CA2277101A1

CA2277101A1 - Adaptive address filtering

Info

Publication number: CA2277101A1
Application number: CA002277101A
Authority: CA
Inventors: Avraham Menachem; Shuki Perlman
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Enterasys Networks Inc
Priority date: 1997-01-06
Filing date: 1998-01-05
Publication date: 1998-07-16
Also published as: WO1998031126A1; AU5814098A; EP0962075A1; AU716101B2

Abstract

A repeater (202), which forwards packets from a first Ethernet collision domain (235) to a second Ethernet collision domain while filtering packets so as to eliminate unnecessary packets from being transmitted onto Ethernet networks, has register (210) for each port (204) where the register holds the address of a workstation from which the port last received a data packet. When a data packet addressed to the port is received by another port, the repeater asserts a signal line informing the other ports that the packet may be ignored by them, and the addressed port receives the data packet for transmission onto the Ethernet collision domain connected thereto.

Description

WO 98/31126 PG"T/LTS98/00079 ADAPTIVE ADDRESS FILTERING
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) WO 98/31126 PCT/i1S98/00079 FIELD OF THE INVENTION ' This invention relates generally to forwarding data packets in a computer network device, and more particularly to limiting forwarded packets to desired packets.

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 2B) BACKGROUND
Computer networks utilizing Ethernet protocol as described in Standards such as:
ANSI/IEEE 802.3) "Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) Access Method and Physical Layer Specifications") 1988, 1989; IEEE 802.3b, c, d, and e, 1989 Edition, "Supplements to Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection",;
ISO/IEC 8802-3, Ai'VSI/IEEE Std 802.3; CSMA/CD "Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection Access Method and Physical Layer Specifications"; IEEE Std 802.3u-1995) "Media Access Control (MAC) Parameters) Physical Layer, Medium Attachment Units) and Repeater for 100 Mb/s Operation) Type 100BASE-T") Clauses 2I-30; and IEEE Standard 902.9, Local and Metropolitan Area Networks) IEEE Standard Specification of ISLAN15-T, are common today.
Ethenzet type network devices such as repeaters, bridges) and routers offer different degrees of sophistication in their handling of incoming data packets.
Repeaters typically receive a packet and re-transmit it as it is being received. Bridges and routers typically have memory, store received packets temporarily) execute sophisticated forwarding and routing protocols) and re-transmit the data packets.
Bridges typically receive data packets having a the lower level data link layer address of an intended work station when the bridge knows on which Link to forward the data packet. The bridge knows on which link to forward the data packet by maintaining an extensive list of SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 2B) addresses of workstations to which it is connected.
Routers typically receive data packets having the Lower level data link layer address of the router. The router then forwards the data packet based upon interpreting the higher level address of the network layer fields of the data packet. Routers also maintain long lists of known workstations) and also maintain addresses of other routers so that the router can forward the data packet to a router serving the desired destination workstation.
It is desirable to have a simple forwarding device such as a repeater which can forward data packets from a first Ethernet network to a second Ethernet network, and also to filter the forwarded packets so that the receiving Ethemet network is not flooded by unnecessary data packets.
SLJ'~ARY OF THE INVENTION
A repeater) which forwards data packets tom a first Ethemet collision domain to a second Ethemet collision domain while filtering packets so as to eliminate unnecessary packets from being transmitted onto Ethernet networks) has a register for each port) where the register holds the address of a workstation from which the port last received a data packet.
When a data packet addressed to that port is received by another port, the repeater asserts a signal line informing the SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 2B) WO 98/31126 PCTlUS98/00079 other ports that the data packet may be ignored by them, and the addressed port receives the data packet for transmission onto the Ethemet collision domain connected thereto.
A switch to transfer data packets between a plurality of Ethemet collision domains has a plurality of ports. Each port of the plurality of ports is connected to an Ethernet collision domain of the plurality of Ethernet collision domains, and a bus interconnects the plurality of ports. There is a means for a fast port of the plurality of ports to receive a data packet from the Ethemet collision domain connected thereto, and for the first port to write a destination address from a destination address field of the packet to the bus. Also there is a means for a second port of the plurality of ports connected to the bus to compare the destination address from the data packet with a contents of a register, and, means, in response to the destination address marching the contents of the register) for the second port to assert a packet abort signal.
The packet abort signal is connected to each of the plurality of ports. Further) there is a means) in response to assertion of the packet abort signal, for ports of the plurality of ports to ignore the data packet when it is written to the bus) whereby the second port is the only port which transmits the data packet onto an Ethemet collision domain.
The switch also has a means for the second port to maintain a valid bit in association with the register, the valid bit being either set or clear; a means for placing the valid bit in the set condition in response to receipt of a valid data packet from an Ethemet collision domain connected to the second port; and) a means for placing the valid bit in the clear condition upon SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) expiration of a predetermined time interval) the predetermined time interval measured from a time of receipt of the data packet. And there is a means, responsive to the valid bit being in the set condition, for asserting the packet abort signal. Also, there is a means, responsive to the valid bit being in the clear condition, for preventing assertion of the packet abort signal.
Further, the switch has a means for maintaining a flood bit, the flood bit having a set condition and a clear condition, the clear condition indicating that only one workstation is connected to the second port. And there is a means, responsive to receipt by the second port of a data packet from the Ethemet collision domain connected thereto and having a destination address which does match the contents of the register AND for the valid bit being in the set condition, for placing the flood bit in the clear condition) thereby generating an indication that only one workstation is connected to the second port.

Fig. 1 is a sketch of a building having a computer network using hubs installed therein.
Fig. 2 is a block diagram of a hub.
Fig. 3 is a the block diagram of a computer network using hubs.

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) Fig. 4 is a field diagram of an Ethemet packet.
Fig. ~ is a field diagram of a control packet of the invention.
Fig. 6 is a Table.
Fig. 7A is an introductory bit sequence for a standard data packet.
Fig. 7B - Fig. 7G are introductory bit sequences for a control packet.
Fig. 8A is a block of a switched repeater having multiple segments in a bus and using BREP chips.
Fig. 8B is a block diagram of a repeater having one segment bus hardwired to a plurality of BREP
chips.
Fig. 9 is a block diagram of a switched repeater system using BREP chips.
Fig. I O is a block diagram of signal pathways in a switched repeater using BREP chips.
Fig. 11 is a block diagram of a BREP chip showing off-chip signal pathways.
_ 7 SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) WO 98/31126 PCT/I1S98ro0079 Fig. 12 is a block diagram of a BREP chip.
Fig. 13 is a flow chart for internal address filtering.
Fig. 14 a block diagram for connection of an eztemal CAM to a system using BREP chips for the -purpose of address filtering.
Fig. 15 is a block diagram showing flow control counters.
Fig. 16 is flow control diagram for establishing half duplez flow control for a link that is capable of running NWay auto-configuration.
Fig. 17 is a flow control diagram for establishing full duplex flow control for a Iink that is capable of naming NWay auto-configuration.
Fig. 18 is a flow control diagram for establishing full duplez flow control for a link that is not capable of conning NWay auto-configuration.
Fig. 19 is the management code flow diagram for establishing full-duplez flow control when the link is not capable of rutu~g NWay auto-configuration.

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) Fig. 20 is a timing diagram for the transmit buffer ready signal.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
' General Network Connections Turning now to Fig. 1 there is shown a building 100 having a computer network installed therein. The building 100 is shown in a three dimensional transparent representation, with network components visible through transparent walls, with landscaping 150) and with horizon line 152 to better illustrate the invention. An outline of the building 100 is shown, and internal floors are shown in the transparent representation. The network is interconnected by hubs 102) 104, 106, 108. A hub is made up of one or more Semiconductor Buffered Repeater chips (BREP chips) each having a buffered repeater architecture, and interconnected by a switch engine, as described more fully hereinbelow. A hub can support several local area networks) LA:'V.
And each LAN is a separate Ethemet collision domain. Traffic is switched between LANs by the hub.
A wide area network connection, for example, enters the building as a cable 110, illustrated as a cable 110 strung on poles 112. Cable 110 attaches to router 114. Cable 110 can be) for example, a bundle of several optical fibers, can be coaxial cables, can be telephone wires, or any convenient physical media for wide area network connection. Router 114 connects to a ' 9 SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) wo ~m rcr~rs9srooo~9 port of hub 108.
A second wide area network connection enters the building through an antenna located on the roof 122 of building 100. Antenna 120 connects to router 124.
Antenna 120 can be in communication with a satellite, can be a link in a microwave transmission path, can be a link in an infra red network) or can be any other convenient physical implementation of a communications path. Router 124 connects to a port of hub 102.
The building computer network 101 includes routers I 14, 124) hubs 102) 104, 106, 108, the numerous work stations 130 connected to the hubs) and the workstations 141, 142, 143 connected to repeater 140. Through the routers, the building network is connected to .wide area networks through) for example, antenna 120 and cable 110. Additionally) for example, building network 101 may include bridges, ATM switches, and so forth. And the network includes the cables connecting each of these components.
Repeater 140 is shown connected to a port of hub 104. Workstations 141, 142, 143) 144 are shown connected to ports of repeater 140. Repeater 140, the corresponding port of hub 104, and the workstations 141) 142, 143, 14~ connected thereto form a single collision domain under the CSMA/CD standard.
Taming now to Fig. 2. there is shown a block diagram of the internal architecture of hub -SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) WO 98/31126 PCT/I1S98ro0079 202. The hub is a switched repeater) refer ed to as a SREP repeater. The SREP
repeater uses Semiconductor Buffered Repeater Chips) refer ed to as BREP chips.
Semiconductor Buffered Repeater Chips (BREP chips) 204A) 2048, 204C, 204(N-1), 204N provide Ethemet ports for hub 202. For example, each BREP chip provides four (4) Ethemet ports. For example) BREP
chip 204A has Ethemet ports 204A-1) 204A-2) 204A-3, 204A-4. Each of these Ethemet pons may) for example) be adjusted to operate at 10 megabits per second or at 100 megabits per second. Likewise, for example) each of the BREP chips 204A) 204B...204N in hub 202 has four Ethemet ports, as shown in Fig. 2.
Each port, for example 204A-1) 204A-2, 204A-3) 204A-4, of BREP chips 204A is an independent collision domain operating in accordance with the ANSI/IEEE Standard 802.3) also known as the ISO/IEC 8802-3 standard) as set forth in the Fifth edition 1996-07-29) all disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. An architecture for a network operating at 10 megabits per second and 100 megabits per second is shown in Figures 29.1 and 29.2 of the IEEE 802.3, ISO 8802-3 CSMA./CD Standard. That is, each of the ports provides a carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD} access method, and each port provides an independent collision domain.
As an example, independent LANs provided by each port of a BREP chip is illustrated in Fig. 2. At BREP chip 204A there is a workstation connected to Ethemet ports 204A-1, 204A-2) and 204A-4. Ethemet port 204A-2 is connected to Ethernet repeater 205, and Ethemet repeater SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) 205 is in turn connected to a plurality of workstations indicated as PC1 ...
PCN. BREP chip 204B is illustrated by having the ports 204B-1) 204B-3, and 204B-:~ connected to workstations, and port 204B-2 connected to an Ethemet Repeater 206. The Ethemet Repeater 206 is in tum connected to a plurality of workstations) indicated by the symbol PC 1 - PCN.
By way of example, BREP chip 204C is indicated as connected to workstations at Ethernet ports 204C-1) 204C-2) and 204C-3, and to router 207 at Ethemet port 2040. In tum) router 207 connects to a wide area network as illustrated by network cloud 207-1. Likewise) BREP chip 204(N-1 ) connects to four workstations. And finally, by way of example) BREP chip 204N
is shown connected to workstations at its first) second and thud ports, while being connected to an Ethemet Repeater 208 at port 254. Ethernet Repeater 208 is then connected to a plurality of workstations) indicated by the symbols) PC1 - PCN. Each Ethemet port of each BREP chip of hub 202 connects to an independent collision domain as illustrated above:
sometimes to a single workstation; sometimes to an Ethemet repeater illustrated as Ethemet repeaters 205 206 208, and then to a plurality of workstations; and) sometimes to a router) illustrated as router 207, connecting to a wide area network as illustrated by network cloud 207-1.
Also, the BREP chip has a Media Independent Interface (MII) ports or syrribol ports that can be connected to a Physical Layer (Phy) device) for example, for operation at either 10 mega-bits per second or operation at 100 mega-bits per second.
Alternatively) the BREP chip can be connected to, for example, a Symbol Phy device for SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) WO 98/31126 PCT/US98/0~79 operation at 100 mega-bits per second. The PHY device is connected to the physical media using one bit datapath for receive operation, and one bit-datapath for transmit operation.
Accordingly, the BREP chip may be connected to a variety of physical layer devices as - are specified in the applicable standards, for example) the standards Standard IEEE 802.3, ISO 8802-3 CSMA/CD Local Area Network standards.
The internal architecture of a BREP chip is arranged so that each Ethemet port is independent of the other Ethemet ports. Each Ethemet port has a transmit buffer and a receive buffer) indicated for BREP chip 204A) by the rectangles 210, 212, 214) 2I6.
The transmit buffers and the receive buffers are described in more detail hereinbelow, especially in connection with Fig. 1 l and Fig. 12. Because of lack of space in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3, a single rectangle will be used to indicate the "transmit and receive" buffers. When a receive function is discussed, the rectangle will be referred to as a receive buffer. When a transmit function is discussed) the rectangle will be referred to as a transmit buffer. The individual "transmit and receive" buffers are described in more detail with reference to Fig. 11 and Fig. 12.
Data associated with Ethemet port 204A-1 is stored in "transmit and receive"
buffer 210.
Data associated with Ethemet port 204A-2 is stored in "transmit and receive"
buffer 212. Data associated with Ethemet port 204A-3 is stored in "transmit and receive" buffer 214. Data associated with Ethemet port 204A-4 is stored in "transmit and receive" buffer 216. Data stored SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) in a "transmit and receive" buffer may be waiting to be transmitted out through its associated Ethemet port, or it may have been received from the Ethemet port.
Each Ethetnet port of a BREP chip can be associated to any one of the 4 segment ports) but to only one at a specific time. For example) Ethernet port 204A-1 has the associated segment port 220. Ethemet port 204A-2 has associated segment port 222. Ethemet port 204A-3 has associated segment port 224. Ethemet port 204A-4 has associated segment port 226. Each of the segment ports) for example, may be eight (8) bits wide. Each segment port of a BREP chip is independent of the other segment pons.
The hub 202 contains) for example, four (4) segment busses 230, 232, 234, 236.
Each of the segment busses has, for example, an eight-bit wide data path. A segment bus may have any number of BREP segment ports attached thereto. Each BREP chip port may be associated with any one of the segment busses through control within the BREP chip, and in response to management messages received by the BREP chip.
Access to the segment bus 230) 232, 234, 236 is controlled by an arbitration mechanism (not shown). In addition to an eight ($) bit wide data path for each segment bus) the segment bus also contains arbitration lines (not shown) for operating the arbitration mechanism, and clock lines (not shown) to operate data transfers along the segment busses.

