CA2279067A1 - Virtual phone line access device - Google Patents
Virtual phone line access device Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2279067A1 CA2279067A1 CA 2279067 CA2279067A CA2279067A1 CA 2279067 A1 CA2279067 A1 CA 2279067A1 CA 2279067 CA2279067 CA 2279067 CA 2279067 A CA2279067 A CA 2279067A CA 2279067 A1 CA2279067 A1 CA 2279067A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- call
- dcn
- digits
- pstn
- line
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04M—TELEPHONIC COMMUNICATION
- H04M1/00—Substation equipment, e.g. for use by subscribers
- H04M1/26—Devices for calling a subscriber
- H04M1/27—Devices whereby a plurality of signals may be stored simultaneously
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Telephonic Communication Services (AREA)
Abstract
A method of providing phone line access to a digital communication network (DCN) is comprised of storing a control code indicating at least one call routing criterion in a memory, receiving a sequence of digits dialled from a telephone line, which designates a called subscriber, and processing one or more of the dialled digits with the control code and routing the call to one of a public switched telephone network (PSTN) and the DCN for onward routing of the call to a called subscriber's line.
Description
yIRTUAL PHONE LINE ACCESS DEVICE
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to the field of telephony, and in particular to a method for providing telephone line access to digital communication services.
BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION
With the deployment of wide bandwidth digital communication services, such as cable modems, digital subscriber lines (DSL) and wireless communication networks, multiple voice or data calls can be made over a single medium, such as a wire pair, fiber or coaxial cable. An analog to digital telephone interface to a system which provides this service is used.
A typical subscriber today has a digital interface which routes all traffic from that subscriber to the digital network service to which the subscriber has subscribed. However, we have discovered that only some kinds of telephone traffic are suitable or desirable to be carried over such digital networks. For example, it may be advantageous or cost effective for wide band (e. g. TV telephone or massive data signals), or toll voice signals, to be carried by the digital communications network (DCN), and toll-free calls and voice signals carried by the public switched telephone network (PSTN). Alternatively, the DCN may become overloaded, the DCN may be reserved for certain types of calls, or the initiation of calls may fail.
With all calls from a particular subscriber being routed to a DCN, it has been impossible to discriminate between different kinds of calls. Previous systems would not allow automatic routing over the PSTN
if the call over the DCN failed for unforeseen reasons.
Routing of calls over an alternate route required manual intervention by a caller to dial a modified digit stream.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a method of automatically routing certain kinds of calls to a DCN
and other kinds of calls to the PSTN, in a seamless and transparent manner. A code can be prestored preferably at an interface to the DCN which indicates which kinds of calls would be accepted by the DCN (which code can be supplied from the DCN), or on presentation of a call to be completed to the DCN, calls can be accepted or rejected on a call by call basis. All calls which are not accepted by the DCN are routed to a PSTN.
In the event a call which is accepted by the DCN
cannot be completed or otherwise fails, the interface then routes the call to the PSTN for completion.
Reasons for rejecting a call can be that it is a no revenue or low revenue call, that the DCN is overloaded, that there is insufficient DCN bandwidth to carry the call, that all destination trunks are busy, that it is otherwise not cost effective to carry the call over the DCN, that the DCN does not provide service to a particular destination area, etc.
Thus for example the resources of the DCN can be kept from having to handle low or non revenue generating traffic.
It should be noted that in this specification, it is intended that wireless communication networks, cable telephone networks, and other digital communications or data networks be construed to be DCNs.
In accordance with an embodiment of the invention, a method of providing phone line access to a
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to the field of telephony, and in particular to a method for providing telephone line access to digital communication services.
BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION
With the deployment of wide bandwidth digital communication services, such as cable modems, digital subscriber lines (DSL) and wireless communication networks, multiple voice or data calls can be made over a single medium, such as a wire pair, fiber or coaxial cable. An analog to digital telephone interface to a system which provides this service is used.
