CA2290476A1 - Panel-form loudspeakers - Google Patents
Panel-form loudspeakers Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2290476A1 CA2290476A1 CA002290476A CA2290476A CA2290476A1 CA 2290476 A1 CA2290476 A1 CA 2290476A1 CA 002290476 A CA002290476 A CA 002290476A CA 2290476 A CA2290476 A CA 2290476A CA 2290476 A1 CA2290476 A1 CA 2290476A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- panel
- smaller
- larger
- panels
- driver
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
- H04R1/00—Details of transducers, loudspeakers or microphones
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
- H04R7/00—Diaphragms for electromechanical transducers; Cones
- H04R7/02—Diaphragms for electromechanical transducers; Cones characterised by the construction
- H04R7/04—Plane diaphragms
- H04R7/045—Plane diaphragms using the distributed mode principle, i.e. whereby the acoustic radiation is emanated from uniformly distributed free bending wave vibration induced in a stiff panel and not from pistonic motion
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
- H04R9/00—Transducers of moving-coil, moving-strip, or moving-wire type
- H04R9/06—Loudspeakers
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Multimedia (AREA)
- Audible-Bandwidth Dynamoelectric Transducers Other Than Pickups (AREA)
- Diaphragms For Electromechanical Transducers (AREA)
- Details Of Audible-Bandwidth Transducers (AREA)
- Obtaining Desirable Characteristics In Audible-Bandwidth Transducers (AREA)
Abstract
A panel-form loudspeaker comprises at least two resonant distributed mode acoustic panels with a single driver provided to excite all the panels such that bending wave energy is efficiently transferred to each of them to excite distributed mode resonance in them to provide acoustic output. There may be two panels one larger than the other - the larger having a lower bending wave stiffness than the smaller. The smaller panel is positioned eccentrically of the larger and the driver eccentrically of the smaller panel. A plurality of smaller panels may be associated with a single larger panel. One embodiment provides a driver mounted to the or each smaller panel which is adhesively attached face to face to the larger panel. Another embodiment provides the or each smaller panel formed within and attached to the larger panel, a driver being attached to the or each smaller panel. The attachment of the panels uses a material forming a controlling compliant coupling. A third embodiment provides the or each smaller panel mounted on one end of an associated coupler passing through and attached to the larger panel, a driver being attached to the other end of the or each coupler. The attachment of the or each coupler to the larger panel uses a material forming a controlling compliance coupling. The or each coupler is tubular in section.
Description
TITLE: PANEL-FORM LOUDSPEAKERS
DESCRIPTION
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to panel-form loudspeakers, and more particularly, but not exclusively, to panel-form loudspeakers of the kind described in our International Application W097/09842 and known as distributed mode loudspeakers.
BACKGROUND ART
In theory and given the availability of the right materials, a distributed mode loudspeaker can cover the full audio range in a single panel. Since the current state of the art in materials technology precludes such a solution, our International Application WO/9709846 envisages small distributed mode loudspeaker panel suspended in a larger distributed mode loudspeaker panel of lower cut-off frequency to produce a wider acoustic bandwidth loudspeaker. This requires at least two exciters of appropriate type and also requires careful design of the mechanical interface between the two panels.
As both panels cover a wide frequency range within their individual capabilities, there will also be a broad frequency range within which the outputs of the two panels may overlap. An electrical cross-over network may therefore be desirable, although it may tend to degrade the sound quality and will add to the manufacturing cost.
An object of the invention is to provide arrangements which alleviate or overcome these difficulties.
GENERAL ASPECTS OF THE INVENTION
In one aspect the invention provides a panel-form loudspeaker comprising at least two resonant distributed mode acoustic panels wherein a single driver is provided to excite all of said panels such that bending wave energy is efficiently transferred to each of them to excite distributed mode resonance in them to provide acoustic output.
Desirably, there are two panels and one of said panels may be larger than the other.
The larger of said panels preferably has a lower bending wave stiffness than the smaller.
The smaller of said panels is desirably positioned eccentrically with respect to the larger panel.
The driver is desirably positioned eccentrically ~ j with respect to the smaller of said panels.
In one embodiment a plurality of smaller panels are associated with a single larger panel.
Advantageously, a driver is mounted to the or each smaller panel which is attached to the larger panel, the attachment being such that bending wave energy from the or each driver and its associated smaller panel is efficiently transferred to the larger panel.
Preferably the smaller and larger panels are attached together face to face. The panels may be secured together by means of an adhesive of low mechanical loss.
