CA2258590C - Compound feed and process for its preparation - Google Patents
Compound feed and process for its preparation Download PDFInfo
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- CA2258590C CA2258590C CA002258590A CA2258590A CA2258590C CA 2258590 C CA2258590 C CA 2258590C CA 002258590 A CA002258590 A CA 002258590A CA 2258590 A CA2258590 A CA 2258590A CA 2258590 C CA2258590 C CA 2258590C
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- compound feed
- histidine
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- crude protein
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K30/00—Processes specially adapted for preservation of materials in order to produce animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K30/10—Processes specially adapted for preservation of materials in order to produce animal feeding-stuffs of green fodder
- A23K30/15—Processes specially adapted for preservation of materials in order to produce animal feeding-stuffs of green fodder using chemicals or microorganisms for ensilaging
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/142—Amino acids; Derivatives thereof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K40/00—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K40/30—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs by encapsulating; by coating
- A23K40/35—Making capsules specially adapted for ruminants
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/10—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for ruminants
Abstract
The object of the invention is a compound feed to be given especially as a silage supplement, for increasing the protein-fat-ratio of the milk and improving nitrogen utilization of a dairy cow. The compound feed is characterized in that its crude protein content is not more than 14 % by weight as calculated from the weight of the compound feed, whereby the histidine fraction of the crude protein preferably is between 2.8 to 4.0 % by weight.
Description
Compound feed and process for its preparation The present invention is based on identifying the first limiting amino acid in milk production and the use of this knowledge in designing feeds and in the feeding of cows. More specifically, the object of the invention is the use of histidine in a compound feed for dairy cows for increasing the protein-fat ratio in the milk and to improve nitrogen utilization.
In most countries today milk protein is the most important ingredient in 1o milk, whereas the importance of the fat content has diminished as a result of changes in consumer habits. The consumption of cheese has increased, the consumption of milk fats, has, however, decreased. The change in preferences is also reflected in the pricing of milk. Earlier the production price paid for milk was positively affected by a high fat content. Nowadays a high price is paid for the milk protein fraction.
Ten essential amino acids (arginine, phenyl alanine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, threonine, tryptophane and valine) are needed for the production of milk protein. All natural proteins, as well as the ru-2o men-produced proteins contain alt these amino acids. Milk protein can be produced only in such an amount for which the most limiting amino acid suffices. In such a situation production is not increased even if the availabi-lity of the other amino acids were to be increased. Instead the animal has to excrete the excessive amino acids.
The purpose of feeding is to provide the cow with nutrients in optimal ratios so that they are directed as effectively as possible to form milk pro-tein rather than milk fat. in this manner, also nitrogen ufilization in feeding is improved, thus also providing for a less polluted environment. Nitrogen 3o burdens nature in two ways, as ammonia in the air and as nitrate in the soil or the ground water. In milk production, nitrogen losses can be reduced by means of a proper diet so as to reduce the excretion of nitrogen in the WO 98!06275 PCT1TI97/0~471
In most countries today milk protein is the most important ingredient in 1o milk, whereas the importance of the fat content has diminished as a result of changes in consumer habits. The consumption of cheese has increased, the consumption of milk fats, has, however, decreased. The change in preferences is also reflected in the pricing of milk. Earlier the production price paid for milk was positively affected by a high fat content. Nowadays a high price is paid for the milk protein fraction.
Ten essential amino acids (arginine, phenyl alanine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, threonine, tryptophane and valine) are needed for the production of milk protein. All natural proteins, as well as the ru-2o men-produced proteins contain alt these amino acids. Milk protein can be produced only in such an amount for which the most limiting amino acid suffices. In such a situation production is not increased even if the availabi-lity of the other amino acids were to be increased. Instead the animal has to excrete the excessive amino acids.
