CA2226983C - Fuel additive compositions containing aromatic esters of polyalkylphenoxyalkanols and poly(oxyalkylene) amines - Google Patents
Fuel additive compositions containing aromatic esters of polyalkylphenoxyalkanols and poly(oxyalkylene) amines Download PDFInfo
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- CA2226983C CA2226983C CA002226983A CA2226983A CA2226983C CA 2226983 C CA2226983 C CA 2226983C CA 002226983 A CA002226983 A CA 002226983A CA 2226983 A CA2226983 A CA 2226983A CA 2226983 C CA2226983 C CA 2226983C
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Abstract
A fuel additive composition comprising:
(a) an aromatic ester compound of the formula:
(see formula I) or a fuel soluble salt thereof, wherein R is hydroxy, nitro or -(CH2)x-NR5R6, wherein R5 and R6 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and x is 0 or 1;
R1 is hydrogen, hydroxy, nitro or -NR7R8, wherein R7 and R8 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms;
R2 and R3 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; and R4 is a polyalkyl group having an average molecular weight in the range of about 450 to 5,000; and (b) a poly(oxyalkylene) amine having at least one basic nitrogen atom and a sufficient number of oxyalkylene units to render the poly(oxyalkylene) amine soluble in hydrocarbons boiling in the gasoline or diesel fuel range.
The fuel additive compositions of this invention are useful as fuel additives for the prevention and control of engine deposits.
(a) an aromatic ester compound of the formula:
(see formula I) or a fuel soluble salt thereof, wherein R is hydroxy, nitro or -(CH2)x-NR5R6, wherein R5 and R6 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and x is 0 or 1;
R1 is hydrogen, hydroxy, nitro or -NR7R8, wherein R7 and R8 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms;
R2 and R3 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; and R4 is a polyalkyl group having an average molecular weight in the range of about 450 to 5,000; and (b) a poly(oxyalkylene) amine having at least one basic nitrogen atom and a sufficient number of oxyalkylene units to render the poly(oxyalkylene) amine soluble in hydrocarbons boiling in the gasoline or diesel fuel range.
The fuel additive compositions of this invention are useful as fuel additives for the prevention and control of engine deposits.
Description
t 03 AND POLY(OXYALKYLENE) AMINES
07 Field of the Invention Og This invention relates to fuel additive compositions containing aromatic esters of polyalkylphenoxyalkanols and 11 poly(oxyalkylene) amines. In a further aspect, this 12 invention relates to the use of these additive compositions 13 in fuel compositions to prevent and control engine deposits.
Description of the Related Art 17 It is well known that automobile engines tend to form lg deposits on the surface of engine components, such as 1g carburetor ports, throttle bodies, fuel injectors, intake ports and intake valves, due to the oxidation and 21 polymerization of hydrocarbon fuel. These deposits, even 22 when present in relatively minor amounts, often cause 23 noticeable driveability problems, such as stalling and poor 24 acceleration. Moreover, engine deposits can significantly increase an automobile's fuel consumption and production of 26 exhaust pollutants. Therefore, the development of effective 27 fuel detergents or "deposit control" additives to prevent or 2g control such deposits is of considerable importance and 2g numerous such materials are known in the art.
31. For example, aliphatic hydrocarbon-substituted phenols are 32 known to reduce engine deposits when used in fuel 33 compositions. U.S. Patent No. 3,849,085, issued 34 November 19, 1974 to Kreuz et al., discloses a motor fuel 70780/1SM401l.DOC
r V
07 Field of the Invention Og This invention relates to fuel additive compositions containing aromatic esters of polyalkylphenoxyalkanols and 11 poly(oxyalkylene) amines. In a further aspect, this 12 invention relates to the use of these additive compositions 13 in fuel compositions to prevent and control engine deposits.
Description of the Related Art 17 It is well known that automobile engines tend to form lg deposits on the surface of engine components, such as 1g carburetor ports, throttle bodies, fuel injectors, intake ports and intake valves, due to the oxidation and 21 polymerization of hydrocarbon fuel. These deposits, even 22 when present in relatively minor amounts, often cause 23 noticeable driveability problems, such as stalling and poor 24 acceleration. Moreover, engine deposits can significantly increase an automobile's fuel consumption and production of 26 exhaust pollutants. Therefore, the development of effective 27 fuel detergents or "deposit control" additives to prevent or 2g control such deposits is of considerable importance and 2g numerous such materials are known in the art.
31. For example, aliphatic hydrocarbon-substituted phenols are 32 known to reduce engine deposits when used in fuel 33 compositions. U.S. Patent No. 3,849,085, issued 34 November 19, 1974 to Kreuz et al., discloses a motor fuel 70780/1SM401l.DOC
r V
O1 composition comprising a mixture of hydrocarbons in the 02 gasoline boiling range containing about 0.01 to 0.25 volume 03 percent of a high molecular weight aliphatic 04 hydrocarbon-substituted phenol in which the aliphatic 05 hydrocarbon radical has an average molecular weight in the 06 range of about 500 to 3,500. This patent teaches that gasoline compositions containing minor amounts of an Og aliphatic hydrocarbon-substituted phenol not only prevent or Og inhibit the formation of intake valve and port deposits in a gasoline engine, but also enhance the performance of the 11 fuel composition in engines designed to operate at higher 12 operating temperatures with a minimum of decomposition and 13 deposit formation in the manifold of the engine.
Similarly, U.S. Patent No. 4,134,846, issued January 16, 16 1g~9 to Machleder et al., discloses a fuel additive 1~ composition comprising a mixture of (1) the reaction product lg of an aliphatic hydrocarbon-substituted phenol, lg epichlorohydrin and a primary or secondary mono- or polyamine, and (2) a polyalkylene phenol. This patent 21 teaches that such compositions show excellent carburetor, 22 induction system and combustion chamber detergency and, in 23 addition, provide effective rust inhibition when used in 24 hydrocarbon fuels at low concentrations.
26 wino phenols are also known to function as 2~ detergents/dispersants, antioxidants and anti-corrosion 2g agents when used in fuel compositions. U.S. Patent 2g No. 4,320,021, issued March 16, 1982 to R. M. Lange, for example, discloses amino phenols having at least one 31 substantially saturated hydrocarbon-based substituent of at 32 least 30 carbon atoms. The amino phenols of this patent are 33 taught to impart useful and desirable properties to 34 oil-based lubricants and normally liquid fuels.
70780/1$M901!.DOC
x 01 Similarly, U.S. Patent No. 3,149,933, issued September 22, 02 1964 to K. Ley et al., discloses hydrocarbon-substituted 03 amino phenols as stabilizers for liquid fuels.
05 U.S. Patent No. 4,386,939, issued June 7, 1983 to 06 R~ M. Lange, discloses nitrogen-containing compositions p7 prepared by reacting an amino phenol with at least one 3- or Og 4-membered ring heterocyclic compound in which the hetero 09 atom is a single oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen atom, such as ethylene oxide. The nitrogen-containing compositions of 11 this patent are taught to be useful as additives for 12 lubricants and fuels.
14 Nitro phenols have also been employed as fuel additives.
For example, U.S. Patent No. 4,347,148, issued August 31, 16 1982 to K. E. Davis, discloses vitro phenols containing at 17 least one aliphatic substituent having at least about lg 40 carbon atoms. The vitro phenols of this patent are 19 taught to be useful as detergents, dispersants, antioxidants and demulsifiers for lubricating oil and fuel compositions.
22 Similarly, U.S. Patent No. 3,434,814, issued March 25, 1969 23 to M. Dubeck et al., discloses a liquid hydrocarbon fuel 24 composition containing a major quantity of a liquid hydrocarbon of the gasoline boiling range and a minor amount 26 sufficient to reduce exhaust emissions and engine deposits 27 of an aromatic vitro compound having an alkyl, aryl, 2g aralkyl, alkanoyloxy, alkoxy, hydroxy or halogen 2g substituent.
31 More recently, certain poly(oxyalkylene) esters have been 32 shown to reduce engine deposits when used in fuel 33 compositions. U.S. Patent No. 5,211,721, issued May 18, 34 1993 to R. L. Sung et al., for example, discloses an oil 70780/1$M901!.DOC
Similarly, U.S. Patent No. 4,134,846, issued January 16, 16 1g~9 to Machleder et al., discloses a fuel additive 1~ composition comprising a mixture of (1) the reaction product lg of an aliphatic hydrocarbon-substituted phenol, lg epichlorohydrin and a primary or secondary mono- or polyamine, and (2) a polyalkylene phenol. This patent 21 teaches that such compositions show excellent carburetor, 22 induction system and combustion chamber detergency and, in 23 addition, provide effective rust inhibition when used in 24 hydrocarbon fuels at low concentrations.
26 wino phenols are also known to function as 2~ detergents/dispersants, antioxidants and anti-corrosion 2g agents when used in fuel compositions. U.S. Patent 2g No. 4,320,021, issued March 16, 1982 to R. M. Lange, for example, discloses amino phenols having at least one 31 substantially saturated hydrocarbon-based substituent of at 32 least 30 carbon atoms. The amino phenols of this patent are 33 taught to impart useful and desirable properties to 34 oil-based lubricants and normally liquid fuels.
70780/1$M901!.DOC
x 01 Similarly, U.S. Patent No. 3,149,933, issued September 22, 02 1964 to K. Ley et al., discloses hydrocarbon-substituted 03 amino phenols as stabilizers for liquid fuels.
05 U.S. Patent No. 4,386,939, issued June 7, 1983 to 06 R~ M. Lange, discloses nitrogen-containing compositions p7 prepared by reacting an amino phenol with at least one 3- or Og 4-membered ring heterocyclic compound in which the hetero 09 atom is a single oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen atom, such as ethylene oxide. The nitrogen-containing compositions of 11 this patent are taught to be useful as additives for 12 lubricants and fuels.
14 Nitro phenols have also been employed as fuel additives.
For example, U.S. Patent No. 4,347,148, issued August 31, 16 1982 to K. E. Davis, discloses vitro phenols containing at 17 least one aliphatic substituent having at least about lg 40 carbon atoms. The vitro phenols of this patent are 19 taught to be useful as detergents, dispersants, antioxidants and demulsifiers for lubricating oil and fuel compositions.
22 Similarly, U.S. Patent No. 3,434,814, issued March 25, 1969 23 to M. Dubeck et al., discloses a liquid hydrocarbon fuel 24 composition containing a major quantity of a liquid hydrocarbon of the gasoline boiling range and a minor amount 26 sufficient to reduce exhaust emissions and engine deposits 27 of an aromatic vitro compound having an alkyl, aryl, 2g aralkyl, alkanoyloxy, alkoxy, hydroxy or halogen 2g substituent.
31 More recently, certain poly(oxyalkylene) esters have been 32 shown to reduce engine deposits when used in fuel 33 compositions. U.S. Patent No. 5,211,721, issued May 18, 34 1993 to R. L. Sung et al., for example, discloses an oil 70780/1$M901!.DOC
01 soluble polyether additive comprising the reaction product 02 of a polyether polyol with an acid represented by the 03 formula RCOOH in which R is a hydrocarbyl radical having 04 6 to 27 carbon atoms. The poly(oxyalkylene) ester compounds 05 of this patent are taught to be useful for inhibiting 06 carbonaceous deposit formation, motor fuel hazing, and as 07 ORI inhibitors when employed as soluble additives in motor Og fuel compositions.
Poly(oxyalkylene) esters of amino- and nitrobenzoic acids 11 are also known in the art. For example, U.S. Patent 12 No~ 2,714,607, issued August 2, 1955 to M. Matter, discloses 13 polyethoxy esters of aminobenzoic acids, nitrobenzoic acids 14 and other isocyclic acids. These polyethoxy esters are taught to have excellent pharmacological properties and to 16 be useful as anesthetics, spasmolytics, analeptics and 17 bacteriostatics.
19 Similarly, U.S. Patent No. 5,090,914, issued February 25, 1992 to D. T. Reardan et al., discloses poly(oxyalkylene) 21 aromatic compounds having an amino or hydrazinocarbonyl 22 substituent on the aromatic moiety and an ester, amide, 23 carbamate, urea or ether linking group between the aromatic 24 moiety and the poly(oxyalkylene) moiety. These compounds are taught to be useful for modifying macromolecular species 26 such as proteins and enzymes.
2g U.S. Patent No. 4,328,322, issued September 22, 1980 to 29 R. C. Baron, discloses amino- and nitrobenzoate esters of oligomeric polyols, such as polyethylene) glycol. These 31 materials are used in the production of synthetic polymers 32 by reaction with a polyisocyanate.
70780/1$M401!.DOC
Poly(oxyalkylene) esters of amino- and nitrobenzoic acids 11 are also known in the art. For example, U.S. Patent 12 No~ 2,714,607, issued August 2, 1955 to M. Matter, discloses 13 polyethoxy esters of aminobenzoic acids, nitrobenzoic acids 14 and other isocyclic acids. These polyethoxy esters are taught to have excellent pharmacological properties and to 16 be useful as anesthetics, spasmolytics, analeptics and 17 bacteriostatics.
19 Similarly, U.S. Patent No. 5,090,914, issued February 25, 1992 to D. T. Reardan et al., discloses poly(oxyalkylene) 21 aromatic compounds having an amino or hydrazinocarbonyl 22 substituent on the aromatic moiety and an ester, amide, 23 carbamate, urea or ether linking group between the aromatic 24 moiety and the poly(oxyalkylene) moiety. These compounds are taught to be useful for modifying macromolecular species 26 such as proteins and enzymes.
2g U.S. Patent No. 4,328,322, issued September 22, 1980 to 29 R. C. Baron, discloses amino- and nitrobenzoate esters of oligomeric polyols, such as polyethylene) glycol. These 31 materials are used in the production of synthetic polymers 32 by reaction with a polyisocyanate.
70780/1$M401!.DOC
O1 U.S. Patent No. 4,859,210, issued August 22, 1989 to 02 Franz et al., discloses fuel compositions containing (1) one 03 or more polybutyl or polyisobutyl alcohols wherein the 04 polybutyl or polyisobutyl group has a number average 05 molecular weight of 324 to 3,000, or (2) a poly(alkoxylate) 06 of the polybutyl or polyisobutyl alcohol, or (3) a p7 carboxylate ester of the polybutyl or polyisobutyl alcohol.
Og This patent further teaches that when the fuel composition 09 contains an ester of a polybutyl or polyisobutyl alcohol, the ester-forming acid group may be derived from saturated 11 or unsaturated, aliphatic or aromatic, acyclic or cyclic 12 mono- or polycarboxylic acids.
14 U.S. Patent Nos. 3,285,855, and 3,330,859 issued November 15, 1966 and July 11, 1967 respectively, to 16 Dexter et al., disclose alkyl esters of dialkyl 17 hydroxybenzoic and hydroxyphenylalkanoic acids wherein the lg ester moiety contains from 6 to 30 carbon atoms. These 1g patents teach that such esters are useful for stabilizing polypropylene and other organic material normally subject to 21 oxidative deterioration. Similar alkyl esters containing 22 hindered dialkyl hydroxyphenyl groups are disclosed in U.S.
23 Patent No. 5,196,565, which issued March 23, 1993 to Ross.
U.S. Patent No. 5,196,142, issued March 23, 1993 to 26 Mollet et al., discloses alkyl esters of hydroxyphenyl 27 carboxylic acids wherein the ester moiety may contain up to 2g 23 carbon atoms. This patent teaches that such compounds 2g are useful as antioxidants for stabilizing emulsion-polymerized polymers.
32 Commonly assigned U.S. Patent No. 5,407,452, issued 33 April 18, 1995, and corresponding International Application 34 Publication No. WO 95/04118, published February 9, 1995, 70780/1SM401!.DOC
Og This patent further teaches that when the fuel composition 09 contains an ester of a polybutyl or polyisobutyl alcohol, the ester-forming acid group may be derived from saturated 11 or unsaturated, aliphatic or aromatic, acyclic or cyclic 12 mono- or polycarboxylic acids.
14 U.S. Patent Nos. 3,285,855, and 3,330,859 issued November 15, 1966 and July 11, 1967 respectively, to 16 Dexter et al., disclose alkyl esters of dialkyl 17 hydroxybenzoic and hydroxyphenylalkanoic acids wherein the lg ester moiety contains from 6 to 30 carbon atoms. These 1g patents teach that such esters are useful for stabilizing polypropylene and other organic material normally subject to 21 oxidative deterioration. Similar alkyl esters containing 22 hindered dialkyl hydroxyphenyl groups are disclosed in U.S.
23 Patent No. 5,196,565, which issued March 23, 1993 to Ross.
U.S. Patent No. 5,196,142, issued March 23, 1993 to 26 Mollet et al., discloses alkyl esters of hydroxyphenyl 27 carboxylic acids wherein the ester moiety may contain up to 2g 23 carbon atoms. This patent teaches that such compounds 2g are useful as antioxidants for stabilizing emulsion-polymerized polymers.
32 Commonly assigned U.S. Patent No. 5,407,452, issued 33 April 18, 1995, and corresponding International Application 34 Publication No. WO 95/04118, published February 9, 1995, 70780/1SM401!.DOC
01 disclose certain poly(oxyalkylene) nitro and aminoaromatic 02 esters having from 5 to 100 oxyalkylene units and teach the 03 use of such compounds as fuel additives for the prevention 04 and control of engine deposits.
06 Similarly, commonly assigned U.S. Patent No. 5,427,591, 07 issued June 27, 1995, and corresponding International Og Application Publication No. WO 94/14926, published July 7, 09 1994, disclose certain poly(oxyalkylene) hydroxyaromatic esters which are useful as fuel additives to control engine 11 deposits.
13 In addition, commonly assigned U.S. Patent No. 5,380,345, 14 issued January 10, 1995, and corresponding International Application Publication No. WO 95/15366, published June 8, 16 1995..disclose certain polyalkyl nitro and aminoaromatic 17 esters useful as deposit control additives for fuels.
ig Moreover, commonly assigned International Application ig Publication No. WO 95/11955, published May 4, 1995, discloses certain polyalkyl hydroxyaromatic esters which are 21 also useful as deposit control fuel additives.
23 Poly(oxyalkylene) amines are also well known in the art as 24 fuel additives for the prevention and control of engine deposits. For example, U.S. Patent No. 4,191,537, issued 26 March 4, 1980 to R. A. Lewis et al., discloses a fuel 27 composition comprising a major portion of hydrocarbons 2g boiling in the gasoline range and from 30 to 2000 ppm of a 29 hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) aminocarbamate having a molecular weight from about 600 to 10,000, and at least one 31 basic nitrogen atom. The hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) 32 moiety is composed of oxyalkylene units selected from 2 to 70780/1SM401!.DOC
01 5 carbon oxyalkylene units. These fuel compositions are 02 taught to maintain the cleanliness of intake systems without 03 contributing to combustion chamber deposits.
