CA2259941C - Manufacturing process for 6-aminocapronitrile - Google Patents
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Abstract
Manufacture of 6-aminocapronitrile or 6-aminocapronitrile/hexamethylene diamine mixtures, involving a) the reaction of at least one pentennitrile, selected from the group consisting of 2,3 and 4-pentennitrile with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of catalysts, which contain at least one element of the eighth subgroup as active components, obtaining a hydrogenation formylating discharge (I), b) the optional separation of carbon monoxide, hydrogen and the catalyst fro m the hydrogenation formylating discharge (I), obtaining a hydrogenation formylating discharge (II), c) the separation of 5-formyl valeronitrile from the hydrogenation formylating discharge (I) or (II), d) the reaction of separated 5-formyl valeronitrile with ammonia and hydrogen in the presence of hydrogenating catalysts, selected from the group consisting of rhenium, copper and its compounds as well as metals and metallic compounds of the eighth group, obtaining a hydrogenation discharge, and e) obtaining 6-aminocapronitrile and if necessary hexamethylene diamine.
Description
"MANUFACTURING PROCESS FOR 6-AMINOCAPRONITRILE"
The present invention relates to a process for preparing 6-amino-capronitrile or 6-aminocapronitrile-hexamethylenediamine mixtures.
EP-A 11401 describes the reaction of 3-pentenenitrile with carbon monoxide and hydrogen under superatmospheric pressure in the presence of a cobalt catalyst to obtain a mixture of isomeric formylvaleronitriles and the corresponding alcohols obtained from the aldehydes. The cited reference further describes the reduc-tive amination of b-cyanovaleraldehyde to hexamethylenediamine.
According to Example 4 of the cited reference, a 60~ S-cyano-valeraldehyde mixture was reacted with ammonia and hydrogen at 100°C and a hydrogen pressure of 140 bar in the presence of Raney nickel for two hours, but the conversion (based on the b compound) was only 25$. The low conversion shows that the reductive amina-tion of an aldehyde group and the hydrogenation of a nitrile group in one and the same molecule, to a diamine, constitutes a difficult hydrogenation problem. Furthermore, the formation of 6-aminocapronitrile is not described. Moreover, the stream factor of the catalyst used is unsatisfactory for industrial utiliza-tion.
US-A 2,777,873 discloses reductively aminating 5-formylvaleric esters with ammonia and hydrogen in the presence of nickel, cobalt, iron, platinum or palladium catalysts at from 100 to 160°C
and pressures from 1 bas 1000 atmospheres to obtain 6-amino-caproic esters. EP-A 376 121 also describes this reaction for ruthenium catalysts, at temperatures within the range from 80 to 140°C and pressures within the range from 40 to 1000 bar.
According to US-A 3,461,167 (column 3, lines 66 to 74), cobalt, copper and rhenium catalysts are suitable for hydrogenation of adiponitrile to hexamethylenediamine in the presence of ammonia.
The preferred conditions are 70-170°C and 300-7000 psi. According to US-A 3,471,563, this reaction can also be carried out with ruthenium catalysts.
EP-A 214 622 mentions the hydroformylation of 3-butenenitrile in the presence of rhodium/chelate phosphate catalysts in the description.
WO 94/26688 describes a process comprising (a) isomerizing internal substituted olefins to terminal olefins, (b) preferentially hydroformylating the terminal olefins in the presence of the internal olefins, (c) removing the hydroformulation products, and (d) recycling the internal olefins into the isomerization.
Claim 3 of WO 94/26688 is directed to nitrilic olefins.'The hydroformylation catalysts used are rhodium-triphenylphosphine systems in which the triphenylphosphine is rendered soluble in water by suitable functional groups.
The present invention relates to a process for preparing 6-amino-capronitrile or 6-aminocapronitrile-hexamethylenediamine mixtures.
EP-A 11401 describes the reaction of 3-pentenenitrile with carbon monoxide and hydrogen under superatmospheric pressure in the presence of a cobalt catalyst to obtain a mixture of isomeric formylvaleronitriles and the corresponding alcohols obtained from the aldehydes. The cited reference further describes the reduc-tive amination of b-cyanovaleraldehyde to hexamethylenediamine.
According to Example 4 of the cited reference, a 60~ S-cyano-valeraldehyde mixture was reacted with ammonia and hydrogen at 100°C and a hydrogen pressure of 140 bar in the presence of Raney nickel for two hours, but the conversion (based on the b compound) was only 25$. The low conversion shows that the reductive amina-tion of an aldehyde group and the hydrogenation of a nitrile group in one and the same molecule, to a diamine, constitutes a difficult hydrogenation problem. Furthermore, the formation of 6-aminocapronitrile is not described. Moreover, the stream factor of the catalyst used is unsatisfactory for industrial utiliza-tion.
US-A 2,777,873 discloses reductively aminating 5-formylvaleric esters with ammonia and hydrogen in the presence of nickel, cobalt, iron, platinum or palladium catalysts at from 100 to 160°C
and pressures from 1 bas 1000 atmospheres to obtain 6-amino-caproic esters. EP-A 376 121 also describes this reaction for ruthenium catalysts, at temperatures within the range from 80 to 140°C and pressures within the range from 40 to 1000 bar.
According to US-A 3,461,167 (column 3, lines 66 to 74), cobalt, copper and rhenium catalysts are suitable for hydrogenation of adiponitrile to hexamethylenediamine in the presence of ammonia.
The preferred conditions are 70-170°C and 300-7000 psi. According to US-A 3,471,563, this reaction can also be carried out with ruthenium catalysts.
EP-A 214 622 mentions the hydroformylation of 3-butenenitrile in the presence of rhodium/chelate phosphate catalysts in the description.
WO 94/26688 describes a process comprising (a) isomerizing internal substituted olefins to terminal olefins, (b) preferentially hydroformylating the terminal olefins in the presence of the internal olefins, (c) removing the hydroformulation products, and (d) recycling the internal olefins into the isomerization.
Claim 3 of WO 94/26688 is directed to nitrilic olefins.'The hydroformylation catalysts used are rhodium-triphenylphosphine systems in which the triphenylphosphine is rendered soluble in water by suitable functional groups.
3 describes the hydroformylation of internal nitrilic olefins with water-soluble platinum catalysts.
It is an object of the present invention to make available a process for preparing either 6-aminocapronitrile or a mixture of 6-aminocapronitrile and hexamethylenediamine with a very high conversion starting from 2- and/or 3- and/or 4-pentenenitrile.
More particularly, the process shall ensure long catalyst on-stream times.
We have found that this object is achieved by a process for preparing 6-aminocapronitrile or 6-aminocapronitrile/hexamethylenediamine mixture, which comprises a) reacting at least one pentenenitrile selected from the group consisting of pentenenitrile, 3-pentenenitrile and 4-pentenenitrile with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst containing at least one element of subgroup eight of the Periodic Table as active component to obtain a hydroformylation effluent f, b) optionally removing carbon monoxide, hydrogen and the cata-lyst from the hydroformylation effluent I to obtain a hydro-formylation effluent II, c) removing 5-formylvaleronitrile from said hydroformylation effluent I or II, d) reacting the removed 5-formylvaleronitrile with ammonia and hydrogen in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst selected from the group consisting of metals and metal compounds of rhenium, copper and the 2a elements of subgroup eight of the Periodic Table to obtain a hydrogenation effluent, and e) isolating 6-aminocapronitrile with or without hexamethylenediamine from the hwrlrnrrcn~tinn affli pant VV~IVI Z/ yVV
According to this invention, at least one pentenenitrile selected from the group consisting of 2-pentenenitrile, 3-pentenenitrile or 4-pentenenitrile is used, preferably 3- or 4-pentenenitrile.
3-Pentenenitrile, the most important starting material for the process, can be prepared for example by addition of hydrocyanic acid to butadiene in the presence of nickel(0)/phosphite com-plexes as catalysts (K. Weissermel, H.-J. Arpe, Industrielle organische Chemie, 4th edition, VCH Verlag Weinheim, 1994, page 268).
2-pentenenitrile and 4-pentenenitrile are obtainable for example by isomerization of 3-pentenenitrile (for example in the presence of nickel(0)/phosphate complexes and Lewis acids, see Tolman et al. in Adv. in Catal., 33 (1985), 23; or in the presence of hydroformylation catalysts under reaction conditions).
The reaction ("hydroformylation") of the pentenenitrile or pen-tenenitrile mixture is effected according to this invention with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst con-taining at least one element of subgroup eight as active compo-nent to obtain a hydroformylation effluent I.
The hydroformylation is customarily carried out at temperatures within the range from 30 to 180°C, especially from 50 to 130°C, and pressures within the range from 0.01 bar to 100 bar, in par-ticular from 5 bar to 20 bar. The molar ratio used for the mix-ture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen is generally within the range from 1:100 to 10:1, in particular from 1:20 to 1:2.