A typical subscriber today has a digital interface which routes all traffic from that subscriber to the digital network service to which the subscriber has subscribed. However, we have discovered that only some kinds of telephone traffic are suitable or desirable to be carried over such digital networks. For example, it may be advantageous or cost effective for wide band (e. g. TV telephone or massive data signals), or toll voice signals, to be carried by the digital communications network (DCN), and toll-free calls and voice signals carried by the public switched telephone network (PSTN). Alternatively, the DCN may become overloaded, the DCN may be reserved for certain types of calls, or the initiation of calls may fail.
With all calls from a particular subscriber being routed to a DCN, it has been impossible to discriminate between different kinds of calls. Previous systems would not allow automatic routing over the PSTN
if the call over the DCN failed for unforeseen reasons.
Routing of calls over an alternate route required manual intervention by a caller to dial a modified digit stream.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a method of automatically routing certain kinds of calls to a DCN
and other kinds of calls to the PSTN, in a seamless and transparent manner. A code can be prestored preferably at an interface to the DCN which indicates which kinds of calls would be accepted by the DCN (which code can be supplied from the DCN), or on presentation of a call to be completed to the DCN, calls can be accepted or rejected on a call by call basis. All calls which are not accepted by the DCN are routed to a PSTN.
In the event a call which is accepted by the DCN
cannot be completed or otherwise fails, the interface then routes the call to the PSTN for completion.
Reasons for rejecting a call can be that it is a no revenue or low revenue call, that the DCN is overloaded, that there is insufficient DCN bandwidth to carry the call, that all destination trunks are busy, that it is otherwise not cost effective to carry the call over the DCN, that the DCN does not provide service to a particular destination area, etc.
Thus for example the resources of the DCN can be kept from having to handle low or non revenue generating traffic.
It should be noted that in this specification, it is intended that wireless communication networks, cable telephone networks, and other digital communications or data networks be construed to be DCNs.
In accordance with an embodiment of the invention, a method of providing phone line access to a
2 digital communication network (DCN) comprises:
(a) storing a control code indicating at least one call routing criterion in a memory, (b) receiving a sequence of digits dialled from a telephone line, which designates a called subscriber, and (c) processing one or more of the dialled digits with the control code and routing the call to one of a public switched telephone network (PSTN) and the DCN for onward routing of the call to a called subscriber's line.
In accordance with another embodiment, a method of providing phone line access comprises:
(a) receiving a sequence of digits dialled from a telephone line which designates a called subscriber, (b) processing one or more of the digits and offering the call to a DCN, (c) receiving an indicator from the DCN which is one of acceptance of the call and rejection of the call, (d) in the event of the indicator indicating acceptance of the call, providing the call to the DCN
for completion, and (e) in the event of rejection of the call, setting up the call via a line to a PSTN for completion.
BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO THE DRAWINGS
A better understanding of the invention may be obtained by reading the detailed description of the invention below, in conjunction with the following drawings, in which:
Figure 1 is a block diagram of a system for implementing embodiments of the invention, and Figure 2 is a more detailed block diagram of a
(a) storing a control code indicating at least one call routing criterion in a memory, (b) receiving a sequence of digits dialled from a telephone line, which designates a called subscriber, and (c) processing one or more of the dialled digits with the control code and routing the call to one of a public switched telephone network (PSTN) and the DCN for onward routing of the call to a called subscriber's line.
In accordance with another embodiment, a method of providing phone line access comprises:
(a) receiving a sequence of digits dialled from a telephone line which designates a called subscriber, (b) processing one or more of the digits and offering the call to a DCN, (c) receiving an indicator from the DCN which is one of acceptance of the call and rejection of the call, (d) in the event of the indicator indicating acceptance of the call, providing the call to the DCN
for completion, and (e) in the event of rejection of the call, setting up the call via a line to a PSTN for completion.
BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO THE DRAWINGS
A better understanding of the invention may be obtained by reading the detailed description of the invention below, in conjunction with the following drawings, in which:
Figure 1 is a block diagram of a system for implementing embodiments of the invention, and Figure 2 is a more detailed block diagram of a
3 system for implementing embodiments of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION
Turning to Figure 1, a user takes a telephone 1, which is coupled via a subscriber's line to a virtual calling device 3, offhook. The virtual calling device is coupled to both a digital service provider network (DCN) 5 and to a PSTN 7. The PSTN is coupled to a telephone 9 to which an initiated call is to be directed.