The purpose of feeding is to provide the cow with nutrients in optimal ratios so that they are directed as effectively as possible to form milk pro-tein rather than milk fat. in this manner, also nitrogen ufilization in feeding is improved, thus also providing for a less polluted environment. Nitrogen 3o burdens nature in two ways, as ammonia in the air and as nitrate in the soil or the ground water. In milk production, nitrogen losses can be reduced by means of a proper diet so as to reduce the excretion of nitrogen in the WO 98!06275 PCT1TI97/0~471
2 manure and urine by directing the nitrogen containing nutrients more effec-tively to form milk proteins.
The protein requirement of a ruminant is comprised of the amino acid re-quirement of the animal itself as well as the requirement of the rumen mic-robes for nitrogen containing compounds. It is known today that the micro-bes need amino acids and peptides in addition to simple nitrogen com-pounds. Central reactions of the rumen are the partial degradation of feed proteins and the simultaneous synthesis of microbial protein, as wet! as 1o absorption of ammonia through the rumen wall into the blood circulation.
Part of the protein is transported undegraded to the small intestine wherein it is absorbed in the form of amino acids into the blood circulation. The nutritional value of this undegraded feed protein is dependant on its amino acid composition and digestability in the small intestine. In the rumen, the microbes form microbial protein from the nitrogen containing feed com-pounds. Also the amino acids from the microbial protein are absorbed from the small intestine. In a high-producing dairy cow, the amino acids from the microbial protein are not sufficient to satisfy the need of the anima( but, in addition, high-quality protein compound feed is needed from which the 2o small intestine is provided with the desired amino acids. The amino acids absorbed from the small intestine are transported with the blood circulation also for the needs of the mammary gland, wherein i.a. milk protein is pro-duced.
The biological gross efficiency of a dairy cow in protein production can be expressed as the nitrogen (or protein] contained in the milk as a fraction of the nitrogen consumed by the animal. The nutrients consumed by the ani-ma! are never utilized to one hundred percent in the end products, because the vital functions are based on biological processes wherein always some losses occur. However, by balancing the diet in the correct manner, the nit rogen tosses can be decreased. For example, the balance and ratios of amino acids in the feed and after digestion in the blood circulation affect
The protein requirement of a ruminant is comprised of the amino acid re-quirement of the animal itself as well as the requirement of the rumen mic-robes for nitrogen containing compounds. It is known today that the micro-bes need amino acids and peptides in addition to simple nitrogen com-pounds. Central reactions of the rumen are the partial degradation of feed proteins and the simultaneous synthesis of microbial protein, as wet! as 1o absorption of ammonia through the rumen wall into the blood circulation.
Part of the protein is transported undegraded to the small intestine wherein it is absorbed in the form of amino acids into the blood circulation. The nutritional value of this undegraded feed protein is dependant on its amino acid composition and digestability in the small intestine. In the rumen, the microbes form microbial protein from the nitrogen containing feed com-pounds. Also the amino acids from the microbial protein are absorbed from the small intestine. In a high-producing dairy cow, the amino acids from the microbial protein are not sufficient to satisfy the need of the anima( but, in addition, high-quality protein compound feed is needed from which the 2o small intestine is provided with the desired amino acids. The amino acids absorbed from the small intestine are transported with the blood circulation also for the needs of the mammary gland, wherein i.a. milk protein is pro-duced.
The biological gross efficiency of a dairy cow in protein production can be expressed as the nitrogen (or protein] contained in the milk as a fraction of the nitrogen consumed by the animal. The nutrients consumed by the ani-ma! are never utilized to one hundred percent in the end products, because the vital functions are based on biological processes wherein always some losses occur. However, by balancing the diet in the correct manner, the nit rogen tosses can be decreased. For example, the balance and ratios of amino acids in the feed and after digestion in the blood circulation affect
3 milk yield, milk composition and nitrogen utilization. So far, sufficient knowledge about amino acid feeding has not been available which could be adapted to the conditions of our country.