In a preferred embodiment, the hydroformylation is carried out in the presence of reaction-inert solvents such as aromatic or cycloaliphatic compounds such as toluene or cyclohexane. Also suitable are high boiling esters such as bis(2-ethylhexyl) phtha-late or TEXANOL~ (a 2,2,4-trimethylpentane-1,3-diol monoisobuty-rate from EASTMAN). Particular preference is given here to those formylvaleronitriles which are produced in the hydroformylation of the pentenenitriles used and also to those higher boiling (relative to the formylvaleronitriles formed) compounds formed during the hydroformylation by condensation of the formylvalero-nitriles just described.
The catalysts used according to this invention contain at least one element of subgroup eight such as iron, cobalt, nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium or platinum as active components. Particularly preferred elements are cobalt, rhodium and platinum.
In a particularly preferred embodiment, cocatalysts such as lipo-philic and hydrophilic ligands are added, especially the sulfonic acid, ammonium or carboxylic acid salts of phosphines, diphos-phines, phosphates or di- and also polyphosphates.
At the present date, particularly preferred hydroformylation catalysts are rhodium carbonyl complexes such as rhodium bis(car-bonyl)acetylacetonate (Rh(CO)2acac) in conjunction with cocata-lysts selected from the group consisting of triarylphosphines such as triphenylphosphine, bis(diarylphosphino)alkanes such as 2,2'-bas-diphenylphosphinomethylbiphenyl or diphenylphosphino-ethane, triaryl phosphates such as triphenyl phosphate or tris-2-tert-butylphenyl phosphate and polyphosphates of the for-mulae I and II, which are known for example from EP-A 472 071, US-A 4,769,498, EP-A 149 894, EP-A 96 988 and EP-A 96 986.
Polyphosphates of the formula I are ~ O\ ~ W\ ~O\
O O
where X is a bivalent bisarylene radical or R1, w is a bivalent substituted or unsubstituted arylene, bisarylene or alkylene radical, and R1 and R2 are identical or different and are each a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene or ortho-arylene radical.
Of the compounds of the formula I, preference is given to those in which the radicals X and W in the formula I are each a bisary-lene radical, in particular the radical of the formula IV
OMe OMe IV
i ~~..... _. y,...
It is an object of the present invention to make available a process for preparing either 6-aminocapronitrile or a mixture of 6-aminocapronitrile and hexamethylenediamine with a very high conversion starting from 2- and/or 3- and/or 4-pentenenitrile.
More particularly, the process shall ensure long catalyst on-stream times.
We have found that this object is achieved by a process for preparing 6-aminocapronitrile or 6-aminocapronitrile/hexamethylenediamine mixture, which comprises a) reacting at least one pentenenitrile selected from the group consisting of pentenenitrile, 3-pentenenitrile and 4-pentenenitrile with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst containing at least one element of subgroup eight of the Periodic Table as active component to obtain a hydroformylation effluent f, b) optionally removing carbon monoxide, hydrogen and the cata-lyst from the hydroformylation effluent I to obtain a hydro-formylation effluent II, c) removing 5-formylvaleronitrile from said hydroformylation effluent I or II, d) reacting the removed 5-formylvaleronitrile with ammonia and hydrogen in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst selected from the group consisting of metals and metal compounds of rhenium, copper and the 2a elements of subgroup eight of the Periodic Table to obtain a hydrogenation effluent, and e) isolating 6-aminocapronitrile with or without hexamethylenediamine from the hwrlrnrrcn~tinn affli pant VV~IVI Z/ yVV
According to this invention, at least one pentenenitrile selected from the group consisting of 2-pentenenitrile, 3-pentenenitrile or 4-pentenenitrile is used, preferably 3- or 4-pentenenitrile.
3-Pentenenitrile, the most important starting material for the process, can be prepared for example by addition of hydrocyanic acid to butadiene in the presence of nickel(0)/phosphite com-plexes as catalysts (K. Weissermel, H.-J. Arpe, Industrielle organische Chemie, 4th edition, VCH Verlag Weinheim, 1994, page 268).
2-pentenenitrile and 4-pentenenitrile are obtainable for example by isomerization of 3-pentenenitrile (for example in the presence of nickel(0)/phosphate complexes and Lewis acids, see Tolman et al. in Adv. in Catal., 33 (1985), 23; or in the presence of hydroformylation catalysts under reaction conditions).
The reaction ("hydroformylation") of the pentenenitrile or pen-tenenitrile mixture is effected according to this invention with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst con-taining at least one element of subgroup eight as active compo-nent to obtain a hydroformylation effluent I.
The hydroformylation is customarily carried out at temperatures within the range from 30 to 180°C, especially from 50 to 130°C, and pressures within the range from 0.01 bar to 100 bar, in par-ticular from 5 bar to 20 bar. The molar ratio used for the mix-ture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen is generally within the range from 1:100 to 10:1, in particular from 1:20 to 1:2.
In a preferred embodiment, the hydroformylation is carried out in the presence of reaction-inert solvents such as aromatic or cycloaliphatic compounds such as toluene or cyclohexane. Also suitable are high boiling esters such as bis(2-ethylhexyl) phtha-late or TEXANOL~ (a 2,2,4-trimethylpentane-1,3-diol monoisobuty-rate from EASTMAN). Particular preference is given here to those formylvaleronitriles which are produced in the hydroformylation of the pentenenitriles used and also to those higher boiling (relative to the formylvaleronitriles formed) compounds formed during the hydroformylation by condensation of the formylvalero-nitriles just described.
The catalysts used according to this invention contain at least one element of subgroup eight such as iron, cobalt, nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium or platinum as active components. Particularly preferred elements are cobalt, rhodium and platinum.
In a particularly preferred embodiment, cocatalysts such as lipo-philic and hydrophilic ligands are added, especially the sulfonic acid, ammonium or carboxylic acid salts of phosphines, diphos-phines, phosphates or di- and also polyphosphates.
At the present date, particularly preferred hydroformylation catalysts are rhodium carbonyl complexes such as rhodium bis(car-bonyl)acetylacetonate (Rh(CO)2acac) in conjunction with cocata-lysts selected from the group consisting of triarylphosphines such as triphenylphosphine, bis(diarylphosphino)alkanes such as 2,2'-bas-diphenylphosphinomethylbiphenyl or diphenylphosphino-ethane, triaryl phosphates such as triphenyl phosphate or tris-2-tert-butylphenyl phosphate and polyphosphates of the for-mulae I and II, which are known for example from EP-A 472 071, US-A 4,769,498, EP-A 149 894, EP-A 96 988 and EP-A 96 986.
Polyphosphates of the formula I are ~ O\ ~ W\ ~O\
O O
where X is a bivalent bisarylene radical or R1, w is a bivalent substituted or unsubstituted arylene, bisarylene or alkylene radical, and R1 and R2 are identical or different and are each a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene or ortho-arylene radical.
Of the compounds of the formula I, preference is given to those in which the radicals X and W in the formula I are each a bisary-lene radical, in particular the radical of the formula IV
OMe OMe IV
i ~~..... _. y,...
and RZ is an ortho-phenylene, 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propylene or 1,1,2,2-tetramethylethylene radical. Preference is further given to those compounds of the formula I in which w, R1 and R2 are each independently of the others ortho-phenylene, 2,2-dimethyl-5 1,3-propylene or 1,1,2,2-tetramethylethylene.
The polyphosphites of the formula I can be prepared in a con-ventional manner by means of a suitably chosen sequence of phosphorus halide/alcohol condensation reaction [sic], for exam-10 ple by a) reacting phosphorus trichloride with a diol to form a mono-chlorophosphite;
15 b) reacting this intermediate with a further diol to form the corresponding hydroxyl-substituted diorganophosphite inter-mediate;
c) reacting this diorganophosphite intermediate with phosphorus 20 trichloride to form the corresponding phosphorus dichloride intermediate;
d) and finally reacting this dichloride with an appropriate diol to form the desired bisphosphite.
while this synthetic route is necessary for preparing asymmetri-cally substituted phosphites, symmetrically substituted compounds can be prepared by reacting the product of step a) with an appro-priate diol in a molar ratio of 2:1.
The condensation reactions mentioned are generally carried out in a suitable solvent, for example toluene, in the presence of an auxiliary base, such as triethylamine, as HCl acceptor.
Examples of suitable compounds of the formula I are:
uu5u~m iou OMe OMe I / I /
~ r Me0 ~ ~ ~ O 1 ~ ,o P P I
Me0 / \ O O
OMe OMe I / I /
r Me0 ~ ~ ~ O
~ / O
P P
\ /
Me0 ~ \ 0 O
OMe OMe 3o I / I /
I
o p o ~ ~ O
O
VV:IV/ ~ i ~.vv OMe OMe ~ r Me0 ~ ~ ~ °
/° 4 P P
Me0 ~ ~ O °
O O
/ ~~° ~/ ~/
\ i ~ / j \ ~ ~ /P P o p O O
Polyphosphites of the formula II are (Ar)-O
(CH2)y (Q)n P- ° X II
(CH2)y ( Ar ' )- O
m where Ar and Ar' are identical or different, substituted or unsubstitu-ted arylene radicals having from 6 to 18 carbon atoms;
X is an m-binding radical having from 2 to 30 carbon atoms and selected from the group consisting of alkylene, alkylene-oxy-alkylene, arylene and a radical of the formula VV.7V/'t/ iOV
arylene-(CH2)y-(Q)n-(CHZ)Y-arylene where the arylene radicals are each as defined above and is 0 or 1;
Q is a bivalent bridging group selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, -CO-, -CR3R4-, where R3 10 and R4 are each hydrogen, alkyl having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms or a phenyl, tolyl or anisyl radical, and -NRS-, where RS is hydrogen or methyl;
n is 0 or 1, and m is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6.