The virtual calling device 3 returns dial tone to the subscriber. The subscriber then dials the directory number of the called subscriber in the usual manner.
The virtual calling device 3 collects the digits dialled, processes them, and then makes a decision which can be based on the number which has been dialled, to either route the call over the analog PSTN 7, or to a DCN 5 for processing.
Alternatively, the call (or an indication of at least some of the digits of the called subscriber's directory number) can be routed to the DCN 5, which makes the decision of whether to accept or reject the call for completion over the DCN 5 and subsequently via the PSTN 7.
The routing decision is made such that only calls that the DCN service provider wants would be placed over that DCN.
If the call is not wanted by the DCN 5, the dialled number is sent to the analog PSTN 7, and the telephone 1 of the calling subscriber is coupled to the PSTN 7 via virtual calling device 3, to complete the call. The dialed number and routing decision are then logged to memory 23.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION
Turning to Figure 1, a user takes a telephone 1, which is coupled via a subscriber's line to a virtual calling device 3, offhook. The virtual calling device is coupled to both a digital service provider network (DCN) 5 and to a PSTN 7. The PSTN is coupled to a telephone 9 to which an initiated call is to be directed.
The virtual calling device 3 returns dial tone to the subscriber. The subscriber then dials the directory number of the called subscriber in the usual manner.
The virtual calling device 3 collects the digits dialled, processes them, and then makes a decision which can be based on the number which has been dialled, to either route the call over the analog PSTN 7, or to a DCN 5 for processing.
Alternatively, the call (or an indication of at least some of the digits of the called subscriber's directory number) can be routed to the DCN 5, which makes the decision of whether to accept or reject the call for completion over the DCN 5 and subsequently via the PSTN 7.
The routing decision is made such that only calls that the DCN service provider wants would be placed over that DCN.
If the call is not wanted by the DCN 5, the dialled number is sent to the analog PSTN 7, and the telephone 1 of the calling subscriber is coupled to the PSTN 7 via virtual calling device 3, to complete the call. The dialed number and routing decision are then logged to memory 23.
4 If the call is wanted by the DCN 5, the processed data representing the called subscriber's number is sent to the DCN 5, which sets up the call through a combination of the DCN 5 and the PSTN 7. The telephone call to the called telephone 9 is then completed. The dialed number and routing decision are then logged to memory 23.
If for any reason the called telephone 9 cannot be reached via the DCN, the virtual calling device 3 detects that an error is occurring and logs that error to memory 23. Virtual calling device 3 then sends the called directory number to the analog PSTN 7, which connects the calling telephone 1 to the PSTN 7 for completion of the call.
IS Figure 2 is a more detailed block diagram of the virtual calling device 3 in a system which can implement the invention. The interface includes a line circuit 11 to which the telephone 1 is connected via a subscriber's line 13. The virtual calling device 3 also includes a digital subscriber's line circuit (DLS) interface 15 and a line circuit 17 which is connected via a line 19 to the PSTN 7. The DCN 5 is connected to the PSTN 7 in a well known manner.
The virtual calling device 3 also includes a register 21, a processor and associated memory 23, and a switching circuit 25.
In accordance with one embodiment, a code which designates which calls are not to be sent to the DCN 5 is stored in the memory 23. This code can be stored on installation of the virtual calling device 3, manually stored after installation, stored upon receipt from a remote programming device connected to virtual calling device 3, via the line 13 or the equivalent, a separate
If for any reason the called telephone 9 cannot be reached via the DCN, the virtual calling device 3 detects that an error is occurring and logs that error to memory 23. Virtual calling device 3 then sends the called directory number to the analog PSTN 7, which connects the calling telephone 1 to the PSTN 7 for completion of the call.
