CA2214121C - Retroreflective applique - Google Patents
Retroreflective applique Download PDFInfo
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- CA2214121C CA2214121C CA002214121A CA2214121A CA2214121C CA 2214121 C CA2214121 C CA 2214121C CA 002214121 A CA002214121 A CA 002214121A CA 2214121 A CA2214121 A CA 2214121A CA 2214121 C CA2214121 C CA 2214121C
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- layer
- applique
- optical lens
- supporting structure
- retroreflective
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
- G02B5/12—Reflex reflectors
- G02B5/126—Reflex reflectors including curved refracting surface
- G02B5/128—Reflex reflectors including curved refracting surface transparent spheres being embedded in matrix
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- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Optical Elements Other Than Lenses (AREA)
Abstract
A retroreflective applique (10) includes a supporting structure (12), a layer of optical lens elements (14), and a reflective material (16). The layer of optical lens elements (14) is partially embedded in the supporting structure (12), and the reflective material (16) is disposed on the embedded portion of the layer of optical lens elements (14). The supporting structure (12) may contain a binder layer (24) and a heat-activatable adhesive layer (26). The binder layer (24) includes a non-filamentary acrylic polymer layer.
The use of such a supporting structure (12) eliminates the need for a release liner on the rear surface (20) of the heat-activatable adhesive layer (26), and it also enables a carrier web (28) to be separated from the polymeric supporting structure (12) before the applique (16) is permanently secured to a substrate. The separation step can be accomplished without causing substantial harm to the retroreflective performance of the applique (10).
The use of such a supporting structure (12) eliminates the need for a release liner on the rear surface (20) of the heat-activatable adhesive layer (26), and it also enables a carrier web (28) to be separated from the polymeric supporting structure (12) before the applique (16) is permanently secured to a substrate. The separation step can be accomplished without causing substantial harm to the retroreflective performance of the applique (10).
Description
RE~'ROREFLECTIVE AP~LIQUE
This invention pertains to a retroreflective applique that can be furnished to a garment assembler without a carrier and without a release liner.
Retroreflective appliques have the ability to return a substantial portion of incident light back towards the light source. This unique ability has promoted widespread use of retroreflective appliques on clothing. Persons who work or exercise near motor vehicle traffic need to be conspicuously visible so that they do not get struck by passing motor vehicles. When placed on clothing, the retroreflective appliques highlight a person's presence by retroreflecting light from motor vehicle headlamps.
A retroreflective applique typically comprises an optical lens element layer, a polymeric binder layer, and a reflective layer. The optical lens elements commonly are microspheres that are partially embedded in the polymeric binder layer. The reflective layer typically comprises aluminum, silver, or a dielectric mirror that usually is disposed on the embedded portions of the microspheres. Light striking the front surface of the retroreflective applique passes through the microspheres and is reflected by the reflective layer to re-enter the microspheres where the light's direction is then altered to travel back towards the light source.
Retroreflective appliques have been made by partially embedding a microsphere layer in a thermoplastic carrier web, applying a reflective material over the microspheres' protruding portions, and then forming a binder layer over the coated microspheres. Often a pressure-sensitive adhesive is applied on the binder layer's back surface, and a release liner is placed over the adhesive until the applique is secured to a substrate. The completed applique (also referred to as a transfer sheet) is supplied to a garment assembler in this form, and the garment assembler secures the applique to an article of clothing by removing the release liner and adhering the applique to an outer s surface of the article of clothing. The carrier is then separated from the applique to expose the microspheres so that the applique can retroreflect light. Although known WO 96/29620 PCTlUS96/01897 retroreflective appliques demonstrate very good retroreflective performance and are very effective in highlighting a wearer's presence when light strikes the clothing at nighttime, the known appliques possess some drawbacks.
A first drawback is that the applique requires use of a carrier web that becomes discarded as waste by the garment assembler. The carrier web is not separated from the applique before the manufacturer supplies the applique to the garment assembler because the applique is not yet secured to a substrate. If the applique was separated from the carrier beforehand, the applique's binder layer and the reflective layer can become irreversibly stretched when the carrier is pulled away from the applique. This irreversible stretching can harm the applique's retroreflective performance.
A second drawback is that when the applique is secured to the substrate with heat, residual carrier web material can remain on the exposed surface of the microspheres, causing a reduction in retroreflective performance. Also, the thermoplastic earner limits the quantity of heat that can be applied to the applique because, if too much heat is applied to the carrier, the carrier can stick to the microspheres and can become very di~cult to remove. Limiting the heat supplied to the applique can cause a poor bond between the applique and the substrate.
Another drawback is that .known transfer sheets are supplied to the garment assembler with a release liner that, like the carrier web, also becomes discarded as waste. Of course, it is not beneficial from an economic or environmental standpoint to discard the release liner or the carrier web as waste.
The present invention provides a retroreflective applique that can be supplied to a garment assembler or others without a carrier web and without a release liner.
The carrier web can be separated from the microspheres before the applique is secured to a substrate, allowing the carrier web to be recycled by the manufacturer and allowing more heat to be applied when heat laminating the applique to a substrate.
The applique also eliminates the need for a release liner and therefore further reduces waste.
In brief summary, the retroreflective applique of the invention comprises:
This invention pertains to a retroreflective applique that can be furnished to a garment assembler without a carrier and without a release liner.
Retroreflective appliques have the ability to return a substantial portion of incident light back towards the light source. This unique ability has promoted widespread use of retroreflective appliques on clothing. Persons who work or exercise near motor vehicle traffic need to be conspicuously visible so that they do not get struck by passing motor vehicles. When placed on clothing, the retroreflective appliques highlight a person's presence by retroreflecting light from motor vehicle headlamps.
A retroreflective applique typically comprises an optical lens element layer, a polymeric binder layer, and a reflective layer. The optical lens elements commonly are microspheres that are partially embedded in the polymeric binder layer. The reflective layer typically comprises aluminum, silver, or a dielectric mirror that usually is disposed on the embedded portions of the microspheres. Light striking the front surface of the retroreflective applique passes through the microspheres and is reflected by the reflective layer to re-enter the microspheres where the light's direction is then altered to travel back towards the light source.
Retroreflective appliques have been made by partially embedding a microsphere layer in a thermoplastic carrier web, applying a reflective material over the microspheres' protruding portions, and then forming a binder layer over the coated microspheres. Often a pressure-sensitive adhesive is applied on the binder layer's back surface, and a release liner is placed over the adhesive until the applique is secured to a substrate. The completed applique (also referred to as a transfer sheet) is supplied to a garment assembler in this form, and the garment assembler secures the applique to an article of clothing by removing the release liner and adhering the applique to an outer s surface of the article of clothing. The carrier is then separated from the applique to expose the microspheres so that the applique can retroreflect light. Although known WO 96/29620 PCTlUS96/01897 retroreflective appliques demonstrate very good retroreflective performance and are very effective in highlighting a wearer's presence when light strikes the clothing at nighttime, the known appliques possess some drawbacks.
A first drawback is that the applique requires use of a carrier web that becomes discarded as waste by the garment assembler. The carrier web is not separated from the applique before the manufacturer supplies the applique to the garment assembler because the applique is not yet secured to a substrate. If the applique was separated from the carrier beforehand, the applique's binder layer and the reflective layer can become irreversibly stretched when the carrier is pulled away from the applique. This irreversible stretching can harm the applique's retroreflective performance.
A second drawback is that when the applique is secured to the substrate with heat, residual carrier web material can remain on the exposed surface of the microspheres, causing a reduction in retroreflective performance. Also, the thermoplastic earner limits the quantity of heat that can be applied to the applique because, if too much heat is applied to the carrier, the carrier can stick to the microspheres and can become very di~cult to remove. Limiting the heat supplied to the applique can cause a poor bond between the applique and the substrate.
Another drawback is that .known transfer sheets are supplied to the garment assembler with a release liner that, like the carrier web, also becomes discarded as waste. Of course, it is not beneficial from an economic or environmental standpoint to discard the release liner or the carrier web as waste.
The present invention provides a retroreflective applique that can be supplied to a garment assembler or others without a carrier web and without a release liner.
The carrier web can be separated from the microspheres before the applique is secured to a substrate, allowing the carrier web to be recycled by the manufacturer and allowing more heat to be applied when heat laminating the applique to a substrate.
The applique also eliminates the need for a release liner and therefore further reduces waste.