The excretion of nitrogen from animals can be reduced by optimizing the amino acid composition in the diet, and thus by improving the retention of nitrogen in the animal product while maintaining the nitrogen level of the diet. The goal is a more effective metabolism and lesser nitrogen losses in the urine. Alternatively, by optimizing the amino acid composition of the to diet, the use of nitrogen in the diet can be reduced without reducing the ' yield. This leads to lesser nitrogen losses in the gastrointestinal tract, whe-reby the nitrogen losses in both the urine and manure are reduced.
In many countries the diet of cows consists to a large degree of the use of grass silage. Grass silage is supplemented with compound or concentrate feed. From the point of view of nitrogen utilization some problems are associated with a silage diet. In addition to an excessive nitrogen content, also the quality of the silage protein increases the dietary problems. By shifting the harvesting of silage to take place one week earlier, the nitrogen 2o content of grass silage can be increased, but it still does not remove the need for high quality supplementary protein. Positive results have been obtained with an addition of protein compound feed despite the fact that the protein content of the silage feed has been high. Thus, silage still needs protein with a high-quality amino acid composition in the form of a feed supplement.
During recent years, the optimal amino acid composition of feed supple-ments has been the object of some study in various countries. In many studies the starting point has been the replication of the milk amino acid 3o profile. In some studies, wherein the diet is based on the use of corn silage, positive results have been obtained with lysine and methionine supple-ments. In some countries it is thus seriously believed that lysine and met-WO 98!06275 PC~'/FI97/00471
The excretion of nitrogen from animals can be reduced by optimizing the amino acid composition in the diet, and thus by improving the retention of nitrogen in the animal product while maintaining the nitrogen level of the diet. The goal is a more effective metabolism and lesser nitrogen losses in the urine. Alternatively, by optimizing the amino acid composition of the to diet, the use of nitrogen in the diet can be reduced without reducing the ' yield. This leads to lesser nitrogen losses in the gastrointestinal tract, whe-reby the nitrogen losses in both the urine and manure are reduced.
In many countries the diet of cows consists to a large degree of the use of grass silage. Grass silage is supplemented with compound or concentrate feed. From the point of view of nitrogen utilization some problems are associated with a silage diet. In addition to an excessive nitrogen content, also the quality of the silage protein increases the dietary problems. By shifting the harvesting of silage to take place one week earlier, the nitrogen 2o content of grass silage can be increased, but it still does not remove the need for high quality supplementary protein. Positive results have been obtained with an addition of protein compound feed despite the fact that the protein content of the silage feed has been high. Thus, silage still needs protein with a high-quality amino acid composition in the form of a feed supplement.
During recent years, the optimal amino acid composition of feed supple-ments has been the object of some study in various countries. In many studies the starting point has been the replication of the milk amino acid 3o profile. In some studies, wherein the diet is based on the use of corn silage, positive results have been obtained with lysine and methionine supple-ments. In some countries it is thus seriously believed that lysine and met-WO 98!06275 PC~'/FI97/00471
4 hionine are the first milk production limiting amino acids in dairy cows.
However, in a diet based on grass silage, lysine and methionine supple-ments have not given an additional benefit.
When evaluating the optimal protein composition of the diet of cows the starting point should, however, not only be the amino acid profile of milk, because the amount of amino acids passing from the blood circulation into the mammary gland to be excreted with the milk from the mammary gland is not necessarily always the same. Some of the essential amino acids (phenyl alanine, tyrosine, methionine and tryptophane? are, it is true, pas-sed from the blood circulation into the mammary gland to the same degree as they are secreted from the mammary gland. Other essential amino acids (arginine, branched amino acids, threonine, lysine and histidine) pass from the blood circulation into the mammary gland to a much higher degree than are removed with the milk. Some of these essential amino acids are degra-ded in the mammary gland and their amino groups are used for the pro-duction of non-essential amino acids.
in this invention it has been shown for the first time that in a silage-based 2o diet for dairy cows, histidine is the first limiting amino acid in the milk pro-duction of cows.
According to the invention it has thus been observed that the protein-fat ratio in the milk of dairy cows can be increased and nitrogen utilization improved by giving to the cow supplementary histidine in the form of a compound feed, when care is taken at the same time that the total crude protein in the compound feed is kept below a specific limit value. Thus according to the invention, the histidine content in the compound feed is increased in relation to the other amino acids in the compound feed.