In preferred compounds of the formula II, Ar and Ar' are each phenylene, y and n are each 0 and m is 2, in which case the two 20 phenylene radicals are linked to each other in the o-position and can be substituted by alkyl groups having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms or C1-C4-alkoxy groups, especially methoxy and t-butyl groups, in the o- and p-position relative to the bond to the oxy-gen bridge to the phosphorus atom.
Particular preference is given to the phosphite of the formula III
r P P, CH30 O ~ \O
The molar ratio of pentenenitrile to catalyst is generally within the range from 100:1 to 100,000:1, preferably within the range from 500:1 to 10,000:1.
The molar ratio of catalyst to cocatalyst of pentenenitrile is customarily within the range from 1:1:100 to 1:200:100,000, especially within the range from 1:2:500 to 1:100:10,000.
Hydrogen, carbon monoxide, catalyst and any solvent from the hydroformylation are optionally removed from the hydroformylation effluent to obtain a hydroformylation effluent II.
In a particularly preferred embodiment, removed substances -hydrogen, carbon monoxide, catalyst and hydroformylation solvent (if used) - are recycled into the hydroformylation step a).
According to the invention, 5-formylvaleronitrile is removed from the hydroformylation effluent I or II. The removal is preferably effected by distillation.
In a particularly preferred embodiment, high boilers and the catalyst are first removed from the hydroformylation effluents I
or II. This is particularly preferably effected using thermally gentle processes as embodied for example in flash evaporators, falling-film evaporators or wiping-blade evaporators in a con-ventional manner. The removed high boilers and the catalyst, especially rhenium-containing catalysts, can be recycled into the hydroformylation step (step a), if desired.
If cobalt-containing catalysts are used, a preferred embodiment comprises oxidizing the hydroformylation effluents I or II with oxygen, preferably with air, to convert cobalt into a nonvolatile form, especially cobalt(II) salts.
The mixture as freed from high boilers, for example aldol con-densation products, and catalyst is preferably subjected to a further distillation to remove low boilers (compared with formyl-valeronitriles) such as unconverted pentenenitriles. The pentene-nitriles thus recovered can be partly or wholly recycled into the hydroformylation step.
To obtain the desired product of value, 5-formylvaleronitrile, the reaction mixture obtained on removal of pentenenitriles, which predominantly comprises 5-, 4- and 3-formylvaleronitrile, is preferably subjected to a fractional distillation in which 5-formylvaleronitrile (bp 95°C/3 mbar) is separated from a mixture of 4- and 3-formylvaleronitrile (bp 77-81°C/3 mbar). The mixture of the branched formylvaleronitriles is generally removed from the system.
VV~1I/ ~s~ iW
It is surprising that the boiling point difference between 5-for-mylvaleronitrile and the branched isomers 4- and 3-formylvalero-nitrile is sufficient even at low vacuums. For instance, at a pressure of 3 mbar the boiling point difference is 14~C. This 5 means that economically acceptable separation is possible even in the industrially relevant vacuum range, i.e. at pressures not less than 10 mbar.
5-Formylvaleronitrile can of course also be isolated in a dif-10 ferent manner, for example by conducting the distillation in only one stage or in two stages.
At the present date, a certain amount of 6-hydroxyvaleronitrile is also formed, depending on the reaction conditions. 6-Hydroxy-valeronitrile is also a product of value in that it can be con-verted into 6-aminocapronitrile together with or separately from 5-formylvaleronitrile.
If formylvaleronitriles are to be used as solvents, the desired proportion of formylvaleronitrile product is advantageously removed from the system and the remainder recycled.
According to the invention, 5-formylvaleronitrile is reacted with ammonia and hydrogen in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst in a first step (step a)) [sic] at temperatures within the range from 40°C to 150°C, advantageously within the range from 50°C to 140°C, in particular within the range from 60°C to 130°C, and pressures within the range from 2 to 350, advantageously from 20 to 300, bar, in particular in the range from 40 to 250 bar, to obtain a hydrogenation effluent.
The reaction is preferably carried out in liquid ammonia as solvent, in which case the ammonia also serves as reactant. The ammonia quantity is generally from 1 to 80 mol, in particular from 10 to 50 mol, of ammonia per mole of 5-formylvaleronitrile.
It can also be advantageous to use, in addition to ammonia, a reaction-inert solvent, for example alcohols, esters, ethers, hydrocarbons, in which case the solvent is generally used in a weight ratio of solvent to 5-formylvaleronitrile within the range from 0.1:1 to 5:1, preferably within the range from 0.5:1 to 3:1.
Alcohols such as methanol and ethanol are particularly preferred.
The amount of hydrogen is customarily chosen so that the molar ratio of hydrogen to 5-formylvaleronitrile is within the range from 1:1 to 100:1, in particular within the range from 5:1 to 50:1.
n VV..IV/ Z I iVV
The catalysts used according to the invention are hydrogenation catalysts selected from the group consisting of metals or metal compounds of rhenium, copper and the elements of subgroup eight (hereinafter called "hydrogenation metals"), especially iron, cobalt, nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium and platinum, particularly preferably ruthenium, cobalt, palla-dium and nickel, with the proviso that the hydrogenation catalyst does not contain copper, nickel or copper and nickel as sole components.
The catalysts which are usable according to the invention can be supported or unsupported catalysts. Suitable support materials include for example porous oxides such as aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, alumosilicates, lanthanium oxide, titanium dioxide, zir-conium dioxide, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide and zeolites and also activated carbon or mixtures thereof.
The catalysts can be used as fixed-bed catalysts in upflow or downflow operation or as suspension catalysts. The space velocity over the catalyst is preferably chosen within the range from 0.1 to 2.0, preferably 0.3 to 1, kg of 5-formylvaleronitrile/1 of ca-talyst ~ hour.
It is also possible to use compounds of the abovementioned metals as homogeneously dissolved hydrogenation catalysts.
In a preferred embodiment, the abovementioned catalysts may further contain from 0.01 to 25, preferably from 0.1 to 5, ~ by weight, based on the total amount of hydrogenation metals (calcu-lated as elements), of at least promoter based on a metal selec-ted from the group consisting of copper, silver, gold, manganese, zinc, cadmium, lead, tin, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum and the lanthanide elements, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, vandadium, tantalum, antimony, bismuth, aluminum, and also be doped with from 0.01 to 5, preferably from 0.1 to 3, ~ by weight, based on the hydrogenation metals (calcu-lated as elements), of a compound based on an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal, preferably alkali metal and alkaline earth metal hydroxides such as lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, rubidium hydroxide, cesium hydroxide, parti-cularly preferably lithium hydroxide.
The catalysts used in the process of this invention can be, for example, precipitation catalysts. Such catalysts can be prepared by precipitating their catalytically active components from their salt solutions, especially from the solutions of their nitrates and/or acetates, for example by additions of solutions of alkali ' VV.IVI =~ wrv metal and/or alkaline earth metal hydroxide and/or carbonate solutions, for example sparingly soluble hydroxides, oxide hydrates, basic salts or carbonates, then drying the resulting precipitates and subsequently converting them by calcination at temperatures within the range from generally 300 to 700°C, in par-ticular from 400 to 600°C, into the corresponding oxides, mixed oxides and/or mixed-valent oxides, which, generally by treatment with hydrogen or with hydrogen-comprising gases at cutomarily 50-700°C, in particular 100-400°C, are reduced to the respective metals and/or oxidic compounds of lower oxidation state and so converted into the actual catalytically active form. Here, the reduction is generally carried on to the point where no further water is formed.
In the preparation of precipitation catalysts containing a sup-port material, the precipitation of the catalytically active com-ponents can take place in the presence of the support material in question. The catalytically active components, however, can also be advantageously precipitated from the respective salt solutions at the same time as the support material. The process of this invention is preferably carried out using hydrogenation catalysts containing the hydrogenation-catalyzing metals or metal compounds deposited on a support material. As well as the abovementioned precipitation catalysts which, as well as the catalytically active components, additionally contain a support material, suitable support [sicj materials for the process of this inven-tion are generally those catalyst materials in which the hydro-genation-catalyzing components have been applied to a support ma-terial by impregnation, for example.