In another embodiment the or each smaller panel is formed within and attached to the larger panel, a driver being attached to the or each smaller panel.
The attachment of the smaller and larger panels may be effected with a material forming a controlling compliant coupling.
In yet another embodiment the ar each smaller panel is mounted on one end of an associated coupler passing through and attached to the larger panel, a driver being attached to the or each said coupler.
The drivers) is preferably attached to the other end of the or each coupler.
The attachment of the or each coupler to the larger panel desirably makes use of a material forming a controlling compliance coupling.
The or each coupler is preferably tubular in section.
i BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The above aspects, features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following description of embodiments of the invention now made with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:-Figure 1 shows at A and B respectively rear face and side views of a first panel-form loudspeaker embodying the invention, Figure 2 is a sectional side view of a second panel-form loudspeaker embodying the invention, Figure 3 is a sectional side view of a third panel-form loudspeaker embodying the present invention, and Figure 4 is a rear face view of a modified form of the loudspeakers shown in Figure 1 to 3.
BEST. MODES FORCARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Figure 1 shows a smaller distributed mode loudspeaker panel (10) driven by an appropriate driver or exciter (12), preferably an electro-dynamic type for greater bandwidth. The smaller panel (10) is attached face to face to a larger distributed mode loudspeaker panel (14) of appropriately lower stiffness and of dimensions appropriate to cover the required lower frequency range. By the choice of the right materials and driver design it can be shown that when the smaller panel (10) is driven it will continue to produce its useful bandwidth superimposed on the lower range frequency output resulting from the larger panel (14) giving a much wider bandwidth.
~ 1 The smaller distributed mode loudspeaker panel (10) may be attached to the larger one by application of suitable adhesives of low mechanical loss in order to maintain efficient transfer of mechanical energy at low 5 frequencies as well as maintaining good high frequency transmissibility with little loss. Epoxy resin adhesives are suitable for this purpose. The position of attachment of the smaller panel (10) to the larger panel (14) will be chosen in accordance with the distributed mode principle as explained in our International Application WO/97/09842, as will the position of attachment of the exciter (12) to the smaller panel (10).
Figure 2 illustrates another type of panel-form loudspeaker embodying the invention in which a larger, low frequency optimised distributed mode panel (20) is modified by having a smaller, high frequency optimised panel (22) formed in the region of a driver (24). The common driving point of the driver (24) means that both parts or regions of the panel are excited. The smaller, high frequency part or region of the panel is provided by extra stiffening of the local skin region (26) for example by adding bonded carbon fibre, glass fibre ar similar high strength material. Alternatively, by adding new higher stiffness skin sections in that region.
Depending upon the wave propagation properties of the larger panel (20) a natural balance of power division with frequency may be obtained. Additionally a suitable compliant boundary (28) is incorporated to I I
DESCRIPTION
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to panel-form loudspeakers, and more particularly, but not exclusively, to panel-form loudspeakers of the kind described in our International Application W097/09842 and known as distributed mode loudspeakers.
BACKGROUND ART
In theory and given the availability of the right materials, a distributed mode loudspeaker can cover the full audio range in a single panel. Since the current state of the art in materials technology precludes such a solution, our International Application WO/9709846 envisages small distributed mode loudspeaker panel suspended in a larger distributed mode loudspeaker panel of lower cut-off frequency to produce a wider acoustic bandwidth loudspeaker. This requires at least two exciters of appropriate type and also requires careful design of the mechanical interface between the two panels.
As both panels cover a wide frequency range within their individual capabilities, there will also be a broad frequency range within which the outputs of the two panels may overlap. An electrical cross-over network may therefore be desirable, although it may tend to degrade the sound quality and will add to the manufacturing cost.
An object of the invention is to provide arrangements which alleviate or overcome these difficulties.
GENERAL ASPECTS OF THE INVENTION
In one aspect the invention provides a panel-form loudspeaker comprising at least two resonant distributed mode acoustic panels wherein a single driver is provided to excite all of said panels such that bending wave energy is efficiently transferred to each of them to excite distributed mode resonance in them to provide acoustic output.
Desirably, there are two panels and one of said panels may be larger than the other.
The larger of said panels preferably has a lower bending wave stiffness than the smaller.
The smaller of said panels is desirably positioned eccentrically with respect to the larger panel.
The driver is desirably positioned eccentrically ~ j with respect to the smaller of said panels.
In one embodiment a plurality of smaller panels are associated with a single larger panel.
Advantageously, a driver is mounted to the or each smaller panel which is attached to the larger panel, the attachment being such that bending wave energy from the or each driver and its associated smaller panel is efficiently transferred to the larger panel.