SU9STITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) WO 98/31126 PCT/US98~00079 "Transmit and receive" buffers 210) 212, 214, 216 in BREP chip 204A, and the equivalent "transmit and receive" buffers in each of the other BREP chips) provide buffering between the Ethemet collision domain of their respective Ethemet ports and their respective segment busses 230) 232, 234) 236. As mentioned above, buffers 210, 212) 2I4, 216 in BREP
chip 204A are shown in Fig. 2 as a single rectangle for clarity in the drawing, but each buffer has both a transmit buffer and a receive buffer, as shown in more detail with reference to Fig. 11 and Fig. 12. For example) data received at Ethernet port 204A-1 is written to the receive portion of "transmit and receive" buffer 210. The receive portion of the "transmit and receive" buffer 210 is then drained by the data being broadcast through segment port 220 to segment bus 236.
Correspondingly) anv data broadcast onto segment bus 236 by another BREP chip may be written to the transmit portion of "transmit and receive" buffer 210, and later the transmit portion of the "transmit and receive" buffer 210 is drained by the data being transmitted through Ethemet port 204A-1 onto the Ethernet collision domain attached to Ethernet port 204A-1.
The data "may" be written into the transmit portion of "transmit and receive"
buffer 2I0 from the broadcast on the segment bus because tlx BREP chip has filtering capability. Filtering capability gives the BREP chip the ability to load into its transmit queue from the segment bus only those packets having a destination address present on the Ethemet collision domain) or L.A.~, of the associated Ethemet port.
By way of example, segment bus 230 is shown attached to: the segment ports of BREP
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) WO 98/31126 PCT/US98/0~79 chip 204A at se gment port 222 and segment port 224; to B REP chip 204B at segment port 204B-S 1; to BREP chip 204C at segment port 204C-S l and segment port 2040-S3; and, to BREP chip 204(N-1 ) at all four of its segment ports) 204(N-1 )-SP.; and finally, for example, segment bus 230 is connected to BREP chip 204N at its segment port 204N-3.
Segment buses 232, '?34, and 236 are shown by way of example, connected to various ports of BREP chip 204A through BREP chip 2041.
Data is broadcast on each segment bus at a rate governed by an internal clock (not shown) of hub 202. However, segment bus 230 connects, through the BREP chips, to LAl~ls which are independent Ethemet collision domains operating at 10 megabits per second.
Segment buses 232, 234) and 236 connect to Ethernet collision domains operating at I00 megabits per second.
Neat will be discussed the transfer of a message having a destination address such that it can reach the destination collision domain from the same segment bus connected to the source collision domain. The messages are transmitted from a first collision domain by being received at a receiving BREP chip Ethemet port and the message being stored in a receive buffer. The receive buffer is then drained onto the cotTesponding segment bus and is broadcast to all BREP
chip segment ports attached to that segment bus. The data is detected by all of the segment ports attached to the segment bus. 'Ihe data is loaded into a segment port transmit buffer after filtering, and is loaded by only those ports of BREP chips permitted by the filtering. Loading the SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) wo ~m6 rc'ricrs9siooo~9 packet into the transmit buffer of a port of a B REP chip places the packet in the transmit queue of that port. Filtering may permit loading of the packet by one or more BREP chip segment pons, based on the destination address of the packet: that is there may be a unique destination address;
the packet may be a inulticast packet; or for example, the packet may be a broadcast packet.
Reception of the packet is based on address filtering by the BRED chips. 'Ihe transmit buffers receiving the packet are then drained by the packet being transmitted through the associated Ethernet port onto its Ethernet LAN.
The port and buffer connections will now be described) as an example) for BREP
switch 204A. Each Ethemet port 204A-1, 204A-2) 204A-3, 204A-4 operates with its associated segment port, as follows:
Ethemet port 204A-1 connects to "transmit and receive" buffer 210, and "transmit and receive"
buffer 210 connects to segment port 220;
Ethemet port 204A-2 connects to "transmit and receive" buffer 212, and "transmit and receive"
buffer 212 connects to segment port 222;
Ethemet port 204A-3 connects to "transmit and receive" buffer 214) and "transmit and receive"
buffer 214 connects to segment port 224;
Ethemet port 204A-4 connects to "transmit and receive" buffer 216, and "transmit and receive"
buffer 216 connects to segment port 226.
The segment ports then connect, by way of example, to the segment busses 230, 232) SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 28) 234, 236 as follows:
segment port 220 connects to segment bus 236:
segment port 22'' connects to segment bus 230;
segment port 224 connects to segment bus 230;
segment port 226 connects to segment bus 232.
In this particular example) segment bus 234 does not connect to any segment port of BREP chip 204A, but does connect to segment ports of BREP chips 204B, 204C) and 204N.
The segment busses 230, 232, 234, 236 are labeled by the mega-bits per second ( 10 or 100) which their associated Ethemet ports, and also e~temal Ethemet collision domains 235 operate. Also) the corresponding switch engine ports are labeled by the mega-bits per second ( I O
or 100) at which their corresponding Ethemet collision domains 235 operate.
In accordance with the description of the operation of hub 202, there will now be described the mechanism by which an Ethemet packet may be transferred from a first segment bus to a second segment bus. Transfer of an Ethemet packet from a first segment bus to a second segment bus is done by switch engine 240. Switch engine 240, by way of example, is shown having four (4) ports 242, 246, 248, 250. Segment bus 230 is shown connecting to switch engine port 246. Segment bus 232 is shown connecting to switch engine port 250.
Also, segment bus 232 connects: to BREP chip 204A at segment port 226; to BREP
chip SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) 2048 at segment port 204B-S4; to BREP chip 204C at segment port 204C-S4; and) to BREP
chip 204N at segment port 204N-S4.
For example, an Ethernet packet entering BREp chip 204A at Ethemet port 204A-2, by being originated from the collision domain attached to Ethemet port 204A-2, is first stored in receive buffer 212. The stored packet is then drained from receive buffer 212 onto segment bus 230 where it enters switch engine 240 at port 246. From port 246 the packet may be switched, by way of example, by switch engine 240 to switch engine port 250, and then onto segment bus 232.
From segment bus 232 the Ethemet packet is broadcast to all of the segment pons of the BREP
chips attached to segment bus 232, including for example) segment port 204N-4 of BREP chip 204N. Assuming that the packet destination address is located in a computer on the Erhernet collision domain connected to Ethemet port 254) then the packet is stored in transmit buffer 252.
From transmit buffer 252 the packet is transmitted through Ethemet port 254 to Ethemet repeater 208. From Ethemet repeater 208 the packet is broadcast to PC 1, PC2, ... PCN.
The workstation, say for example PC1, having the destination address of the packet then receives the packet.
By way of example, segment bus 230 is shown in Fig. 2 to be operating at 10 megabits per second. Segment bus 230 connects to: BREP chip 204A at segment port 222 and segment port 224; BREP chip 2048 at segment port 2048-l; BREP chip 204C at segment port 204C-l and segment port 204C-3; BREP chip 204(N-1 ) at all four segment ports 204(N-1 )P;
and finally) SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) BREP chip 204N at segment port 204N-3. Accordingly) each local area network (L.4N), which is an Ethemet collision domain, attached to an Ethemet port corresponding to one of these segment ports is operated at 10 megabits per second, including the aforementioned LAN
attached to Ethemet port 204A-2. Switch engine port 250 is shown operating at 100 megabits per second, as is segment bus 232. Accordingly, all LANs attached to Ethemet ports having their corresponding segment port attached to segment bus 232 operate at 100 megabits per second) including the L.AU1 attached to BREP chip 204N at its Ethemet port 254. Accordingly, the workstations PC 1 through PCN, which are attached to repeater 208, operate through the 100 megabits per second Ethemet LAN attached to BREP chip 204N at Ethernet port 254.
"Transmit and receive" buffer 252 and "transmit and receive" buffer 212 make it possible for Ethemet packets to be transferred between LANs having different operating bit rates. A
packet will nezt be traced from the Ethernet LAN of BREP chip 204A at Ethemet port 204A-2 to a destination on BREP chip 252 at Ethernet port 254, and also in the reverse direction. For example) when a packet originates from the 10 megabit per second LAN connected to Ethemet port 204A-2, the receive buffer Z 12 is filled at a 10 megabit per second rate. The packet is J
drained from the rective buffer 212 at the segment bus rate) and the packet enters switch engine 240 at switch engine port 246. The packet is switched by switch engine 240 from switch engine port 246 to switch engine port 250. At switch engine port 250 the packet travels on segment bus 232 to transmit buffer 252 of BREP chip 204N at the segment bus clock rate.
The complete packet is stored in transmit buffer 252. Transmit buffer 252 is then drained at I00 megabits per __ .oo,e~e~fr IT~TtIt ~'~9~!
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) second by transmission through Ethernet port 254 onto the 100 megabit per second LAN where it goes to repeater 208. The packet is repeated by repeater 208 at the 100 megabits per second bit rate to the workstations PC 1 - PCN attached to repeater 208.
For an Ethernet packet originated from a workstation such as PC2 connected to repeater 208, the packet is stored into receive buffer 252 of BREP chip 204N at a 100 megabit per second .
bit rate. Switch engine 240 then provides a connection from its port 250 to its port 246 for the Ethemet packet having a destination address on Ethemet port 204A-2. The data is broadcasted at the bus clock rate from BREP chip 204N to transmit buffer 212 of BREP chip 204A. The transmit buffer 212 is then drained at the lower 10 megabit per second rate as the packet is transmitted out through Ethernet port 204A-2 of BREP chip 204A to Ethemet repeater 205.
Turning now to a discussion of the internal architecture of switched repeater 202) a packet entering switch repeater 202 and having a destination address which can be reached by broadcast of the packet by the segment bus connected to the corresponding input segment port need not be switched by switch engine 240. That is) a single segment bus is connected to the segment port of the input Ethernet port, and is also connected to the segment port of the outgoing Ethernet port. However in contrast) for an Ethemet packet entering a BREP chip and being broadcast onto a first segment bus that does not reach the destination address of the packet, the switch engine 240 will switch the Ethemet packet to a segment bus having an apparatus with the required destination address communicating therewith, through a corresponding Ethernet port.

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) WO 98/31126 PCT/US98~0079 Taming now to Fig. 3) there is shown a more comptez network 300 including four (4) hubs. For example) the network shown in Fig. 3 could serve as the building network 101 of Fig.
1. The topology of network 300 will now be described. In reference to the topology of the network 300, hub 302 is connected by link 303 to hub 304) and also hub 302 is connected by link 305 to hub 306. Hub 306 is connected by link 307 to hub 308. Link 303) 305, and 307 may be any convenient message transmission medium. For example) link 303, 305) 307 could be twisted pairs, optical fiber links, telephone link connections, coaxial cable) ...etc.
The networks connected to each hub are complex, as is illustrated by the connection of repeaters to various of the Ethemet ports of the hubs 302 304 306 308. For example, Ethemet repeater 312 is connected to port 314 of hub 302. Ethemet repeater 312 is connected to a plurality of workstations, illustrated by way of example, by workstations 316, ... 318. Also repeater 320 is connected to port 322 of hub 302. Repeater 320 is in turn connected to a plurality of workstations 323 ... 324. Additionally, port 326 is connected to router 328. Router 328 is in turn connected to a wide-area network illustrated, by way of example, by the network cloud 330.
By further way of example) repeater 332 is connected to port 324 of hub 304.
Repeater 332 is in tam connected to a plurality of workstations 334 ... 336.
By further way of example) hub 306 at Ethernet port 341 connects to repeater 340.
Repeater 340, in tam, is connected to a plurality of workstations 342 ... 344.