The manner in which the catalytically active metals are applied to the support is generally not critical and can be accomplished in various ways. The catalytically active metals can for example be applied to these support materials by saturation with solu-tions or suspensions of the salts or oxides of the respective elements, drying and subsequent reduction of the metal compounds to the respective metals or compounds of low oxidation state by means of a reducing agent, preferably with hydrogen or complex hydrides.
Another way of applying the catalytically active metals to these supports comprises impregnating these supports with solutions of thermally readily decomposable salts, for example with nitrates, or thermally readily decomposable complexes, for example carbonyl or hydrido complexes, of the catalytically active metals and heating the resulting impregnated support to temperatures within the range from generally 300 to 600°C to effect thermal decomposi-.IV.JVI ZI iVIV
tion of the adsorbed metal compounds. This thermal decomposition is preferably carried out under a protective gas atmosphere.
Suitable protective gases can be, for example, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen or a noble gas.
The catalytically active metals can further be applied to the catalyst support by vapor deposition or by flame spraying. The catalytically active metal content of these supported catalysts is not critical in principle for the success of the process of this invention. A person skilled in the art will appreciate that higher catalytically active metal contents of these supported catalysts can customarily lead to higher space-time conversions than lower contents. In general, the supported catalysts used will contain from 0.1 to 90~ by weight, preferably from 0.5 to 40~ by weight, based on the total catalyst, of catalytically active metal. Since these active content figures are based on the total catalyst including support material, but the various sup-port materials have very different specific weights and specific surface areas, these figures can at the present time also be undershot or exceeded without adverse repercussions for the result of the process of this invention. It is also possible, of course, for a plurality of the catalytically active metals to be applied to the particular support material. Furthermore, the catalytically .active metals can be applied to the support for example by the process of DE-A 2 519 817, EP-A 1 477 219 and EP-A 285 420. In the catalysts of the aforementioned references, the catalytically active metals are present in the form of an alloy which can be produced by thermal treatment and/or reduction of the [lacuna] for example by impregnation with a salt or com-plex of the aforementioned metals.
The precipitation catalysts and the supported catalysts alike can also be activated in situ at the start of the reaction by the hydrogen present, but preferably these catalysts are activated separately before use.
The hydrogenation effluent obtained in step a) [sic] of the pro-cess of this invention is subjected to customary methods such as distillation to recover 6-aminocapronitrile with or without hexa-methylenediamine (step b)) [sic].
In a preferred embodiment, excess ammonia, hydrogen and optionally the hydrogenation catalyst are removed prior to the isolation of 6-aminocapronitrile with or without hexamethylene-diamine in step e).
A further preferred embodiment comprises first treating 5-formyl-valeronitrile with ammonia at temperatures within the range from 40 to 150°C (step d') to obtain an ammoniacal effluent. This can take place for example in a pre-reactor. This reaction can be carried out in the absence or preferably in the presence of an acidic, homogeneous or heterogeneous catalyst. The space velocity of the catalyst (in the case of heterogeneous catalysts) is cus-tomarily within the range from 0.1 to 2.0 kg of 5-formylvalero-nitrile/1 of catalyst ~ hour.
The ammoniacal effluent can then be freed from the acidic cata-lyst, if desired (step e').
A further step (step f) comprises reacting the ammoniacal effluent of d'), or the solution of e'), with ammonia and hydro-gen in the presence of hydrogenation catalysts selected from the group consisting of copper, rhenium and compounds thereof and also metals and metal compounds of subgroup eight to obtain a hydrogenation effluent, the process generally being carried out in the same way as the process described above.
Thereafter (step g)) 6-aminocapronitrile is recovered in a con-ventional manner from the hydrogenation effluent with or without hexamethylenediamine.
The acidic catalysts used can be for example zeolites in the H-form, acidic ion exchangers, heteropolyacids, acidic and super-acidic metal oxides optionally doped with sulfate or phosphate, and inorganic or organic acids.
Suitable zeolites are for example representatives of the morden-ite group or narrow-pored zeolites of the erionite or chabazite type or zeolites of the faujasite type, for example Y-, X- or L-zeolites. This group also includes the "ultrastable" zeolites of the faujasite type, i.e. dealuminized zeolites.
Particularly advantageous zeolites are those having a pentasil structure, such as ZSM-5, ZSM-11 and ZBM-10. They have a five-membered ring composed of Si02 tetrahedra in common as basic building block. They are characterized by a high Si02/A1203 ratio and also by pore sizes between those of the zeolites of type A
and those of type X or Y.
The heteropolyacids used according to this invention are inorga-nic polyacids which, unlike isopolyacids, have at least two dif-ferent central atoms. Examples are dodecatungstophosphoric acid H3PW12~ao ~ xH20, dodecamolybdophosphoric acid H3PMo12040 ~ xH20. In principle, the catalysts and catalyst combinations mentioned in EP-A 158 229 can be used.
Preferred heteropolyacids are heteropolyacids of molybdenum or 5 tungsten with phosphoric acid, telluric acid, selenic acid, arsenic acid, silicic acid, in particular with phosphoric acid.
The protons of the heteropolyacids can be partly replaced by metal ions, in which case alkali and alkaline earth metal ions 10 are preferred.
Preferred acidic ion exchangers are for example crosslinked poly-styrenes having sulfonic acid groups.
15 Examples of acidic metal oxides are Si~z, A1203, ZrOz, Gaz03, Pb02, Sc203, La203, Ti02, Sn02 etc. or combinations of individual oxides.
The oxides can also be treated with mineral acids, for example sulfuric acid, to raise the acid strength.
Suitable acids are for example mineral acids such as sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid and also organic acids, for example sul-fonic acids.
Examples of superacidic metal oxides are sulfate-doped Zr02 or molybdenum- or tungsten-containing Zr02.
In a further preferred embodiment, the hydrogenation is carried out over a hydrogenation metal applied to one of the oxidic sup-ports mentioned. After excess hydrogen has been removed with or without the catalyst, the hydrogenation effluent is preferably worked up for 6-aminocapronitrile with or without hexamethylene-diamine by fractional distillation.
The process of this invention gives 6-aminocapronitrile with very good conversions, good yields and selectivities. It is also pos-sible, by varying temperature and catalyst space velocity, to ob-tain mixtures of 6-aminocapronitrile and hexamethylenediamine. In this connection, high temperatures and low catalyst space veloci-ties favor the formation of hexamethylenediamine, while low tem-peratures and high catalyst space velocities favor the formation of 6-aminocapronitrile.
6-Aminocapronitrile and hexamethylenediamine are important fiber intermediates. 6-Aminocapronitrile can be cyclized to form capro-lactam, the monomer for the production of nylon 6.
V W I V l Z I i V V
Hexamethyleneidamine is chiefly reacted with adipic acid to form 6,6 salt, the nylon-6,6 precursor.
Examples Example 1 In a 1 1 stirred lift autoclave, 100 g of 3-pentenenitrile, 350 g of m-xylene as solvent and 0.08% by weight of cobalt in the form 10 of dicobalt octacarbonyl as catalyst were heated to 105°C. On attainment of the final temperature, the reaction mixture was admixed with a mixture of 50% by volume of CO and 50% by volume of H2 under a pressure of 140 bar. During the reaction, the pres-sure in the reactor was kept constant by further injection of a 15 gas mixture of 50% by volume of CO and 50% by volume of H2. After a reaction time of 3 hours, the reaction was discontinued by cooling and decompression. A GC analysis of the reaction mixture revealed the following reaction mixture composition (in mol%):
20 Conversion 7.5 (conversion of 3-pentenenitrile) Selectivity valeronitrile 9~0 5-formylvaleronitrile 39.0 3- and 4-formylvaleronitrile 52.0 The yield of formylvaleronitriles (sum of 3-, 4- and 5-FVN) was 6.8%, and the molar ratio of 5-formylvaleronitrile to 3- and 4-formylvaleronitrile was 43:57.
Example 2 In a 1 1 stirred lift autoclave, 100 g of 3-pentenenitrile, 350 g of m-xylene as solvent and 0.04% by weight of cobalt in the form of dicobalt octacarbonyl as catalyst were heated to 170°C. On attainment of the final temperature, the reaction mixture was admixed with a mixture of 50% by volume of CO and 50% by volume of H2 under a pressure of 280 bar. During the reaction, the pres-sure in the reactor was kept constant by further injection of a gas mixture of 50% by volume of CO and 50% by volume of H2. After a reaction time of 2 hours, the reaction was discontinued by cooling and decompression. A GC analysis of the reaction mixture revealed the following reaction mixture composition (in mol%):
".
Conversion > 99.9 Selectivity valeronitrile 41.0 5-formylvaleronitrile 16.0 3- and 4-formylvaleronitrile 6.4 6-hydroxycapronitrile 23.0 4- and 5-hydroxymethylvaleronitrile 3.6 The yield of 5-formylvaleronitrile and 6-hydroxycapronitrile together was 39% and the molar ratio of 5-formylvaleronitrile to 3- and 4-formylvaleronitrile was 60:40.