IS Figure 2 is a more detailed block diagram of the virtual calling device 3 in a system which can implement the invention. The interface includes a line circuit 11 to which the telephone 1 is connected via a subscriber's line 13. The virtual calling device 3 also includes a digital subscriber's line circuit (DLS) interface 15 and a line circuit 17 which is connected via a line 19 to the PSTN 7. The DCN 5 is connected to the PSTN 7 in a well known manner.
The virtual calling device 3 also includes a register 21, a processor and associated memory 23, and a switching circuit 25.
In accordance with one embodiment, a code which designates which calls are not to be sent to the DCN 5 is stored in the memory 23. This code can be stored on installation of the virtual calling device 3, manually stored after installation, stored upon receipt from a remote programming device connected to virtual calling device 3, via the line 13 or the equivalent, a separate
5 programming line such as the Internet or other programming line, or stored upon receipt from a digital line from the DCN 5. When received from the DCN 5, the code can be received via a digital channel on a digital line circuit between the DCN and the line circuit 15, or via a separate control or supervisory line or channel.
The digits dialled by the calling subscriber are received by the virtual calling device 3 via line circuit 11, and are stored in register 21. once at least some of the dialled digits have been received, the processor analyzes them with respect to the stored code, to determine whether the call should be routed via the DCN 5.
For example, if the initial digit is a "1" and is not followed by "800" or "888" (indicating a long distance call in North America which is not a toll free call), the processor can control switch 25 to route the call via digital line circuit 15. This can be done by the processor waiting for all of the digits to be received in register 21, formulating a message to the DCN 3 which indicates the destination of the call, and transmitting the message via a message channel to the DCN3. The DCN can then indicate by a return message whether it can complete the call (for example if it operates in the called party region, if it is not overloaded, etc.). Assuming that the DCN can complete the call and returns a message to the processor of the virtual calling device 3, it also reserves a line or channel and indicates in the return message which digital line or channel to be used for the call.
The processor control switch 25 to switch the incoming call to the digital line circuit 15 indicated in the message, and the DCN 5 carries the call via the
The digits dialled by the calling subscriber are received by the virtual calling device 3 via line circuit 11, and are stored in register 21. once at least some of the dialled digits have been received, the processor analyzes them with respect to the stored code, to determine whether the call should be routed via the DCN 5.
For example, if the initial digit is a "1" and is not followed by "800" or "888" (indicating a long distance call in North America which is not a toll free call), the processor can control switch 25 to route the call via digital line circuit 15. This can be done by the processor waiting for all of the digits to be received in register 21, formulating a message to the DCN 3 which indicates the destination of the call, and transmitting the message via a message channel to the DCN3. The DCN can then indicate by a return message whether it can complete the call (for example if it operates in the called party region, if it is not overloaded, etc.). Assuming that the DCN can complete the call and returns a message to the processor of the virtual calling device 3, it also reserves a line or channel and indicates in the return message which digital line or channel to be used for the call.
The processor control switch 25 to switch the incoming call to the digital line circuit 15 indicated in the message, and the DCN 5 carries the call via the
6 designated channel to an analog line circuit to the PSTN
7 in the area of the called subscriber telephone 9.
In the event the DCN 5 is overloaded or cannot otherwise carry the call, it returns a message indicating that it rejects the call. The processor 23 interprets that return message and controls switch 25 to switch the call to analog line circuit 17, for provision of the call to the PSTN 7. The line connected to line circuit 17 is seized in a well known manner, and processor 23 causes the stored digits in register 21 to be sent via the seized line to PSTN 7 to complete the call in a well known manner. In the latter case, the virtual calling device 3 operates in a similar manner to automatic diallers manufactured by Mitel, Inc.
It should be noted that the code which is stored need not only indicate that the calls to be rejected are long distance calls which are not toll-free, but can include an indication of area codes, central office codes and other codes such as other country codes, other country code prefixes, etc., on which a decision for rejection of calls can be based. For example, the code stored can be plural codes contained in a database of the actual digits which, if included as a prefix to the dialled digits, would prompt a decision by the processor to route calls to the PSTN. Alternatively or in addition, the code can be an indicator which includes a logical value and/or formula. For example, the code can indicate that all calls which have in excess of a predetermined number of digits should be rejected (which might indicate that the major part of the revenue for a call would be allocatable to a different carrier, for example, due to it including a PIN number).
