CA2281039C - Novel optical scheme for holographic imaging of complex diffractive elements in materials - Google Patents
Novel optical scheme for holographic imaging of complex diffractive elements in materials Download PDFInfo
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- CA2281039C CA2281039C CA 2281039 CA2281039A CA2281039C CA 2281039 C CA2281039 C CA 2281039C CA 2281039 CA2281039 CA 2281039 CA 2281039 A CA2281039 A CA 2281039A CA 2281039 C CA2281039 C CA 2281039C
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto
- G03H1/02—Details of features involved during the holographic process; Replication of holograms without interference recording
- G03H1/024—Hologram nature or properties
- G03H1/0248—Volume holograms
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
- G02B5/18—Diffraction gratings
- G02B5/1847—Manufacturing methods
- G02B5/1857—Manufacturing methods using exposure or etching means, e.g. holography, photolithography, exposure to electron or ion beams
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
- G02B5/32—Holograms used as optical elements
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/02057—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating comprising gratings
- G02B6/02076—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings
- G02B6/02123—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by the method of manufacture of the grating
- G02B6/02133—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by the method of manufacture of the grating using beam interference
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H2210/00—Object characteristics
- G03H2210/10—Modulation characteristics, e.g. amplitude, phase, polarisation
- G03H2210/12—Phase modulating object, e.g. living cell
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H2210/00—Object characteristics
- G03H2210/20—2D object
Abstract
This invention discloses optical system and method for writing a refractive index pattern in a light transmissive or light absorbing sample. A light source for providing a short pulse laser beam in the femtosecond range having a low power per unit area is coupled to provide the short pulse beam to a diffractive optical element. A curved mirror collects light transmitted through or reflected from the diffractive optical element preserves an image relating to characteristics of the diffractive optical element encoded within the collected light, and directs the collected light in wavelength independent manner while preserving the image of the diffractive optical element encoded within the collected light A rod lens demagnifies the image within the light received from the curved mirror so as to increase its power per unit area when directed to the light transmissive or absorbing sample to be permanently impressed therein.
Description
NOVEL OPTICAL SCHEME FOR HOLOGRAPHIC IMAGING OF COMPLEX
DIFFRACTIVE ELEMENTS IN MATERIALS
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates generally to a method and system for inducing a refractive index change in a light transmissive material, such as glass, or absorbing material such as metal, but not limited thereto.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The manufacture of many photonics devices are based on the ability to create permanent photorefractive changes in transparent materials. For example, the development of Bragg grating reflectors within planar or linear waveguides such as single mode optical fibres is well known and has been described in various United States patents. For example, one type of a Bragg filter, is incorporated or embedded in the core of an optical fiber by a method disclosed, in United States patent number 4,807,850. As is discussed in this patent, permanent periodic gratings of this kind can be provided or impressed in the core of an optical fibre by exposing the core through the cladding to the interference pattern of two coherent beams of ultraviolet light that are directed against the optical fibre symmetrically to a plane normal to the fiber axis.
This results in a situation where the material of the fiber core has permanent periodic variations in its refractive index impressed therein by the action of the interfering ultraviolet light beams thereon, with the individual grating elements (i.e.
the periodically repetitive regions of the core exhibiting the same refractive index behavior) being oriented normal to the fiber axis so as to constitute the Bragg grating.
Other more popular methods of writing Bragg gratings in optical fibre are taught by Anderson in U.S. Patent No. 5,327,515, and by Hill in U.S. Patent No.
5,367,588. Both Anderson and Hill utilize a phase mask or optical phase grating.
An interference pattern is generated by impinging a single light beam on the phase mask. The optical waveguide to be processed is exposed to the interference pattern, leading to the formation of a Bragg grating in the waveguide. In all of these prior art examples, an optical fibre having a Ge doped photosensitive core is irradiated with UV light of a predetermined intensity and for a predetermined duration sufficient to obtain a substantially permanent grating therein.
Although these prior art gratings provide a useful function, it would be advantageous to be able to write a grating in an un-doped light transmissive substrate or waveguide such as a typical telecommunications optical fibre, or on a slab waveguide device.
Aside from the drawback of having to provide specialty optical fibre by way of doping the core of an optical fibre so that the core becomes photosensitive to UV light, or additionally exposing such doped fibres to H2 or Deuterium gas at high temperatures for a substantial duration and under substantially high pressures so that its core becomes more photosensitive, optical fibre having a grating impressed therein, in the traditional manner has be joined to the telecommunications fibre to which it is to be coupled with. Of course, H2 loading and splicing fibre adds the cost and to the associated signal loss by virtue of having a coupling or splice joint between two optical fibres, Refractive index changes written in standard UV-photosensitive optical materials such as Ge-silicate glasses are normally limited to a refractive index difference ~n <10-3. Recently, research has been directed toward elucidating the mechanism for photorefractive index changes in glasses upon exposure to UV
light, and progress has been made toward developing materials with enhanced photosensitivity, e.g, hydrogen loaded specially- doped silicate glasses for waveguiding applications, or photorefractive gels for bulk diffractive elements.
However each of these materials suffer in one way or another from inferior optical or mechanical properties compared with normal optical glasses. Often a curing process is required following UV exposure, which can cause shrinkage and distortion of the optically written pattern. Photorefractive gels, in particular, are limited in their application due to the non-permanent nature of the index change, with decays on a timescale of a few years.
An alternative mechanism which employs high-intensity ultra-fast pulses for creating permanent photorefractive changes in glasses has recently been explored by several groups of researchers. Such disclosure can be found in a paper by K.M. Davis, et al. in Opt. Lett. 21, 1729 (1996) and in a paper by E.N.
Giezer et al in Opt. Lett. 21, 2023, (1 996). Giezer et al. reported refractive index changes of On ~ 0.1 written in fused silica using tightly focused pulses with peak intensities ~ 10 '3 W/cm2 . The physical process that gives rise to this refractive index change appears to be due to the creation of free electrons through multi-photon ionization of bound charges, followed by avalanche ionization and localized dielectric breakdown as these fee electrons are accelerated by the intense laser field. Phenomenologically, this leads to a localized melting and compaction of material, and a concurrent increase in the index of refraction.
Owing to the extremely high intensities of light required to activate this photo-refractive mechanism, work performed in this field has used pulses that are tightly focused to near-diffraction limited spots. While this allows high-resolution spatial localization of the refractive index change to a volume on the order of 1 -0 Nm3 , it also requires that the laser focus be scanned point-by-point throughout three dimensions to build up a complete hologrammatic pattern in the material. This is a great disadvantage for writing diffractive structures that have extended dimensions, since mechanical precision of A100 must be sustained across length scales up to centimeters. Over time-scales of minutes, slight drifts in ambient temperature can lead to thermal expansions or contractions that often limit the accuracy of the fabrication process. Since raster scanning is an inherently slow procedure, this technique is not well-suited toward writing large diffractive structures.
Providing a hybrid technique of utilizing standard phase masking techniques in combination with using ultra short high power femto-second pulses is problematic, since close coupling a phase mask to create an interference pattern in a sample is not feasible; the mask will experience optical damage due to the high peak intensity of light required at the sample position.
Hence, in accordance with this invention, the mask must be located remotely and the diffracted light accurately imaged onto a small spot at the sample.