Example 3 In a 300 ml HC autoclave with magnetic stirring, 20 g of 3-pen-tenenitrile, 100 g of toluene as solvent, 100 ppm of rhodium in the form of the complex Rh(CO)2acac (acac = acetylacetonate, mg) and the bisphosphite of the formula III (557 mg) (six-fold molar excess based on rhodium) Me pMe ouo i O
Me Me0-were heated up to 100 °C. On attainment of the final temperature the reaction mixture was admixed with a mixture of 50% by volume of CO and 50% by volume of Hz at a pressure of 5 bar. During the reaction, the pressure in the reactor was kept at a constant 5 bar, via a pressure regulator, by further injection of a gas mixture of 50% by volume of CO and 50% by volume of HZ. After a reaction time of 5 hours, the reaction was discontinued by cool-ing down to room temperature and decompression. A GC analysis of the reaction mixture produced the following results (data in mol%):
Conversion: > 99.9 Selectivity 2-, 4-pentenenitrile 19.5 valeronitrile 21.3 5-formylvaleronitrile 29.7 3- and 4-formylvaleronitrile 29.5 The yield of the product of value, 5-formylvaleronitrile, was 29.7, and the molar ratio of 5-formylvaleronitrile to 3- and 4-formylvaleronitrile was 50.2:49.8.
Example 4 In a 300 ml HC autoclave with magnetic stirring, 20 g of 3-pen-tenenitrile, 100 g of Palatinol~C (di-n-butyl phthalate) as sol-vent, 100 ppm of rhodium in the form of the complex Rh(CO)2acac (acac = acetylacetonate, 25 mg) and triphenyl phosphate in a 25-fold (based on rhodium) molar excess were heated up to 100°C.
On attainment of the final temperature the reaction mixture was admixed with a mixture of 50$ by volume of CO and 50~ by volume of HZ at a pressure of 5 bar. During the reaction, the pressure in the reactor was kept at a constant 5 bar, via a pressure regula-tor, by further injection of a gas mixture of 50$ by volume of CO
and 50~ by volume of H2. After a reaction time of 5 hours, the reaction was discontinued by cooling down to room temperature and decompression. A GC analysis of the reaction mixture produced the following results (data in mold):
Conversion: 98.6 Selectivity 2-, 4-pentenenitrile 0 valeronitrile 10.3 5-formylvaleronitrile 18.2 3- and 4-formylvaleronitrile 71.5 The yield of the product of value, 5-formylvaleronitrile, was 17.9, and the molar ratio of 5-formylvaleronitrile to 3- and 4-formylvaleronitrile was 20:80.
Example 5 In a 300 ml HC autoclave with magnetic stirring, 20 g of 4-pen-tenenitrile, 100 g of toluene as solvent, 100 ppm of rhodium in the form of the complex Rh(CO)2acac (acac = acetylacetonate, 25 mg) and the bisphosphite of the formula III (557 mg) (six-fold molar excess based on rhodium) were heated up to 100°C. On attain-ment of the final temperature the reaction mixture was admixed with a mixture of 50~ by volume of CO and 50~ by volume of HZ at a pressure of 5 bar. During the reaction, the pressure in the reac-tor was kept at a constant 5 bar, via a pressure regulator, by further injection of a gas mixture of 50~ by volume of CO and 500 by volume of Hz. After a reaction time of 5 hours, the reaction was discontinued by cooling down to room temperature and decom-pression. A GC analysis of the reaction mixture produced the fol-lowing results (data in mold):
Conversion: >99.9 Selectivity 2-, 4-pentenenitrile 34.0 valeronitrile 6.0 5-formylvaleronitrile 49.2 3- and 4-formylvaleronitrile 10.8 The yield of the product of value, 5-formylvaleronitrile, was 49.2x, and the molar ratio of 5-formylvaleronitrile to 3- and 4-formylvaleronitrile was 82:18.
Example 6 A plurality of hydroformylation effluents obtained according to Example 3 were combined. Distillative removal of 2-, 4-pentene-nitrile and valeronitrile left 130 g of a reaction mixture which, according to gas-chromatographic analysis, comprised 48~ by weight of 5-formylvaleronitrile and 46~ by weight of 4- and 3-formylvaleronitrile. Fractional distillation in a spinning-band column recovered 59 g of 5-formylvaleronitrile of boiling point 93-95°C/3 mbar (purity 99$) and 56 g of 4- + 3-formylvaleronitrile of boiling point 77-81°C/3 mbar (purity of 4- + 3-isomer 96%).
Example 7 A 300 ml autoclave with sampling port (HC 4 as material of con-struction) was charged with 11 g of 5-formylvaleronitrile and 3 g of Ru (3~)/A1203 (4 mm extrudates) under a protective gas (argon). The autoclave was then sealed, and 150 ml of NH3 were injected. The contents were mixed with a magnetic stirrer. After heating to 80°C (autogenous pressure: about 39 bar), the mixture was kept at 80°C for a further 2 hours, and then the total pressure was raised with hydrogen to 70 bar. The pressure of 70 bar was maintained by continued injection of hydrogen. After 25 hours, the autoclave was decompressioned and the hydrogenation effluent was analyzed by gas chromatography. The products formed ~
~ ~ ~vrv/ : / ~uv were 73~ of 6-aminocapronitrile and 12~ of hexamethylenediamine.
The conversion was 1000.
The polyphosphites of the formula I can be prepared in a con-ventional manner by means of a suitably chosen sequence of phosphorus halide/alcohol condensation reaction [sic], for exam-10 ple by a) reacting phosphorus trichloride with a diol to form a mono-chlorophosphite;
15 b) reacting this intermediate with a further diol to form the corresponding hydroxyl-substituted diorganophosphite inter-mediate;
c) reacting this diorganophosphite intermediate with phosphorus 20 trichloride to form the corresponding phosphorus dichloride intermediate;
d) and finally reacting this dichloride with an appropriate diol to form the desired bisphosphite.
while this synthetic route is necessary for preparing asymmetri-cally substituted phosphites, symmetrically substituted compounds can be prepared by reacting the product of step a) with an appro-priate diol in a molar ratio of 2:1.
The condensation reactions mentioned are generally carried out in a suitable solvent, for example toluene, in the presence of an auxiliary base, such as triethylamine, as HCl acceptor.
Examples of suitable compounds of the formula I are:
uu5u~m iou OMe OMe I / I /
~ r Me0 ~ ~ ~ O 1 ~ ,o P P I
Me0 / \ O O
OMe OMe I / I /
r Me0 ~ ~ ~ O
~ / O
P P
\ /
Me0 ~ \ 0 O
OMe OMe 3o I / I /
I
o p o ~ ~ O
O
VV:IV/ ~ i ~.vv OMe OMe ~ r Me0 ~ ~ ~ °
/° 4 P P
Me0 ~ ~ O °
O O
/ ~~° ~/ ~/
\ i ~ / j \ ~ ~ /P P o p O O
Polyphosphites of the formula II are (Ar)-O
(CH2)y (Q)n P- ° X II
(CH2)y ( Ar ' )- O
m where Ar and Ar' are identical or different, substituted or unsubstitu-ted arylene radicals having from 6 to 18 carbon atoms;
X is an m-binding radical having from 2 to 30 carbon atoms and selected from the group consisting of alkylene, alkylene-oxy-alkylene, arylene and a radical of the formula VV.7V/'t/ iOV
arylene-(CH2)y-(Q)n-(CHZ)Y-arylene where the arylene radicals are each as defined above and is 0 or 1;
Q is a bivalent bridging group selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, -CO-, -CR3R4-, where R3 10 and R4 are each hydrogen, alkyl having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms or a phenyl, tolyl or anisyl radical, and -NRS-, where RS is hydrogen or methyl;
n is 0 or 1, and m is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6.
In preferred compounds of the formula II, Ar and Ar' are each phenylene, y and n are each 0 and m is 2, in which case the two 20 phenylene radicals are linked to each other in the o-position and can be substituted by alkyl groups having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms or C1-C4-alkoxy groups, especially methoxy and t-butyl groups, in the o- and p-position relative to the bond to the oxy-gen bridge to the phosphorus atom.
Particular preference is given to the phosphite of the formula III
r P P, CH30 O ~ \O
The molar ratio of pentenenitrile to catalyst is generally within the range from 100:1 to 100,000:1, preferably within the range from 500:1 to 10,000:1.
The molar ratio of catalyst to cocatalyst of pentenenitrile is customarily within the range from 1:1:100 to 1:200:100,000, especially within the range from 1:2:500 to 1:100:10,000.
Hydrogen, carbon monoxide, catalyst and any solvent from the hydroformylation are optionally removed from the hydroformylation effluent to obtain a hydroformylation effluent II.
In a particularly preferred embodiment, removed substances -hydrogen, carbon monoxide, catalyst and hydroformylation solvent (if used) - are recycled into the hydroformylation step a).
According to the invention, 5-formylvaleronitrile is removed from the hydroformylation effluent I or II. The removal is preferably effected by distillation.
