CA2249317A1 - Spunbond vacuum cleaner webs - Google Patents
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- CA2249317A1 CA2249317A1 CA 2249317 CA2249317A CA2249317A1 CA 2249317 A1 CA2249317 A1 CA 2249317A1 CA 2249317 CA2249317 CA 2249317 CA 2249317 A CA2249317 A CA 2249317A CA 2249317 A1 CA2249317 A1 CA 2249317A1
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Abstract
There is provided a vacuum cleaner filter medium which is a nonwoven spunbond web of conjugate spunbond fibers. The web has a Frazier permeability of at least 250 CFM, an NaCl efficiency of at least 65 percent, a Gurley Stiffness of at least 20 mg, and a pressure drop of 0.5 or less mm H2O. The conjugate fibers are made from polymers, more particularly polyolefins, still more particularly polypropylene and polyethylene in a side-by-side configuration. The filter medium is treated by a hot-air knife and through-air bonded during the production process. The medium is also electret treated. The medium has sufficient stiffness to be converted into a filter by conventional means. While this invention is directed mainly to air purification and filtration, other gasses may be filtered as well.
Description
W O 97/39817 PCT~US97/05787 SPUNBOND V~CUUM CLEANER WEBS
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates generally to a nonwoven web which is formed from spunbond fibers of a then"oplaslic resin and laminates using such a web as a component. The web has particular appli~z~.'ity in vacuum cleaning as it provides a low pressure drop and good filtration efficiency.
The" "opla~lic resins have been extruded to form fibers and webs for a number of years.
The most co" "~ ,on the~ " lopl ~slics for this application are polyolefins, particularly polypropylene.
Other " ,al~rials such as polyesters, polyetheresters, polyamides and polyurethanes are also used to form nonwoven spunbond webs.
Nonwoven webs are useful for a wide variety of applications such as co",ponents of diapers, feminine hygiene products, towels, recreational or protective webs and as geotextiles and filter media. The nonwoven webs used in these applications may be simply spunbond webs but are often in the form of nonwoven web laminates like spunbond/spunbond (SS) laminates or spunbond/meltblown/spunbond (SMS) lan ,inal~s.
Vacuum cleaner bags require high permeability in order to produce the least back pressure possible against the blower motor but also good filtration efficiency. Previous allempls to provide a high efficiency vacuum cleaner bag have generally focused on paper, meltblown webs and laminates of fill~tion web and a support layer.
US Patent 4,589,894 to Gin et al. for a Disposable Filter for a Vacuum Cleaner teaches an inner layer of microfibers, for example meltblown fibers, and highly porous outer support layers on either side of the inner layer where the highly porous support layers are preferably spunbond webs.
W O 97/39817 PCTrUS97/0~,787 US Patent 4,917,942 to Winters teaches a laminate of an electret containing layer of "~ic~ ers~ preferably meltblown, and a supporting layer of a highly permeable web, preferably spunbond. The laminate is suited for use in vacuum cleaner bags.
US Patent 5,080,702 to Bosses teaches a two-ply vacuum cleaner bag comprising a highly air permeable inner meltblown layer and a conventional outer layer which may be wood, hemp paper or other known filter paper or web.
US Patent 5,090,975 to Requejo et al. discloses a vacuum cleaner bag comprising a sheet of flashspun fibers without the need for a suppor,'ing layer.
As vacuum cleaning filter media, some of the desired characteristics of nonwoven webs 10 are that they be permeable to air yet have a high ~;,lll~tion effciency. Permeability to air is quite important as low permeability could result in a high pressure drop across the filter media requiring a higher, and hence more costly, energy input into the filtered fluid and shortening filter life. Low permeability could also result in physical damage to the filter media upon being clogged with filtered particles because of increased pressure drop across the filter media.
High rill,alion effciency is, of course, the main purpose for a filter mediim and great effciency and ability to maintain the efficiency at an acceptable level are key to filter media performance.
It is an object of this invention to provide a spunbond polyolefin nonwoven web for use as a filter medium which has high permeability and high filtration effficiency. It is a further object of this invention to provide a filter medium which is suffficiently stiff to be successfully converted into a finished filter. It is yet another object of this invention to provide a vacuum cleaner bag filter made from the filter medium where the filter medium does not need a supporting layer.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The objects of this invention are achieved by a filter medium which is a nonwoven web of conjugate spunbond fibers. The web has a Frazier permeability of at least 250 CFM, an CA 022493l7 l998-09-l8 NaCI efficiency of at least 65 percent, a pressure drop of 0.5 or less mm H2O, and a Gurley Stiffness of at least 20 mg. The tests referred to herein are those described in the "Test Methods" section. The conjugate fibers are made from polymers, more particularlypolyolefins, still more particularly polypropylene and polyethylene in a side-by-side configuration. The filter medium is treated by a hot-air knife and may be through-air bonded during the production process. The medium is also electret treated. The medium has sufficient stiffness to be converted into a filter or disk by conventional means such as die cutting. While this invention is directed mainly to air purification and rlll,ation, other gasses may be filtered as well.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
The Figure is a schematic drawing of a process line for making a filter medium of this invention.
DEFINITIONS
As used herein the term "nonwoven web" means a web having a structure of individual fibers or threads which are interlaid, but not in an idenliriable manner as in a knitted web.
Nonwoven webs have been formed from many processes such as for example, meltblowing processes, spunbonding processes, and bonded carded web processes. The basis weight of nonwoven webs is usually expressed in ounces of material per square yard (osy) or grams per square meter (gsm) and the fiber diameters useful are usually expressed in l"i~ ns. (Note that to convert from osy to gsm, multiply osy by 33.91).
As used herein the term "spunbonded fibers" refers to small clial"eter fibers which are formed by extruding molten thermoplastic material as filaments from a plurality of fine, usually circular capillaries of a spinneret with the diameter of the extruded rilar"enl~ then being rapidly reduced as by, for example, in US Patent 4,340,563 to Appel et al., and US Patent 3,692,618 to W O 97/39817 PCT~US97/05787 Dorschner et al., US Patent 3,802,817 to Matsuki et al., US Patents 3,338,992 and 3,341,394 to Kinney, US Patent 3,502,763 to Hartman, and US Patent 3,542,615 to Dobo et al. Spunbond fibers are generally not tacky when they are deposited onto a collecting surface. Spunbond fibers are generally continuous and have average diameters (from a sample of at least 10) larger than 7 microns, more particularly, between about 10 and 20 microns.
As used herein the term "meltblown fibers" means fibers formed by extruding a molten thermoplastic material through a plurality of fine, usually circular, die capillaries as molten threads or filaments into converging high velocity, usually hot, gas (e.g. air) streams which attenuate the rilanlents of molten thermoplastic material to reduce their diameter, which may be 10 to microfiber diameter. Thereafter, the meltblown fibers are carried by the high velocity gas stream and are deposited on a collecting surface to form a web of l~ndo",ly disbursed meltblown fibers. Such a process is disclosed, for example, in US Patent 3,849,241. Meltblown fibers are microfibers which may be continuous or discontinuous, are generally smaller than 10 microns in average diameter, and are generally tacky when deposited onto a collecting surface.
As used herein "multilayer laminate" means a laminate wherein some of the layers are spunbond and some meltblown such as a spunbond/meltblown/spunbond (SMS) laminate and others as dicclosed in U.S. Patent 4,041,203 to Brock et al., U.S. Patent 5,169,706 to Collier, et al, US Patent 5,145,727 to Potts et al., US Patent 5,178,931 to Perkins et al. and U.S.
Patent 5,188,885 to Ti",l"ons et al. Such a laminate may be made by sequentially depositing onto a moving forming belt first a spunbond fabric layer, then a meltblown fabric layer and last another spunbond layer and then bonding the laminate in a manner described below.
Alternatively, the fabric layers may be made individually, collected in rolls, and col"bi.led in a separate bonding step. Such fabrics usually have a basis weight of from about 0.1 to 12 osy (6 to 400 gsm), or more particularly from about 0.75 to about 3 osy. Multilayer laminates may also have various numbers of meltblown layers or multiple spunbond layers in many dir~r~nt configurations and may include other materials like films (F) or coform materials, e.g. SMMS, SM, SFS, etc.
As used herein the term "polymer" generally includes but is not limited to, ho" ,opolymers, copolymers, such as for example, block, graft, random and alternating copolymers, terpolymers, etc. and blends and modifications thereof. Furthermore, unless otherwise specifically limited, the term "polymer" shall include all possible geometrical configurations of the molecule. These configurations include, but are not limited to isotactic, syndiotactic and random sy" ,r"el, ies.
As used herein, the term "machine direction" or MD means the length of a web in the direction in which it is produced. The term "cross machine direction" or CD means the width of web, i.e. a direction generally perpendicular to the MD.
As used herein the term "conjugate fibers" refers to fibers which have been formed from at least two polymers extruded from separate extruders but spun together to form one fiber.