SUBSTn'UTE SHEET (RULE 26) WO 98/31126 PCT/US98~D0079 Hub 308 is connected at port 346 to repeater 348. Repeater 348 is then connected to a plurality of workstations 349 ... 350. Hub 308 is connected at port 3S2 to repeater 354.
Repeater 354 is connected to a plurality of workstations 374 ...375. also, by way of example, hub 308 is connected to router 360. By way of example, router 360 is in turn connected to a further wide-area network illustrated by network cloud 362.
Fig. 3, by way of example) illustrates hub 302, 304, 306) 308, having ports connected to a wide variety of apparatus. For example) hub 302 is connected to a plurality of independent workstations 370. Reference numeral 370 is used to designate independent workstations attached to various of the hubs 302) 304, 306 and 308. Each independent workstation 370 is on a different collision domain) as described hereinabove with reference to Fig. 2.
In addition to being connected to independent workstations, hubs 302, 304, 306) 308 are connected to a variety of apparatus, including repeaters) 312, 320) 340, 332, 348) and 354;
routers 328, 360. And hubs are connected to other hubs: for example, hub 302 connects to hub 304 through the link 303; hub 302 connects to hub 306 through link 305; and, hub 306 connects to hub 308 through link 307.
As an example of operation of network 300, a data packet will be traced from a source workstation to a destination workstation. For example) workstation 316, connected through repeater 312 to hub 302) transmits a message having the destination address of workstation 374) SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) wo ~ma,~ rcr~rs9siooo79 connected through repeater 354 at port 352 to hub 308. Workstation 316 transmits the data packet to repeater 312. In this example, as an illustrative example, it is assumed that a repeater 312, 320, 332, 340, 348, and 354 operates as follows: a repeater receives a packet on one port and broadcasts that packet to all of its other ports. Accordingly, by way of example) a packet transmitted by workstation 3I6 is received by repeater 3I2, and repeater 312 broadcasts the packet so that it is received at port 314 of hub 302. Upon reception) the packet is written into receive buffer 376 of BREP chip 378. Receive buffer 376 is then drained through segment bus 379. Segment bus 379 connects to switch engine purr 380 of switch engine 382.
Switch engine 382 interprets the destination address of the packet, and accordingly, switches the packet to its port 38-1. From port 38-1 BREP chip 385 loads the packet at its segment port 386. From segment port 386 the packet is written into transmit buffer 387. Transmit buffer 387 is drained by transmission of the packet onto link 305. From link 305 the packet is written into receive buffer 390 of BREP chip 391. Receive buffer 390 is drained by the packet being broadcast onto segment bus 392. The packet is loaded at switch engine port 393 of switch engine 394. Switch engine 394 interprets the destination address of the packet and switches the packet to its port 395.
From port 395 the packet is broadcast onto segment bus 396. BRED chip 397 loads the packet at its segment port 398 ) where "the packet is written into transmit buffer 399.
Transmit' buffer 399 is drained by transmission of the packet through port 400 onto link 307. Link 307 conducts the packet to BREP chip 402, where the packet is written into receive buffer 404 of BREP chip 402.
Receive buffer 404 is drained by broadcast of the packet onto segment bus 406.
Segment bus 406 connects) in rum, to segment port 408 of BREP chip 410. BREP chip 4I0 loads the packet) in SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) response to the destination address of the packet, at its segment port 408, and the packet is written into transmit buffer 412 of BREP chip 410. Transmit buffer 412 of BREP
chip :110 is drained by the packet being transmitted through Ethemet port 352, and the packet is received by repeater 354. Repeater 354 transmits the packet to all of the workstations connected to repeater 354, and the packet is received by the intended destination workstation 374.
AUTONLaTIC RECOGNITION OF AN APPARATUS CONNECTED TO A HUB PORT
The automatic detection, by a port of a BREP chip in a hub) of the type of apparatus connected to that port will now be described. Turning now to Fig. 4, there is illustrated a standard Ethernet packet of the type described in the Ethernet Standard ANSI/IEEE Standard 802.3, Fifth Edition) 1996-07-29, also ISO/IEC 8802-3.
Preamble 450 is a seven (7) byte field. Field SFD 452 is a one (1) byte field.
Field DA 454 is the destination address field of the packet and is a six (6) byte field, where the field holds the address of the destination workstation.
Field SA 456 is the source address field of the packet and is a six (6) byte field) where the field holds the address of the source workstation.
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) WO 98/31126 PCT/US98~0079 Field "Length" 458 gives the length of the data field of the packet and is a two (2) byte field in IEEE 802.3 packet format indicating length tom 0 to 1 X00 decimal. In "Ethemet format"
length field 458 is a protocol type field having a "value" > 1500 decimal.
Data field 460 is a field having variable length) where the length is specified by the number in field 458 in IEEE 802.3 format.
PAD field 459 is all zeros and forces the packet length to be 64 bytes, and is present when the data is insufFtcient to make the packet.64 bytes long. Accordingly, the PAD field may be of length between 0 and 46 bytes. The length field 458 specifies the length of the data eaciusive of PAD.
FCS 462 is the frame control sequence field and is four (4) bytes in length.
The minimum packet size recognized by apparatus constructed according to the Ethemet standard is sixty-four (64) bytes. A packet having less than 64 bytes is referred to as a "runt"
packet. Apparatus constructed in accordance with the Ethemet standard is normally designed to discard runt packets. The detection and rejection of a runt packet is not reported by the apparatus as an error, as there are a number of event sequences which lead to the production of a runt packets) such as) for example, a collision in half duplex Ethemet. The apparatus simply discards any runt packet which it detects.

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) Turning now to Fig. S, there is shown a control packet 500 for use in automatic detection of the type of apparatus attached to a port of a BREP chip, Fields of the control packet include the preamble field 502 which is a seven (7) byte field.
Field SFZ 504 is a one (1) byte field. Details of field SFZ 504 will be discussed hereinbelow with reference to Fig. 7A- Fig. 7G. Field SFZ 504) in a preferred embodiment of the invention) permits a BREP chip to recognize that a received packet came from a device having the capabilities of a BREP chip.
DA field) the destination address field 454 is labeled with the same reference numeral as the DA field of Fig. 4 because the destination address of the standard packet is utilized in the destination address of the control packet. Source address field 456 is labeled with the same reference numeral as the source address field SA of Fig. 4 because the control packet uses the standard source address as described in the Ethemet standard.
~n~ype field 506) in a preferred embodiment of the invention, is used as a TYPE
field using Ethemet format, fihe TYPE field is programmable) so a special TYPE
value distinguishes a control frame from a normal frame.
OpCode field 510 carries an operations code recognized by a receiving port of a BREP
chip, and is two (2) bytes in length. The op-code field is programmable) and for an exemplary SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 2B) embodiment of the invention the op-codes of the following table tray be used.

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) A Table of op-codes for field 510 follows:
OS Half Duplex with credit flow control 06 Full Duplex with credit flow control 15 Half Duplex with credit flow control) with rnax packet = 4K bytes I6 Full Duplex with credit flow control) with max packet = 4K bytes 25 Half Duplex with credit flow control, with compressed data ( 1518 max packet) 60 Full Duplex with credit flow control, with compressed data (4K Bytes max packet) Table of OP-CODES for control packet.
Credit field 512 carries credit for use in a credit based flow control mechanism which may be established between a first hub having a BREP chip and a second hub connected to a port of chat BREp chip, where the second hub uses BREP chips.
Padding field 514 contains sufficient bytes to make the control packet 64 bytes in length.
Accordingly, padding field 5I4 contains foray-two (42) bytes. FCS field 462, the frame control sequence field, is labeled with the same reference numeral as the standard packet shown in Fig. 4 because the frame control sequence field usage is in accordance with the Ethemet standard.
Fig. 6 is a table giving the fields of control packet 500. In the control packet, the total - number of bytes is 64) and the padding of 42 bytes is used to ensure that the length of the control SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 28) packet is sufficient so that it is not a runt packet.
Taming now to Fig. 7A through Fig. 7G, there is shown: the content of preamble field -450 and SFD field 452 (shown in Fig. 4) of the standard packet; and the preamble field 502 and the SFZ field 504 of control packet 500 . The content of these fields from Fig. 4 is shown in greater detail in Fig. 7A-Fig. 7G.
In Fig. 7A a standard preamble 702 is shown. Also, in Fig. 7A) a standard SFD
452 byte is shown in field 704. It is noted that the standard preamble 702 is made up of seven (7) identical bytes with the following: "10101010" bit pattern. Further, as shown in Fig.
7A, the standard SFD
byte is 10IO1011.
When an apparatus built in accordance with the Ethemet standard receives at least seven (7) bytes of the standard preamble, that is 56 repeating "IO" symbols, followed by a single SFD
byte, the apparatus recognizes that the destination address field 454 immediately follows the "11"
content of the SFD byte.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention as shown in Fig. 7H, the preamble 706 of the control packet 708 is identical with the standard preamble 702 shown in Fig.
7A. However, the SFZ byte 504) shown in Fig. 7B as field 710, is as follows:
lO10I000.
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) WO 98!31126 PCT/US98~00079 The BREP chip is designed to recognize the SFZ byte 710 after receipt of at least fifty-si.~
(56) bits of repeating "10" of the standard preamble 702. Upon detection by the Ethernet port of the BREP chip that the SFZ byte has been received, the' BREP chip interprets the packet as a control packet.
Reception of the control packet guarantees that the other end of a wire connected to the BREP chip port is connected in rum to another BREP chip port. This guarantee flows from the point that any apparatus built according to the Ethemet standard will not forward a control packet. The existence of the SFZ byte in the control packet is sufficient for an apparatus built in accordance with the Ethemet standard to fail to interpret the packet as a "packet". An apparatus built according to the Ethemet standard requires the "1I" sequence following a standard preamble. The existence of the "(?0" sequence of field 710 prevents the apparatus from detecting that a packet has been received.
Further, in reference to Fig. 3, it is seen that ports of a BREP chip may have any number of different types of apparatus attached thereto. For example: a repeater 312, 320, 340, 332) 348) 354 is illustrated as attached to a port of a BREP chip; a tourer 328, 360 is illustrated as attached to a port of a BREP chip; and two BREP chips are illustrated as being connected together, for example, by Iinks 303, 305) and 307. Further, numerous workstations 370 are shown connected directly to a port of a BREP chip.

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) No forwarding apparatus such as a bridge) router or switching hub, etc. will forward a packet having a SFZ field, and no workstation will transmit a packet having a SFZ field.
Accordingly) when a receiving port of a BREP chip detects the presence of a control packet by detection of the SFZ 710 byte following a standard preamble 702, then the receiving BREP chip port has determined that it is connected to another B REP chip port) as for example by link 303.
305, or 307.
Advanced repeater designs may check a packet for a SFD pattern before forwarding the packet. For example) a repeater functionality is described in the Standard IEEE 802.3u Chap 27) at section 27.3) particularly at paragraphs 27.3.1.3.1 and 27.3.1.3.2. The Chap: 27 repeater responds to a "received event", and generates an output including a preamble including a SFD
sequence. In the event that the Chap. 27 repeater always looks for a SFD
sequence before repeating a packet) then the Chap. 27 repeater will not repeat a packet having a SFZ byte in the packet header.
However) simple repeater designs simply repeat all bits received on one port by transmitting the bits from all other ports, without checking the bits for any pattern. Such a simple repeater must be ezciuded from a network using BREp chips, as such a simple repeater will repeat a packet having a SFZ pattern. And a repeater which repeats a packet having a SFZ
pattern will confuse two BREP ports which use the SFZ pattern to determine if they are connected by a cable.

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) Upon detection by a receiving port of a BREP chip that it is connected to a port of another BREP chip, the BREP chip then interprets the fields of the packet containing the SFZ
sequence. The receiving port of the BREP chip then interprets field 510 as an operations code.
and interprets field ~ 12 as a credit containing field for operation of credit based flow control between the receiving BREP chip and the transmitting BREP chip.
Once a receiving port of a BREP chip has determined that it has connected to a port of another BREP chip, then the receiving chip can take action based upon that determination.
Examples of action that can be taken include: establishment of full duplex transmission between the receiving port and the transmitting port: establishment of credit based flow control by use of field 512 to transmit the credits: the establishment of the use of extra long packets) longer than the standard Ethemet packet as permitted by the Etheret standard, etc.
Alternative control packets for alternative embodiments of the invention are set forth in Fig. 7C, Fig. 7D, Fig. 7E, Fig. 7F, and Fig. 7G. For example, in Fig. 7C a First Alternative Embodiment of the invention is shown. In Fig. 7C there is a standard preamble 712. However, a different SFZ byte is used, where the SFZ byte 714 is 00101010. The receiving port of the BREP receiving chip detects a control packet 500 by detecting the presence of a standard preamble) followed by an SFZ byte 714.
As set forth in Fig. 7D, there is a standard preamble 716. However, a different SFZ byte SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 28) is used, where the SFZ byte 718 is 10001010. The receiving port of the BREP
receiving chip detects a control packet 500 by detecting the presence of a standard preamble, followed by an SFZ byte 718.
As set forth in Fig. 7E, a third Alternative Embodiment of the invention is shown) where the preamble 720 is non-standard and the SFD byte is the standard SFD byte. In the non-standard preamble 720 the seventh byte 774 is non-standard. Byte 774 is 10100010. The receiving port of the BREP receiving chip detects a control packet 500 by detecting the presence of a non-standard preamble having byte 774, followed by a standard SFD byte 772.
As set forth in Fig. 7F, in a fourth alternative embodiment of the invention the sixth bvte 776 of the non-standard preamble 775 is non-standard. Byte 776 is 10100010.
Also the SFZ
byte 778 is non standard, and is 10101000. The receiving port of the BREP
receiving chip detects a control packet 500 by detecting the presence of a nen-standard preamble byte 776, followed by a non-standard SF~ byte 778.
As set forth in Fig. 7G, in a fifth alternative embodiment of the invention uses a non-standard preamble 780 which has non-standard fifth byte 782. Also, a non-standard SFZ byte 784 is used. The receiving port of the BREP receiving chip detects a control packet X00 by detecting the presence of non-standard preamble 780 and SFZ byte 784.