05 U.S. Patent No. 5,112,364, issued May 12, 1992 to 06 Rath et al., discloses gasoline-engine fuels which contain p7 small amounts of a polyetheramine and/or a polyetheramine pg derivative, wherein the polyetheramine is prepared by Og reductive amination of a phenol-initiated or alkylphenol-initiated polyether alcohol with ammonia or a primary amine.
il 12 U.S. Patent No. 4,247,301, issued January 27, 1981 to 13 Honnen, discloses hydrocarbyl-substituted poly(oxyalkylene) 14 polyamines, wherein the hydrocarbyl group contains from 1 to 30 carbon atoms and the polyamine moiety contains from 2 to 16 12 amine nitrogen atoms and from 2 to 40 carbon atoms. This 17 patent teaches that the additives may be prepared by the ig reaction of a suitable hydrocarbyl-terminated polyether 19 alcohol with a halogenating agent, such as HC1 or thionyl chloride, to form a polyether chloride, followed by reaction 21 of the polyether chloride with a polyamine to form the 22 desired poly(oxyalkylene) polyamine. This patent also 23 teaches at Example 6 that the polyether chloride may be 24 reacted with ammonia or dimethylamine to form the corresponding polyether amine or polyether dimethylamine.
70780/1$M901!.DOC
- g -3 It has now been discovered that the combination of 4 certain aromatic esters of polyalkylphenoxyalkanols with poly(oxyalkylene) amines affords a unique fuel additive 6 composition which provides excellent control of engine 7 deposits, especially intake valve and combustion chamber 8 deposits.
06 Similarly, commonly assigned U.S. Patent No. 5,427,591, 07 issued June 27, 1995, and corresponding International Og Application Publication No. WO 94/14926, published July 7, 09 1994, disclose certain poly(oxyalkylene) hydroxyaromatic esters which are useful as fuel additives to control engine 11 deposits.
13 In addition, commonly assigned U.S. Patent No. 5,380,345, 14 issued January 10, 1995, and corresponding International Application Publication No. WO 95/15366, published June 8, 16 1995..disclose certain polyalkyl nitro and aminoaromatic 17 esters useful as deposit control additives for fuels.
ig Moreover, commonly assigned International Application ig Publication No. WO 95/11955, published May 4, 1995, discloses certain polyalkyl hydroxyaromatic esters which are 21 also useful as deposit control fuel additives.
23 Poly(oxyalkylene) amines are also well known in the art as 24 fuel additives for the prevention and control of engine deposits. For example, U.S. Patent No. 4,191,537, issued 26 March 4, 1980 to R. A. Lewis et al., discloses a fuel 27 composition comprising a major portion of hydrocarbons 2g boiling in the gasoline range and from 30 to 2000 ppm of a 29 hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) aminocarbamate having a molecular weight from about 600 to 10,000, and at least one 31 basic nitrogen atom. The hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) 32 moiety is composed of oxyalkylene units selected from 2 to 70780/1SM401!.DOC
01 5 carbon oxyalkylene units. These fuel compositions are 02 taught to maintain the cleanliness of intake systems without 03 contributing to combustion chamber deposits.
05 U.S. Patent No. 5,112,364, issued May 12, 1992 to 06 Rath et al., discloses gasoline-engine fuels which contain p7 small amounts of a polyetheramine and/or a polyetheramine pg derivative, wherein the polyetheramine is prepared by Og reductive amination of a phenol-initiated or alkylphenol-initiated polyether alcohol with ammonia or a primary amine.
il 12 U.S. Patent No. 4,247,301, issued January 27, 1981 to 13 Honnen, discloses hydrocarbyl-substituted poly(oxyalkylene) 14 polyamines, wherein the hydrocarbyl group contains from 1 to 30 carbon atoms and the polyamine moiety contains from 2 to 16 12 amine nitrogen atoms and from 2 to 40 carbon atoms. This 17 patent teaches that the additives may be prepared by the ig reaction of a suitable hydrocarbyl-terminated polyether 19 alcohol with a halogenating agent, such as HC1 or thionyl chloride, to form a polyether chloride, followed by reaction 21 of the polyether chloride with a polyamine to form the 22 desired poly(oxyalkylene) polyamine. This patent also 23 teaches at Example 6 that the polyether chloride may be 24 reacted with ammonia or dimethylamine to form the corresponding polyether amine or polyether dimethylamine.
70780/1$M901!.DOC
- g -3 It has now been discovered that the combination of 4 certain aromatic esters of polyalkylphenoxyalkanols with poly(oxyalkylene) amines affords a unique fuel additive 6 composition which provides excellent control of engine 7 deposits, especially intake valve and combustion chamber 8 deposits.
Accordingly, the present invention provides a novel fuel 11 additive composition comprising:
12 (a) an aromatic ester compound having the following 13 formula or a fuel soluble salt thereof:
R
O R2 Rg R1 IC-O-CH-CH-O R4 (I) 17 wherein R is hydroxy, nitro or - (CHZ) X-NRSR6, wherein 18 RS and R6 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl 19 having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and x is 0 or 1;
21 R1 is hydrogen, hydroxy, nitro or -NR-,Re, wherein R~
22 and Ra are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl 23 having 1 to 6 carbon atoms;
Rz and R3 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl 26 having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; and 28 R4 is a polyalkyl group having an average molecular 29 weight in the range of about 450 to about 5,000; and 1 (b) a poly(oxyalkylene) amine having at least one basic 2 nitrogen atom and a sufficient number of oxyalkylene 3 units to render the poly(oxyalkylene) amine soluble in 4 hydrocarbons boiling in the gasoline or diesel fuel range.
7 The present invention further provides a fuel composition 8 comprising a major amount of hydrocarbons boiling in the 9 gasoline or diesel range and an effective deposit-controlling amount of a compound of the present invention.
12 The present invention additionally provides a fuel 13 concentrate comprising an inert stable oleophilic organic 14 solvent boiling in the range of from about 150°F to 400°F
and from about 10 to 70 weight percent of a compound of the 16 present invention.
18 According to another aspect of the invention, there is 19 provided a fuel composition comprising a major amount of hydrocarbons boiling in the gasoline or diesel range and an 21 effective deposit-controlling amount of a fuel additive 22 composition comprising:
24 (a) an aromatic ester compound of the formula:
R
O R2 Rg R1 C-O-CH-CH-O R4 (I}
28 or a fuel soluble salt thereof, wherein R is hydroxy, 29 nitro or - (CH2)X-NRSR6, wherein RS and R6 are - 9a -1 independently hydrogen or lower alkyl having 1 to 6 2 carbon atoms and x is 0 or 1;
4 R1 is hydrogen, hydroxy, nitro or -NR-,Re, wherein R, and R8 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl having 1 6 to 6 carbon atoms;
8 Rz and R3 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl 9 having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; and 11 R4 is a polyalkyl group having an average molecular 12 weight in the range of about 450 to about 5,000; and 14 (b) a poly(oxyalkylene) amine having at least one basic nitrogen atom and a sufficient number of oxyalkylene 16 units to render the poly(oxyalkylene) amine soluble in 17 hydrocarbons boiling in the gasoline or diesel fuel 18 range.
According to a further aspect of the invention, there is 21 provided a fuel concentrate comprising an inert stable 22 oleophilic organic solvent boiling in the range of from 23 about 150°F to about 400°F and from about 10 to about 70 24 weight percent of a fuel additive composition comprising:
26 (a) an aromatic ester compound of the formula:
R
R1 C-O-CH-CH-O R4 (I) or a fuel soluble salt thereof, wherein R is hydroxy, 31 nitro or - (CHZ)X-NRSR6, wherein RS and R6 are - 9b -1 independently hydrogen or lower alkyl having 1 to 6 2 carbon atoms and x is 0 or 1;
4 R1 is hydrogen, hydroxy, nitro or -NR~RB, wherein R-, and R8 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl having 1 6 to 6 carbon atoms;
8 R2 and R3 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl 9 having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; and R4 is a polyalkyl group having an average molecular weight in the range of 11 about 450 to about 5,000; and 13 (b) a poly (oxyalkylene) amine having at least one basic 14 nitrogen atom and a sufficient number of oxyalkylene units to render the poly(oxyalkylene) amine soluble in 16 hydrocarbons boiling in the gasoline or diesel fuel 17 range.
19 Among other factors, the present invention is based on the surprising discovery that the unique combination of certain 21 aromatic esters of polyalkylphenoxyalkanols with 22 poly(oxyalkylene) amines provides excellent control of 23 engine deposits, especially on intake valves and in 24 combustion chambers, when employed as additives in fuel compositions.
29 The Aromatic Ester of Polyalkylphenoxyalkanols 31 The aromatic ester component of the present additive 32 composition is an aromatic ester of a O1 Polyalkylphenoxyalkanol and has the following general 02 formula:
06 R1 C-O-CH-CH-O R4 (I) Og or a fuel-soluble salt thereof, wherein R, R1, R2, R3 and R4 Og are as defined hereinabove.
12 (a) an aromatic ester compound having the following 13 formula or a fuel soluble salt thereof:
R
O R2 Rg R1 IC-O-CH-CH-O R4 (I) 17 wherein R is hydroxy, nitro or - (CHZ) X-NRSR6, wherein 18 RS and R6 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl 19 having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and x is 0 or 1;
21 R1 is hydrogen, hydroxy, nitro or -NR-,Re, wherein R~
22 and Ra are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl 23 having 1 to 6 carbon atoms;
Rz and R3 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl 26 having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; and 28 R4 is a polyalkyl group having an average molecular 29 weight in the range of about 450 to about 5,000; and 1 (b) a poly(oxyalkylene) amine having at least one basic 2 nitrogen atom and a sufficient number of oxyalkylene 3 units to render the poly(oxyalkylene) amine soluble in 4 hydrocarbons boiling in the gasoline or diesel fuel range.
7 The present invention further provides a fuel composition 8 comprising a major amount of hydrocarbons boiling in the 9 gasoline or diesel range and an effective deposit-controlling amount of a compound of the present invention.
12 The present invention additionally provides a fuel 13 concentrate comprising an inert stable oleophilic organic 14 solvent boiling in the range of from about 150°F to 400°F
and from about 10 to 70 weight percent of a compound of the 16 present invention.
18 According to another aspect of the invention, there is 19 provided a fuel composition comprising a major amount of hydrocarbons boiling in the gasoline or diesel range and an 21 effective deposit-controlling amount of a fuel additive 22 composition comprising:
24 (a) an aromatic ester compound of the formula:
R
O R2 Rg R1 C-O-CH-CH-O R4 (I}
28 or a fuel soluble salt thereof, wherein R is hydroxy, 29 nitro or - (CH2)X-NRSR6, wherein RS and R6 are - 9a -1 independently hydrogen or lower alkyl having 1 to 6 2 carbon atoms and x is 0 or 1;
4 R1 is hydrogen, hydroxy, nitro or -NR-,Re, wherein R, and R8 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl having 1 6 to 6 carbon atoms;
8 Rz and R3 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl 9 having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; and 11 R4 is a polyalkyl group having an average molecular 12 weight in the range of about 450 to about 5,000; and 14 (b) a poly(oxyalkylene) amine having at least one basic nitrogen atom and a sufficient number of oxyalkylene 16 units to render the poly(oxyalkylene) amine soluble in 17 hydrocarbons boiling in the gasoline or diesel fuel 18 range.
According to a further aspect of the invention, there is 21 provided a fuel concentrate comprising an inert stable 22 oleophilic organic solvent boiling in the range of from 23 about 150°F to about 400°F and from about 10 to about 70 24 weight percent of a fuel additive composition comprising:
26 (a) an aromatic ester compound of the formula:
R
R1 C-O-CH-CH-O R4 (I) or a fuel soluble salt thereof, wherein R is hydroxy, 31 nitro or - (CHZ)X-NRSR6, wherein RS and R6 are - 9b -1 independently hydrogen or lower alkyl having 1 to 6 2 carbon atoms and x is 0 or 1;
4 R1 is hydrogen, hydroxy, nitro or -NR~RB, wherein R-, and R8 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl having 1 6 to 6 carbon atoms;
8 R2 and R3 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl 9 having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; and R4 is a polyalkyl group having an average molecular weight in the range of 11 about 450 to about 5,000; and 13 (b) a poly (oxyalkylene) amine having at least one basic 14 nitrogen atom and a sufficient number of oxyalkylene units to render the poly(oxyalkylene) amine soluble in 16 hydrocarbons boiling in the gasoline or diesel fuel 17 range.
19 Among other factors, the present invention is based on the surprising discovery that the unique combination of certain 21 aromatic esters of polyalkylphenoxyalkanols with 22 poly(oxyalkylene) amines provides excellent control of 23 engine deposits, especially on intake valves and in 24 combustion chambers, when employed as additives in fuel compositions.
29 The Aromatic Ester of Polyalkylphenoxyalkanols 31 The aromatic ester component of the present additive 32 composition is an aromatic ester of a O1 Polyalkylphenoxyalkanol and has the following general 02 formula:
06 R1 C-O-CH-CH-O R4 (I) Og or a fuel-soluble salt thereof, wherein R, R1, R2, R3 and R4 Og are as defined hereinabove.
11 Based on performance (e. g. deposit control), handling 12 properties and performance/cost effectiveness, the preferred 13 aromatics ester compounds employed in the present invention 14 are those wherein R is vitro, amino, N-alkylamino, or -~H2NH2 (aminomethyl). More preferably, R is a vitro, 16 amino or ~H2NH2 group. Most preferably, R is an amino or 17 -CH2NH2 group, especially amino. Preferably, Rl is hydrogen, hydroxy, vitro or amino. More preferably, R1 is 19 hydrogen or hydroxy. Most preferably, Rl is hydrogen.
preferably, R4 is a polyalkyl group having an average 21 molecular weight in the range of about 500 to 3,000, more 22 preferably about 700 to 3,000, and most preferably about 900 23 to 2,500. Preferably, the compound has a combination 24 of preferred substituents.
26 preferably, one of R2 and R3 is hydrogen or lower alkyl of 1 27 to 4 carbon atoms, and the other is hydrogen. More 28 preferably, one of R2 and R3 is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, 29 and the other is hydrogen. Most preferably, R2-is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, and Rg is hydrogen.
32 den R and/or Rl is an N-alkylamino group, the alkyl group 33 of the N-alkylamino moiety preferably contains 1 to 4 carbon 70780/1SM401!.DOC
~ ' 2 01 atoms. More preferably, the N-alkylamino is N-methylamino 02 or N-ethylamino.
04 Similarly, when R and/or R1 is an N,N-dialkylamino group, 05 each alkyl group of the N,N-dialkylamino moiety preferably 06 contains 1 to 4 carbon atoms. More preferably, each alkyl group is either methyl or ethyl. For example, particularly Og preferred N,N-dialkylamino groups are N,N-dimethylamino, Og N-ethyl-N-methylamino and N,N-diethylamino groups.
11 A further preferred group of compounds are those wherein R
12 is amino, nitro, or -CH2NH2 and Rl is hydrogen or hydroxy.
13 A particularly preferred group of compounds are those 14 wherein R is amino, Rl, R2 and R3 are hydrogen, and R4 is a Polyalkyl group derived from polyisobutene.
1~ It is preferred that the R substituent is located at the ig mete or, more preferably, the pare position of the benzoic ig acid moiety, i.e., pare or mete relative to the carbonyloxy group. When R1 is a substituent other than hydrogen, it is 21 particularly preferred that this R1 group be in a mete or 22 pare position relative to the carbonyloxy group and in an 23 ortho position relative to the R substituent. Further, in 24 general, when Rl is other than hydrogen, it is preferred that. one of R or Rl is located pare to the carbonyloxy group 26 and the other is located mete to the carbonyloxy group.
2~ Similarly, it is preferred that the R4 substituent on the 2g other phenyl ring is located pare or mete, more preferably 2g pares, relative to the ether linking group.
31 The compounds employed in the present invention will 32 generally have a sufficient molecular weight so as to be 33 non-volatile at normal engine intake valve operating 34 temperatures (about 200°-250°C). Typically, the molecular 70780/1$M401!.DOC
V
O1 weight of the compounds employed in this invention will 02 range from about 700 to about 3,500, preferably from about 03 700 to about 2,500.
05 Fuel-soluble salts of the compounds of formula I can be 06 readily prepared for those compounds containing an amino or 07 substituted amino group and such salts are contemplated to Og be useful for preventing or controlling engine deposits.
Og Suitable salts include, for example, those obtained by protonating the amino moiety with a strong organic acid, 11 such as an alkyl- or arylsulfonic acid. Preferred salts are 12 derived from toluenesulfonic acid and methanesulfonic acid.
14 den the R or R1 substituent is a hydroxy group, suitable salts can be obtained by deprotonation of the hydroxy group 16 with a base. Such salts include salts of alkali metals, 17 alkaline earth metals, ammonium and substituted ammonium lg salts. Preferred salts of hydroxy-substituted compounds lg include alkali metal, alkaline earth metal and substituted ammonium salts.
22 Definitions 24 As used herein, the following terms have the following meanings unless expressly stated to the contrary.
27 The term "amino" refers to the group: -NH2.
2g The term "N-alkylamino" refers to the group: -NHRa wherein 3o Ra is an alkyl group. The term "NON-dialkylamino" refers to 31 the group: ~TRbR~, wherein Rb and R~ are alkyl groups.
33 The term "alkyl" refers to both straight- and branched-chain 34 alkyl groups.
70780/1$M901!.DOC
O1 The term "lower alkyl" refers to alkyl groups having 1 to 02 about 6 carbon atoms and includes primary, secondary and 03 tertiary alkyl groups. Typical lower alkyl groups include, 04 for example, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, 05 sec-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl and the like.
The term "polyalkyl" refers to an alkyl group which is pg generally derived from polyolefins which are polymers or Og copolymers of mono-olefins, particularly 1-mono-olefins, such as ethylene, propylene, butylene, and the like.
11 Preferably, the mono-olefin employed will have 2 to about 12 24 carbon atoms, and more preferably, about 3 to 12 carbon 13 atoms. More preferred mono-olefins include propylene, 14 butylene, particularly isobutylene, 1-octene and 1-decene.
Polyolefins prepared from such mono-olefins include 16 polypropylene, polybutene, especially polyisobutene, and the 1~ polyalphaolefins produced from 1-octene and 1-decene.
ig The term "fuel" or "hydrocarbon fuel" refers to normally liquid hydrocarbons having boiling points in the range of 21 gasoline and diesel fuels.
23 General Synthetic Procedures The polyalkylphenoxyalkyl aromatic esters employed in this 26 invention may be prepared by the following general methods and procedures. It should be appreciated that where typical 2g or preferred process conditions (e. g., reaction 2g temperatures, times, mole ratios of reactants, solvents, pressures, etc.) are given, other process conditions may 31 also be used unless otherwise stated. Optimum reaction 32 conditions may vary with the particular reactants or 33 solvents used, but such conditions can be determined by one 34 skilled in the art by routine optimization procedures.
70780/1$M401!.DOC
01 Those skilled in the art will also recognize that it may be 02 necessary to block or protect certain functional groups 03 while conducting the following synthetic procedures. In 04 such cases, the protecting group will serve to protect the 05 functional group from undesired reactions or to block its 06 undesired reaction with other functional groups or with the reagents used to carry out the desired chemical pg transformations. The proper choice of a protecting group Og for a particular functional group will be readily apparent to to one skilled in the art. Various protecting groups and 11 their introduction and removal are described, for example, 12 in T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in 13 Organic Synthesis, Second Edition, Wiley, New York, 1991, 14 and references cited therein.