Preferably the smaller and larger panels are attached together face to face. The panels may be secured together by means of an adhesive of low mechanical loss.
In another embodiment the or each smaller panel is formed within and attached to the larger panel, a driver being attached to the or each smaller panel.
The attachment of the smaller and larger panels may be effected with a material forming a controlling compliant coupling.
In yet another embodiment the ar each smaller panel is mounted on one end of an associated coupler passing through and attached to the larger panel, a driver being attached to the or each said coupler.
The drivers) is preferably attached to the other end of the or each coupler.
The attachment of the or each coupler to the larger panel desirably makes use of a material forming a controlling compliance coupling.
The or each coupler is preferably tubular in section.
i BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The above aspects, features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following description of embodiments of the invention now made with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:-Figure 1 shows at A and B respectively rear face and side views of a first panel-form loudspeaker embodying the invention, Figure 2 is a sectional side view of a second panel-form loudspeaker embodying the invention, Figure 3 is a sectional side view of a third panel-form loudspeaker embodying the present invention, and Figure 4 is a rear face view of a modified form of the loudspeakers shown in Figure 1 to 3.
BEST. MODES FORCARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Figure 1 shows a smaller distributed mode loudspeaker panel (10) driven by an appropriate driver or exciter (12), preferably an electro-dynamic type for greater bandwidth. The smaller panel (10) is attached face to face to a larger distributed mode loudspeaker panel (14) of appropriately lower stiffness and of dimensions appropriate to cover the required lower frequency range. By the choice of the right materials and driver design it can be shown that when the smaller panel (10) is driven it will continue to produce its useful bandwidth superimposed on the lower range frequency output resulting from the larger panel (14) giving a much wider bandwidth.
~ 1 The smaller distributed mode loudspeaker panel (10) may be attached to the larger one by application of suitable adhesives of low mechanical loss in order to maintain efficient transfer of mechanical energy at low 5 frequencies as well as maintaining good high frequency transmissibility with little loss. Epoxy resin adhesives are suitable for this purpose. The position of attachment of the smaller panel (10) to the larger panel (14) will be chosen in accordance with the distributed mode principle as explained in our International Application WO/97/09842, as will the position of attachment of the exciter (12) to the smaller panel (10).
Figure 2 illustrates another type of panel-form loudspeaker embodying the invention in which a larger, low frequency optimised distributed mode panel (20) is modified by having a smaller, high frequency optimised panel (22) formed in the region of a driver (24). The common driving point of the driver (24) means that both parts or regions of the panel are excited. The smaller, high frequency part or region of the panel is provided by extra stiffening of the local skin region (26) for example by adding bonded carbon fibre, glass fibre ar similar high strength material. Alternatively, by adding new higher stiffness skin sections in that region.
Depending upon the wave propagation properties of the larger panel (20) a natural balance of power division with frequency may be obtained. Additionally a suitable compliant boundary (28) is incorporated to I I
differentiate between the high and lower frequency parts of the panel. Control of the compliance frequency dependent damping of the resilient coupling allows the ideal or preferred cross-over point to be determined mechanically together with beneficial control of the damping at the boundary between the two parts of the panel.
Figure 3 illustrates yet another type of panel-form loudspeaker embodying the invention. In the arrangement of Figure 3 a smaller, high frequency, panel (30) is adhesively fixed to one end of a light weight tubular coupler (32). Coupler passes through a larger, low frequency panel (34) and is resiliently attached to it as shown at (36). The resilient attachment of the coupler to the larger panel (34) acts as a mechanical low pass filter to further define the balance of energy between the two panels (30 and 34). It can be seen that the end of the coupler (32) spaced from the high frequency panel (30) is fixed to a driver exciter (38).
Yet another arrangement embodying the invention is illustrated in Figure 4 where a single large resonant distributed mode acoustic panel (50) has associated with it a number of smaller panels (52) each having an associated driver (54). The smaller panels (52) may be associated with the larger panel (50) in the ways described with reference to Figures 1 to 3. That is to say the smaller panel (52) may be adhesively attached face to face to the larger panel (50) and have mounted f I T
Figure 3 illustrates yet another type of panel-form loudspeaker embodying the invention. In the arrangement of Figure 3 a smaller, high frequency, panel (30) is adhesively fixed to one end of a light weight tubular coupler (32). Coupler passes through a larger, low frequency panel (34) and is resiliently attached to it as shown at (36). The resilient attachment of the coupler to the larger panel (34) acts as a mechanical low pass filter to further define the balance of energy between the two panels (30 and 34). It can be seen that the end of the coupler (32) spaced from the high frequency panel (30) is fixed to a driver exciter (38).