In another manner of operation, no code is stored by memory 23. In this case, all calls are offered to the DCN 5. The DCN analyzes at least some of the digits of the call, and decides whether or not to accept or reject the call based on various criteria such as those noted above. The offer of the call can be sent from the processor 23 to the DCN 5 via a data channel or separate data line as described above, and the acceptance or rejection reply signal transmitted back to the processor also as described above.
In the event a call is offered to the DCN and the call is accepted, yet the DCN does not complete the call due to a fault or other reasons, this will become evident to the processor 23 by for example the processor monitoring the digital line circuit 15 and noting that the call has not been completed within a predetermined time period. In that case, the processor can switch the call to analog line circuit 17 which leads to the PSTN 7 in place of the digital line circuit 15, to have the call completed. In this manner a fault in the DCN 3 can be overcome by the call being completed via the PSTN 7 in a manner which is seamless and transparent to the calling subscriber.
Indeed, a combination of any or all of the described embodiments may be used together.
A person understanding the above-described invention may now conceive of alternative designs, using the principles described herein. All such designs which fall within the scope of the claims appended hereto are considered to be part of the present invention.
In the event the DCN 5 is overloaded or cannot otherwise carry the call, it returns a message indicating that it rejects the call. The processor 23 interprets that return message and controls switch 25 to switch the call to analog line circuit 17, for provision of the call to the PSTN 7. The line connected to line circuit 17 is seized in a well known manner, and processor 23 causes the stored digits in register 21 to be sent via the seized line to PSTN 7 to complete the call in a well known manner. In the latter case, the virtual calling device 3 operates in a similar manner to automatic diallers manufactured by Mitel, Inc.
It should be noted that the code which is stored need not only indicate that the calls to be rejected are long distance calls which are not toll-free, but can include an indication of area codes, central office codes and other codes such as other country codes, other country code prefixes, etc., on which a decision for rejection of calls can be based. For example, the code stored can be plural codes contained in a database of the actual digits which, if included as a prefix to the dialled digits, would prompt a decision by the processor to route calls to the PSTN. Alternatively or in addition, the code can be an indicator which includes a logical value and/or formula. For example, the code can indicate that all calls which have in excess of a predetermined number of digits should be rejected (which might indicate that the major part of the revenue for a call would be allocatable to a different carrier, for example, due to it including a PIN number).
In another manner of operation, no code is stored by memory 23. In this case, all calls are offered to the DCN 5. The DCN analyzes at least some of the digits of the call, and decides whether or not to accept or reject the call based on various criteria such as those noted above. The offer of the call can be sent from the processor 23 to the DCN 5 via a data channel or separate data line as described above, and the acceptance or rejection reply signal transmitted back to the processor also as described above.
In the event a call is offered to the DCN and the call is accepted, yet the DCN does not complete the call due to a fault or other reasons, this will become evident to the processor 23 by for example the processor monitoring the digital line circuit 15 and noting that the call has not been completed within a predetermined time period. In that case, the processor can switch the call to analog line circuit 17 which leads to the PSTN 7 in place of the digital line circuit 15, to have the call completed. In this manner a fault in the DCN 3 can be overcome by the call being completed via the PSTN 7 in a manner which is seamless and transparent to the calling subscriber.
Indeed, a combination of any or all of the described embodiments may be used together.
A person understanding the above-described invention may now conceive of alternative designs, using the principles described herein. All such designs which fall within the scope of the claims appended hereto are considered to be part of the present invention.
8
Claims (9)
1. A method of providing phone line access to a digital communication network (DCN) comprising:
(a) storing a control code indicating at least one call routing criterion in a memory, (b) receiving a sequence of digits dialled from a telephone line, which designates a called subscriber, and (c) processing one or more of the dialled digits with the control code and routing the call to one of a public switched telephone network (PSTN) and the DCN for onward routing of the call to a called subscriber's line.