The object of the invention is thus a compound feed, which contains feed components conventionally used in compound feeds, the crude protein
However, in a diet based on grass silage, lysine and methionine supple-ments have not given an additional benefit.
When evaluating the optimal protein composition of the diet of cows the starting point should, however, not only be the amino acid profile of milk, because the amount of amino acids passing from the blood circulation into the mammary gland to be excreted with the milk from the mammary gland is not necessarily always the same. Some of the essential amino acids (phenyl alanine, tyrosine, methionine and tryptophane? are, it is true, pas-sed from the blood circulation into the mammary gland to the same degree as they are secreted from the mammary gland. Other essential amino acids (arginine, branched amino acids, threonine, lysine and histidine) pass from the blood circulation into the mammary gland to a much higher degree than are removed with the milk. Some of these essential amino acids are degra-ded in the mammary gland and their amino groups are used for the pro-duction of non-essential amino acids.
in this invention it has been shown for the first time that in a silage-based 2o diet for dairy cows, histidine is the first limiting amino acid in the milk pro-duction of cows.
According to the invention it has thus been observed that the protein-fat ratio in the milk of dairy cows can be increased and nitrogen utilization improved by giving to the cow supplementary histidine in the form of a compound feed, when care is taken at the same time that the total crude protein in the compound feed is kept below a specific limit value. Thus according to the invention, the histidine content in the compound feed is increased in relation to the other amino acids in the compound feed.
The object of the invention is thus a compound feed, which contains feed components conventionally used in compound feeds, the crude protein
5 PCTIF'it97/00471 content of which is not more than 14 % by weight, as calculated from the whole weight of the compound feed, at feast 2.8 % by weight of the crude protein being comprised of histidine.
5 According to a preferred embodiment, the histidine content is appr. 2.8 to 4.0, preferably 2.8 to 3.0 % by weight of the total crude protein. The crude protein content is advantageously at least 9, more preferred 1 O to 12 by weight as calculated from the whole weight of the compound feed.
1o When, according to the invention, the protein diet of cows is supplemented so as to increase the amount of histidine to be given with the compound feed, as compared to a normal basic feed, from the normal level which, depending on the feed components used, is appr. 2.0 to 2.5 % by weight of the total crude protein, both milk production and milk protein production increase. The fat content, on the other hand, decreases, wherefore the ratio between milk protein and fat changes in the desired direction. At the same time, the total crude protein content in the compound feed is limited to values generally below the normal values for compound feed which are usually above 14 %, whereby smaller nitrogen losses are obtained. It has 2o been shown in tests that by supplementing the diet to balance the histidine therein, one can obtain 4 g of milk protein with one gram of histidine. Nit-rogen utilization is thus improved substantially.
An object of the invention is also a process for the production of the above defined compound feed, according to which a) the compound feed components are combined with such a quantity of histidine so as to obtain a compound feed mixture having a crude protein content of not more than 14 % by weight and a histidine content of at least 2.8 % by weight, preferably 2.8 to 4.0 % by weight of the crude protein, or WO 98/06275 PCT/FI97/0~471
5 According to a preferred embodiment, the histidine content is appr. 2.8 to 4.0, preferably 2.8 to 3.0 % by weight of the total crude protein. The crude protein content is advantageously at least 9, more preferred 1 O to 12 by weight as calculated from the whole weight of the compound feed.
1o When, according to the invention, the protein diet of cows is supplemented so as to increase the amount of histidine to be given with the compound feed, as compared to a normal basic feed, from the normal level which, depending on the feed components used, is appr. 2.0 to 2.5 % by weight of the total crude protein, both milk production and milk protein production increase. The fat content, on the other hand, decreases, wherefore the ratio between milk protein and fat changes in the desired direction. At the same time, the total crude protein content in the compound feed is limited to values generally below the normal values for compound feed which are usually above 14 %, whereby smaller nitrogen losses are obtained. It has 2o been shown in tests that by supplementing the diet to balance the histidine therein, one can obtain 4 g of milk protein with one gram of histidine. Nit-rogen utilization is thus improved substantially.