Since a phase mask introduces high angular dispersion in the diffracted beams, due to the broad spectral content of ultra-short pulses, simply redirecting each individual diffracted beam so that they overlap in the sample, unfortunately results in a greatly reduced peak intensity as the spectral content of the pulse is distributed over a relatively large area.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Thus, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of this invention, an imaging system is provided that overlaps replicas of the short pulse without significant spatial or spectral aberrations, and without any element experiencing peak intensifies within two orders of magnitude of those at the sample.
It is an object of this invention to overcome many of the aforementioned limitations within the prior art systems of inducing a refractive index change in a light transmissive material.
It is an object of this invention to provide a system and method for writing gratings and patterns distinguishable by way of having a plurality of refractive index changes in un-doped optical glass.
It is yet a further object of the invention, to provide a system and method for inducing a refractive index change region of a piece of light transmissive material that is not doped to become highly photosensitive.
In accordance with an aspect of the invention, there is provided, an optical system for writing a spatial modulated index pattern in a material that is at least partially light transmissive or partially absorbing, comprising:
an ultrafast light source for generating a pulse of laser light;
a diffractive optic element having predetermined characteristics, said element being disposed to receive the pulse of laser light;
an imaging and concentrating system disposed to receive at least some divergent light beams from the diffractive optic element and for concentrating and imaging received light beams at the material, the imaging and concentrating system including:
a) a curved mirror disposed to receive said at least some of the divergent light beams from the diffractive optic element and to reflect the received light beams in a substantially wavelength independent manner, and b) a concentrating/focusing element for focusing and concentrating light beams reflected from the curved mirror onto the at least partially light transmissive or partially absorbing material to effect a permanent refractive index change within the material that corresponds to the spatial modulated index pattern, said curved mirror and said concentrating/focusing element being positioned relative to each other and to said diffractive optic element so as to affect each of the light beams focused and concentrated onto the at least partially light transmissive or partially absorbing material in substantially the same way in order to preserve a stable phase relationship therebetween.
In this aspect of the invention the pulse may have a duration of less than picoseconds and multiple pulses may be provided.
In accordance with an aspect of the invention there is provided a method for writing a spatial modulated index pattern in a material that is at least partially transmissive or partially absorbing comprising the steps of:
10 a) providing a pulse of laser light from an ultrafast laser;
b) providing a diffractive optic element having predetermined characteristics and directing the short pulse of laser light to be incident upon the diffractive optic element;
c) disposing an imaging and concentrating system to receive multiple light beams diffracted from the diffractive optic element and for concentrating the light beams received at the material, step (c) including the sub-steps of:
i) said imaging and concentrating system including a curved mirror for reflecting the multiple light beams from the diffractive optic element in a substantially wavelength independent manner; and ii) said imaging and concentrating system including means for receiving the light beams reflected from the curved mirror and concentrating and focusing said light beams received from the curved mirror onto the light transmissive material to effect a permanent refractive index change within the material that corresponds to the spatial modulated light pattern, said curved mirror and said means for receiving and concentrating are positioned relative to each other so as to affect each of the multiple light beams in substantially the same way for preserving a stable phase relationship between said multiple light beams at said material.
In this aspect of the method a plurality of pulses of light may be provided.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention there is provided a method of effecting a refractive index change in a sample that is at least partially transmissive or partially absorbing comprising the steps of:
providing a short pulse laser beam having a low power per unit area to a diffractive optical element so as to irradiate the diffractive optical element;
collecting light from the diffractive optical element while preserving an image relating to characteristics of the diffractive optical element encoded within the light collected; and directing the light collected in wavelength independent manner to the sample while preserving the image of the diffractive optical element encoded within the light collected and demagnifying the image within the light collected so as to increase its power per unit area when directed to the sample to be permanently impressed therein, wherein the steps of collecting the light from the diffractive optical element and directing the light collected in wavelength independent manner includes preserving a stable phase relationship between components of the light collected.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention there is provided an optical system for writing a refractive index pattern in a sample that is at least partially light transmissive or partially light absorbing comprising:
means for providing a short pulse laser beam having a low power per unit area;
a diffractive optical element disposed to receive the short pulse laser beam;
means for collecting multiple light beams transmitted through or reflected from the diffractive optical element and for preserving an image relating to characteristics of the diffractive optical element encoded within the multiple light beams collected, and for directing the multiple light beams collected in wavelength independent manner while preserving the image of the diffractive optic element encoded within the light beams collected for demagnifying the image within the multiple light beams collected so as to increase the power per unit area when the multiple light beams collected are directed to the sample to be permanently impressed therein, and said means for collecting multiple light beams transmitted through or reflected from the diffractive optical element and for directing the multiple light beams collected includes optical elements which are positioned relative to each other and to said diffractive optic element so as to affect each of the multiple light beams collected in substantially the same way for preserving a stable phase relationship therebetween.
DIFFRACTIVE ELEMENTS IN MATERIALS
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates generally to a method and system for inducing a refractive index change in a light transmissive material, such as glass, or absorbing material such as metal, but not limited thereto.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The manufacture of many photonics devices are based on the ability to create permanent photorefractive changes in transparent materials. For example, the development of Bragg grating reflectors within planar or linear waveguides such as single mode optical fibres is well known and has been described in various United States patents. For example, one type of a Bragg filter, is incorporated or embedded in the core of an optical fiber by a method disclosed, in United States patent number 4,807,850. As is discussed in this patent, permanent periodic gratings of this kind can be provided or impressed in the core of an optical fibre by exposing the core through the cladding to the interference pattern of two coherent beams of ultraviolet light that are directed against the optical fibre symmetrically to a plane normal to the fiber axis.
This results in a situation where the material of the fiber core has permanent periodic variations in its refractive index impressed therein by the action of the interfering ultraviolet light beams thereon, with the individual grating elements (i.e.
the periodically repetitive regions of the core exhibiting the same refractive index behavior) being oriented normal to the fiber axis so as to constitute the Bragg grating.
Other more popular methods of writing Bragg gratings in optical fibre are taught by Anderson in U.S. Patent No. 5,327,515, and by Hill in U.S. Patent No.
5,367,588. Both Anderson and Hill utilize a phase mask or optical phase grating.
An interference pattern is generated by impinging a single light beam on the phase mask. The optical waveguide to be processed is exposed to the interference pattern, leading to the formation of a Bragg grating in the waveguide. In all of these prior art examples, an optical fibre having a Ge doped photosensitive core is irradiated with UV light of a predetermined intensity and for a predetermined duration sufficient to obtain a substantially permanent grating therein.
Although these prior art gratings provide a useful function, it would be advantageous to be able to write a grating in an un-doped light transmissive substrate or waveguide such as a typical telecommunications optical fibre, or on a slab waveguide device.
Aside from the drawback of having to provide specialty optical fibre by way of doping the core of an optical fibre so that the core becomes photosensitive to UV light, or additionally exposing such doped fibres to H2 or Deuterium gas at high temperatures for a substantial duration and under substantially high pressures so that its core becomes more photosensitive, optical fibre having a grating impressed therein, in the traditional manner has be joined to the telecommunications fibre to which it is to be coupled with. Of course, H2 loading and splicing fibre adds the cost and to the associated signal loss by virtue of having a coupling or splice joint between two optical fibres, Refractive index changes written in standard UV-photosensitive optical materials such as Ge-silicate glasses are normally limited to a refractive index difference ~n <10-3. Recently, research has been directed toward elucidating the mechanism for photorefractive index changes in glasses upon exposure to UV
light, and progress has been made toward developing materials with enhanced photosensitivity, e.g, hydrogen loaded specially- doped silicate glasses for waveguiding applications, or photorefractive gels for bulk diffractive elements.