16 In the present synthetic procedures, a hydroxyl group will 1~ preferably be protected, when necessary, as the benzyl or ig tert-butyldimethylsilyl ether. Introduction and removal of ig these protecting groups is well described in the art. Amino groups may also require protection and this may be 21 accomplished by employing a standard amino protecting group, 22 such as a benzyloxycarbonyl or a trifluoroacetyl group.
23 Additionally, as will be discussed in further detail 24 hereinbelow, the aromatic esters employed in this invention having an amino group on the aromatic moiety will generally 26 be prepared from the corresponding vitro derivative.
2~ accordingly, in many of the following procedures, a vitro 2g group will serve as a protecting group for the amino moiety.
29 _ Moreover, the aromatic ester compounds employed in this 31 invention having a -CH2NH2 group on the aromatic moiety will 32 generally be prepared from the corresponding cyano 33 derivative, -CN. Thus, in many of the following procedures, 70780/1$M401!.DOC
preferably, R4 is a polyalkyl group having an average 21 molecular weight in the range of about 500 to 3,000, more 22 preferably about 700 to 3,000, and most preferably about 900 23 to 2,500. Preferably, the compound has a combination 24 of preferred substituents.
26 preferably, one of R2 and R3 is hydrogen or lower alkyl of 1 27 to 4 carbon atoms, and the other is hydrogen. More 28 preferably, one of R2 and R3 is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, 29 and the other is hydrogen. Most preferably, R2-is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, and Rg is hydrogen.
32 den R and/or Rl is an N-alkylamino group, the alkyl group 33 of the N-alkylamino moiety preferably contains 1 to 4 carbon 70780/1SM401!.DOC
~ ' 2 01 atoms. More preferably, the N-alkylamino is N-methylamino 02 or N-ethylamino.
04 Similarly, when R and/or R1 is an N,N-dialkylamino group, 05 each alkyl group of the N,N-dialkylamino moiety preferably 06 contains 1 to 4 carbon atoms. More preferably, each alkyl group is either methyl or ethyl. For example, particularly Og preferred N,N-dialkylamino groups are N,N-dimethylamino, Og N-ethyl-N-methylamino and N,N-diethylamino groups.
11 A further preferred group of compounds are those wherein R
12 is amino, nitro, or -CH2NH2 and Rl is hydrogen or hydroxy.
13 A particularly preferred group of compounds are those 14 wherein R is amino, Rl, R2 and R3 are hydrogen, and R4 is a Polyalkyl group derived from polyisobutene.
1~ It is preferred that the R substituent is located at the ig mete or, more preferably, the pare position of the benzoic ig acid moiety, i.e., pare or mete relative to the carbonyloxy group. When R1 is a substituent other than hydrogen, it is 21 particularly preferred that this R1 group be in a mete or 22 pare position relative to the carbonyloxy group and in an 23 ortho position relative to the R substituent. Further, in 24 general, when Rl is other than hydrogen, it is preferred that. one of R or Rl is located pare to the carbonyloxy group 26 and the other is located mete to the carbonyloxy group.
2~ Similarly, it is preferred that the R4 substituent on the 2g other phenyl ring is located pare or mete, more preferably 2g pares, relative to the ether linking group.
31 The compounds employed in the present invention will 32 generally have a sufficient molecular weight so as to be 33 non-volatile at normal engine intake valve operating 34 temperatures (about 200°-250°C). Typically, the molecular 70780/1$M401!.DOC
V
O1 weight of the compounds employed in this invention will 02 range from about 700 to about 3,500, preferably from about 03 700 to about 2,500.
05 Fuel-soluble salts of the compounds of formula I can be 06 readily prepared for those compounds containing an amino or 07 substituted amino group and such salts are contemplated to Og be useful for preventing or controlling engine deposits.
Og Suitable salts include, for example, those obtained by protonating the amino moiety with a strong organic acid, 11 such as an alkyl- or arylsulfonic acid. Preferred salts are 12 derived from toluenesulfonic acid and methanesulfonic acid.
14 den the R or R1 substituent is a hydroxy group, suitable salts can be obtained by deprotonation of the hydroxy group 16 with a base. Such salts include salts of alkali metals, 17 alkaline earth metals, ammonium and substituted ammonium lg salts. Preferred salts of hydroxy-substituted compounds lg include alkali metal, alkaline earth metal and substituted ammonium salts.
22 Definitions 24 As used herein, the following terms have the following meanings unless expressly stated to the contrary.
27 The term "amino" refers to the group: -NH2.
2g The term "N-alkylamino" refers to the group: -NHRa wherein 3o Ra is an alkyl group. The term "NON-dialkylamino" refers to 31 the group: ~TRbR~, wherein Rb and R~ are alkyl groups.
33 The term "alkyl" refers to both straight- and branched-chain 34 alkyl groups.
70780/1$M901!.DOC
O1 The term "lower alkyl" refers to alkyl groups having 1 to 02 about 6 carbon atoms and includes primary, secondary and 03 tertiary alkyl groups. Typical lower alkyl groups include, 04 for example, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, 05 sec-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl and the like.
The term "polyalkyl" refers to an alkyl group which is pg generally derived from polyolefins which are polymers or Og copolymers of mono-olefins, particularly 1-mono-olefins, such as ethylene, propylene, butylene, and the like.
11 Preferably, the mono-olefin employed will have 2 to about 12 24 carbon atoms, and more preferably, about 3 to 12 carbon 13 atoms. More preferred mono-olefins include propylene, 14 butylene, particularly isobutylene, 1-octene and 1-decene.
Polyolefins prepared from such mono-olefins include 16 polypropylene, polybutene, especially polyisobutene, and the 1~ polyalphaolefins produced from 1-octene and 1-decene.
ig The term "fuel" or "hydrocarbon fuel" refers to normally liquid hydrocarbons having boiling points in the range of 21 gasoline and diesel fuels.
23 General Synthetic Procedures The polyalkylphenoxyalkyl aromatic esters employed in this 26 invention may be prepared by the following general methods and procedures. It should be appreciated that where typical 2g or preferred process conditions (e. g., reaction 2g temperatures, times, mole ratios of reactants, solvents, pressures, etc.) are given, other process conditions may 31 also be used unless otherwise stated. Optimum reaction 32 conditions may vary with the particular reactants or 33 solvents used, but such conditions can be determined by one 34 skilled in the art by routine optimization procedures.
70780/1$M401!.DOC
01 Those skilled in the art will also recognize that it may be 02 necessary to block or protect certain functional groups 03 while conducting the following synthetic procedures. In 04 such cases, the protecting group will serve to protect the 05 functional group from undesired reactions or to block its 06 undesired reaction with other functional groups or with the reagents used to carry out the desired chemical pg transformations. The proper choice of a protecting group Og for a particular functional group will be readily apparent to to one skilled in the art. Various protecting groups and 11 their introduction and removal are described, for example, 12 in T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in 13 Organic Synthesis, Second Edition, Wiley, New York, 1991, 14 and references cited therein.
16 In the present synthetic procedures, a hydroxyl group will 1~ preferably be protected, when necessary, as the benzyl or ig tert-butyldimethylsilyl ether. Introduction and removal of ig these protecting groups is well described in the art. Amino groups may also require protection and this may be 21 accomplished by employing a standard amino protecting group, 22 such as a benzyloxycarbonyl or a trifluoroacetyl group.
23 Additionally, as will be discussed in further detail 24 hereinbelow, the aromatic esters employed in this invention having an amino group on the aromatic moiety will generally 26 be prepared from the corresponding vitro derivative.
2~ accordingly, in many of the following procedures, a vitro 2g group will serve as a protecting group for the amino moiety.
29 _ Moreover, the aromatic ester compounds employed in this 31 invention having a -CH2NH2 group on the aromatic moiety will 32 generally be prepared from the corresponding cyano 33 derivative, -CN. Thus, in many of the following procedures, 70780/1$M401!.DOC
Ol a cyano group will serve as a protecting group for the 02 -CH2NH2 moiety. __ _ 04 Synthesis The polyalkylphenoxyalkyl aromatic esters employed in the 07 present invention may be prepared by a process which Og initially involves hydroxyalkylation of a polyalkylphenol of pg the formula:
12 HO R4 (II) wherein R4 is as defined herein, with an alkylene carbonate 16 of the formula:
12 HO R4 (II) wherein R4 is as defined herein, with an alkylene carbonate 16 of the formula:
O
18 I' 19 ~ ~O (III) 24 wherein R2 and R3 are as defined herein, in the presence of a catalytic amount of an alkali metal hydride or hydroxide, 26 or alkali metal salt, to provide a polyalkylphenoxyalkanol 27 of the formula:
HO-CH-CH-O R4 (IV) 33 wherein R2, R3 and R4 are as defined herein.
70780/1$M401l.DOC
V
r O1 The polyalkylphenols of formula II are well known materials 02 and are typically prepared by the alkylation of phenol with 03 the desired polyolefin or chlorinated polyolefin. A further 04 discussion of polyalkylphenols can be found, for example, in 05 U.S. Patent No. 4,744,921 and U.S. Patent No. 5,300,701.
07 Accordingly, the polyalkylphenols of formula II may be Og prepared from the corresponding olefins by conventional pg procedures. For example, the polyalkylphenols of formula II
above may be prepared by reacting the appropriate olefin or il olefin mixture with phenol in the presence of an alkylating 12 catalyst at a temperature of from about 25°C. to 150°C., and 13 preferably 30°C. to 100°C. either neat or in an essentially 14 inert solvent at atmospheric pressure. A preferred alkylating catalyst is boron trifluoride. Molar ratios of 16 reactants may be used. Alternatively, molar excesses of 17 phenol can be employed, i.e., 2 to 3 equivalents of phenol lg for each equivalent of olefin with unreacted phenol lg recycled. The latter process maximizes monoalkylphenol.
Examples of inert solvents include heptane, benzene, 21 toluene, chlorobenzene and 250 thinner which is a mixture of 22 aromatics, paraffins and naphthenes.
24 The polyalkyl substituent on the polyalkylphenols employed in the invention is generally derived from polyolefins which 26 are polymers or copolymers of mono-olefins, particularly 27 1-mono-olefins, such as ethylene, propylene, butylene, and 2g the like. Preferably, the mono-olefin employed will have 2 2g to about 24 carbon atoms, and more preferably, about 3 to 12 carbon atoms. More preferred mono-olefins include 31 propylene, butylene, particularly isobutylene, 1-octene and 32 1-decene. Polyolefins prepared from such mono-olefins 33 include polypropylene, polybutene, especially polyisobutene, 70780/1$M401!.DOC
1 and the polyalphaolefins produced from 1-octene and 1-2 decene.
4 The preferred polyisobutenes used to prepare the presently employed polyalkylphenols are polyisobutenes which comprise 6 at least about 20% of the more reactive methylvinylidene 7 isomer, preferably at least 50% and more preferably at least 8 70%. Suitable polyisobutenes include those prepared using 9 BF3 catalysts. The preparation of such polyisobutenes in which the methylvinylidene isomer comprises a high 11 percentage of the total composition is described in U.S.
12 Patent Nos. 4,152,499 and 4,605,808. Such polyisobutenes, 13 known as "reactive" polyisobutenes, yield high molecular 14 weight alcohols in which the hydroxyl group is at or near the end of the hydrocarbon chain. Examples of suitable 16 polyisobutenes having a high alkylvinylidene content include 17 UltravisTM 30, a polyisobutene having a number average 18 molecular weight of about 1300 and a methylvinylidene 19 content of about 74%, and UltravisTM 10, a polyisobutene having a number average molecular weight of about 950 and a 21 methylvinylidene content of about 76%, both available from 22 British Petroleum.
24 The alkylene carbonates of formula III are known compounds which are available commercially or can be readily prepared 26 using conventional procedures. Suitable alkylene carbonates 27 include ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, 1,2-28 butylene carbonate, 2,3-butylene carbonate, and the like. A
29 preferred alkylene carbonate is ethylene carbonate.
31 The catalyst employed in the reaction of the polyalkylphenol 32 and alkylene carbonate may be any of the well known 33 hydroxyalkylation catalysts. Typical hydroxyalkylation 34 catalysts include alkali metal hydrides, such as lithium O1 hydride, sodium hydride and potassium hydride, alkali metal 02 hydroxides, such as sodium hydroxide and potassium 03 hydroxide, and alkali metal salts, for example, alkali metal 04 halides, such as sodium chloride and potassium chloride, and 05 alkali metal carbonates, such as sodium carbonate and 06 potassium carbonate. The amount of catalyst employed will 07 generally range from about 0.01 to 1.0 equivalent, Og preferably from about 0.05 to 0.3 equivalent.
The polyalkylphenol and alkylene carbonate are generally 11 reacted in essentially equivalent amounts in the presence of 12 the hydroxyalkylation catalyst at a temperature in the range 13 of about 100°C. to 210°C., and preferably from about 150°C.
14 to about 170°C. The reaction may take place in the presence or absence of an inert solvent.
17 The time of reaction will vary depending on the particular lg alkylphenol and alkylene carbonate reactants, the catalyst 19 used and the reaction temperature. Generally, the reaction time will range from about two hours to about five hours.
21 The progress of the reaction is typically monitored by the 22 evolution of carbon dioxide. At the completion of the 23 reaction, the polyalkylphenoxyalkanol product is isolated 24 using conventional techniques.
26 The hydroxyalkylation reaction of phenols with alkylene 27 carbonates is well known in the art and is described, for 2g example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 2,987,555; 2,967,892; 3,283,030 2g and 4,341,905.
-70780/1$M401l.DOC
O1 Alternatively, the polyalkylphenoxyalkanol product of 02 formula IV may be prepared by reacting the polyalkylphenol 03 of formula II with an alkylene oxide of the formula:
0 5 .O
07 R2-CH CH-R3 (V) 09 wherein R2 and R3 are as defined herein, in the presence of a hydroxyalkylation catalyst as described above.
11 Suitable alkylene oxides of formula V include ethylene 12 oxide, propylene oxide, 1,2-butylene oxide, 2,3-butylene 13 oxide, and the like. A preferred alkylene oxide is ethylene 14 oxide.
16 In a manner similar to the reaction with alkylene carbonate, 17 the polyalkylphenol and alkylene oxide are reacted in 1g essentially equivalent or equimolar amounts in the presence 1g of 0.01 to 1.0 equivalent of a hydroxyalkylation catalyst, such as sodium or potassium hydride, at a temperature in the 21 range of about 30°C. to about 150°C., for about 2 to about 22 24 hours. The reaction may be conducted in the presence or 23 absence of a substantially anhydrous inert solvent.
24 Suitable solvents include toluene, xylene, and the like.
Generally, the reaction conducted at a pressure sufficient 26 to contain the reactants and any solvent present, typically 27 at atmospheric or higher pressure. Upon completion of the 2g reaction, the polyalkylphenoxyalkanol is isolated by 2g conventional procedures.
31 The polyalkylphenoxyalkanol of formula IV is subsequently 32 reacted with a substituted benzoic acid of formula VI to 70780/1$M901!.DOC
HO-CH-CH-O R4 (IV) 33 wherein R2, R3 and R4 are as defined herein.
70780/1$M401l.DOC
V
r O1 The polyalkylphenols of formula II are well known materials 02 and are typically prepared by the alkylation of phenol with 03 the desired polyolefin or chlorinated polyolefin. A further 04 discussion of polyalkylphenols can be found, for example, in 05 U.S. Patent No. 4,744,921 and U.S. Patent No. 5,300,701.
07 Accordingly, the polyalkylphenols of formula II may be Og prepared from the corresponding olefins by conventional pg procedures. For example, the polyalkylphenols of formula II
above may be prepared by reacting the appropriate olefin or il olefin mixture with phenol in the presence of an alkylating 12 catalyst at a temperature of from about 25°C. to 150°C., and 13 preferably 30°C. to 100°C. either neat or in an essentially 14 inert solvent at atmospheric pressure. A preferred alkylating catalyst is boron trifluoride. Molar ratios of 16 reactants may be used. Alternatively, molar excesses of 17 phenol can be employed, i.e., 2 to 3 equivalents of phenol lg for each equivalent of olefin with unreacted phenol lg recycled. The latter process maximizes monoalkylphenol.
Examples of inert solvents include heptane, benzene, 21 toluene, chlorobenzene and 250 thinner which is a mixture of 22 aromatics, paraffins and naphthenes.
24 The polyalkyl substituent on the polyalkylphenols employed in the invention is generally derived from polyolefins which 26 are polymers or copolymers of mono-olefins, particularly 27 1-mono-olefins, such as ethylene, propylene, butylene, and 2g the like. Preferably, the mono-olefin employed will have 2 2g to about 24 carbon atoms, and more preferably, about 3 to 12 carbon atoms. More preferred mono-olefins include 31 propylene, butylene, particularly isobutylene, 1-octene and 32 1-decene. Polyolefins prepared from such mono-olefins 33 include polypropylene, polybutene, especially polyisobutene, 70780/1$M401!.DOC
1 and the polyalphaolefins produced from 1-octene and 1-2 decene.
4 The preferred polyisobutenes used to prepare the presently employed polyalkylphenols are polyisobutenes which comprise 6 at least about 20% of the more reactive methylvinylidene 7 isomer, preferably at least 50% and more preferably at least 8 70%. Suitable polyisobutenes include those prepared using 9 BF3 catalysts. The preparation of such polyisobutenes in which the methylvinylidene isomer comprises a high 11 percentage of the total composition is described in U.S.
12 Patent Nos. 4,152,499 and 4,605,808. Such polyisobutenes, 13 known as "reactive" polyisobutenes, yield high molecular 14 weight alcohols in which the hydroxyl group is at or near the end of the hydrocarbon chain. Examples of suitable 16 polyisobutenes having a high alkylvinylidene content include 17 UltravisTM 30, a polyisobutene having a number average 18 molecular weight of about 1300 and a methylvinylidene 19 content of about 74%, and UltravisTM 10, a polyisobutene having a number average molecular weight of about 950 and a 21 methylvinylidene content of about 76%, both available from 22 British Petroleum.
24 The alkylene carbonates of formula III are known compounds which are available commercially or can be readily prepared 26 using conventional procedures. Suitable alkylene carbonates 27 include ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, 1,2-28 butylene carbonate, 2,3-butylene carbonate, and the like. A
29 preferred alkylene carbonate is ethylene carbonate.
31 The catalyst employed in the reaction of the polyalkylphenol 32 and alkylene carbonate may be any of the well known 33 hydroxyalkylation catalysts. Typical hydroxyalkylation 34 catalysts include alkali metal hydrides, such as lithium O1 hydride, sodium hydride and potassium hydride, alkali metal 02 hydroxides, such as sodium hydroxide and potassium 03 hydroxide, and alkali metal salts, for example, alkali metal 04 halides, such as sodium chloride and potassium chloride, and 05 alkali metal carbonates, such as sodium carbonate and 06 potassium carbonate. The amount of catalyst employed will 07 generally range from about 0.01 to 1.0 equivalent, Og preferably from about 0.05 to 0.3 equivalent.