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) WO 98131126 PGT/US98/000~9 The various non-standard preambles and SFZ bytes avoid using bit combinations which place two " 1 " symbols together, as " 11 " because a receiving apparatus could interpret a " 11 " pair as the final two bits of a standard SFD byte. After making this erroneous interpretation, the receiving device would begin receiving a packet, starting with the destination address, which in the standard format follows the "11" pair of the SFD byte. A packet so received would be.totallv spurious. So, the "11" combination is not used in a non-standard preamble or non-standard SFZ
bvte.
I1VT'RODUCTORY BIT SEQUENCE
The introductory bit sequence comprising the preamble 450 and Start Frame Delimiter field 452 will be further described. The frame format established by the Standard ISO/IEC 8802-3: (1996E), ANSI/IEEE Std.. 802.3) 1996 Edition is as follows:
<inter-fi ame><preamble><sfd><data><efd>.
A discussion of the invention is simplified by introduction of the following new term:
<introductory-bit-sequence>. The <introductory-bit-sequence> is the two sequences:
<preamblexsfd>. Using the <introductory-bit-sequence> terminology) the frame format is:
<inter-framexintroductory-bit-sequencexdataxefd>.
The introductory-bit-sequence, in accordance with the Standard ISO/IEC 8802-3:
( 1996E)) ANSI/IEEE Std.. 802.3) 1996 Edition) comprises the preamble and the sfd byte. The SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) preamble is at least seven (7) bytes of " 10101010". The sfd bye is the pattern: " 10101011 ".
Turning now to a description of the invention, the preferred embodiment of the invention .
uses an sfz byte which replaces the sfd byte. For example, in the preferred embodiment, the sfz is one byte of "10101000".
A large number of non-standard bit patterns in the <introductory-bit-sequence>
may be used as alternative embodiments of the invention. For example) non standard sequences replacing the sfd sequence may be used, such as, replace the sfd with any one of the following:
"10I01000";
"i0100010";
"10001010";
" 10000010".
As a further alternative embodiment of the invention, a non-standard preamble may be used. In using a non standard preamble, the only physical limitation is that the inventive apparatus be able to perform its internal functions for which preamble bits are used.
That is, the only physical requirement is that there be enough "10" ... repeated patterns for the inventive apparatus to detect the sequence and perform the requirements of paragraph 7.2.3.2 of the ISO/IEC 8802-3: (1996E), ANSI/IEEE Std.. 802.3, 1996 Edition, which states in part:

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) "The DTE is required to supply at least 56 bits of preamble in order to satisfy system requirements. System components consume preamble bits in order to perform their functions. The number of preamble bits sourced ensures an adequate number of bits are provided to each system component to correctly implement its function".
In summary, the introductory bit sequence is needed for the receiving apparatus to initialize to the incoming packet.
The preamble is defined by the standard at paragraphs 4.2.5 ) and 7.2.3.3 ) and 22.2.3 .2.1 is seven bytes of the pattern: "10101010". Alternative embodiments of the invention using non-standard preambles may include the any of the following alternative patterns for any one of the seven (7) bytes of the preamble:
"10001010';
"10100010";
"10101000";
etc.
As discussed hereinabove, there are many non-standard bit sequences which will both perform the required function of initializing the receiving apparatus ) and serve as non standard introductory bit sequences to inform the receiving apparatus that a control packet has been - received, and will also avoid repeated "11" patterns which could foot the receiving apparatus.

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26~

CONTROL PACKET LENGTH
A control packet length was chosen as the minimum allowed packet length of 64 bytes, so that in the event that a fira~nent of a control packet should be received by any receiving port of any apparatus which complies with the Ethernet standard, the fragment will be a runt packet. And as mentioned hereinabove) a runt packet is rejected by any apparatus receiving it. Accordingly) the random occurrence of the control packet introductory bit sequence in a data field of a control packet will result in creation of a runt packet, and the runt packet will be rejected by any apparatus complying with the Ethemet standard which receives it, including an Ethernet port of a BREP chip.

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) WO 98/31126 PCT/US98ro0079 Repeater Hardware Description .4 repeater chip having both a receive buffer and a transmit buffer is described. Because of - the receive buffers and the transmit buffers, the chip is referred to as a Buffered Repeater chip) or a BREP chip. An example of a chip which incorporates the invention described herein is the Digital Equipment Corporation product, Digital Semiconductor ? 13-~0 10/100-Vib/s Ethemet Switched Repeater chip.
Notation Conventions Notation used for bus connections are as follows:
Square brackets denote one of the four Fast Ethemet ports of a BREP chip. For example, REQ[2] is the REQ signal for the fast Ethemet port number 2 of the BREP chip.
Angled brackets denote the bit subscripts for a bus of more than one signal.
For example, DATA<7> is the most significant bit in the DATA<7:0> bus.
A packet is received from the physical media into one of the BREP ivIACs.
- A packet is transmitted by one of the BREP MACs to the Fast Ethemet physical side.

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) One of the BREP MACS broadcasts a received packet towards the other MACs onto the local bus. Other :VIACs load this broadcasted packet from the Local bus into their TX FTFO.
Glossary of Terms BP - backpressure -MAC - Media Access Control IPG - inter packet gap: A time gap between packets. For example, the IPG may be 0.96 microseconds, or 96 bit times.
Preamble - a stream of bits preceding the start of a frame transmission, and usually intended to allow synchronization. For the MII) the preamble is defined as 7 consecutive "10101010".
SFD - start frame delimiter, a sequence of bits following the preamble and which marks the start of the frame.
FCTL - flow control.
A packet is loaded to the sender TX FIFO.
HDX - Half Duplex FDX - Full Duplex FIFO - First-In-First Out Buffer SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) wo ~m rcrms9siooo~9 FCTL_Delay - Flow Control delay TX - Transmit RX - Receive RX_FIFO - receive FIFO buffer.
~ FIFO - transmit FIFO buffer Credits - A number (of bytes) each sender receives from the receiver reflecting the amount of free bytes in the receiver RX_FTFO.
A BRED based repeater eliminates network length restrictions) by transforming each of the connected segments into a distinct collision domain handled on the repeater side by a fully featured MAC, with a full packet buffering ability. Each collision domain is an Ethemet local area network, LAN.
In order to avoid Ioss of packets) the BREP MACs implement a smart backpressure algorithm) which delays the distant node from sending more packets until the BRED buffer frees up from the previous one.
1n addition) the B REP provides support for network segmentation, where any combination of grouping and ungrouping ports can be programmed.
The BREp is pHY media independent) and thus allows building repeaters for SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) 100BASE-TX, 100BASE-T4) Fiber or any mix of the above media. The appropriate 1~LAC chip is used for the desired PHY.
Each BREP port can be programmed to support various levels of interconnect. It can be programmed to support either full media independent interface ~ ~ ) functionality or 100B ase-X
physical coding sublayer (PCS)) which includes 4B/SB encoder/decoder, framer and scrambler/descrambler.
Depend on the network port, each BREP port can be programmed to work in either data transfer rate of lONibps or 100Mbps with the limitation that ports on the same segment should have the same data rate.
Goals of the design which are accomplished in the within disclosure include the following:
support for T:l, TY snd FX media connection ti~.rough the appropriate PHY
device; av oid any deadlock between its ports; reduce packet loss to very marginal cases only;
Ability to receive and transmit at the wire speed; support for network segmentation; support for full-duplex flow control connection. In achieving the above goals, the design, for example) does not necessarily achieve total fairness between all ports under any Buffered Repeater configuration.
Features of the within design include, for example, the following:

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) Four distinct standard M>Z/Symbol interface pons, each connected to a separate segment (collision domain) supporting CAT3 unshielded twister pair (UTP), CATS UTP) shielded twister pair (STP)) and fiber cables;
Contains scrambler and PCS per port, for CATS to si~ificantly reduce cost of 100 Base-TX
solution;
Supports M11 management functions:
Supports network port with data rate of lONfbps;
Support network port with data rate of 100Mbps;
One expansion port) to cascade up to 16 BREP chips) summing up to 64 ports in one box ;
4KB receive and 2 KB transmit FIFOs per port;
On chip support for a wide range of external arbitration schemes;
Supports for flow control operation;
Supports for flow-control full duplex operation;
One unicast address filtering capability;
Support for external CA,II~f connection for enhanced address filtering;
Provides external and internal loopback capability;
Support for Repeater IvIIB;
Support for managed and non managed configurations;
Supports JTAG boundary scan;
Contains 208-pin QFP package.

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) A description of signals used in the design is given in the following tables, Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, and Table 4. A total of 160 signal pins are used, and the chip package provides 208 pins.
Turning now to Fig. SA) there is shown a Switched Repeater SREP using a plurality of BREP chips. Multiple segment busses are shown. A switch engine having a plurality of ports is shown. For eeample, the switch engine shown has three I00 megabit per second ports and one megabit per second pons. A variety of BREP ports are shown attached to each segment bus.
The attachment of B REP pons to a segment bus can be changed dynamically by the SREP
management unit) as more fully described hereinbelow.
Turning now to Fig. 88) there is shown a repeater having a plurality of BREP
chips with one segment bus connected to all of the ports of the BREP chips. In this arrangement all of the Ethernet LANs must operate at the same data rate, for etample either at 10 megabits per second or at 100 megabits per second) etc. The segment bus then operates at the chosen megabit per second rate. T'he repeater arrangement of Fig. 8B may be conveniently employed when it is desired to link a plurality of Ethemet LANs without the requirement that they be on different segments. By not including the switch engine in the repeater, a cheaper repeater for a specific purpose may be by using the BREP chips.
Turning now to Fig. 9, there is shown a system overview giving the signal connections in a 4.4 SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) switched repeater, SREP, using BREP chips. A plurality of BREP chips are shown, designated as BREP1) BREP2, ... BREPn. Each BREP chip has four ports) indicated as MlI
Port 0) MII
Port 1) i~III Port'_) and :VIII Port 3. Each port is connected to a PHY
device. Examples of a PHY device include National Semiconductors product DP8340) and also ICS
product PHY 1890.
An arbitration unit is shown, and each BREP chip has the following signal lines connected thereto: GNT for grant) REQ for request, TX_FIFO_RDY to indicate that the transmit FTFO
buffer is ready, COL SEEN to indicate that a collision has been detected. A
management unit is shown, and each BREP chip has connected thereto the following signal lines:
MG~VT PDATA, CNTL, STRB) and PKT_ABORT L. The signals are further described in Table I, Table 2) Table 3, and Table 4.
Turning now to Fig. 10, there are shown signaling pathways in a switched repeater, SREP, using BREP cl~~irs. Si~aling pathways are er~.:pha: i: ed by arrow pattrvay symbols. Port designations are explicitly indicated. Parallel bus 1010 carries the segment busses. Each segment bus has an eight line data bus PDATA<7:0>, a four line control bus CNTL<I:0>) a strobe STRB, and a packet abort PKT_ABORT L control Lines. The parallel bus 1010 connects to the switch engine 1012. Switch engine 1012 performs the function of bridging a packet from a first segment bus to a second segment bus so that a packet may be transferred from the first segment bus to the second segment bus.
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) Tuning now to Fig. 11 there is shown a block diagram of the internal structure of a BREP
chip 1102. Control unit 1110) in response to signals received over the eztemal busses) controls functions of the four BREP chip ports 1112) 1113, 1114, 1115. The arbitration interface connects through the arbitration bus 1120. The segment bus connects through the segment bus interface 1122. Management sisals connect through the management interface 1124.
Pots 1112 is shown) in block diagram form, having a receive FIFO buffer 1130 and a receive machine 1134. When a packet is received on line 1136 the packet is first processed by receive machine 1134. From receive machine 1134 the packet is loaded into the buffer of receive FIFO 1 I30. When permitted by control unit 1110, the packet stored in the receive buffer in receive FIFO I 130 is broadcast onto the eight bit wide bus of segment bus 1122.
Also, port 1112 has a a transmit FIFO buffer 1140; and a transmit machine 1142. When control unit 1110 permits, the buffer in transmit FIFO 1140 is loaded from the eight bit segment bus 1122. Then, when permitted by the control unit I 110) the packet stored in the buffer in transmit FIFO I 140 is transmitted by transmit machine 1142 onto line 1144 of the associated Ethemet domain.
For BREP chip 1102, each of the other Ethemet ports 1113, 1114, and 1115 have internal transmit FIFO buffers and internal FIFO receive buffers) and function as described for port 1112.

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) WO 98/31126 PCT/US98~0079 The transmit machine 1144 and receive machines 1134, and their counterparts (not shown) implement the Medium Access Control (iviAC) function for their respective ports.
Turning now to Fig. 12, there is shown a block diagram of the internal structure of a BREP chip 1 i02. Fig. 12 gives) in addition to the structures shown in Fig.
11) signal designations of the signals brought into BREP chip 1102. Segment bus 1122 brings in the lines: strobe STRB
1220 signal; the eight bit data pathway PDATA<7:0>; the four line control CNTL<3:0>
pathways; and the packet abort signal PKT_ABORT_L lines.
The Arbitration Interface 1120 brings in the lines: four request Lines REQ[0:3]; four transmit FIFO ready lines TX FiFO_RDY[0:3J; four collision seen lines COL
SEEN[0:3]; the four grant Lines GMT[0:3]; and the arbitration enabled Line ARB ENA.
The Management Interface 1124 brings in the lines: MDOL'T; MDIN; MCL.X; and MCS.
Port 1112) with its Receive FIFO and Receive Machine, and with its Transmit FIFO and its Transmit Machine, is shown as alternatively) for example, implementing the standard interfaces 1230. For example) the interfaces implemented may include the Medium Independent Interface (MII) for use with) for example) 10 mega-bit per second Ethemet or with 100 mega-bit per second Ethemet. Alternatively, for example, the port 1112 may implement a Symbol interface for 100 mega-bit per second Ethemet.

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) As shown above with reference to Fig. 1 I ) each port of the BREP chip 1102 implements standard M.4C functions for the port's Ethetnet collision domain.
The following tables, Table l , Table 2, Table 3) and Table 4 give a description of the signals used in an implementation of the invention. The column marked # gives the number of signal pins used in the chip.