In a particularly preferred embodiment, high boilers and the catalyst are first removed from the hydroformylation effluents I
or II. This is particularly preferably effected using thermally gentle processes as embodied for example in flash evaporators, falling-film evaporators or wiping-blade evaporators in a con-ventional manner. The removed high boilers and the catalyst, especially rhenium-containing catalysts, can be recycled into the hydroformylation step (step a), if desired.
If cobalt-containing catalysts are used, a preferred embodiment comprises oxidizing the hydroformylation effluents I or II with oxygen, preferably with air, to convert cobalt into a nonvolatile form, especially cobalt(II) salts.
The mixture as freed from high boilers, for example aldol con-densation products, and catalyst is preferably subjected to a further distillation to remove low boilers (compared with formyl-valeronitriles) such as unconverted pentenenitriles. The pentene-nitriles thus recovered can be partly or wholly recycled into the hydroformylation step.
To obtain the desired product of value, 5-formylvaleronitrile, the reaction mixture obtained on removal of pentenenitriles, which predominantly comprises 5-, 4- and 3-formylvaleronitrile, is preferably subjected to a fractional distillation in which 5-formylvaleronitrile (bp 95°C/3 mbar) is separated from a mixture of 4- and 3-formylvaleronitrile (bp 77-81°C/3 mbar). The mixture of the branched formylvaleronitriles is generally removed from the system.
VV~1I/ ~s~ iW
It is surprising that the boiling point difference between 5-for-mylvaleronitrile and the branched isomers 4- and 3-formylvalero-nitrile is sufficient even at low vacuums. For instance, at a pressure of 3 mbar the boiling point difference is 14~C. This 5 means that economically acceptable separation is possible even in the industrially relevant vacuum range, i.e. at pressures not less than 10 mbar.
5-Formylvaleronitrile can of course also be isolated in a dif-10 ferent manner, for example by conducting the distillation in only one stage or in two stages.
At the present date, a certain amount of 6-hydroxyvaleronitrile is also formed, depending on the reaction conditions. 6-Hydroxy-valeronitrile is also a product of value in that it can be con-verted into 6-aminocapronitrile together with or separately from 5-formylvaleronitrile.
If formylvaleronitriles are to be used as solvents, the desired proportion of formylvaleronitrile product is advantageously removed from the system and the remainder recycled.
According to the invention, 5-formylvaleronitrile is reacted with ammonia and hydrogen in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst in a first step (step a)) [sic] at temperatures within the range from 40°C to 150°C, advantageously within the range from 50°C to 140°C, in particular within the range from 60°C to 130°C, and pressures within the range from 2 to 350, advantageously from 20 to 300, bar, in particular in the range from 40 to 250 bar, to obtain a hydrogenation effluent.
The reaction is preferably carried out in liquid ammonia as solvent, in which case the ammonia also serves as reactant. The ammonia quantity is generally from 1 to 80 mol, in particular from 10 to 50 mol, of ammonia per mole of 5-formylvaleronitrile.
It can also be advantageous to use, in addition to ammonia, a reaction-inert solvent, for example alcohols, esters, ethers, hydrocarbons, in which case the solvent is generally used in a weight ratio of solvent to 5-formylvaleronitrile within the range from 0.1:1 to 5:1, preferably within the range from 0.5:1 to 3:1.
Alcohols such as methanol and ethanol are particularly preferred.
The amount of hydrogen is customarily chosen so that the molar ratio of hydrogen to 5-formylvaleronitrile is within the range from 1:1 to 100:1, in particular within the range from 5:1 to 50:1.
n VV..IV/ Z I iVV
The catalysts used according to the invention are hydrogenation catalysts selected from the group consisting of metals or metal compounds of rhenium, copper and the elements of subgroup eight (hereinafter called "hydrogenation metals"), especially iron, cobalt, nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium and platinum, particularly preferably ruthenium, cobalt, palla-dium and nickel, with the proviso that the hydrogenation catalyst does not contain copper, nickel or copper and nickel as sole components.
The catalysts which are usable according to the invention can be supported or unsupported catalysts. Suitable support materials include for example porous oxides such as aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, alumosilicates, lanthanium oxide, titanium dioxide, zir-conium dioxide, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide and zeolites and also activated carbon or mixtures thereof.
The catalysts can be used as fixed-bed catalysts in upflow or downflow operation or as suspension catalysts. The space velocity over the catalyst is preferably chosen within the range from 0.1 to 2.0, preferably 0.3 to 1, kg of 5-formylvaleronitrile/1 of ca-talyst ~ hour.
It is also possible to use compounds of the abovementioned metals as homogeneously dissolved hydrogenation catalysts.
In a preferred embodiment, the abovementioned catalysts may further contain from 0.01 to 25, preferably from 0.1 to 5, ~ by weight, based on the total amount of hydrogenation metals (calcu-lated as elements), of at least promoter based on a metal selec-ted from the group consisting of copper, silver, gold, manganese, zinc, cadmium, lead, tin, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum and the lanthanide elements, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, vandadium, tantalum, antimony, bismuth, aluminum, and also be doped with from 0.01 to 5, preferably from 0.1 to 3, ~ by weight, based on the hydrogenation metals (calcu-lated as elements), of a compound based on an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal, preferably alkali metal and alkaline earth metal hydroxides such as lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, rubidium hydroxide, cesium hydroxide, parti-cularly preferably lithium hydroxide.
The catalysts used in the process of this invention can be, for example, precipitation catalysts. Such catalysts can be prepared by precipitating their catalytically active components from their salt solutions, especially from the solutions of their nitrates and/or acetates, for example by additions of solutions of alkali ' VV.IVI =~ wrv metal and/or alkaline earth metal hydroxide and/or carbonate solutions, for example sparingly soluble hydroxides, oxide hydrates, basic salts or carbonates, then drying the resulting precipitates and subsequently converting them by calcination at temperatures within the range from generally 300 to 700°C, in par-ticular from 400 to 600°C, into the corresponding oxides, mixed oxides and/or mixed-valent oxides, which, generally by treatment with hydrogen or with hydrogen-comprising gases at cutomarily 50-700°C, in particular 100-400°C, are reduced to the respective metals and/or oxidic compounds of lower oxidation state and so converted into the actual catalytically active form. Here, the reduction is generally carried on to the point where no further water is formed.
In the preparation of precipitation catalysts containing a sup-port material, the precipitation of the catalytically active com-ponents can take place in the presence of the support material in question. The catalytically active components, however, can also be advantageously precipitated from the respective salt solutions at the same time as the support material. The process of this invention is preferably carried out using hydrogenation catalysts containing the hydrogenation-catalyzing metals or metal compounds deposited on a support material. As well as the abovementioned precipitation catalysts which, as well as the catalytically active components, additionally contain a support material, suitable support [sicj materials for the process of this inven-tion are generally those catalyst materials in which the hydro-genation-catalyzing components have been applied to a support ma-terial by impregnation, for example.
The manner in which the catalytically active metals are applied to the support is generally not critical and can be accomplished in various ways. The catalytically active metals can for example be applied to these support materials by saturation with solu-tions or suspensions of the salts or oxides of the respective elements, drying and subsequent reduction of the metal compounds to the respective metals or compounds of low oxidation state by means of a reducing agent, preferably with hydrogen or complex hydrides.
Another way of applying the catalytically active metals to these supports comprises impregnating these supports with solutions of thermally readily decomposable salts, for example with nitrates, or thermally readily decomposable complexes, for example carbonyl or hydrido complexes, of the catalytically active metals and heating the resulting impregnated support to temperatures within the range from generally 300 to 600°C to effect thermal decomposi-.IV.JVI ZI iVIV
tion of the adsorbed metal compounds. This thermal decomposition is preferably carried out under a protective gas atmosphere.
Suitable protective gases can be, for example, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen or a noble gas.
The catalytically active metals can further be applied to the catalyst support by vapor deposition or by flame spraying. The catalytically active metal content of these supported catalysts is not critical in principle for the success of the process of this invention. A person skilled in the art will appreciate that higher catalytically active metal contents of these supported catalysts can customarily lead to higher space-time conversions than lower contents. In general, the supported catalysts used will contain from 0.1 to 90~ by weight, preferably from 0.5 to 40~ by weight, based on the total catalyst, of catalytically active metal. Since these active content figures are based on the total catalyst including support material, but the various sup-port materials have very different specific weights and specific surface areas, these figures can at the present time also be undershot or exceeded without adverse repercussions for the result of the process of this invention. It is also possible, of course, for a plurality of the catalytically active metals to be applied to the particular support material. Furthermore, the catalytically .active metals can be applied to the support for example by the process of DE-A 2 519 817, EP-A 1 477 219 and EP-A 285 420. In the catalysts of the aforementioned references, the catalytically active metals are present in the form of an alloy which can be produced by thermal treatment and/or reduction of the [lacuna] for example by impregnation with a salt or com-plex of the aforementioned metals.