An object of the invention is also a process for the production of the above defined compound feed, according to which a) the compound feed components are combined with such a quantity of histidine so as to obtain a compound feed mixture having a crude protein content of not more than 14 % by weight and a histidine content of at least 2.8 % by weight, preferably 2.8 to 4.0 % by weight of the crude protein, or WO 98/06275 PCT/FI97/0~471
6 b) the components of the compound feed mixture are combined in a qualitative and quantitative manner so that the crude protein content of the feed mixture so obtained is not more than 14 % by weight and the histidi-ne content is at least 2.8 % by weight, preferably 2.8 to 4.0 % by weight of the crude protein.
The histidine level in the diet can thus be increased by adding supplementa-ry histidine to the feed. The protein and especially the histidine of the mix-ture is hereby preferably in a form which is protected from degradation in 1o the rumen. Such methods for protecting amino acids are weft known and they can be either chemical or physical. The chemical methods include i.a.
protecting the amino or carboxy group of the amino acid with a suitable protecting group, which is removed after the rumen, for example, through hydrolysis, thus forming the free amino acid. The physical methods include encapsulation of the amino acid in a suitable material which withstands the conditions of the rumen but which is degraded after the rumen thus libera-ting the amino acid. Such materials are, for example, various celluioses and derivatives thereof, suitable pH-sensitive polymers, or fats (Buttery, P. J.
et al., Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition, (1985J, p. 19-33; Block, S. M. et 2 o al., J. Dci Food Agric 7994, 65, 44 9-447; Ruiquin, H., Feed Mix Vol. 2, No. 4 1994). Rumen degradation can also be reduced by treating the feed chemically or physically, that is with wateristeam and heat, and optionally under increased pressure. Using physical and chemical methods, rumen degradation has been reduced typically appr. 10 to 70°!°.
It is also possible to obtain the desired histidine content in the compound feed by optimizing the raw materials of the the feed mixture in a qualitative and quantitative manner so that the histidine content in the final feed is adjusted to the desired level. Optimal raw materials are those which have a 3o high histidine content, but which do not have a high total crude protein content.
WO 98/06275 PCT/I'I97/00471
The histidine level in the diet can thus be increased by adding supplementa-ry histidine to the feed. The protein and especially the histidine of the mix-ture is hereby preferably in a form which is protected from degradation in 1o the rumen. Such methods for protecting amino acids are weft known and they can be either chemical or physical. The chemical methods include i.a.
protecting the amino or carboxy group of the amino acid with a suitable protecting group, which is removed after the rumen, for example, through hydrolysis, thus forming the free amino acid. The physical methods include encapsulation of the amino acid in a suitable material which withstands the conditions of the rumen but which is degraded after the rumen thus libera-ting the amino acid. Such materials are, for example, various celluioses and derivatives thereof, suitable pH-sensitive polymers, or fats (Buttery, P. J.
et al., Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition, (1985J, p. 19-33; Block, S. M. et 2 o al., J. Dci Food Agric 7994, 65, 44 9-447; Ruiquin, H., Feed Mix Vol. 2, No. 4 1994). Rumen degradation can also be reduced by treating the feed chemically or physically, that is with wateristeam and heat, and optionally under increased pressure. Using physical and chemical methods, rumen degradation has been reduced typically appr. 10 to 70°!°.
It is also possible to obtain the desired histidine content in the compound feed by optimizing the raw materials of the the feed mixture in a qualitative and quantitative manner so that the histidine content in the final feed is adjusted to the desired level. Optimal raw materials are those which have a 3o high histidine content, but which do not have a high total crude protein content.
WO 98/06275 PCT/I'I97/00471
7 In the following table the crude protein contents, and the content of histidi-ne in the crude protein, for some typical feed raw materials used in Finland are shown.
