CA2212960C - Edible collagen casing - Google Patents
Edible collagen casing Download PDFInfo
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- CA2212960C CA2212960C CA002212960A CA2212960A CA2212960C CA 2212960 C CA2212960 C CA 2212960C CA 002212960 A CA002212960 A CA 002212960A CA 2212960 A CA2212960 A CA 2212960A CA 2212960 C CA2212960 C CA 2212960C
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- collagen
- wreath
- edible
- collagen casing
- shaped
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Abstract
The invention relates to edible collagen casings with a calibre of between 13 and 23 mm and a wall thickness of under 0.035 mm characterized in that immediately after extrusion they are produced by treatment with ammonia and a coagulating agent and a subsequent prior art bordering process. The invention also relates to a process for producing such collagen casings.
Description
..,SENT BY CUSHMAN 202 822-0944 ; 8-12-97 ; 10.36 ; PILLSBURY ~ 6132302839;19 Amended pages 1 and 1a dated February 26, 1997 ~D~HLE C,~rEN C SING
The invention relates to garlands of edible collagen casings for producing sausages and other foodgtuff~3.
To produce sausages, natural intestines and increasingly synthetic intestines based on collagen or cellulose are used. For certain types of sausages, such as $ratwurrt and wiirstchen, almost without exception natural intea~t~.nes, specifically gheepgut, have been used, since collagen-based casings have unt~.i now have bean until now unable to meet traditional consumer expectations.
The~production of thin-walled straight collagen casings is quite familiar to one skilled in the art, for instance from US Patents 3,535,125, 3,620,'75, or 3,505,084, or from German Patent 972 854. It is known from European Patent Application 82 201 591 to extrude coagulatable amphoteric high-molecular substnncea and aoagu~.ato them at the isoeleatric point, optionally with prior treatment with ammonia. From French Patent 1 583 367, the use of ammonia as a coagulant in the interior of the tubular ,skin is described.
In German Published, Non-Examined Patent Application 22 o7 21~, garland casings of collagen for raw sausages are already described, in which a salt treatment is effected by gpray~.ng or dripping a salt solution before the drying process of the 6~xtrudsd skin, to prevent sagging caused by AMENDED PAGE
SENT BY:CUSHMAN 202 822-0944 ; 8-12-97 ; 10:37 ; PILLSBURY ~ 6132302839;20 variable longitudinal expansion or the tubular skin.
rt is also already known, as an alternative to the thick-walled, tough garlands of pork intestine, to use collagen casings as described for instance in German Patent 2 314 767. In these methods for producing garlands of sausage casings, rotating, sonically continuous revolving surfaces axe used: the extruded, inflated collagen casing is transported over a plurality of sonically recessed supporting elements disposed one after the other, with the aid of adjustable hoisting devices, and at the same time dried with air heated to 50"c. The garlands of collagen casings that can be made in this way cannot compare, however, with sheepgut in terms of their appearance or tests. 8y the method described in German Patent 2 314 767, it is also not possible to make thin-walled garland cases with a caliber range from 13 to 23 mm on ...
1~MENDED PAGE
;~ ~ a SENT BY:CUSHMAN 202 822-0944 ; 8-12-97 ; 10:29 ; PILLSBURY 1 6132302839;# 5 WO 96/25047 PCT/»P 96/00338 _ran industrial scale, because that would require using low-viscosity collagen composition with a dry collagen content of 3.5 to 6.0%. Such a collagen compound is not sufficiently structurally firm, however, but instead is sticky, so that the production technique described in German Patent 2 314 767 is not suitable for producing such goods.
It is therefore the object of the invention to develop garlands of edible collagen casing that can be used as an alternative to the sheepgut.
To attain this object, edible collagen casings, having a caliber between approximately 13 and 23 mm and a wall thickness of leas than 0.035 mm are proposed, which are characterized in that they are produced by means of a simultaneous treatment with ammonia and a coagulant that takes place dixectly after the extrusion, and by an ensuing garlanding process, known per se.