Con,ug~te fibers are also sometimes referred to as multicomponent or bicomponent fibers. The polymers are usually different from each other though con,Lgate fibers may be monocor"pollent fibers. The polymers are arranged in substantially constantly positioned distinct zones across the cross-section of the con,ug~te fibers and extend continuously along the length of the conjugate fibers. The configuration of such a conjugate fiber may be, for example, a sheathlcore arrangement wherein one polymer is surrounded by another or may be a side by side arrangement, a pie arrangement or an ~-islands-in-the-sea" arrangement. Conjugate fibers are taught in US Patent 5,108,820 to Kaneko et al., US Patent 5,336,552 to Strack et al., and US Patent 5,382,400 to Pike et al. For two component fibers, the polymers may be present in ratios of 75125, 50/50, 25175 or any other desired ratios.
As used herein the term ~ nsliluent fibers" refers to fibers which have been formed from at least two polymers extruded from the same extruder as a blend. The term "blend" is defined below. Biconstituent fibers do not have the various polymer con ,ponents arranged in 2S relatively constantly positioned distinct zones across the cross-sectional area of the fiber and the various polymers are usually not continuous along the entire length of the fiber, instead usually forming fibrils or protofibrils which start and end at random.
W O 97/39817 PCTrUS97/05787 As used herein, the term "compaction roll" means a set of rollers above and below the web to compact the web as a way of treating a just produced microfiber, particularly spunbond, web in order to give it sufficient integrity for further processing, but not the relatively strong bonding of secondary bonding processes like through-air bonding, thermal bonding and ultrasonic bonding. Compaction rolls slightly sque~7e the web in order to increase its self-adherence and thereby its integrity. Compaction rolls perform this function well but have a number of drawbacks. One such drawback is that compaction rolls do indeed compact the web, causing a decrease in bulk or loft in the web which may be undesirable for the use desired. A
second and more serious drawback to compaction rolls is that the web will so",~li",es wrap 10 around one or both of the rollers, causing a shutdown of the web production line for cleaning of the rollers, with the accol "panying obvious loss in production during the down time. A third drawback of compaction rolls is that if a slight imperfection is produced in fum~atioll of the web, such as a drop of polymer being formed into the web, the compaction roll can force the drop into the foraminous belt, onto which most webs are formed, causing an imperfection in the belt and ruining it.
As used herein, the term "hot air knife" or HAK means a process of pre- or plilll~lily bonding a just produced ",ic"~til>er, particularly spunbond, web in order to give it sufficient integrity, i.e. increase the stiffness of the web, for further processing, but does not mean the relatively strong bonding of secondary bonding prucesses like TAB, thermal bonding and ultldsonic bonding. A hot air knife is a device which focuses a stream of heated air at a very high flow rate, generally from about 1000 to about 10000 feet per minute (fpm) (305 to 3050 meters per minute), or more particularly from about 3000 to 5000 feet per minute (915 to 1525 m/min.) directed at the nonwoven web immediately after its for" ,alion. The air temperature is usualiy in the range of the melting point of at least one of the polymers used in the web, generally between about 200 and 550~F (93 and 290~C) for the thermoplastic polymers co"~l"only used in spunbonding. The control of air temperature, velocity, pressure, volume and other factors helps avoid damage to the web while increasing its integrity. The HAK's focused W O 97139817 PCTrUS97/05787 stream of air is arranged and directed by at least one slot of about 1/8 to 1 inches (3 to 25 mm) in width, particularly about 318 inch (9.4 mm), serving as the exit for the heated air towards the web, with the slot running in a sub~l~ntially cross-machine direction over substantially the entire - width of the web. In other embodiments, there may be a plurality of slots an~nged next to each other or separated by a slight gap. The at least one slot is usually, though not essentially, continuous, and may be comprised of, for example, closely spaced holes. The HAK has a plenum to distribute and contain the heated air prior to its exiting the slot. The plenum pressure of the HAK is usually between about 1.0 and 12.0 inches of water (2 to 22 mmHg), and the HAK
is positioned between about 0.25 and 10 inches and more preferably 0.75 to 3.0 inches (19 to 10 76 mm) above the forming wire. In a particular embodiment the HAK plenum's cross sectional area for cross-directional flow (i.e. the plenum cross sectional area in the machine direction) is at least twice the total slot exit area. Since the rur~l ";. ,ous wire onto which spunbond polymer is formed generally moves at a high rate of speed, the time of exposure of any particular part of the web to the air discharged from the hot air knife is less a tenth of a second and generally about a hundredth of a second in conl,~st with the through air bonding prucess which has a much larger dwell time. The HAK process has a great range of variability and controllability of many factors such as air tel "per~ture, velocity, pressure, volume, slot or hole arrangement and size, and the distance from the HAK plenum to the web. The HAK is further described in US
Patent Application 08/362,328 to Arnold et al., filed December 22, 1994 and col",-,only assigned.
As used herein, "ultldson.c bonding" means a process performed, for example, by passing the web between a sonic horn and anvil roll as illustrated in US Patent 4,374,888 to Bornslaeger.
As used herein "thermal point bonding" involves passing a web of fibers to be bonded between a heated calender roll and an anvil roll. The calender roll is usually, though not always, patterned in some way so that the entire web is not bonded across its entire surface, and the anvil roll is usually flat. Typically, the percent bonding area varies from around 10% to around . .
W O97/39817 PCT~US9710578730% of the area of the web laminate web. As is well known in the art, the spot bonding holds the lal l li"ate layers together as well as imparts integrity to each individual layer by bonding rilan,enls and/or fibers within each layer.
As used herein, through-air bonding or"TAB" means a process of bonding a nonwoven bicomponent fiber web in which air which is sufficiently hot to melt one of the polymers of which the fibers of the web are made is forced through the web. The air velocity is between 100 and 500 feet per minute and the dwell time may be as long as 6 seconds. The melting and resolidification of the polymer provides the bonding. Through air bonding has relatively restricted variability and since through-air bonding TAB requires the melting of at least one 10 con,ponent to accor,ll,lish bonding, it is restricted to webs with two components like conjugate fibers or those which include an adhesive. In the through-air bonder, air having a temperature above the melting temperature of one component and below the melting temperature of another component is directed from a surrounding hood, through the web, and into a perforated roller supporting the web. Alternatively, the through-air bonder may be a flat arrangement wherein the air is directed vertically downward onto the web. The operating conditions of the two configurations are similar, the primary difference being the geometry of the web during bonding. The hot air melts the lower melting polymer component and thereby forms bonds between the filaments to integrate the web.
TEST METHODS
Frazier Per",eability: A measure of the permeability of a web to air is the Frazier Permeability which is performed according to Federal Test Standard No. 191A, Method 5450 dated July 20, 1978, and is reported as an average of 3 sample readings. Frazier Permeability measures the air flow rate through a web in cubic feet of air per square foot of web per minute or CFM. Convert CFM to liters per square meter per minute (LSM) by multiplying CFM by 304.8.
W O 97/39817 PCT~US97/05787 NaCI Efficiency: The NaCI Efficiency is a measure of the ability of a web to stop the passage of small particles through it. A higher effficiency is generally more desirable and indicates a greater ability to remove particles. NaCI efficiency is measured in percent according to the TSI Inc., Model 8110 Automated Filter Tester Operation Manual of February 1993, P/N
1980053, revision D, at a flow rate of 32 liters per minute using 0.1 micron sized NaCI particles and is reported as an average of at least 3 sample readings. The manual is available from TSI
Inc. at PO Box 64394, 500 Cardigan Rd, St. Paul, MN 55164.
Pressure drop: Pressure drop is measured during the NaCI Effficiency test by taking static pressure readings upstream and downstream from the web and ~lcu~e'ing the pressure l0 drop as P1-P2=dP where P1 is the upstream pressure, P2 is the downstream pressure and dP
is the pressure differential or drop across the web. The results are reported in millimeters of water (mm H2O).
Melt Flow Rate: The melt flow rate (MFR) is a measure of the viscosity of a polymer.
The MFR is expressed as the weight of material which flows from a capillary of known dimensions under a specified load or shear rate for a measured period of time and is measured in grams/10 minutes at a set temperature and load accordi"g to, for example, ASTM test 1238-90b.
Gurley Stiffness: The Gurley Stiffness test measures the bending r~:sistance of a material. It is carried out according to TAPPI Method T 543 om-94 and is measured in milligrams and reported as an average of 5 sample readings. The sample size used for the testing herein was 1.5 inch (3.8 cm) in the MD by 1 inch (2.54 cm) in the CD.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The filter media web of this invention is made by the spunbond process. The spunbond ~ process generally uses a hopper which supplies polymer to a heated extruder. The extruder supplies melted polymer to a , .. ~neret where the polymer is fiberized as it passes through fine CA 022493l7 l998-09-l8 W O 97/39817 PCT~US97/05787 openings arranged in one or more rows in the spinneret, forming a curtain of filaments. The filaments are usually quenched with air at a low pressure, drawn, usually pneumatically and deposited on a moving foraminous mat, belt or "forming wire" to form the nonwoven web.