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) wo ~3mZ6 rcr~s9srooo~9 Table 1 Parallel interface pins signal name I/ description O

REQ[3:0] 0 Port[i] request signal to an external 4 arbiter. Asserted when RX FIFO[i]

indicates that a packet is received from the media. Tri-State signal, driven when ARB ENA is asserted GNT[3:0] I Input from an external arbiter, 4 granting port[i] the bus ownership to broadcast a received packet TX FIFO RDY 0 Asserted by port[i] when it is able to 4 [3:0] load a new packet from the data bus.

Tri-State signal, driven when ARB ENA

is asserted COL_SEEN[3:0] 0 Asserted by port[i] when a collision is 4 detected during port's[i) transmission attempt, while port's REQ line is not asserted..

Cleared when the port[i] asserts its REQ[i] signal.

Tri-State signal, driven when ARB ENA

is asserted.

ARB_ENA I BREP-Arbiter enable signal When 1 asserted, the BREP drives REQ[3:0], TX FIFO RDY[3:0]. When deasserted) REQ[3:0] and TX FIFO RDY[3:0] are tri-stated.

PDATA[3:0]<7:0> I/ Data bus. Data is transferred on this O bus at 100 Mbps (12.5 MHZ).

Used for packet broadcasts, including starting/ending packet delimiter information.

The PData bus is shared among all BREPs. When it is not driven, the pattern appears on the PDATA bus is SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) CNTL[3:0]<1:0> Control lines. Determine the cycle and meaning of the data which appears on the data lines according to the following encoding:
CNTL<1:0> PDATA<7:0>
11 idle mode , A preamble pattern is transmitted on the data lines as default.
01 Starting delimiter In parallel, the granted port drives preamble and SFD patterns onto PDATA<7:0>.
00 Data valid The data packet is driven on the data bus by the broadcasting port Ending Delimiter When the data packet transfer is completed) the granted port drives the following data:
chip_id, port_id, receive status The CNTL lines are common to all the connected BREPs and the arbiter. When not driven, the CNTL lines are pulled up to (idle?.
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) wo ~m rcT~rs~rooo~9 PKT ABORT L I/ Packet abort bit q [3:0] O Enabled only when enable~acket abort control bit is set (OPM[i]16>) Determines if the current loaded packet should be aborted before transmission.

When working in internal address - filtering mode, it is shared among all ports segments. When not driven it is pulled up.

When working with external CAM, it is used as input only) driven by the CAM

logic.

STRB[3:0] I/ STRB signal is 12.5 MFiZ clock sourced 4 O by the granted port. It is synchronized to the PDATA bus. All other BREP devices shall use this signal to sample the PDATA and CNTL

buses.

Shared among all BREP devices, Arbiter and management unit.

When the DATA bus is in idle state, the STRB signal is pull-down to '0'.

CLK I 25 MHZ external clock. All BREPs, 1 arbiter and external management unit uses this clock.

Sub-Total 66 End of Table 1 SUBSTfTUTE SHEET (RULE 26) WO 98!31126 PCT/U598/00099 Table 2) Management interface signal name I/ description #

O

I Management Data In - Serial input for 1 MDIN management command/data The MDIN signal is common for all connected BREPs.

O Management Data Out - Serial output for 1 MDOUT management data output The MDOUT signal is common for all the connected BREPs.

When not driven) it is pulled up to '1'.

MCS ' I Management Chip Select 1 MCLK 1 Management clock. The clock range is 1 between 0 to 12.5 MHZ.

Sub-total End of Table 2 SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) WO 98/31126 PCT/US98~079 Table 3, PHY Interface signal name I/ description O
MDIO[3:0] I/ Management Data Input Output, It is 4 O used to transfer control and status information between the PHY and the HREP

MDC[3:0] O Management Data Clock - Used as timing 4 reference for management information transfer on the MDIO signal MII CS RXD/SYM_ I Receive Data; Are driven by the PHY[i],16 RXD[3:0]<3:0> synchronous with MII CS RCLK[i}

MII DV[3:0]/ I/ In MII mode: Input pin - Receive Data 4 LINK_ACTIVITY O Valid; Driven by the PHY[i}

[3:0] In PCS mode: Output pin - A status pin that provides a LED that indicates either receive, or transmit activity.

MII CS_RCLK/ I Receive Clock; Provides the timing 4 SYM RCLK[3:0] reference for the transfer of MII_DV[i], MI~I_CS_RXD[i] and MII CS_ERR[i] signals MII CS_ERR[3:0] Receive Error; Is driven by the PHY[i];4 Indicating that an error has occurred MII TX_ER[3:0] O RESERVED at this stage of the design. 4 Transmit Coding Error, SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 2B) MII CS TCLK/ I Transmit Clock - Provides the timing SYM_TCLK[3:0] reference for the MII TXEN[i], MII CS TXD[i], and TX_ER[i] signals MIL TXEN/SYM I Receive Error, Is driven by the PHY[i]; 4 TXD <4>[3:0] Indicating that an error has occurred MII TX_ER[3:0] O RESERVED at this stage of the design. 4 Transmit Coding Error.
MII CS TCLK/SYM I Transmit Clock - Provides the timing 4 TCLK[3:0] reference for the MII TXEN[i], MII CS_TXD[i], and TX_ER[i] signals MII TXEN/SYM O In MII mode: Indicates that nibbles on TXD<4>[3:0] the MII are presented for transmission. 4 In PCS Mode: Transmit data together with the four transmit lines MII\SYM TXD<3:0> provide five parallel lines of data in symbol form. This data is synchronized to the MIL/SYM_TCLK signal.
MII CS TXD/SYM O 4 data signals 16 RXD<4>[3:0]
MII_CLSN/SYM I In MII mode: Collision Detected. 4 RXD<4>[3:0] In PCS mode: Receive data, together with MIL/SYM_RXD<3:0> provide five parallel lines of data in symbol form.
This data should be synchronized to the MI I / S7tM_RCLK

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) wo ~m rc~r~s9snooo~9 MII_CRS/SD[3:0] I In MII mode: Carrier Sense - Asserted by the PHY when either the transmit or receive medium is non-idle. In PCS
mode: Signal Detect indication, supplied by the PHY device.
_ LINFC_FAILED I In MII mode: Input pin - - Asserted by 4 [3:0] the PHY device, when Link Fail condition occurs In PCS mode: Output pin - A status pin that provides a LED that indicates a signal detection activity and that the port's scrambler has been locked.
When this pin is not supported by the PHY device, it should connect to VSS.
Sub-total End of Table 3 SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) m CA 02277101 1999-07-06 wo ~m rcTrtrs9srooo~m Table 4 Miscellaneous Signals signal name I/ description #
O
TMS I JTAG Test Mode Select 1 TCLK I Test Clock 1 -TDI I Test Data In 1 TDO O Test Data Out 1 RST I Switched Repeater Reset pin 1 GEP<3:0> I/ General Purpose Pins O

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) WO 98f311Z6 PGT/US98/00079 PSE<34:0>/ISOL< O In Engineering mode: Post Silicon Event 4 3:0>
pins.
Used for engineering purposes.
Under this mode, those pins provide indications about the port's packet events and mode of operation. In monitoring mode (default): Port isolation indicators. When set, indicates that the appropriate port is isolated. (Either partitioning, Jabber, False carrier isolation, or isolation during remote node identification process).
PSE<0> _ '1' indicates Port 0 is isolated PSE<1> _ '1' indicates Port 1 is isolated PSE<2> _ '1' indicates Port 2 is isolated PSE<3> _ '1' indicates Port 3 is isolated The mode of operation is controlled by MTC<6> CSR.
PSE<4> O Post Silicon Event pin <4>. 5 Used for engineering purposes.
Sub-total 14 End of Table 4 TOTAL Signals, Tables 1 - 4 160 SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) BREP Functional Description Receiving a packet Each of the four BREP MACs comprises a 4KB Rz FIFO. A BREP port is able to receive a new packet) when one of the following conditions are met: At least 1664 bytes are free:
or the remote sender uses the BREP's flow control scheme and has enough credits to send a ne~~
packet.
The BREP port filters incoming packets that are shorter then 6 bytes.
As soon as the received packet either reaches a threshold of 18 bytes, or reception has been completed, the port will request the oppomuziry to start broadcasting this packet) when polled by the arbiter.
In store & forward operation, the BREP port will request the opportunity to start broadcasting a packet after a complete packet has entirely been received.
In case the BREP port is unable to use the BREP's flaw control scheme and none of the above conditions are met, and the BREP cannot receive an additional packet, the BREP port enters the backpressure mode) described hereinbelow.

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) The BREP port receives and broadcasts legal packets) corrupted packets, runt packets and short packet events generated by end-station or repeated by 802.3 100Mbps repeater connected to its port.
The BREP port only broadcasts runt frames generated by ocher devices transmission collision. It does not transfer runt frames generated when it tried to transmit and suffered a collision.
Upon detection of a packet longer than 1600 bytes) the receiving port flushes the remaining bytes and terminates the packet with a 'packet-long' indication.
Transmitting a packet Each of the four BREP MACS comprises a 2KB Transmit FIFO.
Loaded runt packets with length smaller then 11 bytes are filtered and are not transmitted to the remote node.
Whenever a TX FIFO has loaded at least 16 bytes of packet's data and no PKT_ABORT L signal deassertion has been detected, or ending packet detected, the BREP
MAC will attempt to transmit the packet via the MII.port as described in section hereinbelow.
BREP port[i] indicates its ability to load a new packet by asserting TX_FTFO_RDY[i].

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) A BREP port is able to load a new packet in store & forward operation or in cut-through operation if at least 1664 bytes are free. In cut-though operation the port can load a packet if the loaded packet is being transmitted and has passed the collision window (64 Bytes were already transmitted without incurring a collision).
A special (programmable) back off limit is used whenever the BREP port's RX
FIFO is not full, instead of, for example) the standard Fast Ethemet protocol back off limit.
When a late collision event occurred while transmitting a packet, the packet is aborted) and the event is reported in the BREP status register.
Maximum loaded packet length should not exceed a length of 1600 bytes. Loading a packet with length greater then 1600 bytes may lead to unpredictable results.
Broadcasting a packet Wherever a port is granted the opportunity to broadcast a received packet) it starts the broadcasting operation. It first drives the Stan Frame code on the Civ'TL[i]<1:0> lines for two cycles) while a preamble octet and an SFD are placed on the PDATA bus. Then, it transfers the stored received data on the PDATA[i]<7:0> lines, while driving the Data Valid code on the CNTL[i]<I:O> lines. After the last data byte is transferred, the broadcasting port drives the SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) chip id) port id, receive_packet_ status and receive_packet_ length on the PDATA[i]<7:0> lines) while driving the End Frame code on the CNTL<1:0> lines.
In addition) the granted port drives its 12.5 MHZ clock on the STRB [i) line for the whole data transfer duration. The destination ports latch the PDATA and CNTL lines at the assertion of STRB. The other ports' transmit FIFOs load the broadcasted packet) and will later transmit them as described hereinabove. The PDATA, C:VTL and STRB lines are propagated outside the BREP
chip, such that packets can be broadcast both "from" and "to" other BREP
chips.
Following is a summary of a broadcasted packet format:
CNTL< 1:0> PDATA<7:0>

Start-FramePreamble Octet Start-FrameSFD

Data Valid Data End-Frame chip id, port id End-Frame receive~acket_status & receive_packet-length Address Filtering SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) WO 98/31126 PCT/US98l00079 First, Internal Address Filtering is described.
In order to improve the overall system performance, a BREP port is able to filter out packets broadcast on a segment bus. Another BREP port having the packet destination address on its Ethernet LAN, and sharing the same segment bus, detects the packet and forwards the packet onto its Ethemet LAN) and so to its remote node.
If the internal address filtering mechanism is enabled, the BREP port uses a simple teaming process in order to detect if it is connected to one or more remote end-stations) and to detemline if the remote node connection is still valid The BREP part stores the last valid source address received from its remote node in a register: uni_address register.
While the source address stored in uni_address_register is still valid) the BREP port compares the broadcasted packet destination address field to the addresses which it stores. If the broadcasted packet address matches a stored address, the BREP port notifes other BREP ports sharing the same segment to abort the currently broadcasted packet by pulling down the PKT_ABORT L signal.
Other BREP ports, when they detect deassertion of PKT_ ABORT_L signal during the SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) WO 98/31126 PCTlUS98/00079 first 16 byte time since the packet broadcast started) aborts the currently loaded packet until end of packet not~cation is detected. The broadcasted packet is not transmitted to any other remote - end-stations by a BREP port detecting the PKT ABORT_L siPnal.
If PKT_ABORT L deassertion is detected after the first 16 byte times, the port shall not abort the currently loaded packet and it will be transmitted.
Broadcast and Multicast packets are always forward to remote end nodes) unless PKT_ABORT L signal deassertion is detected.
This internal address filtering mechanism is implemented by each port using a Valid bit ~ bit) and Flood bit (F_bit). Filtering packets is based upon the status of these bits.

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) Table ~ gives the values of the V-bit and the F-bit, and the action which the values lead to V-bit F-bit Port's Operation 0 1 Filters only currently loaded packet whenever PKTABORT_L
signal is detected low within the first 16 byte time since packet was first loaded.
1 1 Filters only currently loaded packet whenever PKT_ABORT_L
signal is detected low within the first 16 byte time since packet was first loaded.
Deassert PKT_ABORT L signal whenever the stored destination address field matches the port's uni_ address register value 1 1 Deassert PKT_ABORT L signal whenever stored destination address field matches the uni_address_register value.
Filter currently loaded packet whenever stored destination address field does not match the uni_addrcss_register value.
Table 5 port behavior under various V bit and F bit modes SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26j Valid bit functionality In order to verify that the source address stored in its urzi_address_register is still valid.
each BREP port maintains Tl timer and Valid-bit (V-bit).
Whenever a valid packet (Ethemet or 802.3 packet with valid length and correct FCS
field) is received) Tl timer is set, V-bit is set and uni_address register stores the packet's source address field. While V-bit is set) if broadcasted packet destination address matches the port's uni_address register) the port shall pull down the PKT_A.BORT_L pin.
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 2fi) The V-bit assertion and deassertion rules are summarized in Table 6 below:
current Neat State Conditions for Transition Operation executed while entering -State the new state X 1 Valid address received Set T1 timer V bit = 1 uni_address register = received source address If(u~_address register !_ received valid source address) Set T2 timer 1 0 TL timer expired OR port V bit = 0 initialized Table 6, giving V bit functionality.