In brief summary, the retroreflective applique of the invention comprises:
(a) a supporting structure having first and second major surfaces and containing a non-filamentary layer of an acrylic polymer, the second major surface being capable of acting as a heat-activatable adhesive;
(b) a layer of optical lens elements having a first portion protruding from the first major surface of the supporting structure and having a second portion embedded in the layer of the acrylic polymer; and (c) a reflective material disposed behind the second portion of the layer of optical lens element=s.
The present invention also provides a met=hod of making a retroreflective applique, which comprises the steps of (a) supporting a first portion of a layer of optical lens elements in a carrier web such that a second portion of the layer of optical lens elements protrudes from the carrier web;
(b) applying a coating of a reflective material on the second portion of the layer of optical lens elements;
(c) forming over the second portion of the optical lens elements after the reflective material has been applied a supporting structure that includes a non-filamentary acrylic polymer layer, the supporting structure being capable of acting as a heat activatable adhesive and the second portion of the optical lens elements being embedded in the acrylic polymer layer; and (d) separating the carrier web from the supporting structure to expose the first portion of the optical lens elements to produce the self-supported exposed lens retroreflective applique, the separation occurring before the retroreflective applique's supporting structure is secured to a substrate.
According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided an exposed lens retroreflective applique that comprises: (a) a supporting structure having first and second major surfaces and containing a non-filameni=ary layer of a self-crosslinked acrylic polymer, the second major surface being capable of acting as a heat-activatable adhesive; (b) a layer of optical lens elements having a first portion protruding from the first major surface of the supporting structure and having a second portion embedded in the layer of the self-crosslinked acrylic polymer; and (c) a reflective material disposed behind the second portion of the layer of optical lens elements.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of making a self-supporting exposed lens retroreflective applique, which method consists essentially of: (a) supporting a first portion of a layer of optical lens elements in a carrier web such that a second portion of the layer of optical lens elements protrudes from the carrier web; (b) applying a coating of a reflective material on the second portion of the layer of optical lens elements; (c) forming over the second portion of the optical lens elements after the reflective material has been applied a supporting structure that has first and second major surfaces and that includes a non-filamentary self-crosslinked acrylic polymer layer, the - 3a -second portion of the optical lens elements being embedded in the crosslinked acrylic polymer layer and the second major surface of the supporting structure being capable of acting as a heat-activatable adhesive; and (d) separating the carrier web from the supporting structure to expose the first portion of the optical lens element to produce the self-supported exposed lens retroreflective applique, the separation occurring before the retroreflective applique's supporting structure is secured to a substrate.
The applique of the invention differs from known appliques in that the optical lens elements are supported by a polymeric supporting structure that contains a non-filamentary acrylic polymer layer and that is capable of acting as a heat-activatable adhesive. The use of such a supporting structure enables the carrier web to be separated from the polymeric supporting structure before the applique is permanently secured to a substrate. This separation step can be accomplished without causing - 3b -substantial damage to the retroreflective performance of the applique. The ability to separate the carrier web from the applique before the latter is secured to a substrate also is beneficial because it allows greater temperatures to be used in securing the applique to a substrate. higher temperatures allow a stronger bond to be achieved between the applique and the substrate. Known carriers are thermoplastic and thus preclude use of higher temperatures because such temperatures cause the carrier material to stick to the microspheres. The carrier web can be retained by the manufacturer for recycle, as opposed to being supplied to a garment assembler and subsequently discarded as waste. Further, a release liner is not needed in the present invention because the applique can be heat-activatably applied rather than being applied through use of a pressure-sensitive adhesive. Thus, neither the carrier web nor the release liner become discarded by the garment assembler, making the applique and method of the invention more favorable from economic and environmental standpoints.
In addition, the overall weight and volume of the applique is less, thereby reducing shipping and storage costs.
These and other advantages of the invention are more fully shown and described in the drawings and detailed description of this invention, where like reference numerals are used to represent similar parts. It is to be understood, however, that the drawings and description are for the purposes of illustration only and should not be read in a manner that would unduly limit the scope of this invention.
In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a cross-section of a retroreflective applique 10 in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 2 schematically illustrates a method of manufacturing a retroreflective applique 10 in accordance with the present invention; and FIG. 3. is a front view of an article of clothing 60 bearing a retroreflective applique 10 in accordance with the present invention.
The drawings are idealized and are not drawn to scale.
In the practice of the present invention, an exposed lens retroreflective applique is provided that can have the earner web removed from the applique before it is secured to a substrate. F'iG. 1 illustrates a portion of a retroreflective applique 10 of the invention. Retroreflective applique 10 includes a supporting structure 12, optical lens elements that may be a monolayer of microspheres 14, and a reflective material 16.
Together the microspheres 14 and the reflective material 16 form a retroreflective portion 18 capable of returning a substantial quantity of incident light towards the light source. The supporting structure 12 has a first or rear surface 20 and a second or front surface 22. As shown, the supporting structure 12 contains two polymeric layers 24 and 26. Polymeric layer 24 typically is referred to as a "binder layer" and comprises a non-filamentary acrylic polymer, and layer 26 may comprise a polymers) capable of acting as a heat-activatable adhesive. "Non-filamentary" means the layer does not consist essentially of filaments; see contrawise, U.S. Patent 5,128,804. The term "acrylic polymer" means a thermoplastic or thermoset polymer or copolymer made from acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid, citraconic acid, malefic acid, fumaric acid, esters of these acids, acrylonitrile, or combinations thereof.
Preferably, layer 26 comprises an acrylic polymer made from acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, ethyl hexyl acrylate, or combinations thereof.
Polymeric layer 26 by itself or in conjunction with layer 24 allows polymeric supporting structure 12 to act as a heat-activatable adhesive on rear surface 20. As the term is used herein, "heat activatable adhesive" means an adhesive that can be activated by heating to more than about 50°C, allowing the applique to be bonded to a substrate by the application of pressure, where the applique and the substrate are not otherwise able to be bonded to each other at room temperature. Preferably, the adhesive is not activated until it is heated to at least 75 °C.
The layer of microspheres 14 has a first portion that protrudes from the supporting structure 12 so as to be exposed to the ambient environment. In retroreflective appliques, like the present invention, where the microspheres are exposed to the ambient environment -- that is, they are not enclosed or encapsulated, by for example, a polymeric cover film -- are referred to as "an exposed lens retroreflective applique." The layer of microspheres 14 has a second portion embedded in the front surface 22 of polymeric suppbrting structure 12. Reflective material 16 is located behind the embedded portion of the layer of microspheres and preferably is disposed thereon.
The supporting structure contains one or more non-filamentary continuous polymeric layers, which together preferably have a thickness of about 25 to about 250 micrometers. By ~~continuous~~ is meant the polymeric layer does not possess any voids or openings that would render the l0 polymeric supporting structure fluid permeable. Preferably, the supporting structure has a thickness of about 50 to 75 micrometers. Thicknesses less than 25 micrometers may be too thin to adhere to both a substrate and the optical elements, and thicknesses greater than 250 micrometers may unnecessarily stiffen the applique and add to its cost.
Layers 24 and 26 together or independently provide structure 12 and ultimately retroreflective applique 10 with a tensile strength preferably greater than 3.5 x 106 N/m2. More preferably, the retroreflective applique has a tensile 20 strength greater than 6 x 106 N/m2, and still more preferably is greater than 10 x 106 N/m2. At the upper end, the tensile strength may be as high as 50 x 106 N/m2 but typically is less than 40 x 106 N/m2. Binder layer 24 can be a self-crosslinking acrylic polymer such as HA-8TM available from Rohm and Haas, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. As the term is used herein, ~~self-crosslinking~~ means the polymer is capable of cross-linking to produce a higher molecular weight polymer without use of e-beam radiation or a crosslinking agent separate from the initial polymer. Polymeric layer 26 may be a thermoplastic polymer such as a copolymer of ethylene and acrylic acid, for example, PrimacorTM 3440 available from Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan. Dow Corning z-6040 adhesion promoter (available from Dow Corning, Midland, Michigan) may be used with HA-8TM to provide superior dry-cleaning and home laundering durability. Polymeric layer 26 typically is about 10 to 150 micrometers thick.