Polymers useful in the spunbond process generally have a process melt temperature of between about 400~F to about 61 0~F ~200~C to 320~C).
The fibers produced in the spunbond process are usually in the range of from about 10 to about 50 microns in average diameter, depending on process conditions and the desired end use for the webs to be produced from such fibers. For example, increasing the polymer molecular weight or decreasing the processing temperature results in larger diameter fibers.
10 Changes in the quench fluid temperature and pneumatic draw pressure can also affect fiber dial"eter. The fibers used in the practice of this invention usually have average dia",elers in the range of from about 7 to about 35 microns, more particularly from about 15 to about 25 microns.
Further, when referring to "average" clia",atel~, it is meant that it is an average of at least 10 samples.
Areas in which the web of this invention may find utility are in rill,~lion. More particularty, webs produced according to this invention are useful in heavier basis weight applications such as in vacuum cleaner bags and disks and in lighter basis weights as vacuum cleaner bag liners.
Filter media webs may have basis weights ranging from about 0.5 osy (17 gsm) to about 10 osy (340 gsm) or more particularly from about 1.5 osy (51 gsm) to about 5 osy (170 gsm), still more particularly about 2 osy (68 gsm).
The fibers used to produce the web of this invention are conjugate fibers, such as side-by-side (S/S) fibers. The polymers used to produce the fibers are may be polyolefins, particularly polypropylene and polyethylene. As these conjugate fibers are produced and cooled, the differing coefficients of expansion of the polymers cause these fibers to bend and ulLilll~laly to crimp, somewhat akin to the action of the bimetallic strip in a conventional room thermostat.
Generally, as the crimp of the fiber increases, the bulk of the web increases, the web permeability increases, and the web stiffness decreases. Fibers varying in crimp from highly W 097/39~17 PCT~US97/OS787 crimped to very little crimp may be used in the practice of this invention depending on the stiffness and permeability requirements of the user.
Many polyolefins are available for fiber production, for example polyethylenes such as Dow Chemical's ASPUN(~) 6811A linear low density polyethylene, 2553 LLDPE and 25355 and 12350 high density polyethylene are such suitable polymers. The polyethylenes have melt flow rates in g/10 min. at 190~F and a load of 2.16 kg, of about 26, 40, 25 and 12, respectively. Fiber forming polypropylenes include Exxon Chemical Company's ESCORENE~) PD 3445 polypropylene and Himont Chemical Co.'s PF-304. Many other polyolefins are con""er.,ially available.
After the fibers are crimped and deposited on the forming wire and create the web of this invention, the web may be passed through a hot air knife or HAK to very slightly consolidate it and provide it with enough integrity for further processing. After deposilion but before HAK
treatment, the crimped fiber web has low stiffness which makes its diffficult, if not impossible, to successfully convert on commercially available converting equipment commonly used to manufacture vacuum cleaner bags and disks. One aspect of this invention provides a means to utilize a nonwoven web having crimped fibers while also providing sufficient stiffness to manufacture vacuum cleaner bags and disks, by applying the HAK to the web. The application of the HAK allows forming a web of crimped fibers to deliver high permeability and stiffness by melting only a portion of the lower melting co",ponent in the web, preferably only that lower melting component on the side facing the HAK air, in a pre- or primary bonding step. This HAK
step creates a zone of pre-bonded crimped fibers located on one side of the web which then undergo a second melting when exposed to through-air bonding. The exposure of this zone to at least two heating and melting cycles is believed to create a zone of high stiffness in the web from the cryst~ tion of the polymer, however, since the zone is comprised of a small percentage of the total web, the effect on permeability of the web is llli,li,lli~ed. This differs from ~ the cor"n,only used method of increasing the integrity of a web known as compaction rolls since while compaction rolls increase the stiffness of a web they also reduce the web permeability.
W O 97/39817 PCTrUS97/05787 Note that while compaction rolls may be used in the practice of this invention, the HAK is subsl~ntially preferred.
After treatment with the HAK, the web is sufficiently cohesive to move it to the next step of production; the secondary bonding step. The secondary bonding procedure which may be used in the practice of this invention is through-air bonding because it does not appreciably reduce web pore size and therefore permeability. When used with HAK pre-bonding, through-air bonding very effectively produces high stiffness in the web since it provides a second heating of the polymer previously heated by the HAK and provides suffficient heat to bond fibers not bonded by the HAK. This creates bonds at almost every fiber crossover point, thereby 10 restricting movement of the majority of the fibers of the web. Thermal point bonding by contrast results in bonds at discrete points, thereby allowing the fibers between the bond points the freedom to bend and rotate individually and so producing a much smaller increase in stiffness and so is not an accept~ bonding process for this invention.
Another method of increasing web ~lirrness is by simply inc~asi"g the basis weight of the 15 web. This technique, however, is undesilab'E since it also increases the cost of the nonwoven web. It is also undesirable because the overall permeability of the web is again reduced. The HAK in conjunction with through-air bonding allows for increasing the ~lirr"ess of a web without the cost penalty ~.ssoci~ted with increasing the basis weight of the web and without adversely affecting the permeability of the nonwoven web.
After through-air bonding, the web is electret treated. Electret treatment further increases filtration efficiency by drawing particles to be filtered toward the filter by virtue of their electrical charge. Electret treatment can be carried out by a number of a'irrer~nt techniques. One technique is described in US Patent number 5,401,446 to Tsai et al. assigned to the University of Tennessee Research Corporation and incor,uor~l~d herein by reference in its entirety. Tsai 25 describes a process whereby a web or film is sequentially subjected to a series of electric fields such that adjacent electric fields have substantially opposite polarities with respect to each other. Thus, one side of the web or film is initially subjected to a positive charge while the other side of the web or film is initially subjected to a negative charge. Then, the first side of the web or film is subjected to a negative charge and the other side of the web or film is subjected to a positive charge. Such webs are produced with a relatively high charge density without an attendant surface static electrical charge. The process may be carried out by passing the web through a plurality of dispersed non-arcing electric fields which may be varied over a range depending on the charge desired in the web. The web may be charged at a range of about 1 kVDC/cm to 12 kVDC/cm or more particularly 4 kVDC/cm to 10 kVDC/cm and still more particularly 7 kVDC/cm to about 8 kVDClcm.
Other methods of electret treatment are known in the art such as that described in US
10 Patents 4,215,682 to Kubik et al, 4,375,718 to Wadsworth, 4,592,815 to Nakao and 4,874,659 to Ando.
Turning to the Figure, a process line 10 for preparing an embodiment of the present invention is disclosed. The process line 10 is arranged to produce conjugate continuous filaments, but it should be understood that the present invention comprehends nonwoven webs made with multicomponent filaments having more than two components. For example, the web of the present invention can be made with fllaments having three or four components. The process line 10 includes a pair of extruders 12a and 12b for separately extruding a polymer component A and a polymer component B. Polymer component A is fed into the respective extruder 12a from a first hopper 14a and polymer component B is fed into the respective extruder 12b from a second hopper 14b. Polymer components A and B are fed from the extruders 12a and 12b through respective polymer conduits 16a and 16b to a sF . ,ner~t 18.
Spinnerets for extruding conjugate filaments are well-known to those of ordinary skill in the art and thus are not described herein detail. Generally described, the spinneret 18 includes a housing containing a spin pack which includes a plurality of plates stacked one on top of the other with a pattern of openings arranged to create flow paths for directing polymer components A and B separately through the spinneret. The spi.lner~t 18 has openings arranged in one or more rows. The spinneret openings form a downwardly extending curtain of filaments when the W O 97t39817 PCT~US97/05787polymers are extruded through the spinneret. For the purposes of the present invention, spinneret 18 may be arranged to form side-by-side or eccentric sheath/core con; Ig~te filaments, for example.
The prucess line 10 also includes a quench blower 20 positioned adjacent the curtain of filaments extending from the spinneret 18. Air from the quench air blower 20 quenches the filaments extending from the spinneret 18. The quench air can be directed from one side of the filament curtain as shown in Fig. 1, or both sides of the filament curtain.
A fiber draw unit or ~ ~F .~tor 22 is positioned below the spinneret 18 and receives the quenched filal "enls. Fiber draw units or aspirators for use in melt spinning polymers are well-lC known as disu~ssed above. Suitable fiber draw units for use in the process of the presentinvention include a linear, fiber aspirator of the type shown in US Patent 3,802,817 or US Patent 4,340,563 and eductive guns of the type shown in US Patents 3,692,618 and 3,423,266.
Generally described, the fiber draw unit 22 includes an elongate vertical pass~ge through which the filal "enls are drawn by aspi, ~li"g air entering from the sides of the passage and flowing downwardly through the passage. A heater 24 supplies hot aspirating air to the fiber draw unit 22. The hot a~F .dli"g air draws the filat"ertl~ and ambient air through the fiber draw unit.