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) Flood bit functionality Each BREP port needs to identify if it is connected to a single end station or to multiple number of end stations. Each port maintains in addition to the Valid_bit) T2 timer and Flood bit ' (F bit). The F_bir assertion and deassertion rules are summarized in Table 7 below.
Current Next State Condition for Transition Operation e~cecuted State while entering the new state 1 (uni_address_register != valid received F_bit = 1 source address) OR T1 timer expired OR
port initialized 1 0 T2 timer expired AND f bit = 0 valid,packet received Where: valid_packet received = Ethemet or 802.3 packet with valid length and correct FCS.
Table 7, Flood Bit, or F bit, functionality..

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) WO 98/31126 PCTlETS98/00079 Taming now to Fig. 13, there is shown a flow chart for setting the valid bit V
bit, the flood bit F bit) the timer T1, and timer T?. At block 1302 the system is initialized. At block 1304 the V_bit is cleared and the F bit is set. In the event that a valid address is detected on a packet received from the Ethemet Ioca1 area network connected to the port, the system goes to block 1310. At block 1310 the V bit is set) the F bit is set, the timer T! Is set) the timer T2 is set, and the uni_address reg register is loaded with the source address of the packet received from the Ethemet local area network connected to the port.
The system then goes to block 13 I2 where it waits for receipt of another valid packet from the Ethemet local area network connected to the port. At block 1312 the system checks for receipt of a valid packet and at block 1316 tests timer T1 for etpiration. In the evern that the timer has not expired) the system returns to block 1312 to continue checking for receipt of a valid packet. In the event that timer T1 has expired, the system returns along path 1318 to block 1304.
Expiration of timer T 1 means that the address stored in register uni_address_reg at block 1310 has expired. Upon detection of a valid packet at block 1312) the system goes to block 1320.
At block 1320 timer Tl is set) and the system goes to block 1322. At block 1322 the source address field of the packet detected at block 1312 is compared with the contents of register uni_address_reg, that is with the source address of the packet received at block 1306. In the event that the addresses match, the system goes to block 1324 where the expiration of timer TZ is checked. In the event that T2 has expired, the system returns along path 1330 to block SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) 1312. In the event that T2 has not expired, the system goes to block 1332. At block 1332 the F
bit F bit is cleared. The system then returns along path 1330 to block 131 Z.
Operation ~of the system illustrated in Fig. 13 is as follows: the F bit can be set to "0" in order to indicate that the port is connected only to one station, but the F
bit can only be set to "0"
if the address stored in register uni address reg is still valid as determined by timer Tl, as indicated by the value of the valid bit V bit being equal to 1. When the stored remote node address stored in the register uni_address reg is not valid) the value ~of V
bit is_ "0" the value of F bit is set to "1" at block 1304.
Port notification in the filtering action follows as: the V bit defines if the address scored in the uni_address register is valid; if the address is not valid (i.e V bit =
0), the port will not notify other ports sharing the same segment bus to filter out packets when there is a match between the packet's destination address and the port's stored source address.
In this mode the value of F bit is set to "1 ", meaning the port is assumed to be connected to more than one end-station.
When the V bit is set ~ bit=1 ), meaning the stored remote node's source address is still valid, the port tries to identify if it is connected to one or more end-stations (through a repeater or buffered repeater). The port sets F bit to "0" when it detects that it is connected only to one station, otherwise the value of F bit remains "1". When the F bit is set to"0"
in order to indicate SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) that the port is connected to only one station. then the value of the V bit must be at "1" to indicate that the stored address of the one station is still valid and has not expired by expiration of timer T1.
Any port having its F bit set to "0" then pulls down the line PKT_ABORT_L when it detects a packet broadcast on the segment bus that has a destination address equal to the address stored in the port's register uni_address_reg, thereby notifying the other ports that they need not transmit the packet from the segment bus onto their Ethemet local area networks. The port having its F bit set to "0" is the only port having the destination station attached to its Ethernet local area network.
External Address Filtering Capability Turning now to Fig. 14) a blcck diasaam of operation witH. az external Content Addressable Memory, CAsVI, for address filtering is shown. The BREP based system enables the user to attach external CAM logic in order to further enhance the system performance. When working with external CAM, the internal address filtering mode control bit is disabled (clear_v bit is set OPM[i)<23>) and external CA~'~i mode control bit is enabled. In this mode, PKT_ABORT_L[i] is an output from the external CAM logic to each of the BREP
segment ports.
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) WO 98/31126 PCT/US98~0079 The CAM, after initialized by the management agent, detects the destination address field while the packet is being broadcasted onto a segment bus and compares it to its CA~VI content ( table. If HIT is detected) the CA.~i logic deasserts all the PKT_ABORT_L[i]
signals to ports which the broadcasted packet is not target to. If bIISS is detected, PKT_ABORT_L[i] signals remain asserted, thus all ports will transmit the broadcasted packet.
The B REP's management agent performs: teaming; address table management operations like addition and removal of addresses; and) aging.
Backpressure Backpressure algorithm When less then 166 byte transfer of RX_FIFO are free and the remote node is unable to use the BFcEP's flow control data transfer scheme) the BREP port enters backpressure mode.
The backpresslue idea is to deliberately generate a carrier activity on the physical Iink in order to delay additional Rz packets.
The BREP implements two different algorithms for backpressuring the physical link-.
1. B P using special B P packet 2. Colliding on every received packet SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 2B) The two BP modes are exclusive.
If the first mode is enabled, if a BREP port has a TX packet or pan of it loaded in the TX
FIFO, this packet is used for backpressuring. Otherwise, if the TX FIFO is empty) the BREP
generates a special BP packet) whose format is detailed in section 4.5.2 and uses this packet for backpressuring.
If a collision happens while the BREP port backpressures , the BREP port defers, waits for the minimal IPG (0.96 :sec) and retries transmission. However, during the whole backpressure process, the BREP port maintains a backoff limit of 0. This ensures that the remote node delays the successful transmission it is trying to achieve.
While a port is transmitting BP packets) a TX packet may be loaded into the port. In this case, the port should start backpressuring with this TX packet instead of a B
P packet as soon as possible. Tne port therefore strips the currently transmitted EP packet (pct not less than 64 bytes)) and appends a valid CRC. The BREP port then continues backpressuring with the loaded TX packet.
After this packet has been transmitted) the BREP port will resume backpressuring with BP
packets, unless an additional packet is ready for transmission.
When the BREP port exits the backpressure mode, it resumes nominal backoff.
The only SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) digression from the Ethemet algorithm is that the maeimum backoff limit is a programmable value instead of 10. If the BREP port exits backpressure mode while transmitting a B P packet, it stops the B P packet transmission as soon as possible (packet length >= 64 Bytes ), closes it with a good CRC, and resumes notinal operation.

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) The following Table 8 and Table 9 detail the BREP behaviors, depending on the FIFOs status Local BREP Local BREP Behavior Description R~ FIFO Tx FIFO
Full Empty Local BREP backpressures remote node with BP packets.
backoff limit = 0 Empty Full Local BREP transmits the loaded packet according to binary exponential backoff rules.
F~ Full Local BREP transmits the loaded packet with backoff limit = 0 Table 8, backpressure behavior using special backpressure packets.

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) WO 98r31126 PGT/US98/00079 The following Table 9 summarizes the BREP port behavior if the second BP mode (colliding on every received packet) is enabled.
Current Next State Condition for Transition Operation Executed while State Entering New State IDLE 1 BP_Llode AND (TX_FIFO is Collide with incoming packet by empty) AV'D (packet is being transmitting a JAM pattern of 96 received) bit length IDLE 2 BP Mode A~~FD (TX_FIFO is not Transmits loaded packet with empty) backoff limit = 0 1 lf7LE Transmission of JAM pattern completed mLE Complete loaded packet transmission Table 9) Port behavior under the condition of collide on every receive packet back pressure mode.
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) BP packet format Destination Address =Programmable value (As programmed in DAI [I], DA2[i]
registers) -Source Address = My_Source_ Address ( As programmed in SAl [I]. SA2(i]
registers Type = BP (programmable value) 64 < Length < 1518 bytes BP packet filtering BP packets contain no real information. They are used only to keep the media busy.
Therefore, a BREP port receiving such packets from a ttmote BREP port filters them out, and does not broadcast them to its peer ports. The packet filtering is done based on the BP packet type field.
Flow Control In order to improve the overall system performance, a BREP port uses a unique flow control mechanism whenever its remote node is able to use the same flow control.
The BREP's flow control scheme is a "credit based" scheme. Credits are sent in a special legal 64 byte flow control packet. Flow conuol packets are exchanged between two flow SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) control capable devices co~gured in Point-to-Point link.. These packets contain credit information reflecting the available buffer space in bytes at the receiver's FIFO. Upon receiving a _ new legal credit packet from the remote node) the local receiver extracts the credit information.
and updates the transmitting machine credit count.
The sender keeps the remote receiver credit value in its "byte count" counter.
The sender is allowed to transmit a new packet when either:
Its byte -count value is greater then 1608 bytes; or) It stores a complete packet with total length less then its byte_ count value.
The sender decrements its Byte Count for every byte it sends. The sender updates its byte count when a valid credit packet is received from the remote node. A
valid credit packet is a packet which format is described below in the section " Flow Control Packet Format") with a correct FCS.
The receiver traces the remote sender Byte Count in order to determine when to generate and transmit a new credit packet. In order to track the remote sender Byte_Count, the receiver holds two cotmters:
Actual 1tX_FIFO size counter: reflects the actual available receive FIFO. It is decremented for every byte received) and incremented for every byte taken out;
Value_ sent counter. traces the remote sender byte_ count. The value_ sent counter is SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) loaded with the updated (RX_FIFO size counter - FCTL _ Delay) value which is the credit information sent to the remote transmitter) and it is decremented for each byte received and stored in the RX-FIFO.
Where FCTL-Delay takes into account the following delays:
Round trip delay;
Flow control packet transmission delay (flow control packet length);
Sender and remote receiver processing time; and) Internal margin taken due to RX-FIFO operation.
The receiver generates new credit packets in the following cases:
(value sent counter < 1664 bytes) AND (( FIFO size counter - FC'I'L_Delay) >
3K bytes) or a 0.335 second has passed since the last credit packet was transmitted) or during identification process as described below in the section "Remote Node Flow Control Identification".
The generated credit packet has priority in transmission over loaded TX
packets.
In addition, the receiver while working in full duplex flow control, FDX FCTL) mode sends credit packets when its TX_FIFO is empty or unable to send its loaded packets and (FIFO size ?8 SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) counter - FCTL_DELAY) > value sent counter.
When the BREP port receives a flow control packet from a remote node, it extracts its credit information. The BREP port then filters out these packets and does not broadcast them onto the segment bus to its peer pons.
Turning now to Fig. 15, there are illustrated the relationships between the flow control counters. BREP purl 1 1502 transmits packets to BREP port 2 1504 under the control of "flow control". BREP part 1 1502 may be in an end station, may be in a SREP
repeater) or may be in any apparatus which has ports implementing the BREP port flow control protocol. Credits are sent in "flow control packet" 1506 from the receiving port 1504 to the transmitting port 1502 in order to limit the number of packets sent to the receiving port 1504. The receive FIFO 1508 of receiving port 1504) receives packets from the transmit FIFO 1510 of transmitting port 1502) and also the r~cei~e F r0 1508 is drained by broadcast of the packets it receives onto the segment bus 1512 of the receiving SREP repeater 1516.
The value sent block 1520 keeps track of the size of the receive FIFO 1508, the number of bytes contained in receive FIFO 1508, the number of bytes authorized in previously sent credit packets 1506) and the number of bytes received from the transmit FIFO 1510 in order to determine when another "flow control packet" 1506 can be sent to the transmitting port 1502.
When value sent block 1504 determines that another "flow control packet" 1506 can be sent with SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) an authorization for transmit FIFO 1 S 10 to send a determined number of bytes to receive FIFO
1508, then a "flow control packet" 1506 is sent from the receiving port 1504 to the transmitting port 1502. The determined number of bytes which can be sent by transmit FIFO
1510 is included -in "flow control packet" 1506 in an information field) Credit-Value-Sent. The format of a "flow control packet" is given in the following table.
Flow Control Packet Format Destination Address 6 bytes Source Address 6 bytes Type 1 word OpCode 1 word Credit-Value Sent I word Padding 42 bytes FCS 4 bytes The Flow Control Packet has a length of 64 bytes, and so the padding is set at 42 bytes to make up this packet Length.
The fields of the flow control packet are defined as follows:
Destination Address = Programmable value SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) WO 98131126 PGT/US98/~t179 Source Address = My_Source_Address (Programmable value) Type: Programmable value OpCode: Programmable value Credit-Value-sent: In bytes Remote Node Flow Control Identification The Flow control initialization process is controlled by the management unit.
The flow control auto detection idea is to check if the remote node is able to perform the BREP's flow control scheme.
The Media Independent Interface, MII) is described in Standard 802.3u 1995, at section 22 and beginning at page 37.
The Media Independent Interface for 100 BASE-T4 standard, MII-T4) is discussed at Standard 802.3u 1995, at section 23 and beginning at page 81.
The Media Independent Interface for 100 BASE-TX standard) MII-TX) is discussed at Standard 802.3u 1995, at section 2:~ arid beginning at page 157, and at section 25 beginning at page 193.