The binder layer of the supporting structure also l0 may contain one or more additives such as colorants (for example, pigments, dyes, metal flakes), fillers, stabilizers (for example, thermal stabilizers and antioxidants such as hindered phenols and light stabilizers such as hindered amines or ultraviolet stabilizers), flame retardants, - 6a -flow modifiers (for example, surfactants such as fluoropolymer silicones), plasticizers, elastomers, and coupling agents. Care should be taken when selecting such additives because some can detrimentally affect laundering durability of the retroreflective applique. Because the appliques are commonly used on clothing, laundering durability is an important consideration; see, for example, U.S. Patents 5,200,262 and 5,283,101.
It has been found that use of a substantial amount of some pigments, for example, titanium dioxide, can adversely affect post-wash retroreflectivity. Other additives, however, may improve laundering durability. For example, silane coupling agents such as Dow Corning Z 6040 may be added to the binder layer at about 1 to 15 parts by weight (dry). Elastomers -- such as Hypalon~ 20 S (available from E.I. Dupont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Delaware), Polysar'~ EPM 306 P (available from Miles, Inc., Polysar Rubber Division, Akron, Ohio), and Nipol~ VT 4555 (available from Zeon Chemicals, Rolling Meadows, Ilfinois) -- may improve laundering durability when the binder layer is an ethylene/acrylic acid copolymer.
Preferably, the additives are resistant to degradation or leaching out of the polymeric supporting structure during laundering.
The supporting structure's binder layer optionally may be formulated with a colorant selected to blend with or match the color of the reflective material to mask any loss of optical lens elements which may result from scratching the front surface of applique against furniture, walls, or any other object or surface. When an optical lens element becomes displaced from the applique, a portion of the reflective material directly beneath the lens element usually also is removed from the sheeting.
If the reflective material is not transparent and it does not match the color of the underlying binder layer, the loss of the optical lens element becomes noticeable.
The term "optical lens elements" means discrete elements capable of altering the direction of light so that, in conjunction with the reflective material, a substantial quantity of incident light can be retroreflected. As indicated above, the optical lens elements used in retroreflective appliques of this invention can be microspheres that, preferably, are substantially spherical in shape in order to provide the most uniform and eflzcient retroreflection. The microspheres preferably also are substantially transparent so as to minimize absorption of light so that a large percentage of the incident light is retroreflected. As the term is used herein, "transparent" means capable of transmitting Light. Preferably, the optical lens elements transmit at least 80 percent of the intensity of incident light in the visible spectrum (about 400 to 700 manometers (nm) S wavelength). More preferably, the microspheres are capable of transmitting at least 90 percent of the intensity of light in the visible spectrum. The microspheres often are substantially colorless but may be tinted or colored in some other fashion.
The microspheres may be made from glass, a non-vitreous ceramic composition, or a synthetic resin. Glass and ceramic microspheres are preferred because they tend to be harder and more durable than microspheres made from synthetic resins. Examples of microspheres that may be used in this invention are disclosed in the following United States patents: 1,175,224, 2,461,01 l, 2,726,161, 2,842,446, 2,853,393, 2,870,030, 2,939,797, 2,965,921, 2,992,122, 3,468,681, 3,946,130, 4,192,576, 4,367,919, 4,564,556, 4,758,469, 4,?72,511, and 4,931,414.
The microspheres typically have an average diameter in the range of about 30 to 200 micrometers. Microspheres smaller than this range tend to provide lower levels of retroreflection, and microspheres larger than this range may impart an undesirably rough texture . to the applique or may undesirably reduce its flexibility. The microspheres typically have a refractive index of about 1.7 to about 2.0, the range typically considered to be useful in exposed lens retroreflective products.
The reflective material can be a layer comprising an elemental metal that preferably is capable of specularly reflecting light. A variety of metals may be used to provide a specular reflective metal layer. These include aluminum, silver, chromium, gold, nickel, magnesium, and the like, in elemental form, and combinations thereof.
Aluminum and silver are the preferred metals for use in a reflective layer from a performance standpoint. The metal may be a continuous coating such as is produced by vacuum-deposition, vapor coating, chemical-deposition, or electroless plating. It is to be understood that in the case of aluminum, some of the metal may be in the form of the metal oxide and/or hydroxide. Aluminum and silver metals are preferred because _g_ they tend to provide the highest retroreSective brightness. The metal layer should be thick enough to reflect incoming light. Typically, the reflective metal layer is about SO
to 1 SO manometers thick. Although the reflective color of a silver coating can be brighter than an aluminum coating, an aluminum layer nornially is more preferred because it can provide better laundering durability when adhered to a glass optical element.
In lieu o~ or in addition to, a reflective metal Layer, a dielectric mirror may be employed as a reflective material. The dielectric mirror may be similar to known dielectric mirrors disclosed in U.S. Patents 3,700,305 and 4,?63,985 to Bingham.
When tiring a dielectric mirror, the optical lens elements typically have a refractive index nz and have a Layer of transparent material disposed thereon which has a refractive index nl, and the opposite face of the transparent material (having a refractive index n~) is in contact with a material having a refractive index n3, where both n2 and n3 have a refractive index of at least 0.1, preferably at Least 0.3, higher or lower than n~. The transparent material is a layer that typically has an optical thickness corresponding to odd numbered multiples (that is, 1, 3, S, 7....) of about one-quarter wavelength of light in the wavelength range of about 380 to about 1,000 manometers. Thus, either n2>nl<n3 or nz<nl>n3, and the materials on either side of the transparent layer may be either both higher or both lower in refractive index than n~. When nl is higher than both n2 and n3, nl is preferably in the 1.7 to 4.9 range, and n2 and n3 are preferably in the I.2 to I.7 range. Conversely, when n, is lower than both n2 and n3, n, is preferably in the 1.2 to I.7 range, and nz and n3 are preferably in the 1.7 to 4.9 range. The dielectric mirror preferably comprises a contiguous array of'rrmaterials, at least one being in layer for m, having an alternating sequence of refractive indices. In a preferred embodiment the contiguous array has from two to seven layers, preferably three to five layers, adjacent to the lens element. A dielectric mirror can provide very good retroreflectivity --although, it typically is not as efficient a reflector as a reflective metal Layer.
Among the many compounds that may be used in providing transparent materials within the desired refractive index range are: high index materials such as CdS, CeOa, CsI, GaAs, Ge, InAs, InP, InSb, Zr02, Bi203, ZnSe, ZnS, W03, PbS, PbSe, PbTe, RbI, Si, TaZOs, Te, Ti02; low index materials such as A120s, AlF3, CaF2, CeF3, LiF, MgF2, Na3AlF6, ThOFz, elastomeric copolymers of perfluoropropylene and vinylidene fluoride (refractive index of ~ 1.38), et cetera. Other materials are reported in Thin Film Phenomena, K. L. Chopra, page 750, McGraw-Bill Book Company, New York, (1969). A preferred dielectric mirror contains succeeding layers of cryolite (NasAlFe) and ~c sulfide.
A retroreflective applique of the invention may be formed in a sequential fashion that involves the step-wise construction of various layers. More specifically, the steps include forming a retroreflective portion comprising the optical lens elements and the reflective material and then forming the supporting structure as an overlay on the retroreflective portion.
A schematic illustration of a method of preparing a retroreflective applique of the invention is shown in FIG. 2, where a monolayer of the optical lens elements is first assembled by cascading transparent microspheres 14 onto a carrier web 28 which secures the microspheres 14 in a desired temporary assignment. Microspheres 14 can be partially embedded in carrier web 28, composed of a heat softened polymeric lining 30 on a paper sheet 32. Some examples of useful polymers for polymeric lining include polyvinyl chloride, polysulfones, polyalkylenes such as polyethylene, polypropylene and polybutylene, polyesters, and the like. Microspheres 14 preferably are packed as closely as possible, ideally in their closest hexagonal arrangement, to achieve very good retroreflective brightness and may be so arranged by any convenient application process, such as printing, screening, cascading, or hot rolling.
Upon cooling, polymer lining 30 retains microspheres 14 in a desired arrangement. A reflective material 16 such as a specularly reflective metal or dielectric mirror then is applied to the carrier web 28 and the microspheres 14 so that the protruding portions of the microspheres 14, as well as the exposed portions of polymer 30, become coated with a reflective material layer 16. This technique facilitates the arrangement of the retroreflective elements 38 (optical lens elements and reflective material) in substantially uniform direction for retroreflection. The size of the retroreflective elements 38, as indicated by the surface portion of the microspheres 14 covered with the reflective material 16 may be controlled in part by controlling the depth to which the microspheres 14 are embedded in the polymer 30 prior to applying the reflective material 16.