However each of these materials suffer in one way or another from inferior optical or mechanical properties compared with normal optical glasses. Often a curing process is required following UV exposure, which can cause shrinkage and distortion of the optically written pattern. Photorefractive gels, in particular, are limited in their application due to the non-permanent nature of the index change, with decays on a timescale of a few years.
An alternative mechanism which employs high-intensity ultra-fast pulses for creating permanent photorefractive changes in glasses has recently been explored by several groups of researchers. Such disclosure can be found in a paper by K.M. Davis, et al. in Opt. Lett. 21, 1729 (1996) and in a paper by E.N.
Giezer et al in Opt. Lett. 21, 2023, (1 996). Giezer et al. reported refractive index changes of On ~ 0.1 written in fused silica using tightly focused pulses with peak intensities ~ 10 '3 W/cm2 . The physical process that gives rise to this refractive index change appears to be due to the creation of free electrons through multi-photon ionization of bound charges, followed by avalanche ionization and localized dielectric breakdown as these fee electrons are accelerated by the intense laser field. Phenomenologically, this leads to a localized melting and compaction of material, and a concurrent increase in the index of refraction.
Owing to the extremely high intensities of light required to activate this photo-refractive mechanism, work performed in this field has used pulses that are tightly focused to near-diffraction limited spots. While this allows high-resolution spatial localization of the refractive index change to a volume on the order of 1 -0 Nm3 , it also requires that the laser focus be scanned point-by-point throughout three dimensions to build up a complete hologrammatic pattern in the material. This is a great disadvantage for writing diffractive structures that have extended dimensions, since mechanical precision of A100 must be sustained across length scales up to centimeters. Over time-scales of minutes, slight drifts in ambient temperature can lead to thermal expansions or contractions that often limit the accuracy of the fabrication process. Since raster scanning is an inherently slow procedure, this technique is not well-suited toward writing large diffractive structures.
Providing a hybrid technique of utilizing standard phase masking techniques in combination with using ultra short high power femto-second pulses is problematic, since close coupling a phase mask to create an interference pattern in a sample is not feasible; the mask will experience optical damage due to the high peak intensity of light required at the sample position.
Hence, in accordance with this invention, the mask must be located remotely and the diffracted light accurately imaged onto a small spot at the sample.
Since a phase mask introduces high angular dispersion in the diffracted beams, due to the broad spectral content of ultra-short pulses, simply redirecting each individual diffracted beam so that they overlap in the sample, unfortunately results in a greatly reduced peak intensity as the spectral content of the pulse is distributed over a relatively large area.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Thus, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of this invention, an imaging system is provided that overlaps replicas of the short pulse without significant spatial or spectral aberrations, and without any element experiencing peak intensifies within two orders of magnitude of those at the sample.
It is an object of this invention to overcome many of the aforementioned limitations within the prior art systems of inducing a refractive index change in a light transmissive material.
It is an object of this invention to provide a system and method for writing gratings and patterns distinguishable by way of having a plurality of refractive index changes in un-doped optical glass.
It is yet a further object of the invention, to provide a system and method for inducing a refractive index change region of a piece of light transmissive material that is not doped to become highly photosensitive.
In accordance with an aspect of the invention, there is provided, an optical system for writing a spatial modulated index pattern in a material that is at least partially light transmissive or partially absorbing, comprising:
an ultrafast light source for generating a pulse of laser light;
a diffractive optic element having predetermined characteristics, said element being disposed to receive the pulse of laser light;
an imaging and concentrating system disposed to receive at least some divergent light beams from the diffractive optic element and for concentrating and imaging received light beams at the material, the imaging and concentrating system including:
a) a curved mirror disposed to receive said at least some of the divergent light beams from the diffractive optic element and to reflect the received light beams in a substantially wavelength independent manner, and b) a concentrating/focusing element for focusing and concentrating light beams reflected from the curved mirror onto the at least partially light transmissive or partially absorbing material to effect a permanent refractive index change within the material that corresponds to the spatial modulated index pattern, said curved mirror and said concentrating/focusing element being positioned relative to each other and to said diffractive optic element so as to affect each of the light beams focused and concentrated onto the at least partially light transmissive or partially absorbing material in substantially the same way in order to preserve a stable phase relationship therebetween.
In this aspect of the invention the pulse may have a duration of less than picoseconds and multiple pulses may be provided.
In accordance with an aspect of the invention there is provided a method for writing a spatial modulated index pattern in a material that is at least partially transmissive or partially absorbing comprising the steps of:
10 a) providing a pulse of laser light from an ultrafast laser;
b) providing a diffractive optic element having predetermined characteristics and directing the short pulse of laser light to be incident upon the diffractive optic element;
c) disposing an imaging and concentrating system to receive multiple light beams diffracted from the diffractive optic element and for concentrating the light beams received at the material, step (c) including the sub-steps of:
i) said imaging and concentrating system including a curved mirror for reflecting the multiple light beams from the diffractive optic element in a substantially wavelength independent manner; and ii) said imaging and concentrating system including means for receiving the light beams reflected from the curved mirror and concentrating and focusing said light beams received from the curved mirror onto the light transmissive material to effect a permanent refractive index change within the material that corresponds to the spatial modulated light pattern, said curved mirror and said means for receiving and concentrating are positioned relative to each other so as to affect each of the multiple light beams in substantially the same way for preserving a stable phase relationship between said multiple light beams at said material.
In this aspect of the method a plurality of pulses of light may be provided.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention there is provided a method of effecting a refractive index change in a sample that is at least partially transmissive or partially absorbing comprising the steps of:
providing a short pulse laser beam having a low power per unit area to a diffractive optical element so as to irradiate the diffractive optical element;
collecting light from the diffractive optical element while preserving an image relating to characteristics of the diffractive optical element encoded within the light collected; and directing the light collected in wavelength independent manner to the sample while preserving the image of the diffractive optical element encoded within the light collected and demagnifying the image within the light collected so as to increase its power per unit area when directed to the sample to be permanently impressed therein, wherein the steps of collecting the light from the diffractive optical element and directing the light collected in wavelength independent manner includes preserving a stable phase relationship between components of the light collected.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention there is provided an optical system for writing a refractive index pattern in a sample that is at least partially light transmissive or partially light absorbing comprising:
means for providing a short pulse laser beam having a low power per unit area;
a diffractive optical element disposed to receive the short pulse laser beam;
means for collecting multiple light beams transmitted through or reflected from the diffractive optical element and for preserving an image relating to characteristics of the diffractive optical element encoded within the multiple light beams collected, and for directing the multiple light beams collected in wavelength independent manner while preserving the image of the diffractive optic element encoded within the light beams collected for demagnifying the image within the multiple light beams collected so as to increase the power per unit area when the multiple light beams collected are directed to the sample to be permanently impressed therein, and said means for collecting multiple light beams transmitted through or reflected from the diffractive optical element and for directing the multiple light beams collected includes optical elements which are positioned relative to each other and to said diffractive optic element so as to affect each of the multiple light beams collected in substantially the same way for preserving a stable phase relationship therebetween.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention a method is provided for producing multiple light beams from an ultrafast laser with interferometric stability between the multiple beams, comprising the steps of:
a) providing a pulse of laser light from an ultrafast laser;
b) providing a diffractive optic element having predetermined characteristics and directing the pulse of laser light to be incident upon the diffractive optic element; and c) capturing and reflecting multiple light beams diffracted from the diffractive optic element in a substantially wavelength independent manner, said multiple light beams being captured and reflected using optical elements which are positioned relative to each other and to said diffractive optic element so as to affect each of the multiple light beams in substantially the same way for preserving a stable phase relationship therebetween.