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) IVWay capability of a port is defined in IEEE Standard 802.3u Chapter 28) beginning at page 235) as an auto-negotiation protocol. iVWay functionality enables two nodes connected at both ends of a link (point-to-point connection) to exchange information between them and to execute an auto-configuration algorithm.
The BRED port requires from its PHY device the following capabilities:
NffI TX PHY:
NWay capabilities FDX, FCTL support Manageable through II interface.
MII T4 PHY:
NWay capabilities;
FCTL support Manageable through MII interface.
TX Symbol PHY:
FDX support.
When the BREP port identifies that it is connected to a local Media Independent Interface physical interface, MII PHY, it tries to identify if its remote node is NWay capable, and its type SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) 1 ' ; .
either "TX" or "T4 PHY".
When the remote node is V'W ay supported) the management unit finds out, through the auto-configuration process, about the remote node FCTL capabilities. When the remote node reports that it is capable to perform FCTL) the management unit sets the BREP's mode of operation either to full duplex flow control FDX FCTL) or to half duplex flow control HDX
FC1"L. The management unit then instructs the BREP to perform flow control auto-detection..
If the remote node does not support the BREP's flow control scheme, the B REP
port notifies the management unit and the BREP port halts its flow control initialization process When the management unit detects FCTL failure) the management unit re-establishes the Iink as half duplex) HDX, when the BREP port is initialized to work in BREP-client mode of oFeration (BREP uses the BP scheme).
Turning now to Fig. 16) there is shown a flow chart giving the steps required to identify the remote node capabilities) in the case that the local PHY device is MII T4 PHY. ?~t block 1602 the management code in the BREP chip or the SREP repeater tests to deterrnine if the remote port is a T4 port, and if not the system goes to block 1604 where the system indicates that is cannot work with the remote port.

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) In the event that the remote port is T4) then the system goes to block 1606.
At block 1606 it is determined whether the port is requested to set up a flow control session. In the event that the answer is "yes") the system goes to block 1610. In the event that the answer is "no" the system goes to block 1612. B lock 1612 is discussed further herein-below.
The functions of blocks 1602) 1604, and 1606 are operated by management code.
The functions indicated in blocks 1610) 1620, 1622, 1630, and 1644 are operated by logic within the BREP chip.
At block 1610 the port periodically transmits flow control packets. The periodic transmission uses a convenient time period, indicated by TBD slots. At block 1620 the port tests in order to determine if it has received any BREP flow control packets. If the answer is "yes" that the port has received a BREP flow control packet, then the system goes to block 1622 where the port sets up a half duplex flow control session with the remote port. Also, at block 1622 the HDX FCTL mode is entered, and the flag FCTL_On is set.
In the event that block 1620 does not detect a BREP chip flow control packet, the system goes to block.1630. At block 1630 the system tests whether or not a packet which is a not a BREP flow control packet was received. In the event that no non-flow control packet was received) the system returns to block 1610. In the event that a non-flow control packet was received) then the system goes to block 1612.

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) Functions within block 1612) indicated by dashed lines, are operated by management code.
At block 1612 the system enters block 1640. St block 1640 the management code initializes the - BREP port, and then the system goes to block 1642. At block 1642 the management unit establishes a session without flow control with the remote port. The system then goes to block 1644 where a BREP port session with a client port is established without flow control.
Turning now to Fig. I7, there is shown a flow chart giving the steps required to identify the remote port capabilities, in the case that the local PHY device is I~iII
TX FDX PHY. At block 17.02 the BREP chip port interrogates the remote port in order to determine if the remote port is IVWay capable. In the event that the remote port is not NWay capable) the system goes to block 1704, where the system then goes to the process, of Fig. 18. In the event that the remote port is NWay capable) then the system goes to block 1706.
The functions of blocks 1702) 1704, 1706) and 1710 are operated by management code.
In contrast, the functions of blocks 1714) 1716) 1720) 1722, and 1734 are operated by logic in the BREP chip.
At block 1706 the remote port is interrogated in order to determine if it is TX capable. In the event that the remote port is not TX capable, then the system goes to block 1708 where it is determined that the remote node cannot work with the BREP chip port. In the event that block 1706 determines that the remote port is TX capable, the system goes to block 1710.
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 2B) .At block 1710 the BREP there is a detetrnination as to whether it is desired to set up the port as a flow control (FCTL) session or as a full duplex (FDX) session. In the event that the answer is "no", the system goes to block 1712. Block 1712 will be further discussed hereinbelow.
In the event that block 1710 answers "yes" that flow control or full duplex is desired, then the system goes to block 1714. At block 1714 the BREP port periodically transmits flow control packets, indicated as FCTL packets. The periodicity is, a packet is transmitted every TB D time slots. After transmission of a packet, the system goes to block 1716.
At block 1716 the system tests in order to determine if a BREP port flow control packet has been received. In the event that a BREP chip flow control packet has been received, the system goes to block 1720.
At block 1720 the port sets up and enters a full duplex session with flow control. Also) the port enters the FDX FC'i'L_mode, and the FCTL._On flag is set.
In the event that block 1716 does not find that a flow control packet has been received, the system goes to block 1722. At block 1722 it is tested to determine whether or not a packet which is not a flow control packet has,been received. In the event that no such non-flow control packet has been received, the system returns to block 1714. In the event that a non-flow control .
packet was in fact received) then the system goes to block 1712.

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) WO 98/31126 PCT/US9t1/00079 The functions of block 1712, which is indicated by dashed lines) are executed by management code. At block 1712 the system goes to block 1730. At block 1730 the system - creates a half duplex link with the remote port) and without the use of flow control. From block 1730 the system goes to block 1732. At block 1732 the system initiates the port by management action. The system then goes to block 1734.
At block 1734 the BREP chip establishes a session with the remote port as a half duplex connection without flow control.
Turning now to Fig. 18, there is shown a flow chart giving the steps required to identify the remote node capabilities, in case the local PHY device is TX Symbol interface, or the remote node is not NWay capable.
In case the local PHY device has Symbol interface (T'X FDX capable), or the remote node is not NWay capable, the BREP port sends flow control packets, preceded by seven bytes of Preamble pattern:

followed by an SFZ pattern. The SFZ pattern is a special Start Frame Delimiter with a final Zero pattern:
10101000.
The SFZ pattern indicates the start of detection of frames which are the BREP
port's flow control SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) packets.
When a BREP node receives a packet with an SFZ pattern from its remote node during link initialization process) the BREP node thereby determines that its remote node is FDX flow control capable and moves to FCTL FDX packet ezchange protocol.
TuminQ again to Fig. 18) the BREP node begins initiation at block 1802. At block 1802, the mode is set to "no scrambler lock", and the system goes to block 1804. At block 1804 the BREP chip port sends an idle stream to the remote port. At block 1806 the port tests whether the symbol link and the scrambler are locked to an idle stream coming from the remote port) and in the event that they are the system moves to block 1806. In the event that the symbol link and the scrambler are not locked to an idle stream, the system returns to block 1804 and continues sending an idle stream.
At block 1806) the system sets "scrambler locked") and the system goes to block 1808.
At block 1808 the management code sets a non-NWay flag, and also sets a timer, the T D timer. The system then goes to block 1810.
At block 1810 the system periodically sends a SFZ packet. The periodicity is to send a packet once every TBD time slots. From block 1810 the system goes to block 1812.

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) At block 1812 the system tests in order to determine if an SFZ packet has been received. In the event that no SFZ packet has been received, the system returns to block 1810 and sends an SFZ packet. In the event that an SFZ packet has been received, the system goes to block 1814.
Receiving a SFZ packet with an ACK indication by the local node means that the remote node has received and identified a SFZ packet. The Iocal node then "knows"
that its partner is a buffered repeater chip, a BREP chip. In case the credit value in the received ACK packet is not zero, the packet is treated as an SFZ packet with an ACK indication.
Alternatively) in case the credit value in the received SFZ packet is zero) the packet is treated as having no ACK indication. Receiving a SFZ packet with no ACK
indication means that the remote node did not detect or receive a SFZ packet before transmitting the packet received by the local node.
At block 1814 the system tests in order to deterniine if an ACK acknowledgment packet has been received. In the event that an ACK packet has been received) the system goes to block 1816. At block 1816 a flag FCTL_On is set.
In the event that block 1814 answers "no" that no ACK has been received, the system goes to block 1818. At this point the local node has identified the remote node as a BREP chip SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) node) but the remote node has not indicated chat it recognizes the local node as a BREP chip node. Accordingly) at block 1818 the local node sends an SFZ packet with an ACK) where the packet is a flow control packet) preceded by an SFZ pattern, and with credit value sent !='0'.
The system then goes to block 1820.
At block 1820 a test is done to determine if three SFZ packets have been sent.
In the event that they have not been sent, the system goes to block 18 ~2. In the event that three SFZ
packets have been sent, the system goes to block I8I6 where the FCTL On flag is set.
At block 1822 a test is done to determine if a SFZ packet with an ACK was received. In the event that the test answers "yes" that a SFZ packet with an ACK was received, the system goes to block 1816. Fn the event that the test answers "no" that no such packet was received) the system returns to block 1818. At block 1816 the flag FCTL On is set, to indicate that flow control with the remote port is possible.
From block 1816 the system goes to block 1830. At block 1830) management code executes the functions of blocks 1832) 1834, 1835. At block 1832 it is determined whether or not the Local physical device is a symbol interface. If the local physical device is a symbol interface) the system goes to block 1835 where the management code sets the mode to full duplex. In the event that the local physical device is not a symbol interface, the system goes to block 1834 where the management code initiates the physical device as non-flow control and half duplex.
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) After exiting block 1835, the system goes to block 1840. At block 1840 the hardware of the BREP chip periodically tests in order to determine if full duplex mode has been set "on". In the event that FDX mode is set' the system goes to block 1842. At block 1842 the register Byte Count is cleared. The system then goes to block 1844.
At block 1844 the port sends flow control packets to the remote port with the credit value set to actual value sent. The system then goes to block 1846 At block 1846 the system tests to determine if a flow control packet has been received. In the event that none have been received, the system returns to block 1844. In the event that a flow control packet has been received) the system goes to block 1848.
At block 1848 the system transmits a flow control packet) FCTL, with the credit set to actual value sent. The system then goes to block 1850. At block 1850 the register on brep_id is cleared. The system then goes to block 1852.
At block 1852 the system establishes a full duplex connection with flow control.
'fuming now to Fig. 19, there is shown a flow diagram for management code flow to identify remote node capabilities in case the local physical, PHY, device is a symbol interface PHY) or the remote node is not NWay capable. At block 1902 it is determined that the local SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) physical device is a symbol interface, and at block 1904 it is determined that the local physical device is a MII interface and the remote node port physical device is not lVWay capable. From both block 1902 or block 1904 the system goes to block 1906.
At block 1906 a test of whether or not the scrambler is locked is performed, and in the event that it is not, the system returns along path 1908 to repeat the test.
In the event that the scrambler is locked, the system goes to block 1910.
At block 1910 the flag non-NWAY is set. Also the timer T_D is set. The system then goes to block 1912.
At block 1912 the flag FC"I'L,_On is tested. In the event that the flag is not set, the system goes to block 1914. At block 1914 the T D timer expiration is tested. In the event that the timer is expired) the system goes to block 1916. At block 1916 the BREP client connection is set to half duplex without flow control., In the event that the T D timer has not expired) the system returns to block 1912 to again test the flag FCTL_On. In the event that block 1912 determines that the flag FCTL On is set, the system goes to block 1920.
At block 1920 the local physical device is tested to determine if it is a symbol interface device. In the event that the local physical device is not a symbol interface device, the system goes to block 1922. At block 1922 the BREP client connection is set to half duplex without flow SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) WO 98r311Z6 PCT/US98/00079 control. In the event that at block 1920 it is determined that the local physical device is a symbol interface, the system goes to block 1924.
At block 1924 the local port is set to full duplex mode with flow control.
Note) in Fig. 18 and Fig. 19) the abbreviations used include: SFZ packet is a flow control packet) FCTL packet, with credit value sent = '0', and is preceded by a SFZ
pattern; and the a SFZ packet with ACK is a flow control packet, FCTL packet, with credit value sent !_ '0', and also preceded by a SFZ pattern.