An endless foraminous forming surface 26 is positioned below the fiber draw unit 22 and receives the continuous filaments from the outlet opening of the fiber draw unit. The forming surface 26 travels around guide rollers 28. A vacuum 30 positioned below the forming surface 26 where the filaments are deposited draws the ~ilament~ against the forming surface.
The process line 10 as shown also includes a hot-air knife 34 which provides a degree of integrity to the web. In addition, the process line includes a bonding apparatus which is a through-air bonder 36. After passing through the through-air bonder, the web is passed between a charging wire or bar 48 and a charged roller 42 and then between a second charging wire or bar 50 and roller 44.
Lastly, the process line 10 includes a winding roll 42 for taking up the finished web.
W O 97t39817 PCT~US97105787 To operate the process line 10, the hoppers 14a and 14b are filled with the respective polymer components A and B. Polymer components A and B are melted and extruded by the respective extruders 12a and 12b through polymer conduits 16a and 16b and the spinneret 18.
Although the temperatures of the molten polymers vary depending on the polymers used, when polypropylene and polyethylene are used as components A and B respectively, the prerer,~d temperatures of the polymers range from about 370~ to about 530~ F. and preferably range from 400~ to about 450~ F.
As the extruded filaments extend below the spinneret 18, a stream of air from the quench blower 20 at least partially quenches the filaments to develop a latent helical crimp in the 10 filaments at a temperature of about 45 O to about 90~ F. and a velocity from about 100 to about 400 feet per minute. Alternatively, cooler air may be used to minimize crimp if desired.
After quenching, the filaments are drawn into the vertical passage of the fiber draw unit 22 by a flow of hot air from the heater 24 through the fiber draw unit. The fiber draw unit is preferably posilioned 30 to 60 inches below the bottom of the spinneret 18. The temperature of the air supplied from the heater 24 is sufficient that, after some cooling due to mixing with cooler ambient air aspirated with the filaments, the air heats the filaments to a temperature required to activate the latent crimp. The temperature required to activate the latent crimp of the filaments ranges from about 110 ~F to a maximum temperature less that the melting point of the lower melting component which for through-air bonded materials is the second component B. The temperature of the air from the heater 24 and thus the temperature to which the filaments are heated can be varied to achieve different levels of crimp. Generally, a higher air temperature produces a higher number of crimps. The ability to control the degree of crimp of the filaments is a particularly advantageous feature of the present invention because it allows one to change the resulting density, pore size distribution and drape of the web by simply adjusting the temperature of the air in the fiber draw unit.
The crimped filaments are deposited through the outlet opening of the fiber draw unit 22 onto the traveling forming surface 26. The vacuum 20 draws the filaments against the W O 97/39817 rcTrusg7/o5787 forming surface 26 to form an unbonded, nonwoven web of continuous filaments. The web is then given a degree of integrity by the hot-air knife 34 and through-air bonded in the through-air bonder 36.
In the through-air bonder 36, air having a temperature above the melting temperature of component B and below the melting temperature of component B and below the melting temperature of component A is directed from the hood 40, through the web, and into the perforated roller 38. Alternatively, the through-air bonder may be a flat arrangement wherein the air is directed vertically downward onto the web. The operating conditions of the two configurations are similar, the primary difference being the geometry of the web during 10 bonding. The hot air melts the lower melting polymer component B and thereby forms bonds between the conjugate filaments to integrate the web. When polypropylene and polyethylene are used as polymer components A and B respectively, the air flowing through the through-air bonder usually has a temperature ranging from about 230~F to about 325~F (110~C to 162~C). and a velocity from about 100 to about 500 feet per minute. It should be understood, however, that the parameters of the through-air bonder depend on factors such as the type of polymers used and thickness of the web.
The web is then passed through the charged field between the charging bar or wire 48 and the charging drum or roller 42 and then through a second charged field of opposite polarity created between charging bar or wire 50 and charging drum or roller 44. The web may be charged at a range of about 1 kVDC/cm to 12 kVDC/cm.
Lastly, the finished web is wound onto the winding roller 42 and is ready for further treatment or use.
The three key attributes for the desired filter medium of this invention are Frazier Permeability (P), NaCI efficiency (E), and Gurley Stiffness (S) and pressure drop. Note that in calculating S, the stirrr,ess is no""ali~ed for basis weight by dividing the Gurley Stiffness in milligrams by the basis weight in grams per square meter (mg/gsm). It is believed that filter medium produced according to this invention should have a Frazier Permeability of greater than W O 97139817 PCT~US97/05787 about 250 CFM, an NaCI efficiency of greater than about 65 percent, a pressure drop of 0.5 or less mm H2O, and a Gurley Stiffness of at least about 20 mg.
The filter medium of this invention may be made into a vacuum bag filter or disk by any suitable means known in the art. Making vacuum cleaner disks generally involves the step of '5 cutting the fabric by die cutting. The disks produced from the web of this invention are stiffer than, for example, meltblown webs, and so avoid problems such as edge bonding when cutting more than one layer at once. In addition to a "cleaner" or sharper cut, the web of this invention is also less flimsy than meltblown webs and so is easier to handle. The web may be converted into a vacuum bag by cutting, folding and bonding (e.g. gluing) either alone or as a laminate.
The following sample data numbered 1-7 include Comparative Exan,,~'Es (6, 7), and examples of webs of the Invention (1-5) and show the characteristics of webs which satisfy the requirements of this invention versus those that do not.
The webs of this invention comprised side-by-side conjugate spunbond fibers made according to US Patent 5,382,400 to Pike et al. The polymers used were ESCORENE~) PD-3445 polypropylene and ASPUNtg) 6811A linear low density polyethylene available respectivelyfrom the Exxon Chemical Company of Houston, TX and the Dow Chemical Company of Midland Ml. In Samples 1-5 the HAK air flowrate was between about 5000 to 6000 fpm (1524-1830 m/min.), the HAK temperature was 325 ~F (163 ~C) and the HAK height above the web was 1 inch (2.5 cm). Samples 1-5 were extruded through spinnerets having a diameter of 0.6 mm to produce fibers having diameters of from 18 to 22 microns. Samples 1 -5 used Exxon's ESCORENE~) PD-3445 polypropylene and Dow's ASPUN(É) 6811A polyethylene which were processed at a melt temperature of about 450 ~F (232 ~C). Samples 1-5 were processed through a through-air bonder at a temperature of between about 195 and 275 ~F (91-134 ~C) at an air rate of between about 350 to 650 fpm (107-198 m/min.) for a time period of about 3 to 5 2s seconds. Samples 1-5 were treated according to the method of US Patent 5,401,446 by passing the web between a conductive bar or wire and a curved conductive drum with a non-arcing electric field between the bar or wire and the drum of about 7 kVDC/cm of separation W O 97/39817 PCTrUS97/05787 between the bar and drum, and then passing the web through a second electric field generated by the same means and as the same strength as the first but with the field orientation being 180 degrees of the first relative to the web.
The comparative webs of Samples 6, 7 are from DieCut Products Co. of Cleveland, OH
5 and are webs commonly used in as vacuum cleaner disks. Web 6 is a polyester meltblown web and web 7 is an olefin meltblown web. It is not known if they were electret treated.
After formation, the webs were tested for permeability, stiffness, pressure drop and effficiency according to the methods herein and the results are shown in Table 1.
Sample Basis Gurley Frazier % Efficiency ~(E) Pressure drop Weight StiffnessPermeability (P)(0.1 um NaC1) (mm H2O) (5~)(mg)(CF~
1 . 2 ?. 2' ~, . ,~
72 2 .
59 2 ~ .
The results show that the filter medium of this invention, sa~ les 1-5, have a good combination of permeability, efficiency, pressure drop and stiffness. This is all the more striking when compared for example to Sample 7, which, while providing very good efficiency, is very low in permeability and conversely quite high in pressure drop.
Although only a few exemplary embodiments of this invention have been described in detail above, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that many modifications are possible in the exemplary embodiments without materially departing from the novel teachings and advantages of this invention. Accordingly, all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of this invention as defined in the following claims. In the claims, means plus function claims are intended to cover the structures described herein as performing the recited function and not only structural equivalents but also equivalent W O 97/39817 PCTrUS97/OS787 structures. Thus although a nail and a screw may not be structural equivalents in that a nail employs a cylindrical surface to secure wooden parts together, whereas a screw employs a helical surface, in the environment of fastening wooden parts, a nail and a screw may be equivalent structures.
It should further be noted that any patents, applications or publications referred to herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates generally to a nonwoven web which is formed from spunbond fibers of a then"oplaslic resin and laminates using such a web as a component. The web has particular appli~z~.'ity in vacuum cleaning as it provides a low pressure drop and good filtration efficiency.
The" "opla~lic resins have been extruded to form fibers and webs for a number of years.
The most co" "~ ,on the~ " lopl ~slics for this application are polyolefins, particularly polypropylene.