Yet another arrangement embodying the invention is illustrated in Figure 4 where a single large resonant distributed mode acoustic panel (50) has associated with it a number of smaller panels (52) each having an associated driver (54). The smaller panels (52) may be associated with the larger panel (50) in the ways described with reference to Figures 1 to 3. That is to say the smaller panel (52) may be adhesively attached face to face to the larger panel (50) and have mounted f I T
thereon its own driver (54). Alternatively, the smaller panels (52) may comprise a number of sections of the larger panel (50) which have been appropriately stiffened and provided with an individual driver (54) - the stiffened sections (52) being coupled to the larger panel in the manner described with reference to Figure 2.
Lastly, the smaller panels (52) may comprise panels carried by couplers each associated with an individual driver in the manner described with reference to Figure 3. It will be appreciated that the smaller panels (52) in the arrangement of Figure 4 need not all be associated with the larger panel (50) in the same was. Some may be associated in the way described with reference to Figure 1 whilst others are associated in the way described with reference to Figures 2 and/or 3.
In the described embodiments the driver is in each case attached or coupled to a smaller panel, it will of course be appreciated that the driver may be attached or coupled to the larger of the panels if desired.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
The distributed mode loudspeakers described have the benefits of enabling full audio bandwidth from one loudspeaker and reducing the number of drivers required and therefore the cost and complexity of the loudspeakers.
A loudspeaker in accordance with the present invention may be applied to an automobile headliner, with the benefit of a reduced component count, which results i i in higher reliability, no need for electrical cross-over components, and reduced manufacturing costs.
i ~
Lastly, the smaller panels (52) may comprise panels carried by couplers each associated with an individual driver in the manner described with reference to Figure 3. It will be appreciated that the smaller panels (52) in the arrangement of Figure 4 need not all be associated with the larger panel (50) in the same was. Some may be associated in the way described with reference to Figure 1 whilst others are associated in the way described with reference to Figures 2 and/or 3.
In the described embodiments the driver is in each case attached or coupled to a smaller panel, it will of course be appreciated that the driver may be attached or coupled to the larger of the panels if desired.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
The distributed mode loudspeakers described have the benefits of enabling full audio bandwidth from one loudspeaker and reducing the number of drivers required and therefore the cost and complexity of the loudspeakers.
A loudspeaker in accordance with the present invention may be applied to an automobile headliner, with the benefit of a reduced component count, which results i i in higher reliability, no need for electrical cross-over components, and reduced manufacturing costs.
i ~
Claims (15)
1. A panel-form loudspeaker comprising at least two bending wave resonant distributed mode acoustic panels, including a larger panel and a smaller panel, wherein both the larger and smaller panels are excited by a single driver arranged such that bending wave energy is efficiently transferred to both of the larger and smaller panels to excite distributed mode resonance in the larger and smaller panels to provide acoustic output.
2. A panel-form loudspeaker according to Claim 1, wherein the larger panel has a lower bending wave stiffness than the smaller.
3. A panel-form loudspeaker according to Claim 1 or Claim 2, wherein the smaller panel is positioned eccentrically with respect to the larger panel.
4. A panel-form loudspeaker as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein said driver is positioned eccentrically with respect to the smaller of said panels.
5. A panel-form loudspeaker according to claim 1, having further smaller panels, each having an associated driver arranged such that bending wave energy is efficiently transferred to both the smaller panel associated with the driver and the larger panel to excite distributed mode resonance in the panels to provide acoustic output.
6. A panel-form loudspeaker according to Claim 1, wherein there are exactly two panels.
7. A panel-form loudspeaker as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein a driver is mounted to the or each smaller panel which is attached to the larger panel, the attachment being such that bending wave energy from the or each driver and its associated smaller panel is efficiently transferred to the larger panel.
8. A panel-form loudspeaker as claimed in Claim 7, wherein the or each smaller panel is attached to the larger panel face to face.
9. A panel-form loudspeaker as claimed in Claim 7 or Claim 8, wherein the panels are secured together by means of an adhesive of low mechanical loss.
10. A panel-form loudspeaker as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the or each smaller panel is formed within and attached to the larger panel, a driver being attached to the or each smaller panel.
11. A panel-form loudspeaker as claimed in Claim 10, wherein the attachment of the smaller and larger panels is effected with a material forming a controlling compliant coupling.