The polyalkylphenol and alkylene carbonate are generally 11 reacted in essentially equivalent amounts in the presence of 12 the hydroxyalkylation catalyst at a temperature in the range 13 of about 100°C. to 210°C., and preferably from about 150°C.
14 to about 170°C. The reaction may take place in the presence or absence of an inert solvent.
17 The time of reaction will vary depending on the particular lg alkylphenol and alkylene carbonate reactants, the catalyst 19 used and the reaction temperature. Generally, the reaction time will range from about two hours to about five hours.
21 The progress of the reaction is typically monitored by the 22 evolution of carbon dioxide. At the completion of the 23 reaction, the polyalkylphenoxyalkanol product is isolated 24 using conventional techniques.
26 The hydroxyalkylation reaction of phenols with alkylene 27 carbonates is well known in the art and is described, for 2g example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 2,987,555; 2,967,892; 3,283,030 2g and 4,341,905.
-70780/1$M401l.DOC
O1 Alternatively, the polyalkylphenoxyalkanol product of 02 formula IV may be prepared by reacting the polyalkylphenol 03 of formula II with an alkylene oxide of the formula:
0 5 .O
07 R2-CH CH-R3 (V) 09 wherein R2 and R3 are as defined herein, in the presence of a hydroxyalkylation catalyst as described above.
11 Suitable alkylene oxides of formula V include ethylene 12 oxide, propylene oxide, 1,2-butylene oxide, 2,3-butylene 13 oxide, and the like. A preferred alkylene oxide is ethylene 14 oxide.
16 In a manner similar to the reaction with alkylene carbonate, 17 the polyalkylphenol and alkylene oxide are reacted in 1g essentially equivalent or equimolar amounts in the presence 1g of 0.01 to 1.0 equivalent of a hydroxyalkylation catalyst, such as sodium or potassium hydride, at a temperature in the 21 range of about 30°C. to about 150°C., for about 2 to about 22 24 hours. The reaction may be conducted in the presence or 23 absence of a substantially anhydrous inert solvent.
24 Suitable solvents include toluene, xylene, and the like.
Generally, the reaction conducted at a pressure sufficient 26 to contain the reactants and any solvent present, typically 27 at atmospheric or higher pressure. Upon completion of the 2g reaction, the polyalkylphenoxyalkanol is isolated by 2g conventional procedures.
31 The polyalkylphenoxyalkanol of formula IV is subsequently 32 reacted with a substituted benzoic acid of formula VI to 70780/1$M901!.DOC
O1 provide the aromatic ester compounds of formula I. This 02 reaction can be represented as follows:
Q6 Rl C-OH + HO-CH-CH-O R4 09 (VI) (IV) O R2 Rg 13 R1 C-O-CH-CH-O R4 (I) wherein R, Rl, R2, R3 and R4 are as defined herein, and 16 wherein any hydroxy or amino substituent on the substituted 17 benzoic acid of formula VI is preferably protected with a 18 suitable protecting group, for example, a benzyl or nitro 19 group, respectively. Moreover, a -CH2NH2 substituent on the aromatic ring will preferably be protected by the use of a 21 cYano group, CN.
Q6 Rl C-OH + HO-CH-CH-O R4 09 (VI) (IV) O R2 Rg 13 R1 C-O-CH-CH-O R4 (I) wherein R, Rl, R2, R3 and R4 are as defined herein, and 16 wherein any hydroxy or amino substituent on the substituted 17 benzoic acid of formula VI is preferably protected with a 18 suitable protecting group, for example, a benzyl or nitro 19 group, respectively. Moreover, a -CH2NH2 substituent on the aromatic ring will preferably be protected by the use of a 21 cYano group, CN.
23 This reaction is typically conducted by contacting a 24 Polyal)cylphenoxyall~anol of formula IV with about 0.25 to about 1.5 molar equivalents of the corresponding substituted 26 and protected benzoic acid of formula VI in the presence of 27 an acidic catalyst at a temperature in the range of about 28 70°C. to about 160°C. for about 0.5 to about 48 hours.
29 Suitable acid catalysts for this reaction include p-toluene sulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid and the like.
31 Optionally, the reaction can be conducted in the presence of 32 an inert solvent, such as benzene, toluene and the lilte.
33 The water generated by this reaction is preferably removed 70780/1$M401l.DOC
O1 during the course of the reaction, for example, by 02 azeotropic distillation.
04 The substituted benzoic acids of formula VI are generally 05 known compounds and can be prepared from known compounds 06 using conventional procedures or obvious modifications 07 thereof. Representative acids suitable for use as starting pg materials include, for example,.2-aminobenzoic acid Og (anthranilic acid), 3-aminobenzoic acid, 4-aminobenzoic acid, 3-amino-4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 11 4-amino-3-hydroxybenzoic acid, 2-nitrobenzoic acid, 12 3-nitrobenzoic acid, 4-nitrobenzoic acid, 13 3-hydroxy-4-nitrobenzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzoic 14 acid.' When the R substituent is -CH2-~1R5R6, suitable starting materials include 4-cyanobenzoic acid and 16 3-cyanobenzoic acid.
18 Preferred substituted benzoic acids include 3-nitrobenzoic 19 acid, 4-nitrobenzoic acid, 3-hydroxy-4-nitrobenzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzoic acid, 3-cyanobenzoic acid and 21 4-cyanobenzoic acid.
23 The compounds of..formula I or their suitably protected 24 analogs also can be prepared by reacting the polyalkylphenoxyalkanol of formula IV with an acid halide of 26 the substituted benzoic acid of formula VI such as an acid 70780/1$M401l.DOC
O1 chloride or acid bromide. This can be represented by the 02 following reaction equation:
05 ~~ j 2 IR3 06 Rl C-X + HO-CH-CH-O R4 -->
08 (VII) (IV) R
11 II i 2 i 3 12 R1 C-O-CH-CH-O R4 (I) wherein X is halide, typically chloride or bromide, and R, 16 R1, R2, R3 and R4 are as defined herein above, and wherein 17 any hydroxy or amino substituents on the acid halide of 18 formula VII are preferably protected with a suitable 19 protection group, for example, benzyl or nitro, respectively. Also, when R is --CH2NR5R6, a suitable 21 starting material is a cyanobenzoyl halide.
23 Typically, this-reaction is conducted by contacting the 24 polyalkylphenoxyalkanol of formula IV with about 0.9 to about 1.5 molar equivalents of the acid halide of 26 formula VII in an inert solvent, such as, for example, 27 toluene, dichloromethane, diethyl ether, and the like, at a temperature in the range of about 25°C. to about 150°C. The reaction is generally complete in about 0.5 to about 48 hours. Preferably, the reaction is conducted in the presence of a sufficient amount of an amine capable of neutralizing the acid generated during the reaction, such 70780/1$M401f.DOC
01 as, for example, triethylamine, di(isopropyl)ethylamine, 02 pyridine or 4-dimethylaminopyridine.
04 den the benzoic acids of formula VI or acid halides of 05 formula VII contain a hydroxyl group, protection of the 06 aromatic hydroxyl groups may be accomplished using well-known procedures. The choice of a suitable protecting Og group for a particular hydroxybenzoic carboxylic acid will Og be apparent to those skilled in the art. Various protecting groups, and their introduction and removal, are described, il for example, in T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, Protective 12 Groups in organic Synthesis, Second Edition, Wiley, 13 New York, 1991, and references cited therein.
After completion of the esterification, deprotection of the 16 aromatic hydroxyl group can also be accomplished using 1~ conventional procedures. Appropriate conditions for this ig deprotection step will depend upon the protecting groups) 19 utilized in the synthesis and will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. For example, benzyl protecting 21 groups may be removed by hydrogenolysis under 1 to about 22 4 atmospheres of hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst, 23 such as palladium on carbon. Typically, this deprotection 24 reaction is conducted in an inert solvent, preferably a mixture of ethyl acetate and acetic acid, at a temperature 26 of from about 0°C. to about 40°C. for about 1 to about 2~ 24 hours.
29 When the benzoic acids of formula VI or acyl halides of formula VII have a free amino group (-NH2) on the phenyl 31 moiety, it is generally desirable to first prepare the 32 corresponding vitro compound (i.e., where R and/or R1 is a 33 vitro group) using the above-described synthetic procedures, 34 including preparation of the acyl halides, and then reduce 70780/1$M401l.DOC
.v O1 the vitro group to an amino group using conventional 02 procedures. Aromatic vitro groups may be reduced to amino 03 groups using a number of procedures that are well known in 04 the art. For example, aromatic vitro groups may be reduced 05 under catalytic hydrogenation conditions; or by using a 06 reducing metal, such as zinc, tin, iron and the like, in the 07 presence of an acid, such as dilute hydrochloric acid.
Og Generally, reduction of the vitro group by catalytic Og hydrogenation is preferred. Typically, this reaction is conducted using about 1 to 4 atmospheres of hydrogen and a 11 platinum or palladium catalyst, such as palladium on carbon.
12 The reaction is typically carried out at a temperature of 13 about OQC. to about 100QC. for about 1 to 24 hours in an 14 inert solvent, such as ethanol, ethyl acetate and the like.
Hydrogenation of aromatic vitro groups is discussed in 16 further detail in, for example, P. N. Rylander, Catalytic 17 Hydrogenation in Organic Synthesis, pp. 113-137, Academic lg Press (1979); and Organic Synthesis, Collective Vol. I, lg Second Edition, pp. 240-241, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (1941);
and references cited therein.
22 Likewise, when the benzoic acids of formula VI or acyl 23 halides of formula VII contain a -CH2NH2 group on the phenyl 24 moiety, it is generally desirable to first prepare the corresponding cyano compounds (i.e., where R and/or Rl is a 26 ~N group), and then reduce the cyano group to a --CH2NH2 27 group using conventional procedures. Aromatic cyano groups 28 may be reduced to ~H2NH2 groups using procedures well 29 known in the art. For example, aromatic cyano groups may be reduced under catalytic hydrogenation conditions similar to 31 those described above for reduction of aromatic vitro groups 32 to amino groups. Thus, this reaction is typically conducted 33 using about 1 to 4 atmospheres of hydrogen and a platinum or 70780/1$M401!.DOC
29 Suitable acid catalysts for this reaction include p-toluene sulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid and the like.
31 Optionally, the reaction can be conducted in the presence of 32 an inert solvent, such as benzene, toluene and the lilte.
33 The water generated by this reaction is preferably removed 70780/1$M401l.DOC
O1 during the course of the reaction, for example, by 02 azeotropic distillation.
04 The substituted benzoic acids of formula VI are generally 05 known compounds and can be prepared from known compounds 06 using conventional procedures or obvious modifications 07 thereof. Representative acids suitable for use as starting pg materials include, for example,.2-aminobenzoic acid Og (anthranilic acid), 3-aminobenzoic acid, 4-aminobenzoic acid, 3-amino-4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 11 4-amino-3-hydroxybenzoic acid, 2-nitrobenzoic acid, 12 3-nitrobenzoic acid, 4-nitrobenzoic acid, 13 3-hydroxy-4-nitrobenzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzoic 14 acid.' When the R substituent is -CH2-~1R5R6, suitable starting materials include 4-cyanobenzoic acid and 16 3-cyanobenzoic acid.
18 Preferred substituted benzoic acids include 3-nitrobenzoic 19 acid, 4-nitrobenzoic acid, 3-hydroxy-4-nitrobenzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzoic acid, 3-cyanobenzoic acid and 21 4-cyanobenzoic acid.
23 The compounds of..formula I or their suitably protected 24 analogs also can be prepared by reacting the polyalkylphenoxyalkanol of formula IV with an acid halide of 26 the substituted benzoic acid of formula VI such as an acid 70780/1$M401l.DOC
O1 chloride or acid bromide. This can be represented by the 02 following reaction equation:
05 ~~ j 2 IR3 06 Rl C-X + HO-CH-CH-O R4 -->
08 (VII) (IV) R
11 II i 2 i 3 12 R1 C-O-CH-CH-O R4 (I) wherein X is halide, typically chloride or bromide, and R, 16 R1, R2, R3 and R4 are as defined herein above, and wherein 17 any hydroxy or amino substituents on the acid halide of 18 formula VII are preferably protected with a suitable 19 protection group, for example, benzyl or nitro, respectively. Also, when R is --CH2NR5R6, a suitable 21 starting material is a cyanobenzoyl halide.
23 Typically, this-reaction is conducted by contacting the 24 polyalkylphenoxyalkanol of formula IV with about 0.9 to about 1.5 molar equivalents of the acid halide of 26 formula VII in an inert solvent, such as, for example, 27 toluene, dichloromethane, diethyl ether, and the like, at a temperature in the range of about 25°C. to about 150°C. The reaction is generally complete in about 0.5 to about 48 hours. Preferably, the reaction is conducted in the presence of a sufficient amount of an amine capable of neutralizing the acid generated during the reaction, such 70780/1$M401f.DOC
01 as, for example, triethylamine, di(isopropyl)ethylamine, 02 pyridine or 4-dimethylaminopyridine.
04 den the benzoic acids of formula VI or acid halides of 05 formula VII contain a hydroxyl group, protection of the 06 aromatic hydroxyl groups may be accomplished using well-known procedures. The choice of a suitable protecting Og group for a particular hydroxybenzoic carboxylic acid will Og be apparent to those skilled in the art. Various protecting groups, and their introduction and removal, are described, il for example, in T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, Protective 12 Groups in organic Synthesis, Second Edition, Wiley, 13 New York, 1991, and references cited therein.
After completion of the esterification, deprotection of the 16 aromatic hydroxyl group can also be accomplished using 1~ conventional procedures. Appropriate conditions for this ig deprotection step will depend upon the protecting groups) 19 utilized in the synthesis and will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. For example, benzyl protecting 21 groups may be removed by hydrogenolysis under 1 to about 22 4 atmospheres of hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst, 23 such as palladium on carbon. Typically, this deprotection 24 reaction is conducted in an inert solvent, preferably a mixture of ethyl acetate and acetic acid, at a temperature 26 of from about 0°C. to about 40°C. for about 1 to about 2~ 24 hours.
29 When the benzoic acids of formula VI or acyl halides of formula VII have a free amino group (-NH2) on the phenyl 31 moiety, it is generally desirable to first prepare the 32 corresponding vitro compound (i.e., where R and/or R1 is a 33 vitro group) using the above-described synthetic procedures, 34 including preparation of the acyl halides, and then reduce 70780/1$M401l.DOC
.v O1 the vitro group to an amino group using conventional 02 procedures. Aromatic vitro groups may be reduced to amino 03 groups using a number of procedures that are well known in 04 the art. For example, aromatic vitro groups may be reduced 05 under catalytic hydrogenation conditions; or by using a 06 reducing metal, such as zinc, tin, iron and the like, in the 07 presence of an acid, such as dilute hydrochloric acid.
Og Generally, reduction of the vitro group by catalytic Og hydrogenation is preferred. Typically, this reaction is conducted using about 1 to 4 atmospheres of hydrogen and a 11 platinum or palladium catalyst, such as palladium on carbon.
12 The reaction is typically carried out at a temperature of 13 about OQC. to about 100QC. for about 1 to 24 hours in an 14 inert solvent, such as ethanol, ethyl acetate and the like.
Hydrogenation of aromatic vitro groups is discussed in 16 further detail in, for example, P. N. Rylander, Catalytic 17 Hydrogenation in Organic Synthesis, pp. 113-137, Academic lg Press (1979); and Organic Synthesis, Collective Vol. I, lg Second Edition, pp. 240-241, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (1941);
and references cited therein.
22 Likewise, when the benzoic acids of formula VI or acyl 23 halides of formula VII contain a -CH2NH2 group on the phenyl 24 moiety, it is generally desirable to first prepare the corresponding cyano compounds (i.e., where R and/or Rl is a 26 ~N group), and then reduce the cyano group to a --CH2NH2 27 group using conventional procedures. Aromatic cyano groups 28 may be reduced to ~H2NH2 groups using procedures well 29 known in the art. For example, aromatic cyano groups may be reduced under catalytic hydrogenation conditions similar to 31 those described above for reduction of aromatic vitro groups 32 to amino groups. Thus, this reaction is typically conducted 33 using about 1 to 4 atmospheres of hydrogen and a platinum or 70780/1$M401!.DOC
01 palladium catalyst, such as palladium on carbon. Another 02 suitable catalyst is a Lindlar catalyst, which is palladium 03 on calcium carbonate. The hydrogenation may be carried out 04 at temperatures of about 0°C. to about 100°C. for about 1 to 05 24 hours in an inert solvent such as ethanol, ethyl acetate, 06 and the like. Hydrogenation of aromatic cyano groups is further discussed in the references cited above for 08 reduction of aromatic nitro groups.
The acyl halides of formula VII can be prepared by 11 contacting the corresponding benzoic acid compound of 12 formula VI with an inorganic acid halide, such as thionyl 13 chloride, phosphorous trichloride, phosphorous tribromide, 14 or phosphorous pentachloride; or with oxalyl chloride.
Typically, this reaction will be conducted using about 1 to 16 5 molar equivalents of the inorganic acid halide or oxalyl 1~ chloride, either neat or in an inert solvent, such as 18 diethyl ether, at a temperature in the range of about 20°C.
19 to about 80°C. for about 1 to about 48 hours. A catalyst, such as N,N-dimethylformamide, may also be used in this 21 reaction. Again it is preferred to first protect any 22 hydroxy or amino substituents before converting the benzoic 23 acid to the acyl, halide.
The Polyp oxyalkylene) Amine 2~ The poly(oxyalkylene) amine component of the present fuel 28 additive composition is a poly(oxyalkylene) amine having at 29 least one basic nitrogen atom and a sufficient number of oxyalkylene units to render the poly(oxyalkylene) amine 31 soluble in hydrocarbons boiling in the gasoline or diesel 32 range.
~o~soW sMaoil.ooc 1 Preferably, such poly(oxyalkylene) amines will also be of 2 sufficient molecular weight so as to be nonvolatile at 3 normal engine intake valve operating temperatures, which 4 are generally in the range of about 200°C to 250°C.
6 Generally, the poly(oxyalkylene) amines suitable for use 7 in the present invention will contain at least about 5 8 oxyalkylene units, preferably about 5 to 100, more 9 preferably about 8 to 100, and even more preferably about 10 to 100. Especially preferred poly(oxyalkylene) amines 11 will contain about 10 to 25 oxyalkylene units.
13 The molecular weight of the presently employed 14 poly(oxyalkylene) amines will generally range from about 500 to about 10,000, preferably from about 500 to about 16 5,000.
18 Suitable poly(oxyalkylene) amine compounds for use in the 19 present invention include hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) polyamines as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent No.