After the retroreflective elements 38 have been formed on carrier web 28, the supporting structure 12 then is formed over the retroreflective elements 38.
This may be accomplished by applying juxtapositioned polymer sheets 24 and 26 onto the retroreflective elements 38. Polymeric sheets 24 and 26 may be thermoplastic polymers of an acrylic latex and a heat-activatable material, respectively.
Polymeric sheets 24 and 26 come off rolls 44 and 46, respectively. After the polymer sheets 24 and 26 are placed on top of retroreflective elements 38, sheets 24 and 26, along with retroreflective elements 38 and carrier web 28, are passed through nip rolls 48 and 49.
Heat is supplied, typically, through nip roll 48 to cause polymer sheets 24 and 26 to be bonded to each other and ultimately to retroreflective elements 38. Upon exiting the nip rolls 48 and 49, a composite structure 50 is thereby formed which contains supporting structure 12, a retroreflective portion 18 (that includes the monolayer of retroreflective elements 38), and a carrier web 28. Carrier web 28 may be separated from retroreflective portion 18 and polymeric supporting structure 12 to provide a retroreflective applique 10 in accordance with the present invention.
Retroreflective applique 10 consists essentially of a monolayer of retroreflective elements 38 and a polymeric supporting structure 12. The retroreflective applique 10 can be rewound upon a spool (not shown) and stored in this fashion until it is desired to secure the applique ll0 to a substrate.
Retroreflective appliques made in accordance with the invention can retain at least 75 percent of their retroreflectivity by separating the carrier from the applique before the latter is secured to a substrate with heat. More preferably, retroreflective appliques can retain at least 95 percent of their retroreflectivity. Still more preferably, the inventive retroreflective appliques are able to demonstrate an improvement (that is, retain more than 100%) in retroreflectivity by removing the carrier web before the applique is heat-secured to a substrate. Appliques of the invention have been shown to retain more than 140 percent, and even more than 175 percent, of their initial retroreflectivity by separating the carrier from the applique before being secured to a , substrate with heat. The percent retroreflectivity retained may be determined in accordance with ASTM E 810-93b as illustrated below in the Examples. Articles of the invention also can be launderably durable, and after being subjected to a "Home Wash Laundering Durability Test", can retain at least approximately 40 percent of their initial retroreflectivity as measured by the coefficient of retroreflection, RA. More preferably, samples of the invention retain at least 50 percent of their initial retroreflectivity.
The separated carrier web 28 may be reused by the manufacturer to produce another retroreflective applique. The retroreflective applique on the spool may be delivered to a garment assembler without a carrier web or a release liner. The garment assembler then may retrieve the desired length of retroreflective applique from the spool and adhere it to a substrate simply by applying heat. The substrate may be essentially any surface that allows the retroreflective applique to be heat-laminated thereto. The substrate may be, for example: a woven or non-woven fabric such as a cotton fabric; a polymeric layer including nylons, olefins, polyesters, cellulosics, urethanes, vinyls, and acrylics; natural or synthetic rubbers; material;
leather and the like. Temperatures exceeding 200 °C, and higher than 250 °C, may be used to secure appliques of the invention to substrates. Before the present invention, temperatures of about 150 to 190 °C were commonly used.
In FIG. 3, retroreflective appliques 10 are shown secured to the outer surface of a safety vest 50. Safety vest 50 has retroreflective appliques 10 secured thereto in the form of stripes. The stripes become illuminated at nighttime when incident light strikes the safety vest 50. The illumination of the retroreflective appIiques 10 on safety vest 50 highlights the wearer's presence. Although safety vest 50 has been chosen for illustration, the article of clothing may come in a variety of forms. As the term is used herein, "article of clothing" means a launderable item of wearing apparel sized and configured to be worn or carried by a person. Other examples of articles of clothing that may display retroreflective appliques in accordance with the invention include shirts, sweaters, jackets, coats, pants, shoes, socks, gloves, belts, hats, suits, one-piece a ~Y 8~ents, bags, backpacks, et cetera.
The following Examples have been selected merely to further illustrate features, advantages, and other details of the invention. It is to be expressly understood, however, that while the Examples serve this purpose, the particular ingredients and amounts used as well as other conditions and details are not to be construed in a manner that would unduly limit the scope of this invention.
FXAMPL~S
Exam In a 1 A paper carrier web was coated on one side with low density polyethylene. The polyethylene side was covered with a monolayer of glass microspheres having a refractive index of 1.92 . The glass microspheres were partially embedded in the polyethylene to about 40 percent of their average diameter of 60 microns by heating the web to about 138° C. The non-embedded portions of the glass microspheres were vacuum coated with aluminum of 65-70 manometers in thickness.
A self crosslinking acrylic emulsion having the composition set forth in Table A
was cast onto the monolayer of aluminum coated microspheres embedded in the carrier. The cast emulsion was dried by first exposing to room temperature conditions ( 22° C, 50 % relative humidity) for about 40 seconds followed by consecutive exposures in air circulating ovens (with exhaust ) 40 seconds at 66° C, 80 seconds at 82° C and 160 seconds at 99° C , respectively. The resulting partially cured filin has a coating weight of about 70 grams per square meter and a tensile at break of 2 to 12 grams per millimeter (g/mm).
Table A
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Aqueous emulsion comprising 54 percent water and 46 39.42 ' weight percent of a copolymer of ethyl acrylate and methylol acrylamide (RhopIexT""
Ha-8 from Rohm & Haas, Philadel hi Pe Ivania Acrysol ASE-60, aqueous emulsion containing crosslinked 2.06 acrylic emulsion copolymer of 28 weight percent and 82 wei t ercent water Rohm & Haas Antifoam agent 0.23 (Foamaster DF-160-L from Henkel Co diluted to 50 % with water Ammonium nitrate 0.47 catalyst (diluted with water 1:9 Ammonium hydroxide 0.31 (aqueous 28-30 %
wei tlwei t Shane coupling 1.96 agent (Dow Corning Z 6040, Midland Michi an Di-ionized water 55.55 A 75 micron heat activated ethylene acrylic acid film (PrimacorTM 3440) was laminated to the acrylic layer at 104 °C.
~etroreflective Brightness Test The coefficient of retroreflection R,a,, reported in candelas per lux per square meter (cd/lux/m2), was measured using standardized test ASTM E 810-93b on samples with carrier removed before lamination to a fabric (CRBL) and carrier removed following lamination (CRFL) at 162 °C for 25 seconds of dwell time. The entrance angle used in ASTM E 810-93b was -4 degrees, and the observation angle was 0.2 degrees. Reference to "ASTM E 810-93b" herein means ASTM E 810-93b where the entrance and observation angles are as specified in the previous sentence. The test results are set forth in Table 1. , Table 1 _ _ t -_ ~.f: _ .... ,..:".., ..
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(b) a layer of optical lens elements having a first portion protruding from the first major surface of the supporting structure and having a second portion embedded in the layer of the acrylic polymer; and (c) a reflective material disposed behind the second portion of the layer of optical lens element=s.
The present invention also provides a met=hod of making a retroreflective applique, which comprises the steps of (a) supporting a first portion of a layer of optical lens elements in a carrier web such that a second portion of the layer of optical lens elements protrudes from the carrier web;
(b) applying a coating of a reflective material on the second portion of the layer of optical lens elements;
(c) forming over the second portion of the optical lens elements after the reflective material has been applied a supporting structure that includes a non-filamentary acrylic polymer layer, the supporting structure being capable of acting as a heat activatable adhesive and the second portion of the optical lens elements being embedded in the acrylic polymer layer; and (d) separating the carrier web from the supporting structure to expose the first portion of the optical lens elements to produce the self-supported exposed lens retroreflective applique, the separation occurring before the retroreflective applique's supporting structure is secured to a substrate.
