufficient quantity of sterile, isotonic saline to yield a solution which is 5 % by weight DPPC. The solution is administered in the form of an aerosolized metered-dose via a suitable nebulizing device.

Example 5 In Vitro Assay for Anti-Inflammatory Activity by Inhibition of Macrophage Activation:
- Activation of alveolar macrophages is a critical component of pulmonary inflammation. In their activated state, alveolar macrophages secrete a variety of inflammatory mediators and reactive oxygen species. In the present in vitro model of inflammation, mouse macrophages are activated by phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA). The intensity of macrophage activation in the presence or absence of DPPC
is determined by measuring the respiratory burst (release of reactive oxygen species) of the macrophages.
The RAW 264.7 cell line (American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Maryland, USA, Accession No. TIB 71) is a murine monocyte/macrophage line, the cells of which show many of the differentiative functions of a macrophage.
Like macrophages, the cells are capable of phagocytosis and undergo an oxidative burst (increased oxygen consumption) and production of oxygen radicals (e.g., superoxide) in response to appropriate signals. Agents that inhibit the activation of these cells in vitro so as to inhibit the respiratory burst and corresponding production of oxygen radicals associated with activation interdict a critical step in the inflammatory process.
The respiratory burst and corresponding production of oxygen radicals that accompany macrophage activation can be measured in a variety of ways, including chemiluminescence based on the reaction of the oxygen radicals with luminol added to the culture medium (see M.A. Trush et al., 1978, "The Generation of Chemiluminescence by Phagocytic Cells.", Methods in Enzymology 57:462-494).
Chemiluminescence generated from luminol in the culture medium of macrophage cell lines is recognized in the art as a marker of macrophage activation.
Materials:
Cell line: Raw 264.7 (ATCC TIB-71, attachment dependent);
Culture medium: Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM, Sigma Chemical Co. Cat. No. D-7777) with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS);
Standard protocol for culturing cell lines: in T-75 or T-150 flasks;
37°C; 95%
air, 5% C02; 100% humidity;