21 4,247,301, issued January 27, 1981 to Honnen. These 22 compounds are hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) polyamines 23 wherein the poly(oxyalkylene) moiety comprises at least 24 one hydrocarbyl-terminated poly(oxyalkylene) chain of 2 to 5 carbon atom oxyalkylene units, and wherein the 26 poly(oxyalkylene) chain is bonded through a terminal 27 carbon atom to a nitrogen atom of a polyamine having from 28 2 to about 12 amine nitrogen atoms and from 2 to about 40 29 carbon atoms with a carbon-to-nitrogen ratio between about 1:1 and 10:1. The hydrocarbyl group on these 31 hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) polyamines will contain 32 from about 1 to 30 carbon atoms. These compounds 33 generally have molecular weights in the range of about 34 500 to 10,000, preferably from about 500 to 5,000 and 1 more preferably from about 800 to 5,000.
3 The above-described hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) 4 polyamines are prepared by conventional procedures known in the art, as taught, for example, in U.S. Patent No.
6 4,247,301.
8 Other poly(oxyalkylene) amines suitable for use in the 9 present invention are the poly(oxyalkylene) polyamines wherein the poly(oxyalkylene) moiety is connected to the 11 polyamine moiety through an oxyalkylene hydroxy-type 12 linkage derived from an epihalohydrin, such as 13 epichlorohydrin or epibromohydrin. This type of 14 poly(oxyalkylene) amine having an epihalohydrin-derived linkage is described, for example, in U.S. Patent No.
16 4,261,704, issued April 14, 1981 to Langdon.
18 Useful polyamines for preparing the epihalohydrin-derived 19 poly(oxyalkylene) polyamines include, for example, alkylene polyamines, polyalkylene polyamines, cyclic 21 amines, such as piperazines, and amino-substituted 22 amines. The poly(oxyalkylene) polyamines having an 23 epihalohydrin-derived linkage between the 24 poly(oxyalkylene) and polyamine moieties are prepared using known procedures as taught, for example, in U.S.
26 Patent No. 4,261,704.
28 Another type of poly(oxyalkylene) amine useful in the 29 present invention is a highly branched alkyl poly(oxyalkylene) monoamine as described, for example in 31 U.S. Patent No. 5,094,667, issued March 10, 1992 to 32 Schilowitz et al. These highly branched alkyl 33 poly(oxyalkylene) monoamines have the general formula:
1 R~-O- (C4H80)pCH2CH2CH2NHz (VIII) 3 wherein R~ is a highly branched alkyl group containing 4 from 12 to 40 carbon atoms, preferably an alkyl group having 20 carbon atoms which is derived from a Guerbet 6 condensation reaction, and p is a number up to 30, 7 preferably 4 to 8. The preferred alkyl group is derived 8 from a Guerbet alcohol containing 20 carbon atoms having 9 the formula:
11 R$ - CHCHzOH
12 I (IX)) 13 CHZCHzRa wherein R8 is a hydrocarbyl chain.
17 The above highly branched alkyl poly(oxyalkylene) 18 monoamines are prepared by using known methods as 19 disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 5,094,667.
21 A preferred class of poly(oxyalkylene) amine for use in 22 the fuel additive composition of the present invention 23 are hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) monoamines as 24 described, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 5,112,364, issued May 12, 1992 to Rath et al. As disclosed in U.S.
26 Patent No. 5,112,364, such poly(oxyalkylene) monoamines 27 may be prepared by the reductive amination of a phenol-28 initiated or alkylphenol-initiated poly(oxyalkylene) 29 alcohol with ammonia or a primary amine.
31 In addition, the above-mentioned U.S. Patent. No.
32 4,247,301 to Honnen discloses hydrocarbyl 33 poly(oxyalkylene) monoamines which are suitable for use 34 in the present fuel additive composition. In particular, 1 Example 6 of this patent describes alkylphenyl 2 poly(oxyalkylene) monoamines prepared from ammonia and 3 dimethylamine.
A particularly preferred type of hydrocarbyl 6 poly(oxyalkylene) monoamine is an alkylphenyl 7 poly(oxyalkylene) monoamine wherein the poly(oxyalkylene) 8 moiety contains oxypropylene units or oxybutylene units 9 or mixtures of oxypropylene and oxybutylene units.
Preferably, the alkyl group on the alkylphenyl moiety is 11 a straight or branched-chain alkyl of 1 to 24 carbon 12 atoms. An especially preferred alkylphenyl moiety is 13 tetrapropenylphenyl, that is, where the alkyl group is a 14 branched-chain alkyl of 12 carbon atoms derived from propylene tetramer.
17 A further discussion of the hydrocarbon-substituted 18 poly(oxyalkylene) moiety on the poly(oxyalkylene) amine 19 component of the present fuel additive composition is found hereinbelow.
22 Another preferred class of poly(oxyalkylene) amine for 23 use in the fuel additive composition of the present 24 invention are hydrocarbyl-substituted poly(oxyalkylene) aminocarbamates disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent 26 Nos. 4,288,612; 4,236,020; 4,160,648; 4,191,537;
27 4,270,930; 4,233,168; 4,197,409; 4,243,798 and 4,881,945.
29 These hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) aminocarbamates contain at least one basic nitrogen atom and have an 31 average molecular weight of about 500 to 10,000, 32 preferably about 500 to 5,000, and more preferably about 33 1,000 to 3,000. As O1 described more fully hereinbelow, these hydrocarbyl 02 PolY(oxyalkylene) aminocarbamates contain (a) a 03 poly(oxyalkylene) moiety, (b) an amine moiety and (c) a 04 carbamate connecting group.
06 A~ The Poly(ox~alkyleneJ~ Moiety Og The hydrocarbyl-terminated poly(oxyalkylene) polymers which 09 are utilized in preparing the hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) aminocarbamates employed in the present invention are 11 monohydroxy compounds, e.g., ~lcohols, often termed 12 monohydroxy polyethers, or polyalkylene glycol monocarbyl 13 ethers, or "capped" poly(oxyalkylene) glycols, and are to be 14 distinguished from the poly(oxyalkylene) glycols (diols), or polyols, which are not hydrocarbyl-terminated, i.e., are not 16 capped. These hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) alcohols may be 17 produced by the addition of lower alkylene oxides, such as ig ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide, etc. to a ig hydroxy compound, RgoH, under polymerization conditions, wherein Rg is the hydrocarbyl group which caps the 21 poly(oxyalkylene) chain.
23 In the hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) aminocarbamates 24 employed in the.present invention, the hydrocarbyl group Rg will generally contain from 1 to about 30 carbon atoms, 26 preferably from 2 to about 20 carbon atoms and is preferably 27 aliphatic or aromatic, i.e., an alkyl or alkyl phenyl 2g wherein the alkyl is a straight or branched-chain of from 2g 1 to about 24 carbon atoms. More preferably, Rg is alkylphenyl wherein the alkyl group is a branched-chain of 31 12 carbon atoms, derived from propylene tetramer, and 32 commonly referred to as tetrapropenyl.
The acyl halides of formula VII can be prepared by 11 contacting the corresponding benzoic acid compound of 12 formula VI with an inorganic acid halide, such as thionyl 13 chloride, phosphorous trichloride, phosphorous tribromide, 14 or phosphorous pentachloride; or with oxalyl chloride.
Typically, this reaction will be conducted using about 1 to 16 5 molar equivalents of the inorganic acid halide or oxalyl 1~ chloride, either neat or in an inert solvent, such as 18 diethyl ether, at a temperature in the range of about 20°C.
19 to about 80°C. for about 1 to about 48 hours. A catalyst, such as N,N-dimethylformamide, may also be used in this 21 reaction. Again it is preferred to first protect any 22 hydroxy or amino substituents before converting the benzoic 23 acid to the acyl, halide.
The Polyp oxyalkylene) Amine 2~ The poly(oxyalkylene) amine component of the present fuel 28 additive composition is a poly(oxyalkylene) amine having at 29 least one basic nitrogen atom and a sufficient number of oxyalkylene units to render the poly(oxyalkylene) amine 31 soluble in hydrocarbons boiling in the gasoline or diesel 32 range.
~o~soW sMaoil.ooc 1 Preferably, such poly(oxyalkylene) amines will also be of 2 sufficient molecular weight so as to be nonvolatile at 3 normal engine intake valve operating temperatures, which 4 are generally in the range of about 200°C to 250°C.
6 Generally, the poly(oxyalkylene) amines suitable for use 7 in the present invention will contain at least about 5 8 oxyalkylene units, preferably about 5 to 100, more 9 preferably about 8 to 100, and even more preferably about 10 to 100. Especially preferred poly(oxyalkylene) amines 11 will contain about 10 to 25 oxyalkylene units.
13 The molecular weight of the presently employed 14 poly(oxyalkylene) amines will generally range from about 500 to about 10,000, preferably from about 500 to about 16 5,000.
18 Suitable poly(oxyalkylene) amine compounds for use in the 19 present invention include hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) polyamines as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent No.
21 4,247,301, issued January 27, 1981 to Honnen. These 22 compounds are hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) polyamines 23 wherein the poly(oxyalkylene) moiety comprises at least 24 one hydrocarbyl-terminated poly(oxyalkylene) chain of 2 to 5 carbon atom oxyalkylene units, and wherein the 26 poly(oxyalkylene) chain is bonded through a terminal 27 carbon atom to a nitrogen atom of a polyamine having from 28 2 to about 12 amine nitrogen atoms and from 2 to about 40 29 carbon atoms with a carbon-to-nitrogen ratio between about 1:1 and 10:1. The hydrocarbyl group on these 31 hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) polyamines will contain 32 from about 1 to 30 carbon atoms. These compounds 33 generally have molecular weights in the range of about 34 500 to 10,000, preferably from about 500 to 5,000 and 1 more preferably from about 800 to 5,000.
3 The above-described hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) 4 polyamines are prepared by conventional procedures known in the art, as taught, for example, in U.S. Patent No.
6 4,247,301.
8 Other poly(oxyalkylene) amines suitable for use in the 9 present invention are the poly(oxyalkylene) polyamines wherein the poly(oxyalkylene) moiety is connected to the 11 polyamine moiety through an oxyalkylene hydroxy-type 12 linkage derived from an epihalohydrin, such as 13 epichlorohydrin or epibromohydrin. This type of 14 poly(oxyalkylene) amine having an epihalohydrin-derived linkage is described, for example, in U.S. Patent No.
16 4,261,704, issued April 14, 1981 to Langdon.
18 Useful polyamines for preparing the epihalohydrin-derived 19 poly(oxyalkylene) polyamines include, for example, alkylene polyamines, polyalkylene polyamines, cyclic 21 amines, such as piperazines, and amino-substituted 22 amines. The poly(oxyalkylene) polyamines having an 23 epihalohydrin-derived linkage between the 24 poly(oxyalkylene) and polyamine moieties are prepared using known procedures as taught, for example, in U.S.
26 Patent No. 4,261,704.
28 Another type of poly(oxyalkylene) amine useful in the 29 present invention is a highly branched alkyl poly(oxyalkylene) monoamine as described, for example in 31 U.S. Patent No. 5,094,667, issued March 10, 1992 to 32 Schilowitz et al. These highly branched alkyl 33 poly(oxyalkylene) monoamines have the general formula:
1 R~-O- (C4H80)pCH2CH2CH2NHz (VIII) 3 wherein R~ is a highly branched alkyl group containing 4 from 12 to 40 carbon atoms, preferably an alkyl group having 20 carbon atoms which is derived from a Guerbet 6 condensation reaction, and p is a number up to 30, 7 preferably 4 to 8. The preferred alkyl group is derived 8 from a Guerbet alcohol containing 20 carbon atoms having 9 the formula:
11 R$ - CHCHzOH
12 I (IX)) 13 CHZCHzRa wherein R8 is a hydrocarbyl chain.
17 The above highly branched alkyl poly(oxyalkylene) 18 monoamines are prepared by using known methods as 19 disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 5,094,667.
21 A preferred class of poly(oxyalkylene) amine for use in 22 the fuel additive composition of the present invention 23 are hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) monoamines as 24 described, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 5,112,364, issued May 12, 1992 to Rath et al. As disclosed in U.S.
26 Patent No. 5,112,364, such poly(oxyalkylene) monoamines 27 may be prepared by the reductive amination of a phenol-28 initiated or alkylphenol-initiated poly(oxyalkylene) 29 alcohol with ammonia or a primary amine.
31 In addition, the above-mentioned U.S. Patent. No.
32 4,247,301 to Honnen discloses hydrocarbyl 33 poly(oxyalkylene) monoamines which are suitable for use 34 in the present fuel additive composition. In particular, 1 Example 6 of this patent describes alkylphenyl 2 poly(oxyalkylene) monoamines prepared from ammonia and 3 dimethylamine.
A particularly preferred type of hydrocarbyl 6 poly(oxyalkylene) monoamine is an alkylphenyl 7 poly(oxyalkylene) monoamine wherein the poly(oxyalkylene) 8 moiety contains oxypropylene units or oxybutylene units 9 or mixtures of oxypropylene and oxybutylene units.
Preferably, the alkyl group on the alkylphenyl moiety is 11 a straight or branched-chain alkyl of 1 to 24 carbon 12 atoms. An especially preferred alkylphenyl moiety is 13 tetrapropenylphenyl, that is, where the alkyl group is a 14 branched-chain alkyl of 12 carbon atoms derived from propylene tetramer.
17 A further discussion of the hydrocarbon-substituted 18 poly(oxyalkylene) moiety on the poly(oxyalkylene) amine 19 component of the present fuel additive composition is found hereinbelow.
22 Another preferred class of poly(oxyalkylene) amine for 23 use in the fuel additive composition of the present 24 invention are hydrocarbyl-substituted poly(oxyalkylene) aminocarbamates disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent 26 Nos. 4,288,612; 4,236,020; 4,160,648; 4,191,537;
27 4,270,930; 4,233,168; 4,197,409; 4,243,798 and 4,881,945.
29 These hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) aminocarbamates contain at least one basic nitrogen atom and have an 31 average molecular weight of about 500 to 10,000, 32 preferably about 500 to 5,000, and more preferably about 33 1,000 to 3,000. As O1 described more fully hereinbelow, these hydrocarbyl 02 PolY(oxyalkylene) aminocarbamates contain (a) a 03 poly(oxyalkylene) moiety, (b) an amine moiety and (c) a 04 carbamate connecting group.
06 A~ The Poly(ox~alkyleneJ~ Moiety Og The hydrocarbyl-terminated poly(oxyalkylene) polymers which 09 are utilized in preparing the hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) aminocarbamates employed in the present invention are 11 monohydroxy compounds, e.g., ~lcohols, often termed 12 monohydroxy polyethers, or polyalkylene glycol monocarbyl 13 ethers, or "capped" poly(oxyalkylene) glycols, and are to be 14 distinguished from the poly(oxyalkylene) glycols (diols), or polyols, which are not hydrocarbyl-terminated, i.e., are not 16 capped. These hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) alcohols may be 17 produced by the addition of lower alkylene oxides, such as ig ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide, etc. to a ig hydroxy compound, RgoH, under polymerization conditions, wherein Rg is the hydrocarbyl group which caps the 21 poly(oxyalkylene) chain.
23 In the hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) aminocarbamates 24 employed in the.present invention, the hydrocarbyl group Rg will generally contain from 1 to about 30 carbon atoms, 26 preferably from 2 to about 20 carbon atoms and is preferably 27 aliphatic or aromatic, i.e., an alkyl or alkyl phenyl 2g wherein the alkyl is a straight or branched-chain of from 2g 1 to about 24 carbon atoms. More preferably, Rg is alkylphenyl wherein the alkyl group is a branched-chain of 31 12 carbon atoms, derived from propylene tetramer, and 32 commonly referred to as tetrapropenyl.
70780/1$M401!.DOC
1 The oxyalkylene units in the poly(oxyalkylene) moiety 2 preferably contain from 2 to about 5 carbon atoms but one 3 or more units of a larger carbon number may also be 4 present. Generally, each poly(oxyalkylene) polymer contains at least about 5 oxyalkylene units, preferably 6 about 5 to about 100 oxyalkylene units, more preferably 7 about 8 to about 100 units, even more preferably about 10 8 to 100 units, and most preferably 10 to about 25 such 9 units. The poly(oxyalkylene) moiety of the hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) aminocarbamates employed in the present 11 invention is more fully described and exemplified in U.S.
12 Patent No. 4,191,537, issued March 4, 1980 to Lewis.
14 Although the hydrocarbyl group on the hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) moiety will preferably contain from 1 16 to about 30 carbon atoms, longer hydrocarbyl groups, 17 particularly longer chain alkyl phenyl groups, may also 18 be employed. For example, alkylphenyl poly(oxyalkylene) 19 aminocarbamates wherein the alkyl group contains at least 40 carbon atoms, as described in U.S. Patent No.
21 4,881,945, issued November 21, 1989 to Buckley, are also 22 contemplated for use in the present invention. The alkyl 23 phenyl group on the aminocarbamates of U.S. Patent No.
24, 4,881,945 will preferably contain an alkyl group of 50 to 200 carbon atoms, and more preferably, an alkyl group of 26 60 to 100 carbon atoms. These longer chain alkyl groups 27 will generally be derived from olefin polymers, such as 28 polybutene. The disclosure of U.S. Patent No. 4,881,945.
Also contemplated for use in the present invention are 31 alkylphenyl poly(oxypropylene) aminocarbamates wherein 32 the alkyl group is a substantially straight-chain alkyl 33 group of about 25 to 50 carbon atoms derived from an 34 alpha olefin oligomer of CB to C2o alpha olefins, as 1 described in PCT International Patent Application 2 Publication No. WO 90/07564, published July 12, 1990.
4 B. The Amine Moiety 6 The amine moiety of the hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) 7 aminocarbamate is preferably derived from a polyamine 8 having from 2 to about 12 amine nitrogen atoms and from 2 9 to about 40 carbon atoms.
11 The polyamine is preferably reacted with a hydrocarbyl 12 poly(oxyalkylene) chloroformate to produce the 13 hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) aminocarbamate fuel 14 additive finding use within the scope of the present invention. The chloroformate is itself derived from the 16 hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) alcohol by reaction with 17 phosgene.
19 The polyamine provides the hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) aminocarbamate with, on the average, at least about one 21 basic nitrogen atom per carbamate molecule, i.e., a 22 nitrogen atom titratable by strong acid. The polyamine 23 preferably has a carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of from about 24 1:1 to about 10:1. The polyamine may be substituted with substituents selected from hydrogen, hydrocarbyl groups 26 of from 1 to about 10 carbon atoms, aryl groups of from 2 27 to about 10 carbon atoms, and monoketone, monohydroxy, 28 mononitro, monocyano, alkyl and alkoxy derivatives of 29 hydrocarbyl groups of from 1 to 10 carbon atoms. It is preferred that at least one of the basic nitrogen atoms 31 of the polyamine is a primary or secondary amino 32 nitrogen. The amine moiety of the hydrocarbyl 33 poly(oxyalkylene) aminocarbamates employed 01 in the present invention has been described and exemplified O'2 more fully in U.S. Patent No. 4,191,537.