According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided an exposed lens retroreflective applique that comprises: (a) a supporting structure having first and second major surfaces and containing a non-filameni=ary layer of a self-crosslinked acrylic polymer, the second major surface being capable of acting as a heat-activatable adhesive; (b) a layer of optical lens elements having a first portion protruding from the first major surface of the supporting structure and having a second portion embedded in the layer of the self-crosslinked acrylic polymer; and (c) a reflective material disposed behind the second portion of the layer of optical lens elements.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of making a self-supporting exposed lens retroreflective applique, which method consists essentially of: (a) supporting a first portion of a layer of optical lens elements in a carrier web such that a second portion of the layer of optical lens elements protrudes from the carrier web; (b) applying a coating of a reflective material on the second portion of the layer of optical lens elements; (c) forming over the second portion of the optical lens elements after the reflective material has been applied a supporting structure that has first and second major surfaces and that includes a non-filamentary self-crosslinked acrylic polymer layer, the - 3a -second portion of the optical lens elements being embedded in the crosslinked acrylic polymer layer and the second major surface of the supporting structure being capable of acting as a heat-activatable adhesive; and (d) separating the carrier web from the supporting structure to expose the first portion of the optical lens element to produce the self-supported exposed lens retroreflective applique, the separation occurring before the retroreflective applique's supporting structure is secured to a substrate.
The applique of the invention differs from known appliques in that the optical lens elements are supported by a polymeric supporting structure that contains a non-filamentary acrylic polymer layer and that is capable of acting as a heat-activatable adhesive. The use of such a supporting structure enables the carrier web to be separated from the polymeric supporting structure before the applique is permanently secured to a substrate. This separation step can be accomplished without causing - 3b -substantial damage to the retroreflective performance of the applique. The ability to separate the carrier web from the applique before the latter is secured to a substrate also is beneficial because it allows greater temperatures to be used in securing the applique to a substrate. higher temperatures allow a stronger bond to be achieved between the applique and the substrate. Known carriers are thermoplastic and thus preclude use of higher temperatures because such temperatures cause the carrier material to stick to the microspheres. The carrier web can be retained by the manufacturer for recycle, as opposed to being supplied to a garment assembler and subsequently discarded as waste. Further, a release liner is not needed in the present invention because the applique can be heat-activatably applied rather than being applied through use of a pressure-sensitive adhesive. Thus, neither the carrier web nor the release liner become discarded by the garment assembler, making the applique and method of the invention more favorable from economic and environmental standpoints.
In addition, the overall weight and volume of the applique is less, thereby reducing shipping and storage costs.
These and other advantages of the invention are more fully shown and described in the drawings and detailed description of this invention, where like reference numerals are used to represent similar parts. It is to be understood, however, that the drawings and description are for the purposes of illustration only and should not be read in a manner that would unduly limit the scope of this invention.
In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a cross-section of a retroreflective applique 10 in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 2 schematically illustrates a method of manufacturing a retroreflective applique 10 in accordance with the present invention; and FIG. 3. is a front view of an article of clothing 60 bearing a retroreflective applique 10 in accordance with the present invention.
The drawings are idealized and are not drawn to scale.
In the practice of the present invention, an exposed lens retroreflective applique is provided that can have the earner web removed from the applique before it is secured to a substrate. F'iG. 1 illustrates a portion of a retroreflective applique 10 of the invention. Retroreflective applique 10 includes a supporting structure 12, optical lens elements that may be a monolayer of microspheres 14, and a reflective material 16.
Together the microspheres 14 and the reflective material 16 form a retroreflective portion 18 capable of returning a substantial quantity of incident light towards the light source. The supporting structure 12 has a first or rear surface 20 and a second or front surface 22. As shown, the supporting structure 12 contains two polymeric layers 24 and 26. Polymeric layer 24 typically is referred to as a "binder layer" and comprises a non-filamentary acrylic polymer, and layer 26 may comprise a polymers) capable of acting as a heat-activatable adhesive. "Non-filamentary" means the layer does not consist essentially of filaments; see contrawise, U.S. Patent 5,128,804. The term "acrylic polymer" means a thermoplastic or thermoset polymer or copolymer made from acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid, citraconic acid, malefic acid, fumaric acid, esters of these acids, acrylonitrile, or combinations thereof.
Preferably, layer 26 comprises an acrylic polymer made from acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, ethyl hexyl acrylate, or combinations thereof.
Polymeric layer 26 by itself or in conjunction with layer 24 allows polymeric supporting structure 12 to act as a heat-activatable adhesive on rear surface 20. As the term is used herein, "heat activatable adhesive" means an adhesive that can be activated by heating to more than about 50°C, allowing the applique to be bonded to a substrate by the application of pressure, where the applique and the substrate are not otherwise able to be bonded to each other at room temperature. Preferably, the adhesive is not activated until it is heated to at least 75 °C.
The layer of microspheres 14 has a first portion that protrudes from the supporting structure 12 so as to be exposed to the ambient environment. In retroreflective appliques, like the present invention, where the microspheres are exposed to the ambient environment -- that is, they are not enclosed or encapsulated, by for example, a polymeric cover film -- are referred to as "an exposed lens retroreflective applique." The layer of microspheres 14 has a second portion embedded in the front surface 22 of polymeric suppbrting structure 12. Reflective material 16 is located behind the embedded portion of the layer of microspheres and preferably is disposed thereon.
The supporting structure contains one or more non-filamentary continuous polymeric layers, which together preferably have a thickness of about 25 to about 250 micrometers. By ~~continuous~~ is meant the polymeric layer does not possess any voids or openings that would render the l0 polymeric supporting structure fluid permeable. Preferably, the supporting structure has a thickness of about 50 to 75 micrometers. Thicknesses less than 25 micrometers may be too thin to adhere to both a substrate and the optical elements, and thicknesses greater than 250 micrometers may unnecessarily stiffen the applique and add to its cost.
Layers 24 and 26 together or independently provide structure 12 and ultimately retroreflective applique 10 with a tensile strength preferably greater than 3.5 x 106 N/m2. More preferably, the retroreflective applique has a tensile 20 strength greater than 6 x 106 N/m2, and still more preferably is greater than 10 x 106 N/m2. At the upper end, the tensile strength may be as high as 50 x 106 N/m2 but typically is less than 40 x 106 N/m2. Binder layer 24 can be a self-crosslinking acrylic polymer such as HA-8TM available from Rohm and Haas, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. As the term is used herein, ~~self-crosslinking~~ means the polymer is capable of cross-linking to produce a higher molecular weight polymer without use of e-beam radiation or a crosslinking agent separate from the initial polymer. Polymeric layer 26 may be a thermoplastic polymer such as a copolymer of ethylene and acrylic acid, for example, PrimacorTM 3440 available from Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan. Dow Corning z-6040 adhesion promoter (available from Dow Corning, Midland, Michigan) may be used with HA-8TM to provide superior dry-cleaning and home laundering durability. Polymeric layer 26 typically is about 10 to 150 micrometers thick.
The binder layer of the supporting structure also l0 may contain one or more additives such as colorants (for example, pigments, dyes, metal flakes), fillers, stabilizers (for example, thermal stabilizers and antioxidants such as hindered phenols and light stabilizers such as hindered amines or ultraviolet stabilizers), flame retardants, - 6a -flow modifiers (for example, surfactants such as fluoropolymer silicones), plasticizers, elastomers, and coupling agents. Care should be taken when selecting such additives because some can detrimentally affect laundering durability of the retroreflective applique. Because the appliques are commonly used on clothing, laundering durability is an important consideration; see, for example, U.S. Patents 5,200,262 and 5,283,101.
It has been found that use of a substantial amount of some pigments, for example, titanium dioxide, can adversely affect post-wash retroreflectivity. Other additives, however, may improve laundering durability. For example, silane coupling agents such as Dow Corning Z 6040 may be added to the binder layer at about 1 to 15 parts by weight (dry). Elastomers -- such as Hypalon~ 20 S (available from E.I. Dupont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Delaware), Polysar'~ EPM 306 P (available from Miles, Inc., Polysar Rubber Division, Akron, Ohio), and Nipol~ VT 4555 (available from Zeon Chemicals, Rolling Meadows, Ilfinois) -- may improve laundering durability when the binder layer is an ethylene/acrylic acid copolymer.
Preferably, the additives are resistant to degradation or leaching out of the polymeric supporting structure during laundering.
The supporting structure's binder layer optionally may be formulated with a colorant selected to blend with or match the color of the reflective material to mask any loss of optical lens elements which may result from scratching the front surface of applique against furniture, walls, or any other object or surface. When an optical lens element becomes displaced from the applique, a portion of the reflective material directly beneath the lens element usually also is removed from the sheeting.