Histidine Crude protein of crude g/kg protein Barley 2.3 108 io Oat 2.2 1 15 Molasses 2.7 49 Barley fiber 1 .9 162 Wheat bran 2.6 148 Wheat middlings 2.5 173 Sugarbeet pulp 2.5 107 Rapeseed meal 2.8 344 Soybean meal 2.fi 458 in the compound feed according to the invention alt conventional com-2o pound feed components or raw materials can be used, for example the raw materials mentioned below in the indicated amounts. The amounts men-tioned in parenthesis are preferable amounts. The feed components to be used according to the invention are preferably al! of plant origin, but, in addition, milk-based products, such as casein products can be used. Inde-pendentiy of the composition of the recipe, the histidine content can be adjusted to the desired level by adjusting the amount of added histidine.
The crude protein level of the recipe should, however, be at the most 140 g/kg.
WO 98/06275 PCT/~I97/00471
Histidine Crude protein of crude g/kg protein Barley 2.3 108 io Oat 2.2 1 15 Molasses 2.7 49 Barley fiber 1 .9 162 Wheat bran 2.6 148 Wheat middlings 2.5 173 Sugarbeet pulp 2.5 107 Rapeseed meal 2.8 344 Soybean meal 2.fi 458 in the compound feed according to the invention alt conventional com-2o pound feed components or raw materials can be used, for example the raw materials mentioned below in the indicated amounts. The amounts men-tioned in parenthesis are preferable amounts. The feed components to be used according to the invention are preferably al! of plant origin, but, in addition, milk-based products, such as casein products can be used. Inde-pendentiy of the composition of the recipe, the histidine content can be adjusted to the desired level by adjusting the amount of added histidine.
The crude protein level of the recipe should, however, be at the most 140 g/kg.
WO 98/06275 PCT/~I97/00471
8 °~ by weight grain (barley, oat) 0-85 (30-40) bran (wheat, oat) 0-60 ( 15-20) wheat middlings 0-30 (5-10) , sugarbeet pulp 0-60 ( 1 O-20) oilseed meal (rapeseed, soya) O-30 (10-20) molasses O-10 (4-6) 1o minerals 0-10 (3-4) vegetable oil 0-5 (O-1 ) histidine 0.01-0.2 In the recipe, also other raw materials can be added, if desired (0-30%) such as malt teed, brewers' grains, haymeal, grassmeal, distillers' grains, etc. Normally the silage diet of a cow is supplemented with the compound feed of the invention in an amount of 1 to 20 kg/cow/day.
In the following tests are described in which the effect of a protein supp-lement on the milk protein level has been studied in dairy cows using a grain compound feed-silage diet.
As the control feed, a grain compound feed + silage was used. In the tests, the protein supplement in the diet was obtained by adding rapeseed, in the amounts indicated in the table (tests 1-10).
Also a further test (test 11 ) was carried out wherein histidine (6.5 g) was given with the control instead of rapeseed. Test 12 was carried out simi-larly as test 1 1 by giving histidine (6.5 g) and, in addition, 250 g of glucose 3 o to prevent the use of glucogenic amino acids as glucose precursors. Test 13 was carried similarly by giving histidine (6 g) and 250 g of glucose.
In the following tests are described in which the effect of a protein supp-lement on the milk protein level has been studied in dairy cows using a grain compound feed-silage diet.
As the control feed, a grain compound feed + silage was used. In the tests, the protein supplement in the diet was obtained by adding rapeseed, in the amounts indicated in the table (tests 1-10).
Also a further test (test 11 ) was carried out wherein histidine (6.5 g) was given with the control instead of rapeseed. Test 12 was carried out simi-larly as test 1 1 by giving histidine (6.5 g) and, in addition, 250 g of glucose 3 o to prevent the use of glucogenic amino acids as glucose precursors. Test 13 was carried similarly by giving histidine (6 g) and 250 g of glucose.