04 A more preferred polyamine for use in preparing the 05 hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) aminocarbamates finding use 06 within the scope of the present invention is a polyalkylene 07 polyamine, including alkylenediamine, and including Og substituted polyamines, e.g., alkyl and hydroxyalkyl-pg substituted polyalkylene polyamine. Preferably, the alkylene group contains from 2 to 6 carbon atoms, there 11 being preferably from 2 to 3 carbon atoms between the 12 nitrogen atoms. Examples of, such polyamines include 13 ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, 14 di(trimethylene)triamine, dipropylenetriamine, tetraethylenepentamine, etc.
17 Among the polyalkylene polyamines, polyethylene polyamine lg and polypropylene polyamine containing 2 to about 12 amine lg nitrogen atoms and 2 to about 24 carbon atoms are especially preferred and in particular, the lower polyalkylene 21 polyamines, e.g., ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, 22 propylenediamine, dipropylenetriamine, etc., are most 2 3 pref erred .
C~ The Aminocarbamate Connectincr Groun 27 The hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) aminocarbamate employed as 2g the poly(oxyalkylene) amine component of the fuel additive 2g composition of the present invention is obtained by linking 31 ' ~o~eo/lsMaoi!.DOc O1 the polyamine and the hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) alcohol 02 together through a carbamate linkage, i.e., Og wherein the oxygen may be regarded as the terminal hydroxyl Og oxygen of the poly(oxyalkylene) alcohol, the nitrogen is derived from the polyamine and the carbonyl group -C(O)-, is il preferably provided by a coupling agent, such as phosgene.
13 In a preferred method of preparation, the hydrocarbyl 14 poly(oxyalkylene) alcohol is reacted with phosgene to produce a chloroformate and the chloroformate is reacted 16 with the polyamine. Since there may be more than one 17 nitrogen atom of the polyamine which is capable of reacting lg with the chloroformate, the carbamate product may contain lg more than one hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) moiety. It is preferred that the hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) 21 aminocarbamate product contains on the average, about 22 one poly(oxyalkylene) moiety per molecule (i.e., is a 23 monocarbamate), although it is understood that this reaction 24 route may lead to mixtures containing appreciable amounts of di- or higher poly(oxyalkylene) chain substitution on a 26 polyamine containing several reactive nitrogen atoms.
2g A particularly preferred aminocarbamate is alkylphenyl 2g poly(oxybutylene) aminocarbamate, wherein the amine moiety is derived from ethylene diamine or diethylene triamine.
31 Synthetic methods to avoid higher degrees of substitution, 32 methods of preparation, and other characteristics of the 33 aminocarbamates used in the present invention are more fully 34 described and exemplified in U.S. Patent No. 4,191,537.
70780/1$M401l.DOC
1 The oxyalkylene units in the poly(oxyalkylene) moiety 2 preferably contain from 2 to about 5 carbon atoms but one 3 or more units of a larger carbon number may also be 4 present. Generally, each poly(oxyalkylene) polymer contains at least about 5 oxyalkylene units, preferably 6 about 5 to about 100 oxyalkylene units, more preferably 7 about 8 to about 100 units, even more preferably about 10 8 to 100 units, and most preferably 10 to about 25 such 9 units. The poly(oxyalkylene) moiety of the hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) aminocarbamates employed in the present 11 invention is more fully described and exemplified in U.S.
12 Patent No. 4,191,537, issued March 4, 1980 to Lewis.
14 Although the hydrocarbyl group on the hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) moiety will preferably contain from 1 16 to about 30 carbon atoms, longer hydrocarbyl groups, 17 particularly longer chain alkyl phenyl groups, may also 18 be employed. For example, alkylphenyl poly(oxyalkylene) 19 aminocarbamates wherein the alkyl group contains at least 40 carbon atoms, as described in U.S. Patent No.
21 4,881,945, issued November 21, 1989 to Buckley, are also 22 contemplated for use in the present invention. The alkyl 23 phenyl group on the aminocarbamates of U.S. Patent No.
24, 4,881,945 will preferably contain an alkyl group of 50 to 200 carbon atoms, and more preferably, an alkyl group of 26 60 to 100 carbon atoms. These longer chain alkyl groups 27 will generally be derived from olefin polymers, such as 28 polybutene. The disclosure of U.S. Patent No. 4,881,945.
Also contemplated for use in the present invention are 31 alkylphenyl poly(oxypropylene) aminocarbamates wherein 32 the alkyl group is a substantially straight-chain alkyl 33 group of about 25 to 50 carbon atoms derived from an 34 alpha olefin oligomer of CB to C2o alpha olefins, as 1 described in PCT International Patent Application 2 Publication No. WO 90/07564, published July 12, 1990.
4 B. The Amine Moiety 6 The amine moiety of the hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) 7 aminocarbamate is preferably derived from a polyamine 8 having from 2 to about 12 amine nitrogen atoms and from 2 9 to about 40 carbon atoms.
11 The polyamine is preferably reacted with a hydrocarbyl 12 poly(oxyalkylene) chloroformate to produce the 13 hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) aminocarbamate fuel 14 additive finding use within the scope of the present invention. The chloroformate is itself derived from the 16 hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) alcohol by reaction with 17 phosgene.
19 The polyamine provides the hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) aminocarbamate with, on the average, at least about one 21 basic nitrogen atom per carbamate molecule, i.e., a 22 nitrogen atom titratable by strong acid. The polyamine 23 preferably has a carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of from about 24 1:1 to about 10:1. The polyamine may be substituted with substituents selected from hydrogen, hydrocarbyl groups 26 of from 1 to about 10 carbon atoms, aryl groups of from 2 27 to about 10 carbon atoms, and monoketone, monohydroxy, 28 mononitro, monocyano, alkyl and alkoxy derivatives of 29 hydrocarbyl groups of from 1 to 10 carbon atoms. It is preferred that at least one of the basic nitrogen atoms 31 of the polyamine is a primary or secondary amino 32 nitrogen. The amine moiety of the hydrocarbyl 33 poly(oxyalkylene) aminocarbamates employed 01 in the present invention has been described and exemplified O'2 more fully in U.S. Patent No. 4,191,537.
04 A more preferred polyamine for use in preparing the 05 hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) aminocarbamates finding use 06 within the scope of the present invention is a polyalkylene 07 polyamine, including alkylenediamine, and including Og substituted polyamines, e.g., alkyl and hydroxyalkyl-pg substituted polyalkylene polyamine. Preferably, the alkylene group contains from 2 to 6 carbon atoms, there 11 being preferably from 2 to 3 carbon atoms between the 12 nitrogen atoms. Examples of, such polyamines include 13 ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, 14 di(trimethylene)triamine, dipropylenetriamine, tetraethylenepentamine, etc.
17 Among the polyalkylene polyamines, polyethylene polyamine lg and polypropylene polyamine containing 2 to about 12 amine lg nitrogen atoms and 2 to about 24 carbon atoms are especially preferred and in particular, the lower polyalkylene 21 polyamines, e.g., ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, 22 propylenediamine, dipropylenetriamine, etc., are most 2 3 pref erred .
C~ The Aminocarbamate Connectincr Groun 27 The hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) aminocarbamate employed as 2g the poly(oxyalkylene) amine component of the fuel additive 2g composition of the present invention is obtained by linking 31 ' ~o~eo/lsMaoi!.DOc O1 the polyamine and the hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) alcohol 02 together through a carbamate linkage, i.e., Og wherein the oxygen may be regarded as the terminal hydroxyl Og oxygen of the poly(oxyalkylene) alcohol, the nitrogen is derived from the polyamine and the carbonyl group -C(O)-, is il preferably provided by a coupling agent, such as phosgene.
13 In a preferred method of preparation, the hydrocarbyl 14 poly(oxyalkylene) alcohol is reacted with phosgene to produce a chloroformate and the chloroformate is reacted 16 with the polyamine. Since there may be more than one 17 nitrogen atom of the polyamine which is capable of reacting lg with the chloroformate, the carbamate product may contain lg more than one hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) moiety. It is preferred that the hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) 21 aminocarbamate product contains on the average, about 22 one poly(oxyalkylene) moiety per molecule (i.e., is a 23 monocarbamate), although it is understood that this reaction 24 route may lead to mixtures containing appreciable amounts of di- or higher poly(oxyalkylene) chain substitution on a 26 polyamine containing several reactive nitrogen atoms.
2g A particularly preferred aminocarbamate is alkylphenyl 2g poly(oxybutylene) aminocarbamate, wherein the amine moiety is derived from ethylene diamine or diethylene triamine.
31 Synthetic methods to avoid higher degrees of substitution, 32 methods of preparation, and other characteristics of the 33 aminocarbamates used in the present invention are more fully 34 described and exemplified in U.S. Patent No. 4,191,537.
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01 Fuel Compositions 03 The fuel additive composition of the present invention will 04 generally be employed in hydrocarbon fuels to prevent and 05 control engine deposits, particularly intake valve 06 deposits. The proper concentration of additive necessary to achieve the desired deposit control varies depending upon Og the type of fuel employed, the type of engine, and the Og presence of other fuel additives.
il Generally, the present fuel additive composition will be 12 employed in a hydrocarbon fuel in a concentration ranging 13 from about 50 to about 5,000 parts per million (ppm) by 14 weight, preferably from 100 to 2,500 ppm.
16 In terms of individual components, hydrocarbon fuel containing the fuel additive composition of this invention 1g will generally contain about 25 to 2,000 ppm of the 1g polyalkylphenoxyalkyl aromatic ester component and about 25 to 2,000 ppm of the poly(oxyalkylene) amine component. The 21 ratio of the polyalkylphenoxyalkyl aromatic ester to 22 poly(oxyalkylene) amine will generally range from about 23 0.05:1 to about 5:1, and will preferably be about 2:1 or 24 less.
26 The fuel additive composition of the present invention may 2~ be formulated as a concentrate using an inert stable 2g oleophilic (i.e., dissolves in gasoline) organic solvent 2g boiling in the range of about 150°F. to 400°F. (about 65°C.
to 2o5°C.). Preferably, an aliphatic or an aromatic 31 hydrocarbon solvent is used, such as benzene, toluene, 32 xylene or higher-boiling aromatics or aromatic thinners.
33 Aliphatic alcohols containing about 3 to 8 carbon atoms, 34 such as isopropanol, isobutylcarbinol, n-butanol and the ~o~aoW sM4om .noc O1 like, in combination With hydrocarbon solvents are also 02 suitable for use with the present additives. In the 03 concentrate, the amount of the additive will generally range 04 from about 10 to about 70 weight percent, preferably l0 to 05 50 weight percent, more preferably from 20 to 40 weight 06 percent.
Og In gasoline fuels, other fuel additives may be employed with 09 the additive composition of the present invention, including, for example, oxygenates, such as t-butyl methyl 11 ether, antiknock agents, such as methylcyclopentadienyl 12 manganese tricarbonyl, and other dispersants/detergents, 13 such as hydrocarbyl amines, or succinimides. Additionally, 14 antioxidants, metal deactivators, demulsifiers and carburetor or fuel injector detergents may be present.
17 In diesel fuels, other well-known additives can be employed, ig such as pour point depressants, flow improvers, cetane ig improvers, and the like.
21 A fuel-soluble, nonvolatile carrier fluid or oil may also be 22 used with the fuel additive.composition of this invention.
23 The carrier fluid is a chemically inert hydrocarbon-soluble 24 liquid vehicle which substantially increases the nonvolatile residue (NVR), or solvent-free liquid fraction of the fuel 26 additive composition while not overwhelmingly contributing 27 to octane requirement increase. The carrier fluid may be a 2g natural or synthetic fluid, such as mineral oil, refined 29 petroleum oils, synthetic polyalkanes and alkenes, including hydrogenated and unhydrogenated polyalphaolefins, and 31 synthetic polyoxyalkylene-derived fluids, such as those 32 described, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 4,191,537 to 33 Lewis, and polyesters, such as those described, for example, 34 in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,756,793 to Robinson and 5,004,478 to ~o~so/lSM4oi!.~oc O1 Vogel et al., and in European Patent Application 02 Nos. 356,726, published March 7, 1990, and 382,159, 03 published August 16, 1990.
05 These carrier fluids are believed to act as a carrier for 06 the fuel additive composition of the present invention and 07 to assist in removing and retarding deposits. The carrier Og fluid may also exhibit synergistic deposit control Og properties when used in combination with the fuel additive composition of this invention.
12 The carrier fluids are typically employed in amounts ranging 13 from about 25 to about 5000 ppm by weight of the hydrocarbon 14 fuel, preferably from 100 to 3000 ppm of the fuel.
Preferably, the ratio of carrier fluid to deposit control 16 additive will range from about 0.2:1 to about 10:1, more 17 preferably from 0.5:1 to 3:1.
lg When employed in a fuel concentrate, carrier fluids will ~20 generally be present in amounts ranging from about 20 to 21 about 60 weight percent, preferably from 30 to 50 weight 22 percent.
24 ~ ' PREPARATIONS AND EXAMPLES
26 A further understanding of the invention can be had in the 27 following nonlimiting Examples. Wherein unless expressly 2g stated to the contrary, all temperatures and temperature 29 ranges refer to the Centigrade system and the term "ambient"
or "room temperature" refers to about 20°c. to 25°c. The 31 term "percent" or "%" refers to weight percent and the term 32 "mole" or "moles" refers to gram moles. The term 33 "equivalent" refers to a quantity of reagent equal in moles, 34 to the moles of the preceding or succeeding reactant recited 70780/1$M401!.DOC
il Generally, the present fuel additive composition will be 12 employed in a hydrocarbon fuel in a concentration ranging 13 from about 50 to about 5,000 parts per million (ppm) by 14 weight, preferably from 100 to 2,500 ppm.
16 In terms of individual components, hydrocarbon fuel containing the fuel additive composition of this invention 1g will generally contain about 25 to 2,000 ppm of the 1g polyalkylphenoxyalkyl aromatic ester component and about 25 to 2,000 ppm of the poly(oxyalkylene) amine component. The 21 ratio of the polyalkylphenoxyalkyl aromatic ester to 22 poly(oxyalkylene) amine will generally range from about 23 0.05:1 to about 5:1, and will preferably be about 2:1 or 24 less.
26 The fuel additive composition of the present invention may 2~ be formulated as a concentrate using an inert stable 2g oleophilic (i.e., dissolves in gasoline) organic solvent 2g boiling in the range of about 150°F. to 400°F. (about 65°C.
to 2o5°C.). Preferably, an aliphatic or an aromatic 31 hydrocarbon solvent is used, such as benzene, toluene, 32 xylene or higher-boiling aromatics or aromatic thinners.
33 Aliphatic alcohols containing about 3 to 8 carbon atoms, 34 such as isopropanol, isobutylcarbinol, n-butanol and the ~o~aoW sM4om .noc O1 like, in combination With hydrocarbon solvents are also 02 suitable for use with the present additives. In the 03 concentrate, the amount of the additive will generally range 04 from about 10 to about 70 weight percent, preferably l0 to 05 50 weight percent, more preferably from 20 to 40 weight 06 percent.
Og In gasoline fuels, other fuel additives may be employed with 09 the additive composition of the present invention, including, for example, oxygenates, such as t-butyl methyl 11 ether, antiknock agents, such as methylcyclopentadienyl 12 manganese tricarbonyl, and other dispersants/detergents, 13 such as hydrocarbyl amines, or succinimides. Additionally, 14 antioxidants, metal deactivators, demulsifiers and carburetor or fuel injector detergents may be present.
17 In diesel fuels, other well-known additives can be employed, ig such as pour point depressants, flow improvers, cetane ig improvers, and the like.
21 A fuel-soluble, nonvolatile carrier fluid or oil may also be 22 used with the fuel additive.composition of this invention.
23 The carrier fluid is a chemically inert hydrocarbon-soluble 24 liquid vehicle which substantially increases the nonvolatile residue (NVR), or solvent-free liquid fraction of the fuel 26 additive composition while not overwhelmingly contributing 27 to octane requirement increase. The carrier fluid may be a 2g natural or synthetic fluid, such as mineral oil, refined 29 petroleum oils, synthetic polyalkanes and alkenes, including hydrogenated and unhydrogenated polyalphaolefins, and 31 synthetic polyoxyalkylene-derived fluids, such as those 32 described, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 4,191,537 to 33 Lewis, and polyesters, such as those described, for example, 34 in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,756,793 to Robinson and 5,004,478 to ~o~so/lSM4oi!.~oc O1 Vogel et al., and in European Patent Application 02 Nos. 356,726, published March 7, 1990, and 382,159, 03 published August 16, 1990.
05 These carrier fluids are believed to act as a carrier for 06 the fuel additive composition of the present invention and 07 to assist in removing and retarding deposits. The carrier Og fluid may also exhibit synergistic deposit control Og properties when used in combination with the fuel additive composition of this invention.
12 The carrier fluids are typically employed in amounts ranging 13 from about 25 to about 5000 ppm by weight of the hydrocarbon 14 fuel, preferably from 100 to 3000 ppm of the fuel.
Preferably, the ratio of carrier fluid to deposit control 16 additive will range from about 0.2:1 to about 10:1, more 17 preferably from 0.5:1 to 3:1.
lg When employed in a fuel concentrate, carrier fluids will ~20 generally be present in amounts ranging from about 20 to 21 about 60 weight percent, preferably from 30 to 50 weight 22 percent.
24 ~ ' PREPARATIONS AND EXAMPLES
26 A further understanding of the invention can be had in the 27 following nonlimiting Examples. Wherein unless expressly 2g stated to the contrary, all temperatures and temperature 29 ranges refer to the Centigrade system and the term "ambient"
or "room temperature" refers to about 20°c. to 25°c. The 31 term "percent" or "%" refers to weight percent and the term 32 "mole" or "moles" refers to gram moles. The term 33 "equivalent" refers to a quantity of reagent equal in moles, 34 to the moles of the preceding or succeeding reactant recited 70780/1$M401!.DOC
O1 in that example in terms of finite moles or finite weight or 02 volume. Where given; proton-magnetic resonance spectrum 03 (P~m~r. or n.m.r.) were determined at 300 mHz, signals are 04 assigned as singlets (s), broad singlets (bs), doublets (d), 05 double doublets (dd), triplets (t), double triplets (dt), 06 quartets (q), and multiplets (m), and cps refers to cycles 07 per second.
Exam>71e 1' 11 Preparation of Polyisobutyl Phenol 13 To a flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer, reflux 14 condenser, thermometer, addition funnel and nitrogen inlet was added 203.2 grams of phenol. The phenol was warmed to 16 40°C. and the heat source was~removed. Then, 17 73.5 milliliters of boron trifluoride etherate was added lg dropwise. 1040 grams of Ultravis 10 Polyisobutene lg (molecular weight 950, 76~ methylvinylidene, available from British Petroleum) was dissolved in 1,863 milliliters of 21 hexane. The polyisobutene was added to the reaction at a 22 rate to maintain the temperature between 22°C. to 27°C. The 23 reaction mixture was stirred for 16 hours at room 24 temperature. Then, 400 milliliters of concentrated ammonium hydroxide was added, followed by 2,000 milliliters of 26 hexane. The reaction mixture was washed with water 27 (3 X 2,000 milliliters), dried over magnesium sulfate, 28 filtered and the solvents removed under vacuum to yield 29 1,056.5 grams of a crude reaction product. The crude reaction product was determined to contain 80~ of the 31 desired product by proton NMR and chromatography on silica 32 gel eluting with hexane, followed by hexane: ethylacetate:
33 ethanol (93:5:2).