Other " ,al~rials such as polyesters, polyetheresters, polyamides and polyurethanes are also used to form nonwoven spunbond webs.
Nonwoven webs are useful for a wide variety of applications such as co",ponents of diapers, feminine hygiene products, towels, recreational or protective webs and as geotextiles and filter media. The nonwoven webs used in these applications may be simply spunbond webs but are often in the form of nonwoven web laminates like spunbond/spunbond (SS) laminates or spunbond/meltblown/spunbond (SMS) lan ,inal~s.
Vacuum cleaner bags require high permeability in order to produce the least back pressure possible against the blower motor but also good filtration efficiency. Previous allempls to provide a high efficiency vacuum cleaner bag have generally focused on paper, meltblown webs and laminates of fill~tion web and a support layer.
US Patent 4,589,894 to Gin et al. for a Disposable Filter for a Vacuum Cleaner teaches an inner layer of microfibers, for example meltblown fibers, and highly porous outer support layers on either side of the inner layer where the highly porous support layers are preferably spunbond webs.
W O 97/39817 PCTrUS97/0~,787 US Patent 4,917,942 to Winters teaches a laminate of an electret containing layer of "~ic~ ers~ preferably meltblown, and a supporting layer of a highly permeable web, preferably spunbond. The laminate is suited for use in vacuum cleaner bags.
US Patent 5,080,702 to Bosses teaches a two-ply vacuum cleaner bag comprising a highly air permeable inner meltblown layer and a conventional outer layer which may be wood, hemp paper or other known filter paper or web.
US Patent 5,090,975 to Requejo et al. discloses a vacuum cleaner bag comprising a sheet of flashspun fibers without the need for a suppor,'ing layer.
As vacuum cleaning filter media, some of the desired characteristics of nonwoven webs 10 are that they be permeable to air yet have a high ~;,lll~tion effciency. Permeability to air is quite important as low permeability could result in a high pressure drop across the filter media requiring a higher, and hence more costly, energy input into the filtered fluid and shortening filter life. Low permeability could also result in physical damage to the filter media upon being clogged with filtered particles because of increased pressure drop across the filter media.
High rill,alion effciency is, of course, the main purpose for a filter mediim and great effciency and ability to maintain the efficiency at an acceptable level are key to filter media performance.
It is an object of this invention to provide a spunbond polyolefin nonwoven web for use as a filter medium which has high permeability and high filtration effficiency. It is a further object of this invention to provide a filter medium which is suffficiently stiff to be successfully converted into a finished filter. It is yet another object of this invention to provide a vacuum cleaner bag filter made from the filter medium where the filter medium does not need a supporting layer.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The objects of this invention are achieved by a filter medium which is a nonwoven web of conjugate spunbond fibers. The web has a Frazier permeability of at least 250 CFM, an CA 022493l7 l998-09-l8 NaCI efficiency of at least 65 percent, a pressure drop of 0.5 or less mm H2O, and a Gurley Stiffness of at least 20 mg. The tests referred to herein are those described in the "Test Methods" section. The conjugate fibers are made from polymers, more particularlypolyolefins, still more particularly polypropylene and polyethylene in a side-by-side configuration. The filter medium is treated by a hot-air knife and may be through-air bonded during the production process. The medium is also electret treated. The medium has sufficient stiffness to be converted into a filter or disk by conventional means such as die cutting. While this invention is directed mainly to air purification and rlll,ation, other gasses may be filtered as well.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
The Figure is a schematic drawing of a process line for making a filter medium of this invention.
DEFINITIONS
As used herein the term "nonwoven web" means a web having a structure of individual fibers or threads which are interlaid, but not in an idenliriable manner as in a knitted web.
Nonwoven webs have been formed from many processes such as for example, meltblowing processes, spunbonding processes, and bonded carded web processes. The basis weight of nonwoven webs is usually expressed in ounces of material per square yard (osy) or grams per square meter (gsm) and the fiber diameters useful are usually expressed in l"i~ ns. (Note that to convert from osy to gsm, multiply osy by 33.91).
As used herein the term "spunbonded fibers" refers to small clial"eter fibers which are formed by extruding molten thermoplastic material as filaments from a plurality of fine, usually circular capillaries of a spinneret with the diameter of the extruded rilar"enl~ then being rapidly reduced as by, for example, in US Patent 4,340,563 to Appel et al., and US Patent 3,692,618 to W O 97/39817 PCT~US97/05787 Dorschner et al., US Patent 3,802,817 to Matsuki et al., US Patents 3,338,992 and 3,341,394 to Kinney, US Patent 3,502,763 to Hartman, and US Patent 3,542,615 to Dobo et al. Spunbond fibers are generally not tacky when they are deposited onto a collecting surface. Spunbond fibers are generally continuous and have average diameters (from a sample of at least 10) larger than 7 microns, more particularly, between about 10 and 20 microns.
As used herein the term "meltblown fibers" means fibers formed by extruding a molten thermoplastic material through a plurality of fine, usually circular, die capillaries as molten threads or filaments into converging high velocity, usually hot, gas (e.g. air) streams which attenuate the rilanlents of molten thermoplastic material to reduce their diameter, which may be 10 to microfiber diameter. Thereafter, the meltblown fibers are carried by the high velocity gas stream and are deposited on a collecting surface to form a web of l~ndo",ly disbursed meltblown fibers. Such a process is disclosed, for example, in US Patent 3,849,241. Meltblown fibers are microfibers which may be continuous or discontinuous, are generally smaller than 10 microns in average diameter, and are generally tacky when deposited onto a collecting surface.
As used herein "multilayer laminate" means a laminate wherein some of the layers are spunbond and some meltblown such as a spunbond/meltblown/spunbond (SMS) laminate and others as dicclosed in U.S. Patent 4,041,203 to Brock et al., U.S. Patent 5,169,706 to Collier, et al, US Patent 5,145,727 to Potts et al., US Patent 5,178,931 to Perkins et al. and U.S.
Patent 5,188,885 to Ti",l"ons et al. Such a laminate may be made by sequentially depositing onto a moving forming belt first a spunbond fabric layer, then a meltblown fabric layer and last another spunbond layer and then bonding the laminate in a manner described below.
Alternatively, the fabric layers may be made individually, collected in rolls, and col"bi.led in a separate bonding step. Such fabrics usually have a basis weight of from about 0.1 to 12 osy (6 to 400 gsm), or more particularly from about 0.75 to about 3 osy. Multilayer laminates may also have various numbers of meltblown layers or multiple spunbond layers in many dir~r~nt configurations and may include other materials like films (F) or coform materials, e.g. SMMS, SM, SFS, etc.
As used herein the term "polymer" generally includes but is not limited to, ho" ,opolymers, copolymers, such as for example, block, graft, random and alternating copolymers, terpolymers, etc. and blends and modifications thereof. Furthermore, unless otherwise specifically limited, the term "polymer" shall include all possible geometrical configurations of the molecule. These configurations include, but are not limited to isotactic, syndiotactic and random sy" ,r"el, ies.
As used herein, the term "machine direction" or MD means the length of a web in the direction in which it is produced. The term "cross machine direction" or CD means the width of web, i.e. a direction generally perpendicular to the MD.
As used herein the term "conjugate fibers" refers to fibers which have been formed from at least two polymers extruded from separate extruders but spun together to form one fiber.
Con,ug~te fibers are also sometimes referred to as multicomponent or bicomponent fibers. The polymers are usually different from each other though con,Lgate fibers may be monocor"pollent fibers. The polymers are arranged in substantially constantly positioned distinct zones across the cross-section of the con,ug~te fibers and extend continuously along the length of the conjugate fibers. The configuration of such a conjugate fiber may be, for example, a sheathlcore arrangement wherein one polymer is surrounded by another or may be a side by side arrangement, a pie arrangement or an ~-islands-in-the-sea" arrangement. Conjugate fibers are taught in US Patent 5,108,820 to Kaneko et al., US Patent 5,336,552 to Strack et al., and US Patent 5,382,400 to Pike et al. For two component fibers, the polymers may be present in ratios of 75125, 50/50, 25175 or any other desired ratios.
As used herein the term ~ nsliluent fibers" refers to fibers which have been formed from at least two polymers extruded from the same extruder as a blend. The term "blend" is defined below. Biconstituent fibers do not have the various polymer con ,ponents arranged in 2S relatively constantly positioned distinct zones across the cross-sectional area of the fiber and the various polymers are usually not continuous along the entire length of the fiber, instead usually forming fibrils or protofibrils which start and end at random.