If the reflective material is not transparent and it does not match the color of the underlying binder layer, the loss of the optical lens element becomes noticeable.
The term "optical lens elements" means discrete elements capable of altering the direction of light so that, in conjunction with the reflective material, a substantial quantity of incident light can be retroreflected. As indicated above, the optical lens elements used in retroreflective appliques of this invention can be microspheres that, preferably, are substantially spherical in shape in order to provide the most uniform and eflzcient retroreflection. The microspheres preferably also are substantially transparent so as to minimize absorption of light so that a large percentage of the incident light is retroreflected. As the term is used herein, "transparent" means capable of transmitting Light. Preferably, the optical lens elements transmit at least 80 percent of the intensity of incident light in the visible spectrum (about 400 to 700 manometers (nm) S wavelength). More preferably, the microspheres are capable of transmitting at least 90 percent of the intensity of light in the visible spectrum. The microspheres often are substantially colorless but may be tinted or colored in some other fashion.
The microspheres may be made from glass, a non-vitreous ceramic composition, or a synthetic resin. Glass and ceramic microspheres are preferred because they tend to be harder and more durable than microspheres made from synthetic resins. Examples of microspheres that may be used in this invention are disclosed in the following United States patents: 1,175,224, 2,461,01 l, 2,726,161, 2,842,446, 2,853,393, 2,870,030, 2,939,797, 2,965,921, 2,992,122, 3,468,681, 3,946,130, 4,192,576, 4,367,919, 4,564,556, 4,758,469, 4,?72,511, and 4,931,414.
The microspheres typically have an average diameter in the range of about 30 to 200 micrometers. Microspheres smaller than this range tend to provide lower levels of retroreflection, and microspheres larger than this range may impart an undesirably rough texture . to the applique or may undesirably reduce its flexibility. The microspheres typically have a refractive index of about 1.7 to about 2.0, the range typically considered to be useful in exposed lens retroreflective products.
The reflective material can be a layer comprising an elemental metal that preferably is capable of specularly reflecting light. A variety of metals may be used to provide a specular reflective metal layer. These include aluminum, silver, chromium, gold, nickel, magnesium, and the like, in elemental form, and combinations thereof.
Aluminum and silver are the preferred metals for use in a reflective layer from a performance standpoint. The metal may be a continuous coating such as is produced by vacuum-deposition, vapor coating, chemical-deposition, or electroless plating. It is to be understood that in the case of aluminum, some of the metal may be in the form of the metal oxide and/or hydroxide. Aluminum and silver metals are preferred because _g_ they tend to provide the highest retroreSective brightness. The metal layer should be thick enough to reflect incoming light. Typically, the reflective metal layer is about SO
to 1 SO manometers thick. Although the reflective color of a silver coating can be brighter than an aluminum coating, an aluminum layer nornially is more preferred because it can provide better laundering durability when adhered to a glass optical element.
In lieu o~ or in addition to, a reflective metal Layer, a dielectric mirror may be employed as a reflective material. The dielectric mirror may be similar to known dielectric mirrors disclosed in U.S. Patents 3,700,305 and 4,?63,985 to Bingham.
When tiring a dielectric mirror, the optical lens elements typically have a refractive index nz and have a Layer of transparent material disposed thereon which has a refractive index nl, and the opposite face of the transparent material (having a refractive index n~) is in contact with a material having a refractive index n3, where both n2 and n3 have a refractive index of at least 0.1, preferably at Least 0.3, higher or lower than n~. The transparent material is a layer that typically has an optical thickness corresponding to odd numbered multiples (that is, 1, 3, S, 7....) of about one-quarter wavelength of light in the wavelength range of about 380 to about 1,000 manometers. Thus, either n2>nl<n3 or nz<nl>n3, and the materials on either side of the transparent layer may be either both higher or both lower in refractive index than n~. When nl is higher than both n2 and n3, nl is preferably in the 1.7 to 4.9 range, and n2 and n3 are preferably in the I.2 to I.7 range. Conversely, when n, is lower than both n2 and n3, n, is preferably in the 1.2 to I.7 range, and nz and n3 are preferably in the 1.7 to 4.9 range. The dielectric mirror preferably comprises a contiguous array of'rrmaterials, at least one being in layer for m, having an alternating sequence of refractive indices. In a preferred embodiment the contiguous array has from two to seven layers, preferably three to five layers, adjacent to the lens element. A dielectric mirror can provide very good retroreflectivity --although, it typically is not as efficient a reflector as a reflective metal Layer.
Among the many compounds that may be used in providing transparent materials within the desired refractive index range are: high index materials such as CdS, CeOa, CsI, GaAs, Ge, InAs, InP, InSb, Zr02, Bi203, ZnSe, ZnS, W03, PbS, PbSe, PbTe, RbI, Si, TaZOs, Te, Ti02; low index materials such as A120s, AlF3, CaF2, CeF3, LiF, MgF2, Na3AlF6, ThOFz, elastomeric copolymers of perfluoropropylene and vinylidene fluoride (refractive index of ~ 1.38), et cetera. Other materials are reported in Thin Film Phenomena, K. L. Chopra, page 750, McGraw-Bill Book Company, New York, (1969). A preferred dielectric mirror contains succeeding layers of cryolite (NasAlFe) and ~c sulfide.
A retroreflective applique of the invention may be formed in a sequential fashion that involves the step-wise construction of various layers. More specifically, the steps include forming a retroreflective portion comprising the optical lens elements and the reflective material and then forming the supporting structure as an overlay on the retroreflective portion.
A schematic illustration of a method of preparing a retroreflective applique of the invention is shown in FIG. 2, where a monolayer of the optical lens elements is first assembled by cascading transparent microspheres 14 onto a carrier web 28 which secures the microspheres 14 in a desired temporary assignment. Microspheres 14 can be partially embedded in carrier web 28, composed of a heat softened polymeric lining 30 on a paper sheet 32. Some examples of useful polymers for polymeric lining include polyvinyl chloride, polysulfones, polyalkylenes such as polyethylene, polypropylene and polybutylene, polyesters, and the like. Microspheres 14 preferably are packed as closely as possible, ideally in their closest hexagonal arrangement, to achieve very good retroreflective brightness and may be so arranged by any convenient application process, such as printing, screening, cascading, or hot rolling.
Upon cooling, polymer lining 30 retains microspheres 14 in a desired arrangement. A reflective material 16 such as a specularly reflective metal or dielectric mirror then is applied to the carrier web 28 and the microspheres 14 so that the protruding portions of the microspheres 14, as well as the exposed portions of polymer 30, become coated with a reflective material layer 16. This technique facilitates the arrangement of the retroreflective elements 38 (optical lens elements and reflective material) in substantially uniform direction for retroreflection. The size of the retroreflective elements 38, as indicated by the surface portion of the microspheres 14 covered with the reflective material 16 may be controlled in part by controlling the depth to which the microspheres 14 are embedded in the polymer 30 prior to applying the reflective material 16.
After the retroreflective elements 38 have been formed on carrier web 28, the supporting structure 12 then is formed over the retroreflective elements 38.
This may be accomplished by applying juxtapositioned polymer sheets 24 and 26 onto the retroreflective elements 38. Polymeric sheets 24 and 26 may be thermoplastic polymers of an acrylic latex and a heat-activatable material, respectively.
Polymeric sheets 24 and 26 come off rolls 44 and 46, respectively. After the polymer sheets 24 and 26 are placed on top of retroreflective elements 38, sheets 24 and 26, along with retroreflective elements 38 and carrier web 28, are passed through nip rolls 48 and 49.
Heat is supplied, typically, through nip roll 48 to cause polymer sheets 24 and 26 to be bonded to each other and ultimately to retroreflective elements 38. Upon exiting the nip rolls 48 and 49, a composite structure 50 is thereby formed which contains supporting structure 12, a retroreflective portion 18 (that includes the monolayer of retroreflective elements 38), and a carrier web 28. Carrier web 28 may be separated from retroreflective portion 18 and polymeric supporting structure 12 to provide a retroreflective applique 10 in accordance with the present invention.
Retroreflective applique 10 consists essentially of a monolayer of retroreflective elements 38 and a polymeric supporting structure 12. The retroreflective applique 10 can be rewound upon a spool (not shown) and stored in this fashion until it is desired to secure the applique ll0 to a substrate.