The precipitation catalysts and the supported catalysts alike can also be activated in situ at the start of the reaction by the hydrogen present, but preferably these catalysts are activated separately before use.
The hydrogenation effluent obtained in step a) [sic] of the pro-cess of this invention is subjected to customary methods such as distillation to recover 6-aminocapronitrile with or without hexa-methylenediamine (step b)) [sic].
In a preferred embodiment, excess ammonia, hydrogen and optionally the hydrogenation catalyst are removed prior to the isolation of 6-aminocapronitrile with or without hexamethylene-diamine in step e).
A further preferred embodiment comprises first treating 5-formyl-valeronitrile with ammonia at temperatures within the range from 40 to 150°C (step d') to obtain an ammoniacal effluent. This can take place for example in a pre-reactor. This reaction can be carried out in the absence or preferably in the presence of an acidic, homogeneous or heterogeneous catalyst. The space velocity of the catalyst (in the case of heterogeneous catalysts) is cus-tomarily within the range from 0.1 to 2.0 kg of 5-formylvalero-nitrile/1 of catalyst ~ hour.
The ammoniacal effluent can then be freed from the acidic cata-lyst, if desired (step e').
A further step (step f) comprises reacting the ammoniacal effluent of d'), or the solution of e'), with ammonia and hydro-gen in the presence of hydrogenation catalysts selected from the group consisting of copper, rhenium and compounds thereof and also metals and metal compounds of subgroup eight to obtain a hydrogenation effluent, the process generally being carried out in the same way as the process described above.
Thereafter (step g)) 6-aminocapronitrile is recovered in a con-ventional manner from the hydrogenation effluent with or without hexamethylenediamine.
The acidic catalysts used can be for example zeolites in the H-form, acidic ion exchangers, heteropolyacids, acidic and super-acidic metal oxides optionally doped with sulfate or phosphate, and inorganic or organic acids.
Suitable zeolites are for example representatives of the morden-ite group or narrow-pored zeolites of the erionite or chabazite type or zeolites of the faujasite type, for example Y-, X- or L-zeolites. This group also includes the "ultrastable" zeolites of the faujasite type, i.e. dealuminized zeolites.
Particularly advantageous zeolites are those having a pentasil structure, such as ZSM-5, ZSM-11 and ZBM-10. They have a five-membered ring composed of Si02 tetrahedra in common as basic building block. They are characterized by a high Si02/A1203 ratio and also by pore sizes between those of the zeolites of type A
and those of type X or Y.
The heteropolyacids used according to this invention are inorga-nic polyacids which, unlike isopolyacids, have at least two dif-ferent central atoms. Examples are dodecatungstophosphoric acid H3PW12~ao ~ xH20, dodecamolybdophosphoric acid H3PMo12040 ~ xH20. In principle, the catalysts and catalyst combinations mentioned in EP-A 158 229 can be used.
Preferred heteropolyacids are heteropolyacids of molybdenum or 5 tungsten with phosphoric acid, telluric acid, selenic acid, arsenic acid, silicic acid, in particular with phosphoric acid.
The protons of the heteropolyacids can be partly replaced by metal ions, in which case alkali and alkaline earth metal ions 10 are preferred.
Preferred acidic ion exchangers are for example crosslinked poly-styrenes having sulfonic acid groups.
15 Examples of acidic metal oxides are Si~z, A1203, ZrOz, Gaz03, Pb02, Sc203, La203, Ti02, Sn02 etc. or combinations of individual oxides.
The oxides can also be treated with mineral acids, for example sulfuric acid, to raise the acid strength.
Suitable acids are for example mineral acids such as sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid and also organic acids, for example sul-fonic acids.
Examples of superacidic metal oxides are sulfate-doped Zr02 or molybdenum- or tungsten-containing Zr02.
In a further preferred embodiment, the hydrogenation is carried out over a hydrogenation metal applied to one of the oxidic sup-ports mentioned. After excess hydrogen has been removed with or without the catalyst, the hydrogenation effluent is preferably worked up for 6-aminocapronitrile with or without hexamethylene-diamine by fractional distillation.
The process of this invention gives 6-aminocapronitrile with very good conversions, good yields and selectivities. It is also pos-sible, by varying temperature and catalyst space velocity, to ob-tain mixtures of 6-aminocapronitrile and hexamethylenediamine. In this connection, high temperatures and low catalyst space veloci-ties favor the formation of hexamethylenediamine, while low tem-peratures and high catalyst space velocities favor the formation of 6-aminocapronitrile.
6-Aminocapronitrile and hexamethylenediamine are important fiber intermediates. 6-Aminocapronitrile can be cyclized to form capro-lactam, the monomer for the production of nylon 6.
V W I V l Z I i V V
Hexamethyleneidamine is chiefly reacted with adipic acid to form 6,6 salt, the nylon-6,6 precursor.
Examples Example 1 In a 1 1 stirred lift autoclave, 100 g of 3-pentenenitrile, 350 g of m-xylene as solvent and 0.08% by weight of cobalt in the form 10 of dicobalt octacarbonyl as catalyst were heated to 105°C. On attainment of the final temperature, the reaction mixture was admixed with a mixture of 50% by volume of CO and 50% by volume of H2 under a pressure of 140 bar. During the reaction, the pres-sure in the reactor was kept constant by further injection of a 15 gas mixture of 50% by volume of CO and 50% by volume of H2. After a reaction time of 3 hours, the reaction was discontinued by cooling and decompression. A GC analysis of the reaction mixture revealed the following reaction mixture composition (in mol%):
20 Conversion 7.5 (conversion of 3-pentenenitrile) Selectivity valeronitrile 9~0 5-formylvaleronitrile 39.0 3- and 4-formylvaleronitrile 52.0 The yield of formylvaleronitriles (sum of 3-, 4- and 5-FVN) was 6.8%, and the molar ratio of 5-formylvaleronitrile to 3- and 4-formylvaleronitrile was 43:57.
Example 2 In a 1 1 stirred lift autoclave, 100 g of 3-pentenenitrile, 350 g of m-xylene as solvent and 0.04% by weight of cobalt in the form of dicobalt octacarbonyl as catalyst were heated to 170°C. On attainment of the final temperature, the reaction mixture was admixed with a mixture of 50% by volume of CO and 50% by volume of H2 under a pressure of 280 bar. During the reaction, the pres-sure in the reactor was kept constant by further injection of a gas mixture of 50% by volume of CO and 50% by volume of H2. After a reaction time of 2 hours, the reaction was discontinued by cooling and decompression. A GC analysis of the reaction mixture revealed the following reaction mixture composition (in mol%):
".
Conversion > 99.9 Selectivity valeronitrile 41.0 5-formylvaleronitrile 16.0 3- and 4-formylvaleronitrile 6.4 6-hydroxycapronitrile 23.0 4- and 5-hydroxymethylvaleronitrile 3.6 The yield of 5-formylvaleronitrile and 6-hydroxycapronitrile together was 39% and the molar ratio of 5-formylvaleronitrile to 3- and 4-formylvaleronitrile was 60:40.
Example 3 In a 300 ml HC autoclave with magnetic stirring, 20 g of 3-pen-tenenitrile, 100 g of toluene as solvent, 100 ppm of rhodium in the form of the complex Rh(CO)2acac (acac = acetylacetonate, mg) and the bisphosphite of the formula III (557 mg) (six-fold molar excess based on rhodium) Me pMe ouo i O
Me Me0-were heated up to 100 °C. On attainment of the final temperature the reaction mixture was admixed with a mixture of 50% by volume of CO and 50% by volume of Hz at a pressure of 5 bar. During the reaction, the pressure in the reactor was kept at a constant 5 bar, via a pressure regulator, by further injection of a gas mixture of 50% by volume of CO and 50% by volume of HZ. After a reaction time of 5 hours, the reaction was discontinued by cool-ing down to room temperature and decompression. A GC analysis of the reaction mixture produced the following results (data in mol%):
Conversion: > 99.9 Selectivity 2-, 4-pentenenitrile 19.5 valeronitrile 21.3 5-formylvaleronitrile 29.7 3- and 4-formylvaleronitrile 29.5 The yield of the product of value, 5-formylvaleronitrile, was 29.7, and the molar ratio of 5-formylvaleronitrile to 3- and 4-formylvaleronitrile was 50.2:49.8.
Example 4 In a 300 ml HC autoclave with magnetic stirring, 20 g of 3-pen-tenenitrile, 100 g of Palatinol~C (di-n-butyl phthalate) as sol-vent, 100 ppm of rhodium in the form of the complex Rh(CO)2acac (acac = acetylacetonate, 25 mg) and triphenyl phosphate in a 25-fold (based on rhodium) molar excess were heated up to 100°C.