(a) storing a control code indicating at least one call routing criterion in a memory, (b) receiving a sequence of digits dialled from a telephone line, which designates a called subscriber, and (c) processing one or more of the dialled digits with the control code and routing the call to one of a public switched telephone network (PSTN) and the DCN for onward routing of the call to a called subscriber's line.
2. A method as defined in claim 1 in which the control code designates that the call should be routed via the PSTN in the event the call is substantially a non-revenue producing call.
3. A method as defined in claim 1 including detecting failure of the DCN to complete a call to be routed via the DCN and thereupon to route the call via the PSTN.
4. A method as defined in claim 1 in which the control code designates at least one of a predetermined destination, a central office, a long distance prefix code, a country code, and a quantity of dialled digits as criterion on which to base rejection of a call to the DCN.
5. A method of providing phone line access comprising:
(a) receiving a sequence of digits dialled from a telephone line which designates a called subscriber, (b) processing one or more of the digits and offering the call to a DCN, (c) receiving an indicator from the DCN which is one of acceptance of the call and rejection of the call, (d) in the event of the indicator indicating acceptance of the call, providing the call to the DCN
for completion, and (e) in the event of rejection of the call, setting up the call via a line to a PSTN for completion.
(a) receiving a sequence of digits dialled from a telephone line which designates a called subscriber, (b) processing one or more of the digits and offering the call to a DCN, (c) receiving an indicator from the DCN which is one of acceptance of the call and rejection of the call, (d) in the event of the indicator indicating acceptance of the call, providing the call to the DCN
for completion, and (e) in the event of rejection of the call, setting up the call via a line to a PSTN for completion.
6. A method as defined in claim 5, in which step (b) is comprised of offering the call via a digital signalling channel to the DCN.
7. A method as defined in claim 5 in which step (b) is comprised of offering the call via a digital subscriber line to the DCN.
8. A method as defined in claim 6 in which step (c) is comprised of receiving said indicator via a digital signalling channel from the DCN.
9. A method as defined in claim 5 in which step (b) is comprised of providing a call request code and signals indicating one or more of said digits or a call destination via the digital signalling channel, and on receiving an acceptance indicator signal via the same or another signalling channel provided by the DCN, providing digital voice signals to a digital voice channel to the DCN.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US27317899A | 1999-03-19 | 1999-03-19 | |
| US09/273,178 | 1999-03-19 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2279067A1 true CA2279067A1 (en) | 2000-09-19 |
Family
ID=31188119
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2279067 Abandoned CA2279067A1 (en) | 1999-03-19 | 1999-07-29 | Virtual phone line access device |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA2279067A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2348079A (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2431824A (en) * | 2005-10-27 | 2007-05-02 | Symsource Ltd | Decision making system and user interface for automated or assisted mobile telephone call routing |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5638433A (en) * | 1993-11-18 | 1997-06-10 | Best Rate, Inc. | Best rate telecommunication access code and data transceiver/facilitator (BRTF) |
| US5590182A (en) * | 1994-06-22 | 1996-12-31 | Telegen Corporation | System for interception and transmission of communication signals on telephone and data lines |
| GB2298335A (en) * | 1995-01-30 | 1996-08-28 | Mercury Communications | Network access apparatus |
| GB2300089A (en) * | 1995-04-21 | 1996-10-23 | Eurotel Telecom Limited | Least cost router in a telecommunications system |
| GB2328117B (en) * | 1997-07-18 | 1999-06-23 | Pathfinder Tech Resources Ltd | Apparatus and method for routing communications |
-
1999
- 1999-07-29 CA CA 2279067 patent/CA2279067A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1999-08-05 GB GB9918383A patent/GB2348079A/en not_active Withdrawn
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB2348079A (en) | 2000-09-20 |
| GB9918383D0 (en) | 1999-10-06 |
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| EEER | Examination request | ||
| FZDE | Dead |