In this aspect of the invention a plurality of pulses may be provided.
This invention provides a system and method of mapping an image from a wavelength dispersive element via a wavelength independent concentrating/focusing system to a light transmissive medium so that a feature of the wavelength dispersive element can be permanently recorded within the light transmissive medium. The system and method rely on the use of a high power short pulse of laser light at the wavelength dispersive element.
This invention further provides a system and method of mapping an image from a wavelength dispersive element via a wavelength independent concentrating/focusing system to a light transmissive or absorbing medium so that a feature of the wavelength dispersive element can be permanently recorded within a light transmissive or absorbing medium by providing a relatively short pulse of laser light, having a substantially broad beam diameter with a low power per unit area so as to prevent damage to the wavelength dispersive element, wherein the wavelength independent concentrating focusing system transforms said beam into overlapping beams along image plane where the intensity per unit area of regions along the image plane is substantially greater than the intensity per unit area of the beam at the wavelength dispersive element.
In summary, this invention provides a short pulse laser beam having a low power per unit area to a diffractive optical element. The image produced by irradiating the diffractive optical element with the short pulse laser beam is collected by a wavelength independent element and imaged and demagnified so as to increase its power per unit area when directed to the light transmissive or light absorbing sample to be permanently recorded therein, BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Exemplary embodiments of the invention will now be described in conjunction with the drawings in which:
Fig. 1 is a pictorial view of an optical circuit including a spherical mirror and a cylindrical lens for writing images in an optical medium such as un-doped glass using femtosecond optical pulses;
Fig. 2 is a pictorial view of an alternative embodiment of the invention wherein the spherical mirror and lens of Fig. 1 are replaced with finro parabolic mirrors;
Figs. 3a is a diagram illustrating a pulse crossing geometry using a conventional beam splitter to generate two pulse replicas;
Fig. 3b illustrates the generation of pulse replicas with tilted wavefronts using a diffractive optic element;
Fig. 4a is a diagram of a prior art optical 4f imaging system; and, Fig. 4b is a diagram illustrating how geometric aberration within the system shown in Fig. 4a can result in wavelength dependent focusing.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Turning now to Fig. 1, an optical circuit representing an imaging system in accordance with the invention is shown. The method of the invention will become apparent by way of explanation of the operation of the optical circuit.
At the upper left corner of Fig 1, line 8 representing a pulse of laser light having duration of 10 -'4 to 1 0 -" seconds is shown impinging upon a diffractive element 10. The diffractive element (DO) 10 is preferably in the form of a phase mask, for example having a predetermined surface relief pattern that will produce a wave front having predetermined characteristics at its output end face in response to an input pulse of laser light. The DO 10 is designed to produce an image at its output end face and that image is to be impressed in a light transmissive element, preferably in the form of a piece of un- doped glass 14.
Alternatively, instead of the phase mask 10 an amplitude mask could be utilized, however is less preferred.
Yet still, alternatively a reflective diffractive optic element can be used instead of a transmissive element. However, such a reflective element should be coated to achieve high reflectivity of the laser power; in practice, such a coating tends to smear out the surface relief pattern on the diffractive element, reducing the diffraction efficiency and limiting the throughput to the light transmissive material14.
In Fig. 1, a 300 mm radius f/1 spherical mirror 12 is disposed adjacent to the DO 10 such that the DO 10 is at the radius of curvature of the mirror 12.
In operation, as the one-shot short pulse of light incident upon the DO
propagates therethrough, a wave front having characteristics of the DO encoded therein, exits the DO 10 and is highly divergent. The mirror 12, provides a means of receiving the highly divergent light and reflects the light in a wavelength independent manner to the un-doped glass 14. A rod lens 16 is disposed between the mirror 12 and the un-doped sample of glass and provides a means of concentrating the light within the image by demagnifying the image. More simply stated, a substantially large beam of light having finite amount of energy in the form of a short femtosecond pulse is utilized to image the phase mask at its output end face. This larger image collected from about the phase mask is preserved and relayed in a wavelength independent manner to the lens 16, which performs a scaling function and reproduces a more intense replica of the image than was present at the output end face of the phase mask 10 upon the glass 14.
The circuit of Fig. 1 provides a system and method for holographic fabrication of one dimensional periodic structures within a transparent material by the application of one or more single-shot femtosecond pulses of light.
Thus, a desired pattern dependent upon the characteristics of the DO 10, is encoded upon exposure to a single laser pulse.
There is a consideration related to generating large-dimension interference patterns with ultra-fast pulses that is not relevant for generating similar patterns with long pulse sources. To create an interference pattern, two phase-coherent replicas 32 and 34 of the laser pulse 30 provided by pulse 30 being incident on beamsplitter 28 must be overlapped in the sample plane 36 as shown being done by a spherical mirror 38 with their wave fronts tilted with respect to one another as shown in Fig. 3a. At any point in time, an ultra-fast pulse 30 can be viewed as a spatially localized wave packet of light, whose transverse dimensions are those of the laser beam and whose longitudinal dimension is cat, where c is the speed of light and ~t the temporal pulse width. If two replicas 32 and 34 of the short pulse 30 are crossed at an angle, the region 40 in which they are spatially overlapped will be limited to a transverse dimension of -2c~t/tan(6), where 8 is the crossing angle between beams. For devices operating at optical or near IR wavelengths, grating periods on the order of n~1 pm are of greatest interest, which implies A ~ 1 radian for 800 nm excitation wavelengths. The maximum spatial dimension that can be written in this case will then be limited to ~ 40 pm. Generally, device lengths will not be able to exceed dimensions of a few tens of grating periods along the direction of the grating wave vector due to this problem. With reference to region 42 shown in Fig. 3b, the arrangement of Fig. 3b is absent the geometric smearing of the pulse overlap region 40 that is present in Fig. 3a. The ovals shown represent a view at an instant in time of the spatial pulse envelope, and the parallel lines inside the ovals represent the wave fronts.
Despite the limitations of the phase masking technique, the method and circuit in accordance with this invention does eliminate the short-pulse overlap problem. As an illustrative example of how this works, consider the simple situation depicted in Fig. 3b, in which an incident short pulse 60 is diffracted into two orders 62 and 64 by diffractive optic 10. Since the pulse envelope is not changed upon diffraction, immediately following the phase mask 10 there is still perfect spatial overlap between the two pulse replicas 62 and 64. Thus, the use of phase mask 10 extends the overlap regions for single-shot writing of different structures using ultra fast pulses to dimensions on the order of the input beam diameter (~1 mm). In addition, the spatial period of the interference pattern between different diffractive structures using ultra fast pulses to dimensions on the order of the input beam diameter (~ 1 mm). In addition, the spatial period of the interference pattern between different diffractive orders will be independent of the source wavelength, since each spectral component will be diffracted by the mask 10 into a slightly different direction.