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Exam>71e 1' 11 Preparation of Polyisobutyl Phenol 13 To a flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer, reflux 14 condenser, thermometer, addition funnel and nitrogen inlet was added 203.2 grams of phenol. The phenol was warmed to 16 40°C. and the heat source was~removed. Then, 17 73.5 milliliters of boron trifluoride etherate was added lg dropwise. 1040 grams of Ultravis 10 Polyisobutene lg (molecular weight 950, 76~ methylvinylidene, available from British Petroleum) was dissolved in 1,863 milliliters of 21 hexane. The polyisobutene was added to the reaction at a 22 rate to maintain the temperature between 22°C. to 27°C. The 23 reaction mixture was stirred for 16 hours at room 24 temperature. Then, 400 milliliters of concentrated ammonium hydroxide was added, followed by 2,000 milliliters of 26 hexane. The reaction mixture was washed with water 27 (3 X 2,000 milliliters), dried over magnesium sulfate, 28 filtered and the solvents removed under vacuum to yield 29 1,056.5 grams of a crude reaction product. The crude reaction product was determined to contain 80~ of the 31 desired product by proton NMR and chromatography on silica 32 gel eluting with hexane, followed by hexane: ethylacetate:
33 ethanol (93:5:2).
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O1 . Example 2 03 Preparation of ~ P IB (molecular weight ~ 950) 1.1 grams of a 35 weight percent dispersion of potassium hydride in mineral oil and 4- polyisobutyl phenol (99.7 grams, prepared as in Example 1) were added to a flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer, reflux condensor, nitrogen inlet and thermometer. The reaction was heated at 130°C for one hour and then cooled to 100°C. Ethylene carbonate (8.6 grams) was added and the mixture was heated at 160°C for 16 hours. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and one milliliter of isopropanol was added.
The reaction was diluted with one liter of hexane, washed three times with water and once with brine. The organic layer was dried~over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and the solvents removed in~vacuo to yield 98.0 grams of the desired product as a yellow oil.
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The reaction was diluted with one liter of hexane, washed three times with water and once with brine. The organic layer was dried~over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and the solvents removed in~vacuo to yield 98.0 grams of the desired product as a yellow oil.
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O1 Example 3 03 Preparation of to P IB (molecular weight ~ 950) 15.1 grams of a 35 weight percent dispersion of potassium hydride in mineral oil and 4- polyisobutyl phenol (1378.5 grams, prepared as in Example 1) were added to a flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, reflux condensor, nitrogen inlet and thermometer. The reaction was heated at 130°C for one hour and then cooled to 100°C. Propylene carbonate (115.7 milliliters) was added and the mixture was heated at 160°C for 16 hours. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and ten milliliters of isopropanol were added. The reaction was diluted with ten liters of hexane, washed three times with water and once with brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and the solvents removed in vacuo to yield 1301.7 grams of the desired product as a yellow oil.
~o~eo/isMaoi!.DOc 01 Example 4 03 Preparation of 07 O~~
12 P ~ (molecular weight ~ 950) 14 To a flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer, thermometer, Dean-Stark trap, reflux condensor and nitrogen inlet was 16 added 15.0 grams of the alcohol from Example 2, 2.6 grams of 17 4-nitrobenzoic acid and 0.24 grams of p-toluenesulfonic 18 acid. The mixture was stirred at 130°C for sixteen hours, 19 cooled to room temperature and diluted with 200 mL of hexane. .The organic phase was washed twice with saturated 21 aqueous sodium bicarbonate followed by once with saturated 22 aqueous sodium chloride. The organic layer was then dried 23 over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and the solvents 24 removed in vacuo to yield 15.0 grams of the desired product as a brown oil. The oil was chromatographed on silica gel, 26 eluting with hexane/ethyl acetate (9:1) to afford 14.0 grams 27 of the desired ester as a yellow oil. 1H NMR (CDClg) d 8.3 28 (AB quartet, 4H), 7.25 (d, 2H), 6.85 (d, 2H), 4.7 (t, 2H), 29 4.3 (t, 2H), 0.7-1.6 (m, 137H).
-~o~so/isr!aoi!.DOc O1 Example 5 03 Preparation of 07 O ~ /
12 P!B (molecular weight ~ 950) 14 To a flask equipped with a magnetic. stirrer, thermometer, Dean-Stark trap, reflux condensor and nitrogen inlet was 16 added 15.0 grams of the alcohol from Example 3, 2.7 grams of 17 4-nitrobenzoic acid and 0.23~grams of p-toluenesulfonic 18 acid. The mixture was stirred at 130°C for sixteen hours, i9 cooled to room temperature and diluted with 200 mL of hexane. The organic phase was washed twice with saturated 21 aqueous sodium bicarbonate followed by once with saturated 22 aqueous sodium chloride. The organic layer was then dried 23 over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and the solvents 24 removed in vacuo to yield 16.0 grams of the desired product as a brown oil. The oil was chromatographed on silica gel, 26 eluting with hexane/ethyl acetate (8:2) to afford 15.2 grams 2~ of the desired ester as a brown oil. 1H NMR (CDClg) d 8.2 28 (AB quartet, 4H), 7.25 (d, 2H), 6.85 (d, 2H), 5.55 (hx, 1H), 29 4.1 (t, 2H), 0.6-1.8 (m, 140H).
70780/1$M401!.DOC
~o~eo/isMaoi!.DOc 01 Example 4 03 Preparation of 07 O~~
12 P ~ (molecular weight ~ 950) 14 To a flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer, thermometer, Dean-Stark trap, reflux condensor and nitrogen inlet was 16 added 15.0 grams of the alcohol from Example 2, 2.6 grams of 17 4-nitrobenzoic acid and 0.24 grams of p-toluenesulfonic 18 acid. The mixture was stirred at 130°C for sixteen hours, 19 cooled to room temperature and diluted with 200 mL of hexane. .The organic phase was washed twice with saturated 21 aqueous sodium bicarbonate followed by once with saturated 22 aqueous sodium chloride. The organic layer was then dried 23 over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and the solvents 24 removed in vacuo to yield 15.0 grams of the desired product as a brown oil. The oil was chromatographed on silica gel, 26 eluting with hexane/ethyl acetate (9:1) to afford 14.0 grams 27 of the desired ester as a yellow oil. 1H NMR (CDClg) d 8.3 28 (AB quartet, 4H), 7.25 (d, 2H), 6.85 (d, 2H), 4.7 (t, 2H), 29 4.3 (t, 2H), 0.7-1.6 (m, 137H).
-~o~so/isr!aoi!.DOc O1 Example 5 03 Preparation of 07 O ~ /
12 P!B (molecular weight ~ 950) 14 To a flask equipped with a magnetic. stirrer, thermometer, Dean-Stark trap, reflux condensor and nitrogen inlet was 16 added 15.0 grams of the alcohol from Example 3, 2.7 grams of 17 4-nitrobenzoic acid and 0.23~grams of p-toluenesulfonic 18 acid. The mixture was stirred at 130°C for sixteen hours, i9 cooled to room temperature and diluted with 200 mL of hexane. The organic phase was washed twice with saturated 21 aqueous sodium bicarbonate followed by once with saturated 22 aqueous sodium chloride. The organic layer was then dried 23 over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and the solvents 24 removed in vacuo to yield 16.0 grams of the desired product as a brown oil. The oil was chromatographed on silica gel, 26 eluting with hexane/ethyl acetate (8:2) to afford 15.2 grams 2~ of the desired ester as a brown oil. 1H NMR (CDClg) d 8.2 28 (AB quartet, 4H), 7.25 (d, 2H), 6.85 (d, 2H), 5.55 (hx, 1H), 29 4.1 (t, 2H), 0.6-1.8 (m, 140H).
70780/1$M401!.DOC
O1 Example 6 03 Preparation of 07 O~O /
OS
12 P IB (molecular weight ~ 950) 14 A solution of 9.4 grams of the product from Example 4 in 100 milliliters of ethyl acetate containing 1.0 gram of 16 10% palladium on charcoal~was hydrogenolyzed at 35-40 psi 17 for 16 hours on a Parr low-pressure hydrogenator. Catalyst 18 filtration and removal of the solvent in vacuo yield 19 7.7 grams of the desired product as a yellow oil.
1H ~g (CDClg) d 7.85 (d, 2H), 7.3 (d, 2H), 6.85 (d, 2H), 21 6.6 (d, 2H), 4.6 (t, 2H), 4.25 (t, 2H), 4.05 (bs, 2H), 22 0.7-1.6 (m, 137H).
70780/1$M9011.DOC
OS
12 P IB (molecular weight ~ 950) 14 A solution of 9.4 grams of the product from Example 4 in 100 milliliters of ethyl acetate containing 1.0 gram of 16 10% palladium on charcoal~was hydrogenolyzed at 35-40 psi 17 for 16 hours on a Parr low-pressure hydrogenator. Catalyst 18 filtration and removal of the solvent in vacuo yield 19 7.7 grams of the desired product as a yellow oil.
1H ~g (CDClg) d 7.85 (d, 2H), 7.3 (d, 2H), 6.85 (d, 2H), 21 6.6 (d, 2H), 4.6 (t, 2H), 4.25 (t, 2H), 4.05 (bs, 2H), 22 0.7-1.6 (m, 137H).
70780/1$M9011.DOC
O1 ~xam~le 7 03 Preparation of 06 O ~
11 P IB (molecular weight ~ 950) 13 p, solution of 15.2 grams of the product from Example 5 in 14 200 milliliters of ethyl acetate containing 1.0 gram of l0% palladium on charcoal was hydrogenolyzed at 35-40 psi 16 for 16 hours on a Parr low-pressure hydrogenator. Catalyst 17 filtration and removal of the solvent in vacuo yield 18 15.0 grams of the desired product as a brown oil.
19 1H NMR (CDClg/D20) d 7.85 (d, 2H), 7.25 (d, 2H), 6. g5 (d, 2H), 6.6 (d, 2H), 5.4 (hx, 1H), 3.8-4.2 (m, 4H), 21 0.6-1.8 (m, 140H).
23 ._ Example 8 Preparation of Dodecylphenoxy 26 Polvloxvbutvlene)polv(oxymropylene) Amine 28 A dodecylphenoxypoly(oxybutylene)poly(oxypropylene) amine 29 was prepared by the reductive amination with ammonia of the random copolymer poly(oxyalkylene) alcohol, dodecylphenoxy 31 poly(oxybutylene)poly(oxypropylene) alcohol, wherein the 32 alcohol has an average molecular weight of about 1598. The 33 poly(oxyalkylene) alcohol was prepared from dodecylphenol 70780/1$M901!.DOC
11 P IB (molecular weight ~ 950) 13 p, solution of 15.2 grams of the product from Example 5 in 14 200 milliliters of ethyl acetate containing 1.0 gram of l0% palladium on charcoal was hydrogenolyzed at 35-40 psi 16 for 16 hours on a Parr low-pressure hydrogenator. Catalyst 17 filtration and removal of the solvent in vacuo yield 18 15.0 grams of the desired product as a brown oil.
19 1H NMR (CDClg/D20) d 7.85 (d, 2H), 7.25 (d, 2H), 6. g5 (d, 2H), 6.6 (d, 2H), 5.4 (hx, 1H), 3.8-4.2 (m, 4H), 21 0.6-1.8 (m, 140H).
23 ._ Example 8 Preparation of Dodecylphenoxy 26 Polvloxvbutvlene)polv(oxymropylene) Amine 28 A dodecylphenoxypoly(oxybutylene)poly(oxypropylene) amine 29 was prepared by the reductive amination with ammonia of the random copolymer poly(oxyalkylene) alcohol, dodecylphenoxy 31 poly(oxybutylene)poly(oxypropylene) alcohol, wherein the 32 alcohol has an average molecular weight of about 1598. The 33 poly(oxyalkylene) alcohol was prepared from dodecylphenol 70780/1$M901!.DOC
O1 using a 75/25 weight/weight ratio of butylene oxide and 02 propylene oxide, in accordance with the procedures described 03 in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,191,537; 2,782,240 and 2,841,479, as 04 well as in Kirk-Othmer, "Encyclopedia of Chemical 05 Technology", 4th edition, Volume 19, 1996, page 722. The 06 reductive amination of the poly(oxyalkylene) alcohol was 07 carried out using conventional techniques as described in Og U.S. Patent Nos. 5,112,364; 4,609,377 and 3,440,029.
Example 9 12 Single-Cylinder Engine Test 14 The test compounds were blended in gasoline and their deposit reducing capacity determined in an ASTM/CFR
16 single-cylinder engine test.
lg A Waukesha CFR single-cylinder engine was used. Each run 19 was carried out for 15 hours; at the end of which time the intake valve was removed, washed with hexane and weighed.
21 The previously determined weight of the clean valve was 22 subtracted from the weight of the valve at the end of the 23 run. The differences between the two weights is the weight 24 of the deposit. A lesser amount of deposit indicates a superior additive. The operating conditions of the test 26 were as follows: water jacket temperature 200°F; intake 27 manifold vacuum of 12 in. Hg, air-fuel ratio of 12, ignition 2g spark timing of 40 BTC; engine speed is 1800 rpm; the 29 crankcase oil is a commercial 30W oil.
31 The amount of carbonaceous deposit in milligrams on the 32 intake valves is reported for each of the test compounds in 33 Table I.
~o~ao/isM4oil.DOc 02 ~ Intake Valve Deposit Weight 03 (in milligrams) 04 Sampler Run 1 Run 2 Average 05 Base Fuel 354.9 333.5 344.2 06 Example 4 169.0 178.0 173.5 07 Example 6 13.4 12.2 12.8 p9 lAt 150 parts per million actives (ppma).
to il The base fuel employed in the above single-cylinder engine 12 tests was a regular octane unleaded gasoline containing no 13 fuel detergent. The test compounds were admixed with the 14 base fuel to give a concentration of 150 ppma (parts per 15 million actives).
17 The data in Table I illustrates the significant reduction in 18 intake valve deposits provided by the aromatic ester 19 component of the present invention (Examples 4 and 6) 20 compared to the base fuel.
~o~eo/isMaoi!.noc O1 Example 10 03 Multicylinder Engine Test 05 The fuel additive composition of the present invention was 06 tested in a laboratory multicylinder engine to evaluate their intake valve and combustion chamber deposit control Og performance. The test engine was a 2.3 liter, port fuel pg injected, 4-cylinder single overhead cam engine manufactured by Ford Motor Company. The major engine dimensions are set 11 forth in Table II.
13 Table II
Enqine Dimensions 16 Bore 9.60 cm 17 Stroke 7.94 cm Displacement Volume 2.30 liter 19 _ Compression Ratio 9.50:1 The test engine was operated for 60 hours (24 hours a day) on a test cycle developed by the Coordinating Research Council (CRC). 'The cycle for engine operation during the test is set forth in Table III.
70780/1$M401l.DOC
Example 9 12 Single-Cylinder Engine Test 14 The test compounds were blended in gasoline and their deposit reducing capacity determined in an ASTM/CFR
16 single-cylinder engine test.
lg A Waukesha CFR single-cylinder engine was used. Each run 19 was carried out for 15 hours; at the end of which time the intake valve was removed, washed with hexane and weighed.
21 The previously determined weight of the clean valve was 22 subtracted from the weight of the valve at the end of the 23 run. The differences between the two weights is the weight 24 of the deposit. A lesser amount of deposit indicates a superior additive. The operating conditions of the test 26 were as follows: water jacket temperature 200°F; intake 27 manifold vacuum of 12 in. Hg, air-fuel ratio of 12, ignition 2g spark timing of 40 BTC; engine speed is 1800 rpm; the 29 crankcase oil is a commercial 30W oil.
31 The amount of carbonaceous deposit in milligrams on the 32 intake valves is reported for each of the test compounds in 33 Table I.
~o~ao/isM4oil.DOc 02 ~ Intake Valve Deposit Weight 03 (in milligrams) 04 Sampler Run 1 Run 2 Average 05 Base Fuel 354.9 333.5 344.2 06 Example 4 169.0 178.0 173.5 07 Example 6 13.4 12.2 12.8 p9 lAt 150 parts per million actives (ppma).
to il The base fuel employed in the above single-cylinder engine 12 tests was a regular octane unleaded gasoline containing no 13 fuel detergent. The test compounds were admixed with the 14 base fuel to give a concentration of 150 ppma (parts per 15 million actives).
17 The data in Table I illustrates the significant reduction in 18 intake valve deposits provided by the aromatic ester 19 component of the present invention (Examples 4 and 6) 20 compared to the base fuel.
~o~eo/isMaoi!.noc O1 Example 10 03 Multicylinder Engine Test 05 The fuel additive composition of the present invention was 06 tested in a laboratory multicylinder engine to evaluate their intake valve and combustion chamber deposit control Og performance. The test engine was a 2.3 liter, port fuel pg injected, 4-cylinder single overhead cam engine manufactured by Ford Motor Company. The major engine dimensions are set 11 forth in Table II.
13 Table II
Enqine Dimensions 16 Bore 9.60 cm 17 Stroke 7.94 cm Displacement Volume 2.30 liter 19 _ Compression Ratio 9.50:1 The test engine was operated for 60 hours (24 hours a day) on a test cycle developed by the Coordinating Research Council (CRC). 'The cycle for engine operation during the test is set forth in Table III.
70780/1$M401l.DOC
02 Table III
Engine O perating' cle Cy 05 Engine Manifold Absolute Length of Timel Speed Pressure 06 Stage (Min:Sec) [RPM] [mm Hg]
1 4:00 2000 10 230 10 2 8:00 2800 t 10 540 ~ 10 11 1 All stages include a 30 second transition ramp.
13 All of the test runs were made with the same base gasoline, 14 which was representative of commercial unleaded fuel. The results are set forth in Table IV.
70780/1$M401S.DOC
Engine O perating' cle Cy 05 Engine Manifold Absolute Length of Timel Speed Pressure 06 Stage (Min:Sec) [RPM] [mm Hg]
1 4:00 2000 10 230 10 2 8:00 2800 t 10 540 ~ 10 11 1 All stages include a 30 second transition ramp.
13 All of the test runs were made with the same base gasoline, 14 which was representative of commercial unleaded fuel. The results are set forth in Table IV.
70780/1$M401S.DOC
O1 Table IV
I!~Iulticylinder Engine Test Results 04 Combustion 05 Conc. Intake Valve Chamber Sample (ppma) Deposits, mg Deposits, mg 07 Base Fuel --- 521 945 08 Aromatic Ester/
O9 Carrier Fluids 50/50 657 1262 11 Aromatic Ester/
12 poly(oxyalkylene) Amine2 50/50 262 1087 14 i Mixture of 50 ppm of 4-polyisobutylphenoxyethyl para-aminobenzoate prepared as described in Example 6 and 16 50 ppm of a dodecylphenoxypoly(oxybutylene) alcohol carrier fluid.