Retroreflective appliques made in accordance with the invention can retain at least 75 percent of their retroreflectivity by separating the carrier from the applique before the latter is secured to a substrate with heat. More preferably, retroreflective appliques can retain at least 95 percent of their retroreflectivity. Still more preferably, the inventive retroreflective appliques are able to demonstrate an improvement (that is, retain more than 100%) in retroreflectivity by removing the carrier web before the applique is heat-secured to a substrate. Appliques of the invention have been shown to retain more than 140 percent, and even more than 175 percent, of their initial retroreflectivity by separating the carrier from the applique before being secured to a , substrate with heat. The percent retroreflectivity retained may be determined in accordance with ASTM E 810-93b as illustrated below in the Examples. Articles of the invention also can be launderably durable, and after being subjected to a "Home Wash Laundering Durability Test", can retain at least approximately 40 percent of their initial retroreflectivity as measured by the coefficient of retroreflection, RA. More preferably, samples of the invention retain at least 50 percent of their initial retroreflectivity.
The separated carrier web 28 may be reused by the manufacturer to produce another retroreflective applique. The retroreflective applique on the spool may be delivered to a garment assembler without a carrier web or a release liner. The garment assembler then may retrieve the desired length of retroreflective applique from the spool and adhere it to a substrate simply by applying heat. The substrate may be essentially any surface that allows the retroreflective applique to be heat-laminated thereto. The substrate may be, for example: a woven or non-woven fabric such as a cotton fabric; a polymeric layer including nylons, olefins, polyesters, cellulosics, urethanes, vinyls, and acrylics; natural or synthetic rubbers; material;
leather and the like. Temperatures exceeding 200 °C, and higher than 250 °C, may be used to secure appliques of the invention to substrates. Before the present invention, temperatures of about 150 to 190 °C were commonly used.
In FIG. 3, retroreflective appliques 10 are shown secured to the outer surface of a safety vest 50. Safety vest 50 has retroreflective appliques 10 secured thereto in the form of stripes. The stripes become illuminated at nighttime when incident light strikes the safety vest 50. The illumination of the retroreflective appIiques 10 on safety vest 50 highlights the wearer's presence. Although safety vest 50 has been chosen for illustration, the article of clothing may come in a variety of forms. As the term is used herein, "article of clothing" means a launderable item of wearing apparel sized and configured to be worn or carried by a person. Other examples of articles of clothing that may display retroreflective appliques in accordance with the invention include shirts, sweaters, jackets, coats, pants, shoes, socks, gloves, belts, hats, suits, one-piece a ~Y 8~ents, bags, backpacks, et cetera.
The following Examples have been selected merely to further illustrate features, advantages, and other details of the invention. It is to be expressly understood, however, that while the Examples serve this purpose, the particular ingredients and amounts used as well as other conditions and details are not to be construed in a manner that would unduly limit the scope of this invention.
FXAMPL~S
Exam In a 1 A paper carrier web was coated on one side with low density polyethylene. The polyethylene side was covered with a monolayer of glass microspheres having a refractive index of 1.92 . The glass microspheres were partially embedded in the polyethylene to about 40 percent of their average diameter of 60 microns by heating the web to about 138° C. The non-embedded portions of the glass microspheres were vacuum coated with aluminum of 65-70 manometers in thickness.
A self crosslinking acrylic emulsion having the composition set forth in Table A
was cast onto the monolayer of aluminum coated microspheres embedded in the carrier. The cast emulsion was dried by first exposing to room temperature conditions ( 22° C, 50 % relative humidity) for about 40 seconds followed by consecutive exposures in air circulating ovens (with exhaust ) 40 seconds at 66° C, 80 seconds at 82° C and 160 seconds at 99° C , respectively. The resulting partially cured filin has a coating weight of about 70 grams per square meter and a tensile at break of 2 to 12 grams per millimeter (g/mm).
Table A
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y ; ~'~; s:' :. : i:ai::i:::::. ...:::.::::::::
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f 3fFfi:$iii>~ ra . :.. :: i:::!: -.
.. ...........sss.s::7 ............... ...~~~
assn W i':ss ::i>??.. ?ii ...:.........
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.................................5.....5....' .i . :.:iii :ai ii::..i ....... ... .r:~
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Aqueous emulsion comprising 54 percent water and 46 39.42 ' weight percent of a copolymer of ethyl acrylate and methylol acrylamide (RhopIexT""
Ha-8 from Rohm & Haas, Philadel hi Pe Ivania Acrysol ASE-60, aqueous emulsion containing crosslinked 2.06 acrylic emulsion copolymer of 28 weight percent and 82 wei t ercent water Rohm & Haas Antifoam agent 0.23 (Foamaster DF-160-L from Henkel Co diluted to 50 % with water Ammonium nitrate 0.47 catalyst (diluted with water 1:9 Ammonium hydroxide 0.31 (aqueous 28-30 %
wei tlwei t Shane coupling 1.96 agent (Dow Corning Z 6040, Midland Michi an Di-ionized water 55.55 A 75 micron heat activated ethylene acrylic acid film (PrimacorTM 3440) was laminated to the acrylic layer at 104 °C.
~etroreflective Brightness Test The coefficient of retroreflection R,a,, reported in candelas per lux per square meter (cd/lux/m2), was measured using standardized test ASTM E 810-93b on samples with carrier removed before lamination to a fabric (CRBL) and carrier removed following lamination (CRFL) at 162 °C for 25 seconds of dwell time. The entrance angle used in ASTM E 810-93b was -4 degrees, and the observation angle was 0.2 degrees. Reference to "ASTM E 810-93b" herein means ASTM E 810-93b where the entrance and observation angles are as specified in the previous sentence. The test results are set forth in Table 1. , Table 1 _ _ t -_ ~.f: _ .... ,..:".., ..
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la 100% Cotton 499 375 133 lb 100% N on 495 370 134 lc 65% Pol ester/35% 499 362 138 Cotton The data set forth in Table 1 demonstrates a higher brightness, expressed as the coefficient of retroreflection when the carrier web is removed before laminating the retroreflective applique to a fabric. Polyethylene from the carrier paper is transferred to some degree to the exposed microsphere surface during the lamination process, thus, limiting the lamination temperature. The overall effect is a lower coefficient of retroreflection for the samples where the carrier was removed following lamination.
Examples 2-4 are similar to Example 1 but different heat-activatable adhesive chemistries were used. The resulting retroreflectivity values demonstrate the advantages of higher brightness performance when the carrier is removed before laminating the retroreflective applique to the fabric substrate. The results are set forth in Table 2.
Table 2 ~~,~,~~ o ....::'.5- 5 > - - y-' .. ~ ..
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, : .:.:: -:. Vie ~..:.'.::::::..,~.,:.,.
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:...:..:.x.:r..:.s... x~'~ ~.........................................
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2 EstaneTM 58570 (B.F.515 284 181 Goodrich 3 VitelT"s 4450 (Goodyear579 352 164 Tire & Rubber 4 Macromelf"'~ 6301 566 342 165 (Henkel Co Fabrics having the samples attached thereto were then subjected to a series of home laundesir~g tests wheresn each sample was subjected to a total of 25 wash cycles and a total of 5 drying cycles. The following test methods were used: each sample was washed for 5 consecutive cycles in a Maytag Model LS7804 automatic washing machine using the following settings: "Regular" action (setting 10), "Large" Load, "Regular"
fabric, and "Hot/Cold" Temperature. The washing machine was attached to a temperature-controlled water supply providing an initial water temperature of about 38 °C (100 °F). Forty (40) grams of a standard detergent, obtained from the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC) Technical Center, P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle, North Carolina 27709, were used for each wash cycle. Each wash cycle was followed by a cold water rinse cycle. Aftex every fifth wash/rinse cycle, each sample was tumble-dried in a Maytag Model LS7804 dryer, using machine settings of 60 °C (140 °F~ Temperature and "Regular" Fabric until the total load was dry. Each sample then was tumbled for a S-10 minute cooling period in the dryer with the heat turned off. After each drying cycle, each sample was tested for retroreflective performance in accordance with ASTM E
810-93b.
The complete sequence of 5 wash cycles and 1 dry cycle was repeated 5 times.
All samples in Table 3 were tested with carrier removed before lamination. Results are as follows:
Table 3 ~u~nt ~~re~
o.~
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v .:... ..... . . . .. ~ .........