The optical system and method of Fig. 1 preserves the desired features of the phase mask approach while allowing high intensifies at the sample, while correcting the detrimental effects of angular dispersion arising from the mask.
For simplicity, only two separate beams are shown following the mask, although this system can in general image any one-dimensional mask pattern or even more complex patterns onto the sample. An ultra-fast laser pulse in a 1 mm diameter collimated beam is incident on the phase mask, which generates pulse replicas with tilted wave packets. The mirror 12 having the DO 10 located at its centre of curvature retroreflects the diffracted light collected from the DO
a) providing a pulse of laser light from an ultrafast laser;
b) providing a diffractive optic element having predetermined characteristics and directing the pulse of laser light to be incident upon the diffractive optic element; and c) capturing and reflecting multiple light beams diffracted from the diffractive optic element in a substantially wavelength independent manner, said multiple light beams being captured and reflected using optical elements which are positioned relative to each other and to said diffractive optic element so as to affect each of the multiple light beams in substantially the same way for preserving a stable phase relationship therebetween.
In this aspect of the invention a plurality of pulses may be provided.
This invention provides a system and method of mapping an image from a wavelength dispersive element via a wavelength independent concentrating/focusing system to a light transmissive medium so that a feature of the wavelength dispersive element can be permanently recorded within the light transmissive medium. The system and method rely on the use of a high power short pulse of laser light at the wavelength dispersive element.
This invention further provides a system and method of mapping an image from a wavelength dispersive element via a wavelength independent concentrating/focusing system to a light transmissive or absorbing medium so that a feature of the wavelength dispersive element can be permanently recorded within a light transmissive or absorbing medium by providing a relatively short pulse of laser light, having a substantially broad beam diameter with a low power per unit area so as to prevent damage to the wavelength dispersive element, wherein the wavelength independent concentrating focusing system transforms said beam into overlapping beams along image plane where the intensity per unit area of regions along the image plane is substantially greater than the intensity per unit area of the beam at the wavelength dispersive element.
In summary, this invention provides a short pulse laser beam having a low power per unit area to a diffractive optical element. The image produced by irradiating the diffractive optical element with the short pulse laser beam is collected by a wavelength independent element and imaged and demagnified so as to increase its power per unit area when directed to the light transmissive or light absorbing sample to be permanently recorded therein, BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Exemplary embodiments of the invention will now be described in conjunction with the drawings in which:
Fig. 1 is a pictorial view of an optical circuit including a spherical mirror and a cylindrical lens for writing images in an optical medium such as un-doped glass using femtosecond optical pulses;
Fig. 2 is a pictorial view of an alternative embodiment of the invention wherein the spherical mirror and lens of Fig. 1 are replaced with finro parabolic mirrors;
Figs. 3a is a diagram illustrating a pulse crossing geometry using a conventional beam splitter to generate two pulse replicas;
Fig. 3b illustrates the generation of pulse replicas with tilted wavefronts using a diffractive optic element;
Fig. 4a is a diagram of a prior art optical 4f imaging system; and, Fig. 4b is a diagram illustrating how geometric aberration within the system shown in Fig. 4a can result in wavelength dependent focusing.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Turning now to Fig. 1, an optical circuit representing an imaging system in accordance with the invention is shown. The method of the invention will become apparent by way of explanation of the operation of the optical circuit.
At the upper left corner of Fig 1, line 8 representing a pulse of laser light having duration of 10 -'4 to 1 0 -" seconds is shown impinging upon a diffractive element 10. The diffractive element (DO) 10 is preferably in the form of a phase mask, for example having a predetermined surface relief pattern that will produce a wave front having predetermined characteristics at its output end face in response to an input pulse of laser light. The DO 10 is designed to produce an image at its output end face and that image is to be impressed in a light transmissive element, preferably in the form of a piece of un- doped glass 14.
Alternatively, instead of the phase mask 10 an amplitude mask could be utilized, however is less preferred.
Yet still, alternatively a reflective diffractive optic element can be used instead of a transmissive element. However, such a reflective element should be coated to achieve high reflectivity of the laser power; in practice, such a coating tends to smear out the surface relief pattern on the diffractive element, reducing the diffraction efficiency and limiting the throughput to the light transmissive material14.
In Fig. 1, a 300 mm radius f/1 spherical mirror 12 is disposed adjacent to the DO 10 such that the DO 10 is at the radius of curvature of the mirror 12.
In operation, as the one-shot short pulse of light incident upon the DO
propagates therethrough, a wave front having characteristics of the DO encoded therein, exits the DO 10 and is highly divergent. The mirror 12, provides a means of receiving the highly divergent light and reflects the light in a wavelength independent manner to the un-doped glass 14. A rod lens 16 is disposed between the mirror 12 and the un-doped sample of glass and provides a means of concentrating the light within the image by demagnifying the image. More simply stated, a substantially large beam of light having finite amount of energy in the form of a short femtosecond pulse is utilized to image the phase mask at its output end face. This larger image collected from about the phase mask is preserved and relayed in a wavelength independent manner to the lens 16, which performs a scaling function and reproduces a more intense replica of the image than was present at the output end face of the phase mask 10 upon the glass 14.
The circuit of Fig. 1 provides a system and method for holographic fabrication of one dimensional periodic structures within a transparent material by the application of one or more single-shot femtosecond pulses of light.
Thus, a desired pattern dependent upon the characteristics of the DO 10, is encoded upon exposure to a single laser pulse.
There is a consideration related to generating large-dimension interference patterns with ultra-fast pulses that is not relevant for generating similar patterns with long pulse sources. To create an interference pattern, two phase-coherent replicas 32 and 34 of the laser pulse 30 provided by pulse 30 being incident on beamsplitter 28 must be overlapped in the sample plane 36 as shown being done by a spherical mirror 38 with their wave fronts tilted with respect to one another as shown in Fig. 3a. At any point in time, an ultra-fast pulse 30 can be viewed as a spatially localized wave packet of light, whose transverse dimensions are those of the laser beam and whose longitudinal dimension is cat, where c is the speed of light and ~t the temporal pulse width. If two replicas 32 and 34 of the short pulse 30 are crossed at an angle, the region 40 in which they are spatially overlapped will be limited to a transverse dimension of -2c~t/tan(6), where 8 is the crossing angle between beams. For devices operating at optical or near IR wavelengths, grating periods on the order of n~1 pm are of greatest interest, which implies A ~ 1 radian for 800 nm excitation wavelengths. The maximum spatial dimension that can be written in this case will then be limited to ~ 40 pm. Generally, device lengths will not be able to exceed dimensions of a few tens of grating periods along the direction of the grating wave vector due to this problem. With reference to region 42 shown in Fig. 3b, the arrangement of Fig. 3b is absent the geometric smearing of the pulse overlap region 40 that is present in Fig. 3a. The ovals shown represent a view at an instant in time of the spatial pulse envelope, and the parallel lines inside the ovals represent the wave fronts.