W O 97/39817 PCTrUS97/05787 As used herein, the term "compaction roll" means a set of rollers above and below the web to compact the web as a way of treating a just produced microfiber, particularly spunbond, web in order to give it sufficient integrity for further processing, but not the relatively strong bonding of secondary bonding processes like through-air bonding, thermal bonding and ultrasonic bonding. Compaction rolls slightly sque~7e the web in order to increase its self-adherence and thereby its integrity. Compaction rolls perform this function well but have a number of drawbacks. One such drawback is that compaction rolls do indeed compact the web, causing a decrease in bulk or loft in the web which may be undesirable for the use desired. A
second and more serious drawback to compaction rolls is that the web will so",~li",es wrap 10 around one or both of the rollers, causing a shutdown of the web production line for cleaning of the rollers, with the accol "panying obvious loss in production during the down time. A third drawback of compaction rolls is that if a slight imperfection is produced in fum~atioll of the web, such as a drop of polymer being formed into the web, the compaction roll can force the drop into the foraminous belt, onto which most webs are formed, causing an imperfection in the belt and ruining it.
As used herein, the term "hot air knife" or HAK means a process of pre- or plilll~lily bonding a just produced ",ic"~til>er, particularly spunbond, web in order to give it sufficient integrity, i.e. increase the stiffness of the web, for further processing, but does not mean the relatively strong bonding of secondary bonding prucesses like TAB, thermal bonding and ultldsonic bonding. A hot air knife is a device which focuses a stream of heated air at a very high flow rate, generally from about 1000 to about 10000 feet per minute (fpm) (305 to 3050 meters per minute), or more particularly from about 3000 to 5000 feet per minute (915 to 1525 m/min.) directed at the nonwoven web immediately after its for" ,alion. The air temperature is usualiy in the range of the melting point of at least one of the polymers used in the web, generally between about 200 and 550~F (93 and 290~C) for the thermoplastic polymers co"~l"only used in spunbonding. The control of air temperature, velocity, pressure, volume and other factors helps avoid damage to the web while increasing its integrity. The HAK's focused W O 97139817 PCTrUS97/05787 stream of air is arranged and directed by at least one slot of about 1/8 to 1 inches (3 to 25 mm) in width, particularly about 318 inch (9.4 mm), serving as the exit for the heated air towards the web, with the slot running in a sub~l~ntially cross-machine direction over substantially the entire - width of the web. In other embodiments, there may be a plurality of slots an~nged next to each other or separated by a slight gap. The at least one slot is usually, though not essentially, continuous, and may be comprised of, for example, closely spaced holes. The HAK has a plenum to distribute and contain the heated air prior to its exiting the slot. The plenum pressure of the HAK is usually between about 1.0 and 12.0 inches of water (2 to 22 mmHg), and the HAK
is positioned between about 0.25 and 10 inches and more preferably 0.75 to 3.0 inches (19 to 10 76 mm) above the forming wire. In a particular embodiment the HAK plenum's cross sectional area for cross-directional flow (i.e. the plenum cross sectional area in the machine direction) is at least twice the total slot exit area. Since the rur~l ";. ,ous wire onto which spunbond polymer is formed generally moves at a high rate of speed, the time of exposure of any particular part of the web to the air discharged from the hot air knife is less a tenth of a second and generally about a hundredth of a second in conl,~st with the through air bonding prucess which has a much larger dwell time. The HAK process has a great range of variability and controllability of many factors such as air tel "per~ture, velocity, pressure, volume, slot or hole arrangement and size, and the distance from the HAK plenum to the web. The HAK is further described in US
Patent Application 08/362,328 to Arnold et al., filed December 22, 1994 and col",-,only assigned.
As used herein, "ultldson.c bonding" means a process performed, for example, by passing the web between a sonic horn and anvil roll as illustrated in US Patent 4,374,888 to Bornslaeger.
As used herein "thermal point bonding" involves passing a web of fibers to be bonded between a heated calender roll and an anvil roll. The calender roll is usually, though not always, patterned in some way so that the entire web is not bonded across its entire surface, and the anvil roll is usually flat. Typically, the percent bonding area varies from around 10% to around . .
W O97/39817 PCT~US9710578730% of the area of the web laminate web. As is well known in the art, the spot bonding holds the lal l li"ate layers together as well as imparts integrity to each individual layer by bonding rilan,enls and/or fibers within each layer.
As used herein, through-air bonding or"TAB" means a process of bonding a nonwoven bicomponent fiber web in which air which is sufficiently hot to melt one of the polymers of which the fibers of the web are made is forced through the web. The air velocity is between 100 and 500 feet per minute and the dwell time may be as long as 6 seconds. The melting and resolidification of the polymer provides the bonding. Through air bonding has relatively restricted variability and since through-air bonding TAB requires the melting of at least one 10 con,ponent to accor,ll,lish bonding, it is restricted to webs with two components like conjugate fibers or those which include an adhesive. In the through-air bonder, air having a temperature above the melting temperature of one component and below the melting temperature of another component is directed from a surrounding hood, through the web, and into a perforated roller supporting the web. Alternatively, the through-air bonder may be a flat arrangement wherein the air is directed vertically downward onto the web. The operating conditions of the two configurations are similar, the primary difference being the geometry of the web during bonding. The hot air melts the lower melting polymer component and thereby forms bonds between the filaments to integrate the web.
TEST METHODS
Frazier Per",eability: A measure of the permeability of a web to air is the Frazier Permeability which is performed according to Federal Test Standard No. 191A, Method 5450 dated July 20, 1978, and is reported as an average of 3 sample readings. Frazier Permeability measures the air flow rate through a web in cubic feet of air per square foot of web per minute or CFM. Convert CFM to liters per square meter per minute (LSM) by multiplying CFM by 304.8.
W O 97/39817 PCT~US97/05787 NaCI Efficiency: The NaCI Efficiency is a measure of the ability of a web to stop the passage of small particles through it. A higher effficiency is generally more desirable and indicates a greater ability to remove particles. NaCI efficiency is measured in percent according to the TSI Inc., Model 8110 Automated Filter Tester Operation Manual of February 1993, P/N
1980053, revision D, at a flow rate of 32 liters per minute using 0.1 micron sized NaCI particles and is reported as an average of at least 3 sample readings. The manual is available from TSI
Inc. at PO Box 64394, 500 Cardigan Rd, St. Paul, MN 55164.
Pressure drop: Pressure drop is measured during the NaCI Effficiency test by taking static pressure readings upstream and downstream from the web and ~lcu~e'ing the pressure l0 drop as P1-P2=dP where P1 is the upstream pressure, P2 is the downstream pressure and dP
is the pressure differential or drop across the web. The results are reported in millimeters of water (mm H2O).
Melt Flow Rate: The melt flow rate (MFR) is a measure of the viscosity of a polymer.
The MFR is expressed as the weight of material which flows from a capillary of known dimensions under a specified load or shear rate for a measured period of time and is measured in grams/10 minutes at a set temperature and load accordi"g to, for example, ASTM test 1238-90b.
Gurley Stiffness: The Gurley Stiffness test measures the bending r~:sistance of a material. It is carried out according to TAPPI Method T 543 om-94 and is measured in milligrams and reported as an average of 5 sample readings. The sample size used for the testing herein was 1.5 inch (3.8 cm) in the MD by 1 inch (2.54 cm) in the CD.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The filter media web of this invention is made by the spunbond process. The spunbond ~ process generally uses a hopper which supplies polymer to a heated extruder. The extruder supplies melted polymer to a , .. ~neret where the polymer is fiberized as it passes through fine CA 022493l7 l998-09-l8 W O 97/39817 PCT~US97/05787 openings arranged in one or more rows in the spinneret, forming a curtain of filaments. The filaments are usually quenched with air at a low pressure, drawn, usually pneumatically and deposited on a moving foraminous mat, belt or "forming wire" to form the nonwoven web.
Polymers useful in the spunbond process generally have a process melt temperature of between about 400~F to about 61 0~F ~200~C to 320~C).
The fibers produced in the spunbond process are usually in the range of from about 10 to about 50 microns in average diameter, depending on process conditions and the desired end use for the webs to be produced from such fibers. For example, increasing the polymer molecular weight or decreasing the processing temperature results in larger diameter fibers.
10 Changes in the quench fluid temperature and pneumatic draw pressure can also affect fiber dial"eter. The fibers used in the practice of this invention usually have average dia",elers in the range of from about 7 to about 35 microns, more particularly from about 15 to about 25 microns.
Further, when referring to "average" clia",atel~, it is meant that it is an average of at least 10 samples.
Areas in which the web of this invention may find utility are in rill,~lion. More particularty, webs produced according to this invention are useful in heavier basis weight applications such as in vacuum cleaner bags and disks and in lighter basis weights as vacuum cleaner bag liners.
Filter media webs may have basis weights ranging from about 0.5 osy (17 gsm) to about 10 osy (340 gsm) or more particularly from about 1.5 osy (51 gsm) to about 5 osy (170 gsm), still more particularly about 2 osy (68 gsm).
The fibers used to produce the web of this invention are conjugate fibers, such as side-by-side (S/S) fibers. The polymers used to produce the fibers are may be polyolefins, particularly polypropylene and polyethylene. As these conjugate fibers are produced and cooled, the differing coefficients of expansion of the polymers cause these fibers to bend and ulLilll~laly to crimp, somewhat akin to the action of the bimetallic strip in a conventional room thermostat.