Surprisingly, it has now been found that tender thin-wallsd garlands of edible collagen casings can be produced on an industrial scale if the teaching o~ German Patent 2 314 767 is varied in such a way that the foil tube produced from the collagen suspension is treated on both the inside and the outside with coagulants directly downstream of the extrusion head; ammonia is used in the interior o~ the tube, while for the outer surface ammonia is again used, but preferably REPLACEMENT SHEET (RULE 26j SENT BY:CUSHMAN 202 822-0944 ; 8-12-99 ; 10.29 ;
PILLSBURY i 6132302839;# 6 concentrated aqueous solutions of highly aoac~ulant inorganic salts are employed. In this way, spontaneous coagulation of the wlnerable collagen extrudate is necessarily brought about. As a result of thi~ provision, both the stick~.nesa and the structural weakness of the freshly e~ttruded, inflated collagen tube is already minimized, before it is placed on the conical transport segment of German Patent 2 314 767, far enough that continuous produativn of thin-walled small-aal~.ber garlands of collagen casings with a caliber between 13 and 23 mm and a wall thickness of less than 0.035 mm is possible.
The delivery of the gaseous ammonia into the collagen tube is preferably accomplished through a feed line integrated with the extrussion head. Spraying the outer surface of the tube with a saturated solution of~a strong coagulant is preferably done through spray nozzles arranged uniformly on the circumferential periphery of the tube.
Poliowi»g the coagulation, the collagen tube is predried and then washed to remove the inorganic salts that havs~ formed;
after that, the subsequent steps of tanning, softening, drying, remoiatening, and caili,ng up or gathering up are completed as described in German Patent 2 314 767. These method mteps are known and are state of the art, snd are not the subject of this present invention.
The quantity of gaseous ammonia delivered to the interior of the tube, and both the quantity and concentration of the aoaguiant sprayed onto the outside of the surfaae.aan be varied within wide limits, as long as rapid coagulation of the freshly extruded tube of collagen compounds that are low REPLACEMENT BHEET (RULE 26) SENT BY:CUSHMAN 202 822-0944 ; 8-12-97 ; 10:30 ;
PILL58URY -~ 6132302839;# 7 w0 96/25047 PCT/Eri 96/00338 in solids is reliably assured, whioh can be ascertained by mimply preliminary taste.
The coagulation also re~,iably preventm sticking to the conical carrying arid transport segments of the apparatus of German Patent ~ 314 767, and moreover the simultaneous dual coagulation from the inside.and the outside assures that tearing open of the tube when the extrudate is inflated with calibrating air will be lastingly prevented.
In principle, the dual coagu~,ation from both the inside and the outside can be done with ammonia, but it is preferred that liquid coagulants be used far the outer surface, since they have a much more effective separating and ~,ubricating action between the outer surface of the tuba and the conical revolving faces. If only ammonia in gaseous form is used for both the inside and the outside, then the~separating and lubricating effect is much less and is just barely acceptable, so that recurrent interruptions in production must be expected.
The collagen casings according to the invention preferably have an inside diameter of the garland ring of approximately 10o to 350 mm, because than they have an appearance equivalent to that of sheepgut. The wall thick»esses of the casing may either be equal, or it is also possible to use different wail thiaknesses; preferably, the wall thickness of the inside diameter of the garland ring it3 slightly greater than that of the outside diameter of the garland ring.
The invention will be described schematically below in conjunction with rigs. 1-3.
REPLACEMENT SHEET (RULE 26) ..4 _ SENT BY:CUSHMAN 202 822-0944 ; 8-12-97 ; 10:30 ;
PILLSBURY ~ 6132302839;# 8 WO 95/25b47 PCT/EP 9fi/00338 Fig. 1 shows the apparatus according t~ the invention for producing the ring casings.
Fig. 2 shows a preferred embodiment of the coagulating apparatus in a section along the line A-A.