9 Test Rape seed Increase in Increase in Histidine as milk crude % of protein vs controlprotein vs crude protein/crude control (g/d) (g/d} protein of compound feed 1 1.9 +43 +518 2.51/150 2 0.944 +53 +305 2.41/150 r 3 0.584 +Z +84 2.351122 4 1.157 +32 +218 2.44/135 5 1.75 +25 +319 2.50/ 150 6 0.87 + 17 + 163 2.41/145 7 1.8 +70 +415 2.52/170 8 1.0 +47 +265 2.05/160 9 2.0 +71 +443 2.2/180
10 3.0 +118 +705 2.33/200 Average 1.5 +48 +344 2.371154 l I +26 +37 2.97/110 i2 +57 +74.2 2.97/139 . 2 0 13 +58 +47.5 3.1/112 From the table it can be seen that when supplementing a grain compound feed silage diet with rapeseed protein, on an average 31.4 g of rapeseed meal was needed for producing one additional gram of of milk protein.
When the supplement was made with histidine, an addition of 6.5 g of histidine gave an additional 26 g of milk protein, that is 0.25 g of histidine was needed for one additional gram of milk protein.
3o The invention is illustrated with the following examples.
Example 1.
A feed was made by mixing the following components:
a by weight Oat 20.0 Barley 20.0 Wheat bran 18.0 Wheat middlings 7.7 Sugarbeet pulp 20.0 Wheat molasses 5.0 5 Vegetable oil 0.6 Rapeseed meal 5.65 Minerals and vitamins 3.0 Histidine 0.05 10 In the feed obtained, the crude protein content was 120 g/kg and the crude protein contained 3.0 % by weight of histidine.
Example 2.
A feed was made using the following components:
by weight Oat 1 O.O
Barley 20.0 2o Wheat middlings 7.0 Wheat bran 13.6 Sugarbeet pulp 25.0 Rapeseed meat 15.7 Wheat molasses 8.0 Vegetable oil 0.6 Histidine 0.06 In the feed obtained, the crude protein content was 140 g/kg and the crude protein contained 3.0 % by weight of histidine.
Il Example 3.
A feed was made using the following components:
% by weight Oat 5.0 Barley 26.0 Wheat middlings 10.0 Wheat bran 19.3 1o Sugarbeet pulp 25.0 Rapeseed meal 5.7 Wheat molasses 8.0 Vegetable oil 0.6 Histidine 0.06 In the feed obtained, the crude protein content was 120 g/kg and the crude protein contained 3.0 % by weight of histidine.
When the supplement was made with histidine, an addition of 6.5 g of histidine gave an additional 26 g of milk protein, that is 0.25 g of histidine was needed for one additional gram of milk protein.
3o The invention is illustrated with the following examples.
Example 1.
A feed was made by mixing the following components:
a by weight Oat 20.0 Barley 20.0 Wheat bran 18.0 Wheat middlings 7.7 Sugarbeet pulp 20.0 Wheat molasses 5.0 5 Vegetable oil 0.6 Rapeseed meal 5.65 Minerals and vitamins 3.0 Histidine 0.05 10 In the feed obtained, the crude protein content was 120 g/kg and the crude protein contained 3.0 % by weight of histidine.
Example 2.
A feed was made using the following components:
by weight Oat 1 O.O
Barley 20.0 2o Wheat middlings 7.0 Wheat bran 13.6 Sugarbeet pulp 25.0 Rapeseed meat 15.7 Wheat molasses 8.0 Vegetable oil 0.6 Histidine 0.06 In the feed obtained, the crude protein content was 140 g/kg and the crude protein contained 3.0 % by weight of histidine.
Il Example 3.
A feed was made using the following components:
% by weight Oat 5.0 Barley 26.0 Wheat middlings 10.0 Wheat bran 19.3 1o Sugarbeet pulp 25.0 Rapeseed meal 5.7 Wheat molasses 8.0 Vegetable oil 0.6 Histidine 0.06 In the feed obtained, the crude protein content was 120 g/kg and the crude protein contained 3.0 % by weight of histidine.