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) WO 98/31126 . PCT/ITS98/00079 Table 10) following) gives the BREP flow control identification process when NW AY

detection is supported by both local and remote PHY devices:

Current Next Condition for Operation executed while entering the new state State State Transition X 1 Enable FCTK Reset Byte_Count detection process Repeat Transmitting FC'TI. packets with credit value sent = 0 When working in HDX) transmit according to backoff roles FCTL On = 1 FCT'L_id_Fail = 0 1 2 Receive FCTL Transmit FCTL packet with actual length packet Resume normal operation using flow control data transfer mechanism FCTL On = 1 FCTL id Fail = 0 3 Receive non-FCTL FCTL id Fail = 1 _ _ packet Do not broadcast received packets Wait for management initialization Table 10: Flow control identificationwhen NWAY is supported process SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) WO 98/31126 PCT/US98l000'f9 After Link Failed event is detected, the management unit, is responsible to re-initialize the BREP port to create a new link without FCTL. When management unit detects FCTL_id Fail identification) it should recreate the link without FCTL (BREP-Client mode of operation).
Force FCTL Mode The BREP chip provides the ability to manual configure the link to either full duplex flow control FDXFCTL) or half duplex flow control HDXFC'TL, using the Force_FCTL
control bit.
When FCTL manual configuration is used, the user must assure than both local and remote node use the same FCTL. algorithm, otherwise) the behavior of the BREP port is unpredictable and may lead to system failure.
When the B REP port is initialized to work in Force_FCTL mode, it continuously sends FC'TL packets with actual Credit value_sent value, until it receives the first valid FCTL packet.
It then transmits one more FC'TL packet with actual Credit value_sent value and moves to FCTL
mode of operation.
Arbitration Basic arbitration algorithm SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) WO 98131126 PC'1'/I1S98~00079 The arbitration mechanism is the means for detemzirting which of the pons, in which of the cascaded BREP chips) is granted the nezt opportunity to broadcast its received packet on a segment bus. A valid arbitration scheme must both avoid deadlocks and allow the system designer to allocate the adequate priority to each of the Fast Ethernet pons connected to the boz.
There is no on-chip restriction to the arbitration scheme.
The hooks provided to the arbiter logic are the following:
ARB-ENA Output from the arbiter entity. The BREP drives REQ[3:0]) TX_FIFO RDY[3:0] and COL SEEN[3:0] when ARB ENA is asserted and tristates them otherwise.
TX-FIFO-RDY[iJ Indicates that port[i] is able to load a new packet for transmission (either because its FIFO is empty, or it has passed the collision windows for the currently transmitted packet). Driven only when ARB ENA is asserted, otherwise it is tristated.
~Q[i] Port[i]'s dedicated request) asserted when it is able to broadcast a received packet. Driven only when ARB ENA is asserted) otherwise it is tristated.
COL SEEN(i] When set, indicates that port[i] has ezperienced a collision during a SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) wo 9sr~m rcr~s~srooo~9 transmission attempt and the port's REQ line is deasserted. Driven only when AR.B-ENA is assessed, otherwise it is tristated.
GNT[i ] Port[i]'s dedicated grant) asserted by the arbiter to notify port[i]
that it now owns the PDATA[i], CNTL[i] and STR.B[i] lines, and may broadcast a received packet.
The REQ[i]) TX_FIFO RDY[i], and COL-SEEN[i] lines may be multiplexed between several connected BREP devices to lower the number of pins in the arbiter entity. In this case, each BREP's ARB-ENA is used to select one specific BREP's arbitration signals.
The GNT[3:0]
signals are not multiplexed.
The basic arbitration scheme comprises two rules:
1. If port[i] is the only one in the system asserting REQj1] while its TX_ FTFO_ RDY[i] is deasserted) while all other port's TX_FIFO_R.DY signals are asserted) the arbiter grants it the broadcasting opportunity by asserting GNT[i]. Port[i] is the only port unable to load a packet, but a port does not need to load a packet broadcasted by itself.
Otherwise) 2. If all the system's TX_FIFO RDYs are asserted, the arbiter grants the next port in turn which has its REQ asserted.

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 28) wo ~m rcr~s9siooo~9 In any case) the arbiter should not grant a port unless all other port's TX
FIFO RDY signals are asserted.
The deassertion of a GNT signal, and the assertion of the neat GNT signal) should occur one cycle (80nsec) after the DATA[i] and CNTL[i] Lines return to Idle after a packet broadcast.
In case the CNTL[i] lines remain in Idle state for 5 cycles (400nsec) or CNTL[i) Iines remain in Idle state and REQ line is deasserted, after Arbiter has asserted the port's G~'T[i] line, the Arbiter deasserts the port's GNT[i] line and grants the next port in tum which has its REQ
asserted.
Although this arbitration mechanism prevents arbitration deadlocks, it does not guarantee absolute fairness between all ports in the system.
Time of Assertion of the TX-FIFO-RDY[i] Signal A plurality of ports are connected to the arbiter. The arbiter asserts a GNT[i] signal for a port to begin broadcasting a data packet onto a segment bus only after all of the other ports I
have asserted TX-FIFO-RDY[i] signal to indicate that they are ready to accept the packet.
The transmit FIFO ready signal) TX-FIFO-RDY[i], is asserted by a port to signal the SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) _-___.._..____~

wo ~m rcTicrs9srooo~9 arbiter that the transmit FIFO is ready to accept the next data packet. The time that the TX-FIFO-RDY[i] signal is asserted is chosen to rnir>uriize delay between the broadcast of packets onto the segment bus. For example, a FIFO of a port which is currently transmitting may begin to accept a new packet after the transmission time has passed the collision window. By transmission time is meant the time measured from the start of transmission. And the collision window is the length of time during which a collision may occur) also measured from the start of transmission.
The collision window is given by the IEEE 802.3 Standard as a fi.~ed value of 512 bit times.
Therefore) for a 10 megabit per second Ethemet the collision window is 51.2 microseconds; and for a 100 megabit per second Ethemet the collision window is 5.12 microseconds. The collision window value is set by the standard on the basis of the topology of the Ethernet collision domains connected to the various ports, the length of the cables connected to the ports, the transmission rate) etc. It is necessary to keep the data in the FIFO intact until the transmission time passes the collision window so that a re-transmission can be done in the event that a collision occurs. After the transmission time passes the collision window) the standard does not require a retransmission in the event that a late collision occurs.. Accordingly, the TX-FIFO-1RDY[i]
signal is asserted as soon as the transmission time passes the collision window.
Taming now to Fig. 20, there is shown a timing diagram of the operation of a typical port. Line 2002 indicates the start of transmission of the typical port. Line 2004 indicates the end of the collision window. Line 2006 indicates the time that the signal TX-FIFO-1ZDY[i] is asserted by the port. The delay between the end of the collision window and the assertion of the TX-SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) WO 98/31126 PCT/US98/~079 FIFO-RDY[i] signal may be chosen, for example, as a convenient number of clock cycles. ~, decay of one clock cycle has been found to be satisfactory.
Line 2008 indicates the start of broadcast of the next data packet onto the segment bus by a port, say port j) which has received the next grant signal GNT(j]. Port j then begins to broadcast the packet in its receive FIFO buffer onto the segment bus. Line 2010 indicates the end of transmission of port I onto its Ethernet collision domain. During the time between the two events indicated by the event of line 2008, the beginning of broadcast of the next packet onto the segment bus by port j ) and the event of line 2010) the end of transmission of port I onto its Ethernet collision domain) the transmit FIFO buffer of port I is both emptying by the transmission of its former contents onto the Ethemet collision domain and filling from the next packet being broadcast onto the segment bus by port j. 'Ibis concurrent filling and emptying of the transmit FIFO buffer is satisfactory because the collision window passes before filling of the transmit FIFO
buffer by the new data packet begins, and the currently transmitting data is not needed because the transmit time has passed the collision window. And in the event that a collision occurs after the transmit time passes the collision window, then there is no requirement that the repeater retransmit the data packet.
Arbitration in Segmented Network Each segmented network should have its own arbitrator. The management unit should SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) notify each arbiter logic about the ports which are grouped in its segment. It should dynamically update the arbiter logic in case a port is added or removed from the segment.
The management updates the arbiter logic using a dedicated Control Register which should hold the port numbers that are pan of the arbiter network segment.
In case a port is added or removed from a segment, the arbiter should sample or i gnore the port's TX_FIFO RDY and REQ signals, and drive or- uistate the port's GNT
signal respectively.
The BREP's ARB ENA signal should be set to "1" whenever its ports are connected to different segments. This setting is required since its arbitration signals (REQ) TX_FIFO RDY) can not be multiplexed between several BREP devices while performing segmentation.
Capture effect avoidance The basic arbitration scheme, however) could lead into a state, where an aggressive or lucky node causes the BREP port connected to it to win many consecutive arbitrations, in the event that its TX_FIFO remains full. Remote nodes connected to the other BREP
ports are likely to suffer from collisions) including backoff to higher backoff limit values, and therefore further reduce their chances to successfully transmit at their next attempt. This state is an extension of the symptom known as capture effect in Ethemet networks, and this state may lead to some network performance degradation.

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) One way to avoid such a scenario is to have the arbiter entity maintain a "consecutive GNTs counter". The arbiter increments this counter at each consecutive GNT
assertion for the same BREP port, and resets it whenever another port's GNT is asserted.
Whenever a consecutive GNT_cntr[i] reaches a predefined threshold and another port's COL _ SEEN[i], or REQ[i] signal assertion is detected) the arbiter stops asserting GNT[i] for a period of N (programmable value) slot times. At the end of this period) the arbiter resets the consecutive GNT_cntr and resumes normal operation.
If consecutive GNT_cntr[i] reaches its predefined threshold and no other port's COL SEEN[i] signal assertion is detected, the Arbiter continues to GNT the requested port until either another port's COL SEEN[i] signal is asserted, or the granted port deasserts its REQ
signal.
This mechanism increases the chance that stations connected to other BREP
ports are able to transmit their packets even when an aggressive or lucky node exists in the system.
Network Interface Each BREP's port implements the ivla/SYM port signals to support the following operating modes:

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) wo ~ma,6 rc~r~s9sioom9 lOMbps or 100Mbps MII interface mode. In this mode the BREP port can be used with ~Y ~ PHY device that implements the lOBaseT, or 100BaseT PHY. In order to benefit from BREP port unique features and improve the overall system perfom~ance, the I~TII PHY device should implement the following features: NWAY physical layer Iink signaling auto-negotiation; Support for full duplex connection for Category 5 LJTP, or STP PHY devices.
100BaseTX symbol interface mode. Each BREP port implements certain functions of the PCS for UTP CATS PMD. The reserve symbols are 5 bits wide and are transferred over the mil cs_rtd<3:0>/sym_rxd<3:0> and mil-clst>lsym_rcd<4> Iines. The transmit symbols are also 5 bits wide and are transferred over the mii_cs ttd<3:0>/sym_ad<3:0>
and mii_txen/sym tad<4> Iines. The functions included are the following.:
4/5-bit encoding and decoding;
Start of stream delimiter (SSD) and end-of-stream delimiter (ESD) detection and generation;
Bit alignment;
Carrier detect;
Collision detect;
Symbol error detection;
False carrier detection;
Scrambling and de-scrambling; and, SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) WO 98/31126 PCT/US98/000'19 Link timer.
Connecting mixed data rate ports to the same segment may lead to improper BREP
port behavior and therefore to data corruption.
Hardware and Software Reset The BREP responds to two types of reset commands A reset through the RST pin A port software reset command triggered by setting the SWR<#> register.
The RST pin should be connected to all the system devices (Includes the PHY
devices).
When RST reset is performed, all ongoing transmission and reception processes in all ports are aborted. All the BREP's registers and state machines are reset to their default value and should be re-initialized by the management code. The port's receive and transmit processes are placed in the STOPPED state. Successive reset commands (hardware, or software) may be issued. The Reset sequence is completed, for ezample) only 16 cycles after the deassertion of the RST pin.
Software reset enables the user to perform selective port reset. The Software reset command takes place only if the port's parallel interface is either. in Idle, or Loading a packet from the parallel interface. If the port is broadcasting data and the management unit issues a SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) WO 98!31126 PCT/US98/00079 software reset, the reset operation is delayed until the parallel interface is in Idle state.
When the software reset is performed the poti s transmission and reception processes are aborted. The port's registers and state machines are reset to their default values and the receive and transmit processes are placed in the STOPPED state. Note: When a port is reset (either S W, or HW), the port's PHY device should be reset as well) in order to create Link_Failed detection at the port's remote node.

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 2B)

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A switch to transfer data packets between a plurality of Ethernet collision domains, comprising:
a plurality of ports, each port of said plurality of ports connected to an Ethernet collision domain of said plurality of Ethernet collision domains;
a bus interconnecting said plurality of ports;
means for a first port of said plurality of ports to receive a data packet from the Ethernet collision domain connected thereto, and for said first port to write a destination address from a destination address field of said packet to said bus;
means for a second port of said plurality of ports connected to said bus to compare said destination address from said data packet with a contents of a register;
means, in response to said destination address matching said contents of said register, for said second port to assert a packet abort signal, said packet abort signal connected to at least some of said plurality of ports;
means, in response to assertion of said packet abort signal, for ports of said plurality of ports to ignore said data packet when it is written to said bus, whereby said second port is the only port which receives said packet from said bus for transmission onto an Ethernet collision domain.

2. The switch as in claim 1 further comprising:
means for said second port to maintain a valid bit in association with said register, said valid bit being either set or clear;
means for placing said valid bit in said set condition in response to receipt of a valid data packet from an Ethernet collision domain connected to said second port;
means for placing said valid bit in said clear condition upon expiration of a predetermined time interval, said predetermined time interval measured from a time of receipt of said data packet;
means, responsive to said valid bit being in said set condition, for asserting said packet abort signal.

3. The switch as in claim 2 further comprising:

means, responsive to said valid bit being in said clear position, for preventing assertion of said packet abort signal.

4. The switch as in claim 2 further comprising:
means for maintaining a flood bit, said flood bit having a set condition and a clear condition, said clear condition indicating that only one workstation is connected to said second port;
means, responsive to receipt by said second port of a data packet from said Ethernet collision domain connected thereto and having a destination address which does match said contents of said register AND for said valid bit being in said set condition, for placing said flood bit in said clear condition, whereby an indication that only one workstation is connected to said second port is generated.

5. A method of operating a switch to transfer data packets between a plurality of Ethernet collision domains, said switch having a plurality of ports, each port of said plurality of ports connected to an Ethernet collision domain of said plurality of Ethernet collision domains, said switch having a bus interconnecting said plurality of ports, comprising:

receiving a data packet by a first port of said plurality of ports from the Ethernet collision domain connected thereto;
writing a destination address from a destination address field of said packet to said bus by said first port;
comparing, by a second port of said plurality of ports connected to said bus, said destination address from said data packet with a contents of a register;
asserting a packet abort signal by said second port in response to said destination address matching said contents of said register, said packet abort signal connected to at least some of said plurality of ports;
ignoring said data packet when it is written to said bus, in response to assertion of said packet abort signal, by ports of said plurality of ports, whereby said second port is the only port which receives said packet from said bus for transmission onto an Ethernet collision domain.