Cell line is passaged when approximately 80% confluent; with trypsin -(lmg/mL) and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) (1 uM in Ca-Mg free Hank's balanced salt solution); at 1:4 to 1:5 split;
All procedures are performed aseptically in a class II biological safety cabinet using standard Biosafety Level 2 (BL-2) containment procedures. In order to prevent genetic drift in stock cell lines, fresh cultures are prepared at approximately monthly intervals with cells thawed from liquid nitrogen storage.
Methodology:
After cell passage, count cells with a hemacytometer;
Adjust cell concentration io approximately 1,000,000 cells per mL;
Suspend cells in DMEM lacking phenol red and without FBS;
Pipette 1 mL of cell suspension into a standard luminometer cuvette (12 x 75mm), commercially obtainable from Analytical Luminescence Laboratories, San Diego, California, USA;
IS Add luminol to final concentration of 0.2 ~cM;
Add test compound dissolved in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), or in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for final concentration levels ranging from 0 to 30 p,M;
Add 100 nanograms of phorbol myristate acetate (PMA); and Wait 1 minute and read photo counts (i. e. , luminescence) on a Monolight 2010 luminometer available from Analytical Luminescence Laboratories, San Diego.
Data Analysis:
Background - no test compound present; no PMA present;
Control - no test compound present;
Calculate:
% Inhibition =
_1-L(test compound)-L back round) X 100 L(control)-L(background) where L is luminescence {respiratory burst).
Results:
As shown in Fig. 1, which is a dose-response curve for DPPC in the presence of 1 nM PMA, DPPC effectively inhibits the activation of macrophages by PMA
and the resultant respiratory burst. Similar results are obtained with DSPC. 'lh results indicate that compounds of Formula I act as an anti-inflammatory agents in the airways.
x m~
In Vitro Assay for Anti-Inflammatory Activity by Mouse Ear Edema Model:
A common in vivo model for the evaluation of anti-inflammatory agents is phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-induced inflammation in mouse ears. This method is described in "Pharmacological Methods in the Control of Inflammation,"
Joseph Y. Chang and Alan J. Lewis (eds.), Alan R. Liss, Inc. New York, pp. 221-223 (1989). In this assay, edema, which is characteristic of inflammation, is quantified by determining ear thickness or ear weight approximately 6 hours after applying PMA
to the ear.
Materials:
Mice: Male CD-1, 21-24 g (product Number 3002) obtainable from Harlan Sprague Dawley, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Methodology:
Prepare 0.01 % (w/v) PMA in a mixture of equal volumes of acetone and ethanol, containing 0 (vehicle), 1 % , 2.5 % , or 5 % (w/v) test compound;
Prepare vehicle control solution of equal volumes of acetone and ethanol;
Prepare control solution of 0.01 % (w/v) PMA in a mixture of equal volumes of acetone and ethanol, containing 1 % dexamethasone;
Divide mice into groups of 3;
Treat each group of mice by applying 20 ~cL of one of the above solutions to the right ear using a micropipetter;
wait 6 hours and euthanize the mice in a COZ chamber;
Cut the ears and punch out circles of 6-mm diameter;
Measure the weight of three appropriate ear punches in the same group together;
Determine the average weight of all untreated ear samples (average weight of control ear);
Determine the average weight of each group of test ear samples (average weight of test ear);
Calculate average % increase in ear weight as follows:
Average % increase in ear weight =
Ave. wt. of test ear - Av» wt of control ear X 100 Average weight of control ear Results:
Figs. 2 and 3 illustrate the results of a series of studies on the anti-inflammatory property of DPPC. A single application of this compound at 5 %
did not have an effect on ear edema as shown in Figure 2. At 10 % , a single application of DPPC inhibited ear edema by 34 % . When 5 % DPPC was administered twice, once at the time of PMA application, and again 20 minutes later, ear edema was reduced by 54 % . However, two treatments, once 20 minutes before PMA
treatment, and again at the time of PMA treatment, had substantially no effect on ear edema.
Fig. 3 demonstrates that repeated applications of DPPC during the first two hours of an inflammatory response to PMA inhibited ear edema by 72 % . Because DPPC is a naturally- occurring molecule, without known toxicities, it can be safely inhaled on a frequent schedule for the treatment of pulmonary inflammation.
The positive results obtained in the foregoing assay are illustrative of the anti-inflammatory activity of the Formula I compounds.

Claims (6)

what is claimed is:

1. Use of a compound characterized by Formula I:
wherein one of X, Y, or Z represent:
in which each R represents hydrogen or methyl, and each of the other two of X, Y.
or Z represents -CO-R1 in which R1 represents linear or branched C11-21 alkyl or C11-21 alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of cyano, halo, and C1-6 linear or branched alkoxy; and all isomeric forms thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for topically reducing inflammation in a mammal suffering inflammation and for reducing the viscosity of mucus in a patient ailing from a pulmonary disorder involving thickened or accumulated mucous secretions.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein a phospholipid of Formula II is used:
wherein each R represents hydrogen or methyl, and R1 represents linear or branched C11-21 alkyl or C11-21, alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halo, C1-6 linear or branched alkoxy or cyano;
and all isomeric forms thereof.

3. The method of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein dipalmitoyl or distearoyl phosphatidylcholine is used.

4. The method of any one of claims 1, 2, or 3, wherein dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine is used.

5. The method of any one of the preceding claims wherein one of more of the recited compounds is used in the manufacture of a topical medicament for the treatment of an ailment selected from the group consisting of asthma, bronchitis, cystic fibrosis, conjunctivitis, dermatitis, hemorrhoids, and rhinitis.

6. Use of a compound characterized by Formula I:
wherein one of X, Y, or Z represent:
in which each R represents hydrogen or methyl, and each of the other two of X, Y.
or Z represents -CO-R1 in which R1 represents linear or branched C11-21 alkyl or C11-21 alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of cyano, halo, and C1-6 linear or branched alkoxy; and all isomeric forms thereof, in the manufacture of a aerosolized powder or liquid medicament for reducing the viscosity of mucus in a patient ailing from a pulmonary disorder involving thickened or accumulated mucous secretions.