Despite the limitations of the phase masking technique, the method and circuit in accordance with this invention does eliminate the short-pulse overlap problem. As an illustrative example of how this works, consider the simple situation depicted in Fig. 3b, in which an incident short pulse 60 is diffracted into two orders 62 and 64 by diffractive optic 10. Since the pulse envelope is not changed upon diffraction, immediately following the phase mask 10 there is still perfect spatial overlap between the two pulse replicas 62 and 64. Thus, the use of phase mask 10 extends the overlap regions for single-shot writing of different structures using ultra fast pulses to dimensions on the order of the input beam diameter (~1 mm). In addition, the spatial period of the interference pattern between different diffractive structures using ultra fast pulses to dimensions on the order of the input beam diameter (~ 1 mm). In addition, the spatial period of the interference pattern between different diffractive orders will be independent of the source wavelength, since each spectral component will be diffracted by the mask 10 into a slightly different direction.
The optical system and method of Fig. 1 preserves the desired features of the phase mask approach while allowing high intensifies at the sample, while correcting the detrimental effects of angular dispersion arising from the mask.
For simplicity, only two separate beams are shown following the mask, although this system can in general image any one-dimensional mask pattern or even more complex patterns onto the sample. An ultra-fast laser pulse in a 1 mm diameter collimated beam is incident on the phase mask, which generates pulse replicas with tilted wave packets. The mirror 12 having the DO 10 located at its centre of curvature retroreflects the diffracted light collected from the DO
10, regardless of the diffraction angle or the optical wavelength. The mirror 12 is tilted slightly off-axis to separate the incoming beams from the outgoing beams, which are directed towards the sample. At the sample 14 position, the various diffractive orders overlap and produce an interference pattern-that is the inverted image of the intensity distribution following the phase mask. At high enough intensifies, a hologrammatic replica of the phase mask will be created in the sample via the photorefractive mechanism discussed above. To achieve these intensifies, the input beams are concentrated in one spatial dimension by a 10 mm focal length cylindrical lens, resulting in approximately 100 x greater intensity at the sample than at the input mask. While tight focusing unavoidably distorts the image in the focus dimension, this is of no consequence for writing one-dimensional periodic structures.
This imaging system bears some analogy to a typical "4f"imaging system shown in Figs. 4a and 4b, used in Fourier optics for image processing and pulse shaping. Particularly, Fig. 4a is a diagram of a prior art optical 4f imaging system which includes two 4f lenses 70 equally spaced on either side of a plane 72 for focusing images produced by a beam splitter 74 at an object plane 76 onto an image plane 78. Fig. 4b is a diagram illustrating how geometric aberration within the system shown in Fig. 4a can result in wavelength dependent focusing.
Like the 4f system, the arrangement used in this instance has a delta-function impulse response- function; hence the image at the input plane is perfectly reconstructed at the sample. An immediate consequence of this property is that the arrangement shown in Fig. 1 corrects for angular dispersion of the pulse spectrum that arises due to diffraction from the phase mask 10.
Advantageously, the optical system in accordance with this invention affords a high degree of interferometric stability between the various diffracted beams which is required to preserve a constant phase relationship between the beams at the sample, so that the interference pattern on the substrate does not shift appreciably over the time scale of exposure. The origin of this stability lies in the fact that all of the beams interact with the same set of optical elements, so that small mechanical fluctuations of any of the elements in the beam paths affect each beam in approximately the same manner, and thus do not appreciably perturb their relative optical path lengths.
Fig. 2 illustrates an alternative and preferred embodiment of the invention which provides a simple manner of scaling the image that is to be imprinted in the un-doped glass sample. Similar to the embodiment of Fig. 1, an ultra short pulse of light having a duration of tens of femtoseconds is provided and is launched into the DO 10. A first parabolic mirror 22 having a focal length f1 is disposed to receive the diffracted light that has transmitted through is diverging from the DO 10. Of course the parabolic mirror 22 is sized to capture and reflect most of the light energy of the incident short pulse provided to and emanating from the DO 10. A second parabolic mirror 24 having a focal length f2 is disposed to receive substantially all of the reflected light containing an image characteristic of the phase mask encoded in the light, and to concentrate the image in a reduced replica, having an average greater power per unit area, sufficient to cause a refractive index change within the glass substrate that corresponds to the characteristic of the phase mask DO 10. In this embodiment, the two parabolic mirrors 22 and 24 provide essentially the same functionality provided by the curved mirror 12 and lens 16 in Fig. 1 in the instant embodiment, the parabolic mirrors are spaced by a distance (f1 + f2); the magnification is f2/f1, and hence the demagnification is f1/f2. The peak intensity at the workpiece or glass substrate is (f1/f2)2 times larger than at the DO 10. This embodiment is suitable for 2D patterns. The embodiment shows focal length f2 being shorter than focal length f1.
In Fig. 2 the two parabolic mirrors 22 and 24 serve as the optical imaging and concentration means, whereas in Fig. 1, the spherical mirror 12 and cylindrical lens 16 provide this function.
There are numerous applications of the holographic system in accordance with this invention. Amplified Ti: sapphire laser systems are capable of emitting 100 fs pulses with 1 mJ of energy at kilohertz repetition rates. This high pulse repetition frequency lends itself to scanning the location of the interference pattern on the sample to produce larger structures. By taking advantage of existing precision optical alignment methods used in fabricating fibre Bragg gratings, photo-written gratings can be laid sequentially end-to- end with excellent control over the relative grating phase, resulting in periodic structures with dimensions far greater than those which can be fabricated on a single shot basis. In addition structures with large transverse dimensions can easily be made as well simply be scanning the beam in the dimension perpendicular to the grating wave vector. Since the high-intensity photorefractive mechanism appears to be present in virtually all common optical materials, strongly modulated structures can be made in un-doped glasses which are not UV-photosensitive.
Finally, the 800 nm excitation wavelength is only very weakly absorbed in most materials, which will naturally, enable the formation of the deep structures, limited only by nonlinear pulse breakup effects that will eventually reduce the peak intensity after ~ millimeter propagation distances. Thus, the method presented in accordance with this invention should enable fabrication of large volume (> 1 mm3), bulk diffractive elements in virtually any optical material.
Numerous other embodiments may be envisaged, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, there are also numerous applications in laser based medical treatments to which this invention can apply.
For example, one can contemplate writing structures in the cornea or achieve very precise beam alignments to execute an operation.
With conventional technology for writing structures in light transmissive materials, it is very difficult to write similar patterns in light absorbing materials.
Although exemplary embodiments of the invention have been described heretofore with respect to effecting a pattern in light transmissive materials, it is not exclusive to transmissive materials and encompasses writing structures in a host of other materials such as absorbing to strongly absorbing materials, for example writing complex structures in metal surfaces for profiling, where one desires a complex pattern with high spatial fidelity in a material processing step that requires high intensity pulses as are provided for by this invention.
Furthermore, the additional step of passing the light diffracted from the diffractive optic element through a spatial filter to filter predetermined orders of light may be included. For example, zero order nulling of the zeroth order light emanating from the filter may be desired.
This imaging system bears some analogy to a typical "4f"imaging system shown in Figs. 4a and 4b, used in Fourier optics for image processing and pulse shaping. Particularly, Fig. 4a is a diagram of a prior art optical 4f imaging system which includes two 4f lenses 70 equally spaced on either side of a plane 72 for focusing images produced by a beam splitter 74 at an object plane 76 onto an image plane 78. Fig. 4b is a diagram illustrating how geometric aberration within the system shown in Fig. 4a can result in wavelength dependent focusing.