Fig. 3 shows the apparatus of the invention in the direction X, The apparatus of the invention has the extruder 1 with an extruder head shown in a direct spatial vicinity of the cup shaft 3 that extends through the dryer 4. The extruded collagen tube 5, after leading the extruder head, is set down on the chronologically synchronized cup shaft having the conical transport eagment8; the fixation of the garland ring is done by the known method of German Patent 2 314 767.
From the section taken along the line A-A, it can be seen that directly following the extrudsr head, whose air supply is provided with a feed line for gaseous ammonia, the inflated tubular skin reaches the mpray nozzles 8a, 8b and 8c, spaced apart by short distances, which assure a uniform superficial application of a liquid coagulant. Pram Fig. 3, the spatial relationship between the extrt~dar head with ammonia delivery and the nozzle arrangement can be seen in detail.
The invention will also be dasaxibed in terms of the following examples:
Example 1 From a collagen compound made in a known manner, for instance by the method of German Patent 972 864, with a REPLACEMENT SHEET (RULE 26) _5_ SENT 8Y:CUSHMAN 202 822-0944 ; 8-12-99 ; 10:31 ;
PILLSBURY -~ 6132302839;# 9 collagen content of 5/0% referred to the dried collagen, a slightly curved tube with a diameter of 16.2 mm is extruded at a speed of l0 m/min through a nozzle with an eccentrically adjusted core, Tho collagen tube, inflated with head air to the desired mtarting diameter, is acted upon on its inside with a continuous stream of ammonia, and simu~,taneously is sprayed avor the entire outside surface with saturated table salt solution, by means of three special nozwles disposed at g0° angles on the circumferential periphery. The disposition of the coagulation apparatus is as shown in front view in the aforementioned Fig. 3 and in section in Fig.
The collagen tube, which coagulates rapidly because of this treatment, is imm~diately thereafter deposited on the gar~.an8lng apparatus known from German Patent 2 314 7&7, wh~.ch rotates at exactly the extrusion speed of the collagen tube. After predrying with heated six, the .collagen tube in the course of further transport in the conduit, first passes through a stretch that has a water shower, so that the casing can be freed of the salts that have formed, such as ammonium chloriQe and table salt. Next, in a manner known per se, tanning, softening, drying, remoistening and coiling up are done.
The edible collagen casing garJ.and thug obtain~d has a wall thickness of 0.025 to 0.028 mm and a filling caliber of 17 mm. It is excellently well suited for producing so~called Nurnberger Eratwurstahen, When grilled arid sautsed, and when the sensory properties are compared, no significant difference can be found between this collagen casing garland and the Bratwiiretchen made with a sheepgut.
REPTaACEMENT SHEET ( RULE 2 6 ) ,g_ SENT BY:CUSNMAN 202 822-0944 ; 8-12-97 ; 10:32 ; PILLSBURY -~ 6132302839;#10 A particular advantage of the collagen casings of the invention, in contrast to sheepgut, however, is that Wiirstchen with a Constant weight and an exactly reproducib~.e geometry can be made.
Example 2 The collagen compound is treated as described in Example Z, but the coagulation is brought about by means of a 42% ammonium sulfate solution, using an eccentrically adjusted nozzle with an inside diameter of 19.5 mm. The proces~ produces a collagen caging garland with a rated caliber of 21 mm. The product has properties that axe comparable to those of Example 1.
Exempla 3 The collagen aompaund is extruded as desczibed in Example 1, but without ammonia treatment of the interior o~
the collagen tube directly setter the extrusion. Tho structurally weak, sticky, extruded tube tears frequently and has weak points when inflated with the calibrating air.
Continuous production ie not possible in this way.
Example 4 Tho collagen compound is extru8ed as in Example 1, but the outer surface is not sprayed with a liquid coagulant.
In this method, the extruded tube immediate7.y sticks to REPLACEMENT SHEET (RULE 26) w7n SENT BY:CUSHMAN 202 822-0944 ; 8-12-97 ; 10:32 ; PILLSBURY ~ 6132302839;#11 w0 96/23047 FC~/EP 96/00338 the garlanding segment and tear. Continuous production is impossible.