12. A panel-form loudspeaker as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 6, comprising a coupler passing through and attached to the larger panel, the smaller panel being mounted on one end of the coupler, and the driver associated with the smaller panel being attached to drive the coupler.
13. A panel form loudspeaker as claimed in Claim 12, wherein the driver is attached to the end of the coupler opposite to the end attached to the corresponding smaller panel.
14. A panel-form loudspeaker as claimed in Claim 12 or Claim 13, wherein the attachment of the coupler to the larger panel makes use of a material forming a controlling compliance coupling.
15. A panel-form loudspeaker as claimed in any one of claims 12 to 14, wherein the coupler is tubular in section.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GBGB9709959.2A GB9709959D0 (en) | 1997-05-15 | 1997-05-15 | Panel-form loudspeakers |
| GB9709959.2 | 1997-05-15 | ||
| PCT/GB1998/001362 WO1998052381A2 (en) | 1997-05-15 | 1998-05-13 | Panel-form loudspeakers |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2290476A1 true CA2290476A1 (en) | 1998-11-19 |
Family
ID=10812418
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002290476A Abandoned CA2290476A1 (en) | 1997-05-15 | 1998-05-13 | Panel-form loudspeakers |
Country Status (15)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0981928A2 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP2002505814A (en) |
| KR (1) | KR20010012527A (en) |
| CN (1) | CN1255277A (en) |
| AR (1) | AR012696A1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU746673B2 (en) |
| BR (1) | BR9809642A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2290476A1 (en) |
| CO (1) | CO4780081A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB9709959D0 (en) |
| ID (1) | ID20339A (en) |
| IL (1) | IL132686A0 (en) |
| TW (1) | TW444510B (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1998052381A2 (en) |
| ZA (1) | ZA983986B (en) |
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| CN1500364A (en) * | 2001-04-05 | 2004-05-26 | 新型转换器有限公司 | Loudspeaker |
| US7245729B2 (en) | 2001-04-05 | 2007-07-17 | New Transducers Limited | Loudspeaker |
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| GB2386026B (en) * | 2002-02-28 | 2005-06-08 | 1 Ltd | Loudspeaker |
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| US9883318B2 (en) | 2013-06-12 | 2018-01-30 | Bongiovi Acoustics Llc | System and method for stereo field enhancement in two-channel audio systems |
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| US10820883B2 (en) | 2014-04-16 | 2020-11-03 | Bongiovi Acoustics Llc | Noise reduction assembly for auscultation of a body |
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-
1997
- 1997-05-15 GB GBGB9709959.2A patent/GB9709959D0/en active Pending
-
1998
- 1998-05-12 ZA ZA983986A patent/ZA983986B/en unknown
- 1998-05-13 AU AU74390/98A patent/AU746673B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1998-05-13 BR BR9809642-7A patent/BR9809642A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-05-13 JP JP54892498A patent/JP2002505814A/en active Pending
- 1998-05-13 CA CA002290476A patent/CA2290476A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1998-05-13 EP EP98921596A patent/EP0981928A2/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1998-05-13 IL IL13268698A patent/IL132686A0/en unknown
- 1998-05-13 KR KR1019997010482A patent/KR20010012527A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1998-05-13 CN CN98804923A patent/CN1255277A/en active Pending
- 1998-05-13 WO PCT/GB1998/001362 patent/WO1998052381A2/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1998-05-14 AR ARP980102243A patent/AR012696A1/en unknown
- 1998-05-15 TW TW087107535A patent/TW444510B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-05-15 ID IDP980712A patent/ID20339A/en unknown
- 1998-05-15 CO CO98027492A patent/CO4780081A1/en unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| BR9809642A (en) | 2000-07-11 |
| GB9709959D0 (en) | 1997-07-09 |
| WO1998052381A3 (en) | 1999-02-18 |
| AU746673B2 (en) | 2002-05-02 |
| IL132686A0 (en) | 2001-03-19 |
| TW444510B (en) | 2001-07-01 |
| ID20339A (en) | 1998-11-26 |
| KR20010012527A (en) | 2001-02-15 |
| JP2002505814A (en) | 2002-02-19 |
| ZA983986B (en) | 1999-02-19 |
| AR012696A1 (en) | 2000-11-08 |
| CN1255277A (en) | 2000-05-31 |
| AU7439098A (en) | 1998-12-08 |
| EP0981928A2 (en) | 2000-03-01 |
| WO1998052381A2 (en) | 1998-11-19 |
| CO4780081A1 (en) | 1999-05-26 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| FZDE | Discontinued |