Generally, as the crimp of the fiber increases, the bulk of the web increases, the web permeability increases, and the web stiffness decreases. Fibers varying in crimp from highly W 097/39~17 PCT~US97/OS787 crimped to very little crimp may be used in the practice of this invention depending on the stiffness and permeability requirements of the user.
Many polyolefins are available for fiber production, for example polyethylenes such as Dow Chemical's ASPUN(~) 6811A linear low density polyethylene, 2553 LLDPE and 25355 and 12350 high density polyethylene are such suitable polymers. The polyethylenes have melt flow rates in g/10 min. at 190~F and a load of 2.16 kg, of about 26, 40, 25 and 12, respectively. Fiber forming polypropylenes include Exxon Chemical Company's ESCORENE~) PD 3445 polypropylene and Himont Chemical Co.'s PF-304. Many other polyolefins are con""er.,ially available.
After the fibers are crimped and deposited on the forming wire and create the web of this invention, the web may be passed through a hot air knife or HAK to very slightly consolidate it and provide it with enough integrity for further processing. After deposilion but before HAK
treatment, the crimped fiber web has low stiffness which makes its diffficult, if not impossible, to successfully convert on commercially available converting equipment commonly used to manufacture vacuum cleaner bags and disks. One aspect of this invention provides a means to utilize a nonwoven web having crimped fibers while also providing sufficient stiffness to manufacture vacuum cleaner bags and disks, by applying the HAK to the web. The application of the HAK allows forming a web of crimped fibers to deliver high permeability and stiffness by melting only a portion of the lower melting co",ponent in the web, preferably only that lower melting component on the side facing the HAK air, in a pre- or primary bonding step. This HAK
step creates a zone of pre-bonded crimped fibers located on one side of the web which then undergo a second melting when exposed to through-air bonding. The exposure of this zone to at least two heating and melting cycles is believed to create a zone of high stiffness in the web from the cryst~ tion of the polymer, however, since the zone is comprised of a small percentage of the total web, the effect on permeability of the web is llli,li,lli~ed. This differs from ~ the cor"n,only used method of increasing the integrity of a web known as compaction rolls since while compaction rolls increase the stiffness of a web they also reduce the web permeability.
W O 97/39817 PCTrUS97/05787 Note that while compaction rolls may be used in the practice of this invention, the HAK is subsl~ntially preferred.
After treatment with the HAK, the web is sufficiently cohesive to move it to the next step of production; the secondary bonding step. The secondary bonding procedure which may be used in the practice of this invention is through-air bonding because it does not appreciably reduce web pore size and therefore permeability. When used with HAK pre-bonding, through-air bonding very effectively produces high stiffness in the web since it provides a second heating of the polymer previously heated by the HAK and provides suffficient heat to bond fibers not bonded by the HAK. This creates bonds at almost every fiber crossover point, thereby 10 restricting movement of the majority of the fibers of the web. Thermal point bonding by contrast results in bonds at discrete points, thereby allowing the fibers between the bond points the freedom to bend and rotate individually and so producing a much smaller increase in stiffness and so is not an accept~ bonding process for this invention.
Another method of increasing web ~lirrness is by simply inc~asi"g the basis weight of the 15 web. This technique, however, is undesilab'E since it also increases the cost of the nonwoven web. It is also undesirable because the overall permeability of the web is again reduced. The HAK in conjunction with through-air bonding allows for increasing the ~lirr"ess of a web without the cost penalty ~.ssoci~ted with increasing the basis weight of the web and without adversely affecting the permeability of the nonwoven web.
After through-air bonding, the web is electret treated. Electret treatment further increases filtration efficiency by drawing particles to be filtered toward the filter by virtue of their electrical charge. Electret treatment can be carried out by a number of a'irrer~nt techniques. One technique is described in US Patent number 5,401,446 to Tsai et al. assigned to the University of Tennessee Research Corporation and incor,uor~l~d herein by reference in its entirety. Tsai 25 describes a process whereby a web or film is sequentially subjected to a series of electric fields such that adjacent electric fields have substantially opposite polarities with respect to each other. Thus, one side of the web or film is initially subjected to a positive charge while the other side of the web or film is initially subjected to a negative charge. Then, the first side of the web or film is subjected to a negative charge and the other side of the web or film is subjected to a positive charge. Such webs are produced with a relatively high charge density without an attendant surface static electrical charge. The process may be carried out by passing the web through a plurality of dispersed non-arcing electric fields which may be varied over a range depending on the charge desired in the web. The web may be charged at a range of about 1 kVDC/cm to 12 kVDC/cm or more particularly 4 kVDC/cm to 10 kVDC/cm and still more particularly 7 kVDC/cm to about 8 kVDClcm.
Other methods of electret treatment are known in the art such as that described in US
10 Patents 4,215,682 to Kubik et al, 4,375,718 to Wadsworth, 4,592,815 to Nakao and 4,874,659 to Ando.
Turning to the Figure, a process line 10 for preparing an embodiment of the present invention is disclosed. The process line 10 is arranged to produce conjugate continuous filaments, but it should be understood that the present invention comprehends nonwoven webs made with multicomponent filaments having more than two components. For example, the web of the present invention can be made with fllaments having three or four components. The process line 10 includes a pair of extruders 12a and 12b for separately extruding a polymer component A and a polymer component B. Polymer component A is fed into the respective extruder 12a from a first hopper 14a and polymer component B is fed into the respective extruder 12b from a second hopper 14b. Polymer components A and B are fed from the extruders 12a and 12b through respective polymer conduits 16a and 16b to a sF . ,ner~t 18.
Spinnerets for extruding conjugate filaments are well-known to those of ordinary skill in the art and thus are not described herein detail. Generally described, the spinneret 18 includes a housing containing a spin pack which includes a plurality of plates stacked one on top of the other with a pattern of openings arranged to create flow paths for directing polymer components A and B separately through the spinneret. The spi.lner~t 18 has openings arranged in one or more rows. The spinneret openings form a downwardly extending curtain of filaments when the W O 97t39817 PCT~US97/05787polymers are extruded through the spinneret. For the purposes of the present invention, spinneret 18 may be arranged to form side-by-side or eccentric sheath/core con; Ig~te filaments, for example.
The prucess line 10 also includes a quench blower 20 positioned adjacent the curtain of filaments extending from the spinneret 18. Air from the quench air blower 20 quenches the filaments extending from the spinneret 18. The quench air can be directed from one side of the filament curtain as shown in Fig. 1, or both sides of the filament curtain.
A fiber draw unit or ~ ~F .~tor 22 is positioned below the spinneret 18 and receives the quenched filal "enls. Fiber draw units or aspirators for use in melt spinning polymers are well-lC known as disu~ssed above. Suitable fiber draw units for use in the process of the presentinvention include a linear, fiber aspirator of the type shown in US Patent 3,802,817 or US Patent 4,340,563 and eductive guns of the type shown in US Patents 3,692,618 and 3,423,266.
Generally described, the fiber draw unit 22 includes an elongate vertical pass~ge through which the filal "enls are drawn by aspi, ~li"g air entering from the sides of the passage and flowing downwardly through the passage. A heater 24 supplies hot aspirating air to the fiber draw unit 22. The hot a~F .dli"g air draws the filat"ertl~ and ambient air through the fiber draw unit.
An endless foraminous forming surface 26 is positioned below the fiber draw unit 22 and receives the continuous filaments from the outlet opening of the fiber draw unit. The forming surface 26 travels around guide rollers 28. A vacuum 30 positioned below the forming surface 26 where the filaments are deposited draws the ~ilament~ against the forming surface.
The process line 10 as shown also includes a hot-air knife 34 which provides a degree of integrity to the web. In addition, the process line includes a bonding apparatus which is a through-air bonder 36. After passing through the through-air bonder, the web is passed between a charging wire or bar 48 and a charged roller 42 and then between a second charging wire or bar 50 and roller 44.
Lastly, the process line 10 includes a winding roll 42 for taking up the finished web.
W O 97t39817 PCT~US97105787 To operate the process line 10, the hoppers 14a and 14b are filled with the respective polymer components A and B. Polymer components A and B are melted and extruded by the respective extruders 12a and 12b through polymer conduits 16a and 16b and the spinneret 18.
Although the temperatures of the molten polymers vary depending on the polymers used, when polypropylene and polyethylene are used as components A and B respectively, the prerer,~d temperatures of the polymers range from about 370~ to about 530~ F. and preferably range from 400~ to about 450~ F.
As the extruded filaments extend below the spinneret 18, a stream of air from the quench blower 20 at least partially quenches the filaments to develop a latent helical crimp in the 10 filaments at a temperature of about 45 O to about 90~ F. and a velocity from about 100 to about 400 feet per minute. Alternatively, cooler air may be used to minimize crimp if desired.