REPLACEMENT SHEET (MULE 26) w8~
The invention relates to garlands of edible collagen casings for producing sausages and other foodgtuff~3.
To produce sausages, natural intestines and increasingly synthetic intestines based on collagen or cellulose are used. For certain types of sausages, such as $ratwurrt and wiirstchen, almost without exception natural intea~t~.nes, specifically gheepgut, have been used, since collagen-based casings have unt~.i now have bean until now unable to meet traditional consumer expectations.
The~production of thin-walled straight collagen casings is quite familiar to one skilled in the art, for instance from US Patents 3,535,125, 3,620,'75, or 3,505,084, or from German Patent 972 854. It is known from European Patent Application 82 201 591 to extrude coagulatable amphoteric high-molecular substnncea and aoagu~.ato them at the isoeleatric point, optionally with prior treatment with ammonia. From French Patent 1 583 367, the use of ammonia as a coagulant in the interior of the tubular ,skin is described.
In German Published, Non-Examined Patent Application 22 o7 21~, garland casings of collagen for raw sausages are already described, in which a salt treatment is effected by gpray~.ng or dripping a salt solution before the drying process of the 6~xtrudsd skin, to prevent sagging caused by AMENDED PAGE
SENT BY:CUSHMAN 202 822-0944 ; 8-12-97 ; 10:37 ; PILLSBURY ~ 6132302839;20 variable longitudinal expansion or the tubular skin.
rt is also already known, as an alternative to the thick-walled, tough garlands of pork intestine, to use collagen casings as described for instance in German Patent 2 314 767. In these methods for producing garlands of sausage casings, rotating, sonically continuous revolving surfaces axe used: the extruded, inflated collagen casing is transported over a plurality of sonically recessed supporting elements disposed one after the other, with the aid of adjustable hoisting devices, and at the same time dried with air heated to 50"c. The garlands of collagen casings that can be made in this way cannot compare, however, with sheepgut in terms of their appearance or tests. 8y the method described in German Patent 2 314 767, it is also not possible to make thin-walled garland cases with a caliber range from 13 to 23 mm on ...
1~MENDED PAGE
;~ ~ a SENT BY:CUSHMAN 202 822-0944 ; 8-12-97 ; 10:29 ; PILLSBURY 1 6132302839;# 5 WO 96/25047 PCT/»P 96/00338 _ran industrial scale, because that would require using low-viscosity collagen composition with a dry collagen content of 3.5 to 6.0%. Such a collagen compound is not sufficiently structurally firm, however, but instead is sticky, so that the production technique described in German Patent 2 314 767 is not suitable for producing such goods.
It is therefore the object of the invention to develop garlands of edible collagen casing that can be used as an alternative to the sheepgut.
To attain this object, edible collagen casings, having a caliber between approximately 13 and 23 mm and a wall thickness of leas than 0.035 mm are proposed, which are characterized in that they are produced by means of a simultaneous treatment with ammonia and a coagulant that takes place dixectly after the extrusion, and by an ensuing garlanding process, known per se.
Surprisingly, it has now been found that tender thin-wallsd garlands of edible collagen casings can be produced on an industrial scale if the teaching o~ German Patent 2 314 767 is varied in such a way that the foil tube produced from the collagen suspension is treated on both the inside and the outside with coagulants directly downstream of the extrusion head; ammonia is used in the interior o~ the tube, while for the outer surface ammonia is again used, but preferably REPLACEMENT SHEET (RULE 26j SENT BY:CUSHMAN 202 822-0944 ; 8-12-99 ; 10.29 ;
PILLSBURY i 6132302839;# 6 concentrated aqueous solutions of highly aoac~ulant inorganic salts are employed. In this way, spontaneous coagulation of the wlnerable collagen extrudate is necessarily brought about. As a result of thi~ provision, both the stick~.nesa and the structural weakness of the freshly e~ttruded, inflated collagen tube is already minimized, before it is placed on the conical transport segment of German Patent 2 314 767, far enough that continuous produativn of thin-walled small-aal~.ber garlands of collagen casings with a caliber between 13 and 23 mm and a wall thickness of less than 0.035 mm is possible.