Like the 4f system, the arrangement used in this instance has a delta-function impulse response- function; hence the image at the input plane is perfectly reconstructed at the sample. An immediate consequence of this property is that the arrangement shown in Fig. 1 corrects for angular dispersion of the pulse spectrum that arises due to diffraction from the phase mask 10.
Advantageously, the optical system in accordance with this invention affords a high degree of interferometric stability between the various diffracted beams which is required to preserve a constant phase relationship between the beams at the sample, so that the interference pattern on the substrate does not shift appreciably over the time scale of exposure. The origin of this stability lies in the fact that all of the beams interact with the same set of optical elements, so that small mechanical fluctuations of any of the elements in the beam paths affect each beam in approximately the same manner, and thus do not appreciably perturb their relative optical path lengths.
Fig. 2 illustrates an alternative and preferred embodiment of the invention which provides a simple manner of scaling the image that is to be imprinted in the un-doped glass sample. Similar to the embodiment of Fig. 1, an ultra short pulse of light having a duration of tens of femtoseconds is provided and is launched into the DO 10. A first parabolic mirror 22 having a focal length f1 is disposed to receive the diffracted light that has transmitted through is diverging from the DO 10. Of course the parabolic mirror 22 is sized to capture and reflect most of the light energy of the incident short pulse provided to and emanating from the DO 10. A second parabolic mirror 24 having a focal length f2 is disposed to receive substantially all of the reflected light containing an image characteristic of the phase mask encoded in the light, and to concentrate the image in a reduced replica, having an average greater power per unit area, sufficient to cause a refractive index change within the glass substrate that corresponds to the characteristic of the phase mask DO 10. In this embodiment, the two parabolic mirrors 22 and 24 provide essentially the same functionality provided by the curved mirror 12 and lens 16 in Fig. 1 in the instant embodiment, the parabolic mirrors are spaced by a distance (f1 + f2); the magnification is f2/f1, and hence the demagnification is f1/f2. The peak intensity at the workpiece or glass substrate is (f1/f2)2 times larger than at the DO 10. This embodiment is suitable for 2D patterns. The embodiment shows focal length f2 being shorter than focal length f1.
In Fig. 2 the two parabolic mirrors 22 and 24 serve as the optical imaging and concentration means, whereas in Fig. 1, the spherical mirror 12 and cylindrical lens 16 provide this function.
There are numerous applications of the holographic system in accordance with this invention. Amplified Ti: sapphire laser systems are capable of emitting 100 fs pulses with 1 mJ of energy at kilohertz repetition rates. This high pulse repetition frequency lends itself to scanning the location of the interference pattern on the sample to produce larger structures. By taking advantage of existing precision optical alignment methods used in fabricating fibre Bragg gratings, photo-written gratings can be laid sequentially end-to- end with excellent control over the relative grating phase, resulting in periodic structures with dimensions far greater than those which can be fabricated on a single shot basis. In addition structures with large transverse dimensions can easily be made as well simply be scanning the beam in the dimension perpendicular to the grating wave vector. Since the high-intensity photorefractive mechanism appears to be present in virtually all common optical materials, strongly modulated structures can be made in un-doped glasses which are not UV-photosensitive.
Finally, the 800 nm excitation wavelength is only very weakly absorbed in most materials, which will naturally, enable the formation of the deep structures, limited only by nonlinear pulse breakup effects that will eventually reduce the peak intensity after ~ millimeter propagation distances. Thus, the method presented in accordance with this invention should enable fabrication of large volume (> 1 mm3), bulk diffractive elements in virtually any optical material.
Numerous other embodiments may be envisaged, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, there are also numerous applications in laser based medical treatments to which this invention can apply.
For example, one can contemplate writing structures in the cornea or achieve very precise beam alignments to execute an operation.
With conventional technology for writing structures in light transmissive materials, it is very difficult to write similar patterns in light absorbing materials.
Although exemplary embodiments of the invention have been described heretofore with respect to effecting a pattern in light transmissive materials, it is not exclusive to transmissive materials and encompasses writing structures in a host of other materials such as absorbing to strongly absorbing materials, for example writing complex structures in metal surfaces for profiling, where one desires a complex pattern with high spatial fidelity in a material processing step that requires high intensity pulses as are provided for by this invention.
Furthermore, the additional step of passing the light diffracted from the diffractive optic element through a spatial filter to filter predetermined orders of light may be included. For example, zero order nulling of the zeroth order light emanating from the filter may be desired.
Claims (21)
1. An optical system for writing a spatial modulated index pattern in a material that is at least partially light transmissive or partially absorbing, comprising:
an ultrafast light source for generating a pulse of laser light;
a diffractive optic element having predetermined characteristics, said element being disposed to receive the pulse of laser light;
an imaging and concentrating system disposed to receive at least some divergent light beams from the diffractive optic element and for concentrating and imaging received light beams at the material, the imaging and concentrating system including:
a) a curved mirror disposed to receive said at least some of the divergent light beams from the diffractive optic element and to reflect the received light beams in a substantially wavelength independent manner, b) a concentrating and focusing element for focusing and concentrating light beams reflected from the curved mirror onto the at least partially light transmissive or partially absorbing material to effect a permanent refractive index change within the material that corresponds to the spatial modulated index pattern, and c) positioning means for positioning said curved mirror and said concentrating and focusing element so as to affect each of the light beams focused and concentrated onto the at least partially absorbing material in substantially the same way in order to preserve a stable phase relationship between said light beams at said material.
an ultrafast light source for generating a pulse of laser light;
a diffractive optic element having predetermined characteristics, said element being disposed to receive the pulse of laser light;
an imaging and concentrating system disposed to receive at least some divergent light beams from the diffractive optic element and for concentrating and imaging received light beams at the material, the imaging and concentrating system including:
a) a curved mirror disposed to receive said at least some of the divergent light beams from the diffractive optic element and to reflect the received light beams in a substantially wavelength independent manner, b) a concentrating and focusing element for focusing and concentrating light beams reflected from the curved mirror onto the at least partially light transmissive or partially absorbing material to effect a permanent refractive index change within the material that corresponds to the spatial modulated index pattern, and c) positioning means for positioning said curved mirror and said concentrating and focusing element so as to affect each of the light beams focused and concentrated onto the at least partially absorbing material in substantially the same way in order to preserve a stable phase relationship between said light beams at said material.
2. An optical system as defined in claim 1, wherein the curved mirror is a spherical mirror, and wherein the concentrating and focusing element comprises a cylindrical lens for concentrating diffracted light beams at the material, and for imaging an image related to the diffractive optic element within the material.
3. An optical system as defined in claim 2, wherein the cylindrical lens concentrates the diffracted light beams at the material in a dimension orthogonal to a diffraction plane of said at least some of the divergent light beams from the diffractive optic element.
4. An optical system as defined in claim 1, wherein the curved mirror and the concentrating and focusing element comprise two parabolic mirrors, one of the parabolic mirrors having a focal length f1, the other of said parabolic mirrors having a different focal length f2.
5. An optical system as defined in claim 1 wherein the curved mirror is a first parabolic mirror having a focal length f1, and wherein the concentrating and focusing element comprises a second parabolic mirror having focal length f2 shorter than f1.