After quenching, the filaments are drawn into the vertical passage of the fiber draw unit 22 by a flow of hot air from the heater 24 through the fiber draw unit. The fiber draw unit is preferably posilioned 30 to 60 inches below the bottom of the spinneret 18. The temperature of the air supplied from the heater 24 is sufficient that, after some cooling due to mixing with cooler ambient air aspirated with the filaments, the air heats the filaments to a temperature required to activate the latent crimp. The temperature required to activate the latent crimp of the filaments ranges from about 110 ~F to a maximum temperature less that the melting point of the lower melting component which for through-air bonded materials is the second component B. The temperature of the air from the heater 24 and thus the temperature to which the filaments are heated can be varied to achieve different levels of crimp. Generally, a higher air temperature produces a higher number of crimps. The ability to control the degree of crimp of the filaments is a particularly advantageous feature of the present invention because it allows one to change the resulting density, pore size distribution and drape of the web by simply adjusting the temperature of the air in the fiber draw unit.
The crimped filaments are deposited through the outlet opening of the fiber draw unit 22 onto the traveling forming surface 26. The vacuum 20 draws the filaments against the W O 97/39817 rcTrusg7/o5787 forming surface 26 to form an unbonded, nonwoven web of continuous filaments. The web is then given a degree of integrity by the hot-air knife 34 and through-air bonded in the through-air bonder 36.
In the through-air bonder 36, air having a temperature above the melting temperature of component B and below the melting temperature of component B and below the melting temperature of component A is directed from the hood 40, through the web, and into the perforated roller 38. Alternatively, the through-air bonder may be a flat arrangement wherein the air is directed vertically downward onto the web. The operating conditions of the two configurations are similar, the primary difference being the geometry of the web during 10 bonding. The hot air melts the lower melting polymer component B and thereby forms bonds between the conjugate filaments to integrate the web. When polypropylene and polyethylene are used as polymer components A and B respectively, the air flowing through the through-air bonder usually has a temperature ranging from about 230~F to about 325~F (110~C to 162~C). and a velocity from about 100 to about 500 feet per minute. It should be understood, however, that the parameters of the through-air bonder depend on factors such as the type of polymers used and thickness of the web.
The web is then passed through the charged field between the charging bar or wire 48 and the charging drum or roller 42 and then through a second charged field of opposite polarity created between charging bar or wire 50 and charging drum or roller 44. The web may be charged at a range of about 1 kVDC/cm to 12 kVDC/cm.
Lastly, the finished web is wound onto the winding roller 42 and is ready for further treatment or use.
The three key attributes for the desired filter medium of this invention are Frazier Permeability (P), NaCI efficiency (E), and Gurley Stiffness (S) and pressure drop. Note that in calculating S, the stirrr,ess is no""ali~ed for basis weight by dividing the Gurley Stiffness in milligrams by the basis weight in grams per square meter (mg/gsm). It is believed that filter medium produced according to this invention should have a Frazier Permeability of greater than W O 97139817 PCT~US97/05787 about 250 CFM, an NaCI efficiency of greater than about 65 percent, a pressure drop of 0.5 or less mm H2O, and a Gurley Stiffness of at least about 20 mg.
The filter medium of this invention may be made into a vacuum bag filter or disk by any suitable means known in the art. Making vacuum cleaner disks generally involves the step of '5 cutting the fabric by die cutting. The disks produced from the web of this invention are stiffer than, for example, meltblown webs, and so avoid problems such as edge bonding when cutting more than one layer at once. In addition to a "cleaner" or sharper cut, the web of this invention is also less flimsy than meltblown webs and so is easier to handle. The web may be converted into a vacuum bag by cutting, folding and bonding (e.g. gluing) either alone or as a laminate.
The following sample data numbered 1-7 include Comparative Exan,,~'Es (6, 7), and examples of webs of the Invention (1-5) and show the characteristics of webs which satisfy the requirements of this invention versus those that do not.
The webs of this invention comprised side-by-side conjugate spunbond fibers made according to US Patent 5,382,400 to Pike et al. The polymers used were ESCORENE~) PD-3445 polypropylene and ASPUNtg) 6811A linear low density polyethylene available respectivelyfrom the Exxon Chemical Company of Houston, TX and the Dow Chemical Company of Midland Ml. In Samples 1-5 the HAK air flowrate was between about 5000 to 6000 fpm (1524-1830 m/min.), the HAK temperature was 325 ~F (163 ~C) and the HAK height above the web was 1 inch (2.5 cm). Samples 1-5 were extruded through spinnerets having a diameter of 0.6 mm to produce fibers having diameters of from 18 to 22 microns. Samples 1 -5 used Exxon's ESCORENE~) PD-3445 polypropylene and Dow's ASPUN(É) 6811A polyethylene which were processed at a melt temperature of about 450 ~F (232 ~C). Samples 1-5 were processed through a through-air bonder at a temperature of between about 195 and 275 ~F (91-134 ~C) at an air rate of between about 350 to 650 fpm (107-198 m/min.) for a time period of about 3 to 5 2s seconds. Samples 1-5 were treated according to the method of US Patent 5,401,446 by passing the web between a conductive bar or wire and a curved conductive drum with a non-arcing electric field between the bar or wire and the drum of about 7 kVDC/cm of separation W O 97/39817 PCTrUS97/05787 between the bar and drum, and then passing the web through a second electric field generated by the same means and as the same strength as the first but with the field orientation being 180 degrees of the first relative to the web.
The comparative webs of Samples 6, 7 are from DieCut Products Co. of Cleveland, OH
5 and are webs commonly used in as vacuum cleaner disks. Web 6 is a polyester meltblown web and web 7 is an olefin meltblown web. It is not known if they were electret treated.
After formation, the webs were tested for permeability, stiffness, pressure drop and effficiency according to the methods herein and the results are shown in Table 1.
Sample Basis Gurley Frazier % Efficiency ~(E) Pressure drop Weight StiffnessPermeability (P)(0.1 um NaC1) (mm H2O) (5~)(mg)(CF~
1 . 2 ?. 2' ~, . ,~
72 2 .
59 2 ~ .
The results show that the filter medium of this invention, sa~ les 1-5, have a good combination of permeability, efficiency, pressure drop and stiffness. This is all the more striking when compared for example to Sample 7, which, while providing very good efficiency, is very low in permeability and conversely quite high in pressure drop.
Although only a few exemplary embodiments of this invention have been described in detail above, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that many modifications are possible in the exemplary embodiments without materially departing from the novel teachings and advantages of this invention. Accordingly, all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of this invention as defined in the following claims. In the claims, means plus function claims are intended to cover the structures described herein as performing the recited function and not only structural equivalents but also equivalent W O 97/39817 PCTrUS97/OS787 structures. Thus although a nail and a screw may not be structural equivalents in that a nail employs a cylindrical surface to secure wooden parts together, whereas a screw employs a helical surface, in the environment of fastening wooden parts, a nail and a screw may be equivalent structures.
It should further be noted that any patents, applications or publications referred to herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety.
Claims (8)
1. A filter for vacuum cleaners comprising a nonwoven web of spunbond conjugate fibers having a Frazier permeability of at least 250 CFM, an NaCl efficiency of at least 65 percent, a pressure drop of 0.5 or less mm H2O, and a Gurley Stiffness of at least 20 mg, wherein said web has been subjected to hot air knife treatment.
2. The filter of claim 1 which has a basis weight between about 51 gsm and about 170 gsm.
3. The filter of claim 1 wherein said fibers are comprised of polypropylene and polyethylene in a side-by-side configuration.
4. The filter of claim 3 formed by a process wherein said web is subjected to through-air bonding.
5. The filter of claim 4 formed by a process wherein said web is subjected to electret treatment.
6. A vacuum cleaner bag comprising the filter medium of claim 1.
7. A vacuum cleaner filter comprising a nonwoven web of crimped polypropylene/polyethylene side-by-side spunbond conjugate fibers having a basis weight between about 51 gsm and about 170 gsm and having a Frazier permeability of at least 250 CFM, an NaCl efficiency of at least 65 percent, a pressure drop of 0.5 or less mm H2O, and a Gurley Stiffness of at least 20 mg, formed by a process wherein said web is subjected to hot air knife treatment, through-air bonding and electret treatment.
8. The vacuum cleaner filter of claim 7 which is die cut.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US08/633,979 US5667562A (en) | 1996-04-19 | 1996-04-19 | Spunbond vacuum cleaner webs |
| US08/633,979 | 1996-04-19 | ||
| PCT/US1997/005787 WO1997039817A1 (en) | 1996-04-19 | 1997-04-08 | Spunbond vacuum cleaner webs |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2249317A1 true CA2249317A1 (en) | 1997-10-30 |
Family
ID=29422957
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2249317 Abandoned CA2249317A1 (en) | 1996-04-19 | 1997-04-08 | Spunbond vacuum cleaner webs |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA2249317A1 (en) |
-
1997
- 1997-04-08 CA CA 2249317 patent/CA2249317A1/en not_active Abandoned
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| EEER | Examination request | ||
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