On attainment of the final temperature the reaction mixture was admixed with a mixture of 50$ by volume of CO and 50~ by volume of HZ at a pressure of 5 bar. During the reaction, the pressure in the reactor was kept at a constant 5 bar, via a pressure regula-tor, by further injection of a gas mixture of 50$ by volume of CO
and 50~ by volume of H2. After a reaction time of 5 hours, the reaction was discontinued by cooling down to room temperature and decompression. A GC analysis of the reaction mixture produced the following results (data in mold):
Conversion: 98.6 Selectivity 2-, 4-pentenenitrile 0 valeronitrile 10.3 5-formylvaleronitrile 18.2 3- and 4-formylvaleronitrile 71.5 The yield of the product of value, 5-formylvaleronitrile, was 17.9, and the molar ratio of 5-formylvaleronitrile to 3- and 4-formylvaleronitrile was 20:80.
Example 5 In a 300 ml HC autoclave with magnetic stirring, 20 g of 4-pen-tenenitrile, 100 g of toluene as solvent, 100 ppm of rhodium in the form of the complex Rh(CO)2acac (acac = acetylacetonate, 25 mg) and the bisphosphite of the formula III (557 mg) (six-fold molar excess based on rhodium) were heated up to 100°C. On attain-ment of the final temperature the reaction mixture was admixed with a mixture of 50~ by volume of CO and 50~ by volume of HZ at a pressure of 5 bar. During the reaction, the pressure in the reac-tor was kept at a constant 5 bar, via a pressure regulator, by further injection of a gas mixture of 50~ by volume of CO and 500 by volume of Hz. After a reaction time of 5 hours, the reaction was discontinued by cooling down to room temperature and decom-pression. A GC analysis of the reaction mixture produced the fol-lowing results (data in mold):
Conversion: >99.9 Selectivity 2-, 4-pentenenitrile 34.0 valeronitrile 6.0 5-formylvaleronitrile 49.2 3- and 4-formylvaleronitrile 10.8 The yield of the product of value, 5-formylvaleronitrile, was 49.2x, and the molar ratio of 5-formylvaleronitrile to 3- and 4-formylvaleronitrile was 82:18.
Example 6 A plurality of hydroformylation effluents obtained according to Example 3 were combined. Distillative removal of 2-, 4-pentene-nitrile and valeronitrile left 130 g of a reaction mixture which, according to gas-chromatographic analysis, comprised 48~ by weight of 5-formylvaleronitrile and 46~ by weight of 4- and 3-formylvaleronitrile. Fractional distillation in a spinning-band column recovered 59 g of 5-formylvaleronitrile of boiling point 93-95°C/3 mbar (purity 99$) and 56 g of 4- + 3-formylvaleronitrile of boiling point 77-81°C/3 mbar (purity of 4- + 3-isomer 96%).
Example 7 A 300 ml autoclave with sampling port (HC 4 as material of con-struction) was charged with 11 g of 5-formylvaleronitrile and 3 g of Ru (3~)/A1203 (4 mm extrudates) under a protective gas (argon). The autoclave was then sealed, and 150 ml of NH3 were injected. The contents were mixed with a magnetic stirrer. After heating to 80°C (autogenous pressure: about 39 bar), the mixture was kept at 80°C for a further 2 hours, and then the total pressure was raised with hydrogen to 70 bar. The pressure of 70 bar was maintained by continued injection of hydrogen. After 25 hours, the autoclave was decompressioned and the hydrogenation effluent was analyzed by gas chromatography. The products formed ~
~ ~ ~vrv/ : / ~uv were 73~ of 6-aminocapronitrile and 12~ of hexamethylenediamine.
The conversion was 1000.
Claims (7)
1. ~A process for preparing 6-aminocapronitrile or 6-aminocapronitrile /hexamethylenediamine mixtures, which comprises a) reacting at least one pentenenitrile selected from the group consisting of 2-pentenenitrile, 3-pentenenitrile and 4-pentenenitrile with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst containing at least one element of subgroup eight of the Periodic Table as active component to obtain a hydroformylation effluent I, b) optionally removing carbon monoxide, hydrogen and the catalyst from the hydroformylation effluent I to obtain a hydroformylation effluent II, c) removing 5-formylvaleronitrile from said hydroformylation effluent I
or II, d) reacting the removed 5-formylvaleronitrile with ammonia and hydrogen in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst selected from the group consisting of metals and metal compounds of rhenium, copper and the elements of subgroup eight of the Periodic Table to obtain a hydrogenation effluent, and e) isolating 6-aminocapronitrile with or without hexamethylenediamine from the hydrogenation effluent.
or II, d) reacting the removed 5-formylvaleronitrile with ammonia and hydrogen in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst selected from the group consisting of metals and metal compounds of rhenium, copper and the elements of subgroup eight of the Periodic Table to obtain a hydrogenation effluent, and e) isolating 6-aminocapronitrile with or without hexamethylenediamine from the hydrogenation effluent.
2. ~A process as claimed in claim 1, wherein excess ammonia, hydrogen and optionally the hydrogenation catalyst are removed prior to the isolation of 6-aminocapronitrile with or without hexamethylenediamine in step e).
3. ~A process as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein step a) utilizes a catalyst containing cobalt or rhodium or platinum as active component.
4. A process as claimed in any one of claims 1 and 2, wherein the reaction of step a) is carried out in the presence of a rhodium carbonyl complex catalyst by adding a cocatalyst selected from the group consisting of triarylphosphines, bis(diarylphosphino)alkanes, triaryl phosphites and polyphosphites of the formulae I and II
where X is a bivalent bisarylene radical or R1, W is a bivalent substituted or unsubstituted arylene, bisarylene or alkylene radical, and R1 and R2 are identical or different and each is a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene or ortho-arylene radical, where Ar and Ar' are identical or different, substituted or unsubstituted arylene radicals having from 6 to 18 carbon atoms;
X is an m-binding radical having from 2 to 30 carbon atoms and selected from the group consisting of alkylene, alkylene-oxy-alkylene, arylene and a radical of the formula arylene-(CH2)y -(Q)n -(CH2)y -arylene where the arylene radicals are each as defined above and y is 0 or 1;
Q is a bivalent bridging group selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, --CO--, --CR3R4 --, where R3 and R4 are each hydrogen, alkyl having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms or a phenyl, tolyl or anisyl radical, and --NR5--, where R5 is hydrogen or methyl;
n is 0 or 1, and m is an integer from 2 to 6, and optionally containing sulfonate or carboxylate groups.
where X is a bivalent bisarylene radical or R1, W is a bivalent substituted or unsubstituted arylene, bisarylene or alkylene radical, and R1 and R2 are identical or different and each is a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene or ortho-arylene radical, where Ar and Ar' are identical or different, substituted or unsubstituted arylene radicals having from 6 to 18 carbon atoms;
X is an m-binding radical having from 2 to 30 carbon atoms and selected from the group consisting of alkylene, alkylene-oxy-alkylene, arylene and a radical of the formula arylene-(CH2)y -(Q)n -(CH2)y -arylene where the arylene radicals are each as defined above and y is 0 or 1;
Q is a bivalent bridging group selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, --CO--, --CR3R4 --, where R3 and R4 are each hydrogen, alkyl having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms or a phenyl, tolyl or anisyl radical, and --NR5--, where R5 is hydrogen or methyl;
n is 0 or 1, and m is an integer from 2 to 6, and optionally containing sulfonate or carboxylate groups.
5. A process as claimed in claim 4, wherein the cocatalyst is added in a molar ratio of cocatalyst (calculated as equivalents of phosphorus) to rhodium within the range from 1:1 to 300:1.
6. A process as claimed in any one of claim 1 to 5, wherein the reaction of step a) or d) is carried out in the presence of a solvent.
7. A process as claimed in claim 1, wherein steps d) and e) are replaced by the steps of:
d') treating 5-formylvaleronitrile first with ammonia, optionally in the presence of an acidic catalyst, to obtain an ammoniacal effluent, e') then optionally removing the acidic catalyst to obtain an ammoniacal solution, f) reacting the ammoniacal effluent of d'), or the solution of e'), with ammonia and hydrogen in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst selected from the group consisting metals and metal compounds of copper, rhenium and the elements of subgroup eight of the Periodic Table to obtain a hydrogenation effluent, and g) isolating 6-aminocapronitrile with or without hexamethylenediamine from the hydrogenation effluent.
d') treating 5-formylvaleronitrile first with ammonia, optionally in the presence of an acidic catalyst, to obtain an ammoniacal effluent, e') then optionally removing the acidic catalyst to obtain an ammoniacal solution, f) reacting the ammoniacal effluent of d'), or the solution of e'), with ammonia and hydrogen in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst selected from the group consisting metals and metal compounds of copper, rhenium and the elements of subgroup eight of the Periodic Table to obtain a hydrogenation effluent, and g) isolating 6-aminocapronitrile with or without hexamethylenediamine from the hydrogenation effluent.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19631521.2 | 1996-08-03 | ||
| DE19631521A DE19631521A1 (en) | 1996-08-03 | 1996-08-03 | Process for the preparation of 6-aminocapronitrile |
| PCT/EP1997/003988 WO1998005632A1 (en) | 1996-08-03 | 1997-07-23 | Manufacturing process for 6-aminocapronitrile |
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