18 2 Mixture of 50 ppm of 4-polyisobutylphenoxyethyl para-19 aminobenzoate and 50 ppm of dodecylphenoxy poly(oxybutylene)poly(oxypropylene) amine prepared as described in Example 8.
The base fuel employed in the above multicylinder engine tests contained~no fuel detergent. The test compounds were 24 admixed with the base fuel at the indicated concentrations.
26 The data in Table IV demonstrates that the combination of a polyalkylphenoxyalkyl aromatic ester and a poly(oxyalkylene) amine has a synergistic effect and gives significantly 29 better intake valve deposit control than the aromatic ester component with a carrier fluid. Moreover, the data in Table IV further demonstrates that the combination of aromatic ester and poly(oxyalkylene) amine produces fewer 33 combustion chamber deposits than the aromatic ester component with a carrier fluid.
70780/1$M401!.DOC
I!~Iulticylinder Engine Test Results 04 Combustion 05 Conc. Intake Valve Chamber Sample (ppma) Deposits, mg Deposits, mg 07 Base Fuel --- 521 945 08 Aromatic Ester/
O9 Carrier Fluids 50/50 657 1262 11 Aromatic Ester/
12 poly(oxyalkylene) Amine2 50/50 262 1087 14 i Mixture of 50 ppm of 4-polyisobutylphenoxyethyl para-aminobenzoate prepared as described in Example 6 and 16 50 ppm of a dodecylphenoxypoly(oxybutylene) alcohol carrier fluid.
18 2 Mixture of 50 ppm of 4-polyisobutylphenoxyethyl para-19 aminobenzoate and 50 ppm of dodecylphenoxy poly(oxybutylene)poly(oxypropylene) amine prepared as described in Example 8.
The base fuel employed in the above multicylinder engine tests contained~no fuel detergent. The test compounds were 24 admixed with the base fuel at the indicated concentrations.
26 The data in Table IV demonstrates that the combination of a polyalkylphenoxyalkyl aromatic ester and a poly(oxyalkylene) amine has a synergistic effect and gives significantly 29 better intake valve deposit control than the aromatic ester component with a carrier fluid. Moreover, the data in Table IV further demonstrates that the combination of aromatic ester and poly(oxyalkylene) amine produces fewer 33 combustion chamber deposits than the aromatic ester component with a carrier fluid.
70780/1$M401!.DOC
Claims (85)
1. A fuel additive composition comprising:
(a) an aromatic ester compound of the formula:
or a fuel soluble salt thereof, wherein R is hydroxy, nitro or - (CH2) x-NR5R6, wherein R5 and R6 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and x is 0 or 1;
R1 is hydrogen, hydroxy, nitro or -NR7R8, wherein R7, and R8 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms;
R2 and R3 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; and R4 is a polyalkyl group having an average molecular weight in the range of about 450 to about 5,000; and (b) a poly(oxyalkylene) amine having at least one basic nitrogen atom and a sufficient number of oxyalkylene units to render the poly(oxyalkylene) amine soluble in hydrocarbons boiling in the gasoline or diesel fuel range.
(a) an aromatic ester compound of the formula:
or a fuel soluble salt thereof, wherein R is hydroxy, nitro or - (CH2) x-NR5R6, wherein R5 and R6 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and x is 0 or 1;
R1 is hydrogen, hydroxy, nitro or -NR7R8, wherein R7, and R8 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms;
R2 and R3 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; and R4 is a polyalkyl group having an average molecular weight in the range of about 450 to about 5,000; and (b) a poly(oxyalkylene) amine having at least one basic nitrogen atom and a sufficient number of oxyalkylene units to render the poly(oxyalkylene) amine soluble in hydrocarbons boiling in the gasoline or diesel fuel range.
2. The fuel additive composition according to claim 1, wherein R is nitro, amino or -CH2NH2.
3. The fuel additive composition according to claim 2, wherein R is amino, or -CH2NH2.
4. The fuel additive composition according to claim 3, wherein R is amino.
5. The fuel additive composition according to claim 1, wherein R1 is hydrogen, hydroxy, nitro or amino.
6. The fuel additive composition according to claim 5, wherein R1 is hydrogen or hydroxy.
7. The fuel additive composition according to claim 6, wherein R1 is hydrogen.
8. The fuel additive composition according to claim 1, wherein one of R2 and R3 is hydrogen or lower alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and the other is hydrogen.
9. The fuel additive composition according to claim 8, wherein one of R2 and R3 is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, and the other is hydrogen.
10. The fuel additive composition according to claim 9, wherein R2 is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, and R3 is hydrogen.
11. The fuel additive composition according to claim 1, wherein R4 is a polyalkyl group having an average molecular weight in the range of about 500 to about 3,000.
12. The fuel additive composition according to claim 11, wherein R4 is a polyalkyl group having an average molecular weight in the range of about 700 to about 3,000.
13. The fuel additive composition according to claim 12, wherein R4 is a polyalkyl group having an average molecular weight in the range of about 900 to about 2,500.
14. The fuel additive composition according to claim 1, wherein R4 is a polyalkyl group derived from polypropylene, polybutene, or a polyalphaolefin oligomer of 1-octene or 1-decene.
15. The fuel additive composition according to claim 14, wherein R4 is a polyalkyl group derived from polyisobutene.
16. The fuel additive composition according to claim 15, wherein the polyisobutene contains at least about 20% of a methylvinylidene isomer.
17. The fuel additive composition according to claim 1, wherein R is amino, R1, R2 and R3 are hydrogen and R4 is a polyalkyl group derived from polyisobutene.
18. The fuel additive composition according to claim 1, wherein said poly(oxyalkylene) amine has a molecular weight in the range of about 500 to about 10,000.
19. The fuel additive composition according to claim 1, wherein said poly(oxyalkylene) amine contains at least 5 oxyalkylene units.
20. The fuel additive composition according to claim 1, wherein said poly(oxyalkylene) amine is a hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) polyamine.
21. The fuel additive composition according to claim 1, wherein said poly(oxyalkylene) amine is a hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) aminocarbamate.
22. The fuel additive composition according to claim 21, wherein the hydrocarbyl group of said hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) aminocarbamate contains from 1 to 30 carbon atoms.
23. The fuel additive composition according to claim 22, wherein said hydrocarbyl group of said hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) aminocarbamate is an alkylphenyl group.
24. The fuel additive composition according to claim 23, wherein the alkyl moiety of said alkylphenyl group is tetrapropenyl.
25. The fuel additive composition according to claim 21, wherein the amine moiety of said hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) aminocarbamate is derived from a polyamine having from 2 to 12 amine nitrogen atoms and from 2 to 40 carbon atoms.
26. The fuel additive composition according to claim 25, wherein said polyamine is a polyalkylene polyamine having 2 to 12 amine nitrogen atoms and 2 to 24 carbon atoms.
27. The fuel additive composition according to claim 26, wherein said polyalkylene polyamine is selected from the group consisting of ethylenediamine, propylenediamine, diethylenetriamine and dipropylenetriamine.
28. The fuel additive composition according to claim 21, wherein the poly(oxyalkylene) moiety of said hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) aminocarbamate is derived from C2 to C5 oxyalkylene units.
29. The fuel additive composition according to claim 21, wherein said hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) aminocarbamate is an alkylphenyl poly(oxybutylene) aminocarbamate, wherein the amine moiety is derived from ethylenediamine or diethylenetriamine.
30. The fuel additive composition according to claim 1, wherein said poly(oxyalkylene) amine is a hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) monoamine.
31. The fuel additive composition according to claim 30, wherein said hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) monoamine is an alkylphenyl poly(oxyalkylene) monoamine, wherein the poly(oxyalkylene) moiety contains oxypropylene units or oxybutylene units or mixtures thereof.
32. The fuel additive composition according to claim 31, wherein the alkylphenyl group is tetrapropenylphenyl.
33. A fuel composition comprising a major amount of hydrocarbons boiling in the gasoline or diesel range and an effective deposit-controlling amount of a fuel additive composition comprising:
(a) an aromatic ester compound of the formula:
or a fuel soluble salt thereof, wherein R is hydroxy, nitro or -(CH2)x-NR5R6, wherein R5 and R6 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and x is 0 or 1;
R1 is hydrogen, hydroxy, nitro or -NR7R8, wherein R7 and R8 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms;
R2 and R3 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; and R4 is a polyalkyl group having an average molecular weight in the range of about 450 to about 5,000; and (b) a poly(oxyalkylene) amine having at least one basic nitrogen atom and a sufficient number of oxyalkylene units to render the poly(oxyalkylene) amine soluble in hydrocarbons boiling in the gasoline or diesel fuel range.
(a) an aromatic ester compound of the formula:
or a fuel soluble salt thereof, wherein R is hydroxy, nitro or -(CH2)x-NR5R6, wherein R5 and R6 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and x is 0 or 1;
R1 is hydrogen, hydroxy, nitro or -NR7R8, wherein R7 and R8 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms;
R2 and R3 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; and R4 is a polyalkyl group having an average molecular weight in the range of about 450 to about 5,000; and (b) a poly(oxyalkylene) amine having at least one basic nitrogen atom and a sufficient number of oxyalkylene units to render the poly(oxyalkylene) amine soluble in hydrocarbons boiling in the gasoline or diesel fuel range.
34. The fuel composition according to claim 33, wherein R is nitro, amino or -CH2NH2.
35. The fuel composition according to claim 34, wherein R is amino, or -CH2NH2.
36. The fuel composition according to claim 35, wherein R is amino.
37. The fuel composition according to claim 33, wherein R1 is hydrogen, hydroxy, nitro or amino.
38. The fuel composition according to claim 37, wherein R1 is hydrogen or hydroxy.
39. The fuel composition according to claim 38, wherein R1 is hydrogen.
40. The fuel composition according to claim 33, wherein one of R2 and R3 is hydrogen or lower alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and the other is hydrogen.
41. The fuel composition according to claim 40, wherein one of R2 and R3 is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, and the other is hydrogen.
42. The fuel composition according to claim 41, wherein R2 is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, and R3 is hydrogen.
43. The fuel composition according to claim 33, wherein R4 is a polyalkyl group having an average molecular weight in the range of about 500 to about 3,000.
44. The fuel composition according to claim 43, wherein R4 is a polyalkyl group having an average molecular weight in the range of about 700 to about 3,000.
45. The fuel composition according to claim 44, wherein R4 is a polyalkyl group having an average molecular weight in the range of about 900 to about 2,500.
46. The fuel composition according to claim 33, wherein R4 is a polyalkyl group derived from polypropylene, polybutene, or a polyalphaolefin oligomer of 1-octene or 1-decene.
47. The fuel composition according to claim 46, wherein R4 is a polyalkyl group derived from polyisobutene.
48. The fuel composition according to claim 47, wherein the polyisobutene contains at least about 20% of a methylvinylidene isomer.
49. The fuel composition according to claim 33, wherein R is amino, R1, R2 and R3 are hydrogen and R4 is a polyalkyl group derived from polyisobutene.
50. The fuel composition according to claim 33, wherein the composition contains from about 25 to about 2,000 parts per million by weight of said aromatic ester compound and about 25 to about 2,000 parts per million of said poly(oxyalkylene) amine.
51. The fuel composition according to claim 33, where the composition further contains from about 25 to about 5,000 parts per million by weight of a fuel-soluble, nonvolatile carrier fluid.
52. The fuel composition according to claim 33, wherein said poly(oxyalkylene) amine is a hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) aminocarbamate.
53. The fuel composition according to claim 52, wherein the hydrocarbyl group of said hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) aminocarbamate contains from 1 to 30 carbon atoms; and wherein the amine moiety of said hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) aminocarbamate is derived from a polyamine having from 2 to 12 amine nitrogen atoms and from 2 to 40 carbon atoms.
54. The fuel composition according to claim 53, wherein said hydrocarbyl group of said hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) aminocarbamate is an alkylphenyl group; and wherein said polyalkylene polyamine is selected from the group consisting of ethylenediamine, propylenediamine, diethylenetriamine and dipropylenetriamine.
55. The fuel composition according to claim 54, wherein the alkyl moiety of said alkylphenyl group is tetrapropenyl.
56. The fuel composition according to claim 52, wherein said hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) aminocarbamate is an alkylphenyl poly(oxybutylene) aminocarbamate, wherein the amine moiety is derived from ethylenediamine or diethylenetriamine.
57. The fuel composition according to claim 33, wherein said poly(oxyalkylene) amine is a hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) monoamine.
58. The fuel composition according to claim 57, wherein said hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) monoamine is an alkylphenyl poly(oxyalkylene) monoamine, wherein the poly(oxyalkylene) moiety contains oxypropylene units or oxybutylene units or mixtures thereof.
59. The fuel composition according to claim 58, wherein the alkylphenyl group is tetrapropenylphenyl.
60. A fuel concentrate comprising an inert stable oleophilic organic solvent boiling in the range of from about 150°F to about 400°F and from about 10 to about 70 weight percent of a fuel additive composition comprising:
(a) an aromatic ester compound of the formula:
or a fuel soluble salt thereof, wherein R is hydroxy, nitro or -(CH2)x-NR5R6, wherein R5 and R6 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and x is 0 or 1;
R1 is hydrogen, hydroxy, nitro or -NR7R8, wherein R7 and R8 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms;
R2 and R3 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; and R4 is a polyalkyl group having an average molecular weight in the range of about 450 to about 5,000; and (b) a poly (oxyalkylene) amine having at least one basic nitrogen atom and a sufficient number of oxyalkylene units to render the poly(oxyalkylene) amine soluble in hydrocarbons boiling in the gasoline or diesel fuel range.
(a) an aromatic ester compound of the formula:
or a fuel soluble salt thereof, wherein R is hydroxy, nitro or -(CH2)x-NR5R6, wherein R5 and R6 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and x is 0 or 1;
R1 is hydrogen, hydroxy, nitro or -NR7R8, wherein R7 and R8 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms;
R2 and R3 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; and R4 is a polyalkyl group having an average molecular weight in the range of about 450 to about 5,000; and (b) a poly (oxyalkylene) amine having at least one basic nitrogen atom and a sufficient number of oxyalkylene units to render the poly(oxyalkylene) amine soluble in hydrocarbons boiling in the gasoline or diesel fuel range.
61. The fuel concentrate according to claim 60, wherein R is nitro, amino or -CH2NH2.
62. The fuel concentrate according to claim 61, wherein R is amino, or -CH2NH2.
63. The fuel concentrate according to claim 62, wherein R is amino.
64. The fuel concentrate according to claim 60, wherein R1 is hydrogen, hydroxy, nitro or amino.
65. The fuel concentrate according to claim 64, wherein R1 is hydrogen or hydroxy.
66. The fuel concentrate according to claim 65, wherein R1 is hydrogen.
67. The fuel concentrate according to claim 60, wherein one of R2 and R3 is hydrogen or lower alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and the other is hydrogen.
68. The fuel concentrate according to claim 67, wherein one of R2 and R3 is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, and the other is hydrogen.
69. The fuel concentrate according to claim 68, wherein R2 is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, and R3 is hydrogen.
70. The fuel concentrate according to claim 60, wherein R4 is a polyalkyl group having an average molecular weight in the range of about 500 to about 3,000.
71. The fuel concentrate according to claim 70, wherein R4 is a polyalkyl group having an average molecular weight in the range of about 700 to about 3,000.
72. The fuel concentrate according to claim 71, wherein R4 is a polyalkyl group having an average molecular weight in the range of about 900 to about 2,500.
73. The fuel concentrate according to claim 60, wherein R4 is a polyalkyl group derived from polypropylene, polybutene, or a polyalphaolefin oligomer of 1-octene or 1-decene.
74. The fuel concentrate according to claim 73, wherein R4 is a polyalkyl group derived from polyisobutene.
75. The fuel concentrate according to claim 74, wherein the polyisobutene contains at least about 20% of a methylvinylidene isomer.
76. The fuel concentrate according to claim 60, wherein R is amino, R1, R2 and R3 are hydrogen and R4 is a polyalkyl group derived from polyisobutene.
77. The fuel concentrate according to claim 60, wherein the fuel concentrate further contains from about 20 to about 60 weight percent of a fuel-soluble, nonvolatile carrier fluid.
78. The fuel concentrate according to claim 60, wherein said poly(oxyalkylene) amine is a hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) aminocarbamate.
79. The fuel concentrate according to claim 78, wherein the hydrocarbyl group of said hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) aminocarbamate contains from 1 to 30 carbon atoms; and wherein the amine moiety of said hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) aminocarbamate is derived from a polyamine having from 2 to 12 amine nitrogen atoms and from 2 to 40 carbon atoms.
80. The fuel concentrate according to claim 79, wherein said hydrocarbyl group of said hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) aminocarbamate is an alkylphenyl group; and wherein said polyalkylene polyamine is selected from the group consisting of ethylenediamine, propylenediamine, diethylenetriamine and dipropylenetriamine.
81. The fuel concentrate according to claim 80, wherein the alkyl moiety of said alkylphenyl group is tetrapropenyl.
82. The fuel concentrate according to claim 78, wherein said hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) aminocarbamate is an alkylphenyl poly(oxybutylene) aminocarbamate, wherein the amine moiety is derived from ethylenediamine or diethylenetriamine.
83. The fuel concentrate according to claim 60, wherein said poly(oxyalkylene) amine is a hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) monoamine.
84. The fuel concentrate according to claim 83, wherein said hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) monoamine is an alkylphenyl poly(oxyalkylene) monoamine, wherein the poly(oxyalkylene) moiety contains oxypropylene units or oxybutylene units or mixtures thereof.
85. The fuel concentrate according to claim 84, wherein the alkylphenyl group is tetrapropenylphenyl.
Applications Claiming Priority (5)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US08/647,486 | 1996-05-14 | ||
| US08/647,486 US5618320A (en) | 1996-05-14 | 1996-05-14 | Aromatic esters of polyalkylphenoxyalkanols and fuel compositions containing the same |
| US08/833,463 US5749929A (en) | 1996-05-14 | 1997-04-07 | Fuel additive compositions containing aromatic esters of polyalkylphenoxyalkanols and poly (oxyalkylene) amines |
| US08/833,463 | 1997-04-07 | ||
| PCT/US1997/007941 WO1997043357A1 (en) | 1996-05-14 | 1997-05-12 | Fuel additive compositions containing aromatic esters of polyalkylphenoxyalkanols and poly(oxyalkylene) amines |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2226983A1 CA2226983A1 (en) | 1997-11-20 |
| CA2226983C true CA2226983C (en) | 2006-07-04 |
Family
ID=36648515
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002226983A Expired - Fee Related CA2226983C (en) | 1996-05-14 | 1997-05-12 | Fuel additive compositions containing aromatic esters of polyalkylphenoxyalkanols and poly(oxyalkylene) amines |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA2226983C (en) |
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1997
- 1997-05-12 CA CA002226983A patent/CA2226983C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CA2226983A1 (en) | 1997-11-20 |
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