Claims (20)
1. Compound feed based on a mixture of conventional feed components, characterized in that its crude protein content is not more than 14 % by weight and the histidine content of the crude protein is at least 2.8 %.
2. The compound feed according to claim 1, characterized in that the histidine content is 2.8 to 4.0 % by weight of the crude protein of the feed.
3. The compound feed according to claim 2 wherein the histidine content is 2.8 to 3.0 % by weight of the crude protein.
4. The compound feed according to any one of claims 1, 2 or 3 characterized in that the crude protein content is at least 9 % by weight.
5. The compound feed according to claim 4 wherein the crude protein content is between 10 and 12 % by weight.
6. The compound feed according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the feed components are of plant origin.
7. The compound feed according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the histidine is protected against rumen degradation.
8. The compound feed according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that it has been processed by treating it with any of (a) heat, (b) steam, and (c) heat and steam.
9. The compound feed according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that it contains % by weight grain 0-85 bran 0-60 wheat middlings 0-30 sugarbeet pulp 0-60 oil seed meal 0-30 molasses 0-10 minerals 0-10 vegetable oil 0-5 histidine 0.01-0.2
10. The compound feed according to claim 9, characterized in that it contains % by weight grain 30-40 bran 15-20 wheat middlings 5-10 sugarbeet pulp 10-20 oilseed meal 10-20 molasses 4-6 minerals 3-4 vegetable oil 0.1 histidine 0.01-0.2
11. The compound feed according to claim 9 or claim 10 wherein the grain is a grain selected from the set of grains consisting of at least one of (a) barley and (b) oats.
12. The compound feed according to claim 9, 10 or 11 wherein the bran is a bran selected from the set of brans consisting of at least one of (a) wheat bran and (b) oat bran.
13. The compound feed according to claim 9, 10, 11 or 12 wherein the oil seed meal is an oilseed meal selected from the set of oilseed meals consisting of (a) rapeseed, and (b) soya.
14. Process for the preparation of a compound feed according to any one of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that a) the compound feed components are combined with such a quantity of histidine so as to obtain a feed mixture having a crude protein content of not more than 14 % by weight and a histidine content of at least 2.8 % by weight of the crude protein, or b) the components of the compound feed mixture are combined in a qualitative and quantitative manner so that the crude protein content of the feed mixture obtained is not more than 14 % by weight and the histidine content is at least 2.8 % by weight of the crude protein.
15. Process of claim 14 wherein the histidine content is 2.8 to 4.0 % by weight of the crude protein.
16. The process according to claim 14, characterized in that the histidine in the method alternative a), is in protected form.
17. Method for increasing the protein-fat-ratio of milk and improving nitrogen utilization in a dairy cow, characterized in that the diet of the cow, is supplemented with a histidine enriched compound feed according to any one of the claims 1 to 13.
18. The method of claim 17 wherein the diet of the cow is a silage based diet.
19. Silage based method of feeding cows, characterized in that the silage of cows is supplemented with a histidine enriched compound feed according to any one of the claims 1 to 13.
20. The method according to any of claims 17, 18 and 19, characterized in that the compound feed supplement is 1 to 20 kg/cow/day.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FI963146A FI104458B (en) | 1996-08-12 | 1996-08-12 | Concentrated feed and process for its preparation |
| FI963146 | 1996-08-12 | ||
| PCT/FI1997/000471 WO1998006275A1 (en) | 1996-08-12 | 1997-08-11 | Compound feed and process for its preparation |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2258590A1 CA2258590A1 (en) | 1998-02-19 |
| CA2258590C true CA2258590C (en) | 2006-12-05 |
Family
ID=37560879
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002258590A Expired - Fee Related CA2258590C (en) | 1996-08-12 | 1997-08-11 | Compound feed and process for its preparation |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA2258590C (en) |
-
1997
- 1997-08-11 CA CA002258590A patent/CA2258590C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CA2258590A1 (en) | 1998-02-19 |
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