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.
ser.
la 409 177 lb 419 178 lc 407 129 The data in Table 3 show that articles made in accordance with the method of the invention can demonstrate good laundering durability.
Various modifications and alterations may be made to the invention without departing from its spirit and scope. Accordingly, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the above-described, but is to be controlled by the limitations set forth in the following claims and any equivalents thereof. It is also to be understood that the invention may be suitably practiced in the absence of any element not specifically disclosed herein.
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la 100% Cotton 499 375 133 lb 100% N on 495 370 134 lc 65% Pol ester/35% 499 362 138 Cotton The data set forth in Table 1 demonstrates a higher brightness, expressed as the coefficient of retroreflection when the carrier web is removed before laminating the retroreflective applique to a fabric. Polyethylene from the carrier paper is transferred to some degree to the exposed microsphere surface during the lamination process, thus, limiting the lamination temperature. The overall effect is a lower coefficient of retroreflection for the samples where the carrier was removed following lamination.
Examples 2-4 are similar to Example 1 but different heat-activatable adhesive chemistries were used. The resulting retroreflectivity values demonstrate the advantages of higher brightness performance when the carrier is removed before laminating the retroreflective applique to the fabric substrate. The results are set forth in Table 2.
Table 2 ~~,~,~~ o ....::'.5- 5 > - - y-' .. ~ ..
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. :.,..:
2 EstaneTM 58570 (B.F.515 284 181 Goodrich 3 VitelT"s 4450 (Goodyear579 352 164 Tire & Rubber 4 Macromelf"'~ 6301 566 342 165 (Henkel Co Fabrics having the samples attached thereto were then subjected to a series of home laundesir~g tests wheresn each sample was subjected to a total of 25 wash cycles and a total of 5 drying cycles. The following test methods were used: each sample was washed for 5 consecutive cycles in a Maytag Model LS7804 automatic washing machine using the following settings: "Regular" action (setting 10), "Large" Load, "Regular"
fabric, and "Hot/Cold" Temperature. The washing machine was attached to a temperature-controlled water supply providing an initial water temperature of about 38 °C (100 °F). Forty (40) grams of a standard detergent, obtained from the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC) Technical Center, P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle, North Carolina 27709, were used for each wash cycle. Each wash cycle was followed by a cold water rinse cycle. Aftex every fifth wash/rinse cycle, each sample was tumble-dried in a Maytag Model LS7804 dryer, using machine settings of 60 °C (140 °F~ Temperature and "Regular" Fabric until the total load was dry. Each sample then was tumbled for a S-10 minute cooling period in the dryer with the heat turned off. After each drying cycle, each sample was tested for retroreflective performance in accordance with ASTM E
810-93b.
The complete sequence of 5 wash cycles and 1 dry cycle was repeated 5 times.
All samples in Table 3 were tested with carrier removed before lamination. Results are as follows:
Table 3 ~u~nt ~~re~
o.~
.~araprt~r~ d~ c~vit~y~ ~'vi~ ?r ~,~ ~
v .:... ..... . . . .. ~ .........
.. . .......... - ~.
.. .... ~ nw . : .
::-,. w ..
.
ser.
la 409 177 lb 419 178 lc 407 129 The data in Table 3 show that articles made in accordance with the method of the invention can demonstrate good laundering durability.
Various modifications and alterations may be made to the invention without departing from its spirit and scope. Accordingly, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the above-described, but is to be controlled by the limitations set forth in the following claims and any equivalents thereof. It is also to be understood that the invention may be suitably practiced in the absence of any element not specifically disclosed herein.
Claims (10)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. An exposed lens retroreflective applique that comprises:
(a) a supporting structure having first and second major surfaces and containing a non-filamentary layer of a self-crosslinked acrylic polymer, the second major surface being capable of acting as a heat-activatable adhesive;
(b) a layer of optical lens elements having a first' portion protruding from the first major surface of the supporting structure and having a second portion embedded in the layer of the self-crosslinked acrylic polymer; and (c) a reflective material disposed behind the second portion of the layer of optical lens elements.
(a) a supporting structure having first and second major surfaces and containing a non-filamentary layer of a self-crosslinked acrylic polymer, the second major surface being capable of acting as a heat-activatable adhesive;
(b) a layer of optical lens elements having a first' portion protruding from the first major surface of the supporting structure and having a second portion embedded in the layer of the self-crosslinked acrylic polymer; and (c) a reflective material disposed behind the second portion of the layer of optical lens elements.
2. The retroreflective applique of claim 1, wherein the supporting structure includes a continuous binder layer into which the optical lens elements are partially embedded, and a polymeric layer capable of acting as a heat-activatable adhesive.
3. The retroreflective applique of claim 2, wherein the binder layer includes a self-crosslinked acrylic polymer selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, ethyl hexyl acrylate, or combinations thereof.
4. The retroreflective applique of claim 2, wherein the heat-activatable adhesive is not activatable until heated to at least 75°C, and wherein the supporting structure has a thickness of about 25 to about 250 micrometers.
5. The retroreflective applique of claim 1, having a tensile strength greater than 6 × 10 6 Newtons per square meter.
6. The retroreflective applique of claim 2, wherein the binder layer is a self-crosslinking acrylic polymer, and wherein the heat-activatable adhesive layer includes a thermoplastic copolymer of ethylene and acrylic acid.
7. A method of making a self-supporting exposed lens retroreflective applique, which method consists essentially of:
(a) supporting a first portion of a layer of optical lens elements in a carrier web such that a second portion of the layer of optical lens elements protrudes from the carrier web;
(b) applying a coating of a reflective material on the second portion of the layer of optical lens elements;
(c) forming over the second portion of the optical lens elements after the reflective material has been applied a supporting structure that has first and second major surfaces and that includes a non-filamentary self-crosslinked acrylic polymer layer, the second portion of the optical lens elements being embedded in the crosslinked acrylic polymer layer and the second major surface of the supporting structure being capable of acting as a heat-activatable adhesive; and (d) separating the carrier web from the supporting structure to expose the first portion of the optical lens element to produce the self-supported exposed lens retroreflective applique, the separation occurring before the retroreflective applique's supporting structure is secured to a substrate.
(a) supporting a first portion of a layer of optical lens elements in a carrier web such that a second portion of the layer of optical lens elements protrudes from the carrier web;
(b) applying a coating of a reflective material on the second portion of the layer of optical lens elements;
(c) forming over the second portion of the optical lens elements after the reflective material has been applied a supporting structure that has first and second major surfaces and that includes a non-filamentary self-crosslinked acrylic polymer layer, the second portion of the optical lens elements being embedded in the crosslinked acrylic polymer layer and the second major surface of the supporting structure being capable of acting as a heat-activatable adhesive; and (d) separating the carrier web from the supporting structure to expose the first portion of the optical lens element to produce the self-supported exposed lens retroreflective applique, the separation occurring before the retroreflective applique's supporting structure is secured to a substrate.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein the supporting structure is formed over the second portion of the optical lens elements by applying at least two juxtapositioned polymer sheets over the second portion of the optical lens elements, the juxtapositioned polymer sheets comprising a sheet of a crosslinked acrylic latex, and a sheet of a heat-activatable polymeric material, respectively, the crosslinked acrylic latex sheet being located between the second portion of the optical lens elements and the sheet of heat-activatable polymeric material.
9. The method of claim 7, wherein the exposed lens retroreflective applique retains at least 75 percent of its retroreflectivity when separating the carrier from the applique before the applique is secured to a substrate with heat.
10. The method of claim 7, wherein the retroreflective applique is able to retain at least approximately 40% of its initial retroreflectivity as measured by the coefficient of retroreflection R A after being subjected to a home wash laundering durability test.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US40985595A | 1995-03-23 | 1995-03-23 | |
| US08/409,855 | 1995-03-23 | ||
| PCT/US1996/001897 WO1996029620A1 (en) | 1995-03-23 | 1996-02-13 | Retroreflective applique |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2214121A1 CA2214121A1 (en) | 1996-09-26 |
| CA2214121C true CA2214121C (en) | 2007-05-01 |
Family
ID=38051352
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002214121A Expired - Fee Related CA2214121C (en) | 1995-03-23 | 1996-02-13 | Retroreflective applique |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA2214121C (en) |
-
1996
- 1996-02-13 CA CA002214121A patent/CA2214121C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CA2214121A1 (en) | 1996-09-26 |
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