6. An optical system as defined in claim 5, wherein the first parabolic mirror is disposed to capture light beams from the diffractive optical element and to reflect said captured light beams to the second parabolic mirror which is disposed to reflect light beams reflected from said first parabolic mirror to the material.
7. An optical system as defined in claims 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 wherein the pulse has a duration of less than 10 picoseconds.
8. A method for writing a spatial modulated index pattern in a material that is at least partially transmissive or partially absorbing comprising the steps of:
a) providing a pulse of laser light from an ultrafast laser;
b) providing a diffractive optic element having predetermined characteristics and directing the short pulse of laser light to be incident upon the diffractive optic element;
c) disposing an imaging and concentrating system to receive multiple light beams diffracted from the diffractive optic element and for concentrating the light beams received at the material, wherein i) said imaging and concentrating system includes a curved mirror for reflecting the multiple light beams from the diffractive optic element in a substantially wavelength independent manner;
ii) said imaging and concentrating system includes means for receiving the light beams reflected from the curved mirror and concentrating and focusing said light beams received from the curved mirror onto the light transmissive or partially absorbing material to effect a permanent refractive index change within the material that corresponds to the spatial modulated light pattern; and d) positioning said curved mirror and said means for receiving and concentrating relative to each other so as to affect each of the multiple light beams in substantially the same way for preserving a stable phase relationship between said multiple light beams at said material.
a) providing a pulse of laser light from an ultrafast laser;
b) providing a diffractive optic element having predetermined characteristics and directing the short pulse of laser light to be incident upon the diffractive optic element;
c) disposing an imaging and concentrating system to receive multiple light beams diffracted from the diffractive optic element and for concentrating the light beams received at the material, wherein i) said imaging and concentrating system includes a curved mirror for reflecting the multiple light beams from the diffractive optic element in a substantially wavelength independent manner;
ii) said imaging and concentrating system includes means for receiving the light beams reflected from the curved mirror and concentrating and focusing said light beams received from the curved mirror onto the light transmissive or partially absorbing material to effect a permanent refractive index change within the material that corresponds to the spatial modulated light pattern; and d) positioning said curved mirror and said means for receiving and concentrating relative to each other so as to affect each of the multiple light beams in substantially the same way for preserving a stable phase relationship between said multiple light beams at said material.
9. A method as defined in claim 8 including the step of providing a plurality of pulses of light.
10. A method as defined in claims 8 or 9 further comprising the step of passing the multiple light beams diffracted from the diffractive optic element through a spatial filter to filter predetermined orders of light.
11. An optical system for writing a refractive index pattern in a material that is at least partially light transmissive or partially light absorbing comprising:
means for providing a short pulse laser beam;
diffractive optical element disposed to receive the short pulse laser beam;
means for collecting multiple light beams transmitted through or reflected from the diffractive optical element and for preserving an image relating to characteristics of the diffractive optical element encoded within the multiple light beams collected, and means for directing the multiple light beams collected in wavelength independent manner while preserving the image of the diffractive optic element encoded within the light beams collected for demagnifying the image within the multiple light beams collected so as to increase the power per unit area when the multiple light beams collected are directed to the material to be permanently impressed therein; and positioning means for positioning said means for collecting multiple light beams transmitted through or reflected from the diffractive optical element and said means for directing the multiple light beams collected relative to each other and to said diffractive optic element so as to affect each of the multiple light beams collected in substantially the same way for preserving a stable phase relationship therebetween.
means for providing a short pulse laser beam;
diffractive optical element disposed to receive the short pulse laser beam;
means for collecting multiple light beams transmitted through or reflected from the diffractive optical element and for preserving an image relating to characteristics of the diffractive optical element encoded within the multiple light beams collected, and means for directing the multiple light beams collected in wavelength independent manner while preserving the image of the diffractive optic element encoded within the light beams collected for demagnifying the image within the multiple light beams collected so as to increase the power per unit area when the multiple light beams collected are directed to the material to be permanently impressed therein; and positioning means for positioning said means for collecting multiple light beams transmitted through or reflected from the diffractive optical element and said means for directing the multiple light beams collected relative to each other and to said diffractive optic element so as to affect each of the multiple light beams collected in substantially the same way for preserving a stable phase relationship therebetween.
12. The optical system according to claim 1 wherein said diffractive optic element is a phase mask having a predetermined surface relief pattern.
13. The method according to claim 8 wherein said diffractive optic element is a phase mask having a predetermined surface relief pattern.
14. A method for producing multiple light beams from an ultrafast laser with interferometric stability between the multiple beams, comprising the steps of:
a) providing a pulse of laser light from an ultrafast laser;
b) providing a diffractive optic element having predetermined characteristics and directing the pulse of laser light to be incident upon the diffractive optic element;
c) capturing and reflecting multiple light beams diffracted from the diffractive optic element in a substantially wavelength independent manner using optical elements; and d) positioning the optical elements, which capture and reflect the multiple light beams, relative to each other and to said diffractive optic element so as to affect each of the multiple light beams in substantially the same way for preserving a stable phase relationship therebetween.
a) providing a pulse of laser light from an ultrafast laser;
b) providing a diffractive optic element having predetermined characteristics and directing the pulse of laser light to be incident upon the diffractive optic element;
c) capturing and reflecting multiple light beams diffracted from the diffractive optic element in a substantially wavelength independent manner using optical elements; and d) positioning the optical elements, which capture and reflect the multiple light beams, relative to each other and to said diffractive optic element so as to affect each of the multiple light beams in substantially the same way for preserving a stable phase relationship therebetween.
15. The method according to claims 14 including a step of providing a plurality of pulses of light.
16. The method according to claim 15 wherein said short pulse has a duration of less than 10 picoseconds.
17. The method according to claims 14 wherein said short pulse has a duration of less than 10 picoseconds.
18. The method according to claim 14 wherein said diffractive optic element is a phase mask having a predetermined surface relief pattern.
19. The method according to claim 14 wherein said diffractive optic element is an amplitude mask.
20. The method according to claims 14, 16, 17 or 18 further comprising a step of passing the light beams diffracted from the diffractive optic element through a spatial filter to filter predetermined orders of light.
21. The method according to claim 15 further comprising a step of passing the light beams diffracted from the diffractive optic element through a spatial filter to filter predetermined orders of light.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2281039 CA2281039C (en) | 1998-08-31 | 1999-08-27 | Novel optical scheme for holographic imaging of complex diffractive elements in materials |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002246258A CA2246258A1 (en) | 1998-08-31 | 1998-08-31 | Novel optical scheme for holographic imaging of complex defractive elements in materials |
| CA2,246,258 | 1998-08-31 | ||
| CA 2281039 CA2281039C (en) | 1998-08-31 | 1999-08-27 | Novel optical scheme for holographic imaging of complex diffractive elements in materials |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2281039A1 CA2281039A1 (en) | 2000-02-29 |
| CA2281039C true CA2281039C (en) | 2006-11-28 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2281039 Expired - Lifetime CA2281039C (en) | 1998-08-31 | 1999-08-27 | Novel optical scheme for holographic imaging of complex diffractive elements in materials |
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| Country | Link |
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| CA (1) | CA2281039C (en) |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| DE102015216342B3 (en) * | 2015-08-26 | 2016-12-22 | Laser-Laboratorium Göttingen e.V. | Technique for the production of periodic structures |
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1999
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CA2281039A1 (en) | 2000-02-29 |
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Effective date: 20190827 |