The delivery of the gaseous ammonia into the collagen tube is preferably accomplished through a feed line integrated with the extrussion head. Spraying the outer surface of the tube with a saturated solution of~a strong coagulant is preferably done through spray nozzles arranged uniformly on the circumferential periphery of the tube.
Poliowi»g the coagulation, the collagen tube is predried and then washed to remove the inorganic salts that havs~ formed;
after that, the subsequent steps of tanning, softening, drying, remoiatening, and caili,ng up or gathering up are completed as described in German Patent 2 314 767. These method mteps are known and are state of the art, snd are not the subject of this present invention.
The quantity of gaseous ammonia delivered to the interior of the tube, and both the quantity and concentration of the aoaguiant sprayed onto the outside of the surfaae.aan be varied within wide limits, as long as rapid coagulation of the freshly extruded tube of collagen compounds that are low REPLACEMENT BHEET (RULE 26) SENT BY:CUSHMAN 202 822-0944 ; 8-12-97 ; 10:30 ;
PILL58URY -~ 6132302839;# 7 w0 96/25047 PCT/Eri 96/00338 in solids is reliably assured, whioh can be ascertained by mimply preliminary taste.
The coagulation also re~,iably preventm sticking to the conical carrying arid transport segments of the apparatus of German Patent ~ 314 767, and moreover the simultaneous dual coagulation from the inside.and the outside assures that tearing open of the tube when the extrudate is inflated with calibrating air will be lastingly prevented.
In principle, the dual coagu~,ation from both the inside and the outside can be done with ammonia, but it is preferred that liquid coagulants be used far the outer surface, since they have a much more effective separating and ~,ubricating action between the outer surface of the tuba and the conical revolving faces. If only ammonia in gaseous form is used for both the inside and the outside, then the~separating and lubricating effect is much less and is just barely acceptable, so that recurrent interruptions in production must be expected.
The collagen casings according to the invention preferably have an inside diameter of the garland ring of approximately 10o to 350 mm, because than they have an appearance equivalent to that of sheepgut. The wall thick»esses of the casing may either be equal, or it is also possible to use different wail thiaknesses; preferably, the wall thickness of the inside diameter of the garland ring it3 slightly greater than that of the outside diameter of the garland ring.
The invention will be described schematically below in conjunction with rigs. 1-3.
REPLACEMENT SHEET (RULE 26) ..4 _ SENT BY:CUSHMAN 202 822-0944 ; 8-12-97 ; 10:30 ;
PILLSBURY ~ 6132302839;# 8 WO 95/25b47 PCT/EP 9fi/00338 Fig. 1 shows the apparatus according t~ the invention for producing the ring casings.
Fig. 2 shows a preferred embodiment of the coagulating apparatus in a section along the line A-A.
Fig. 3 shows the apparatus of the invention in the direction X, The apparatus of the invention has the extruder 1 with an extruder head shown in a direct spatial vicinity of the cup shaft 3 that extends through the dryer 4. The extruded collagen tube 5, after leading the extruder head, is set down on the chronologically synchronized cup shaft having the conical transport eagment8; the fixation of the garland ring is done by the known method of German Patent 2 314 767.
From the section taken along the line A-A, it can be seen that directly following the extrudsr head, whose air supply is provided with a feed line for gaseous ammonia, the inflated tubular skin reaches the mpray nozzles 8a, 8b and 8c, spaced apart by short distances, which assure a uniform superficial application of a liquid coagulant. Pram Fig. 3, the spatial relationship between the extrt~dar head with ammonia delivery and the nozzle arrangement can be seen in detail.
The invention will also be dasaxibed in terms of the following examples:
Example 1 From a collagen compound made in a known manner, for instance by the method of German Patent 972 864, with a REPLACEMENT SHEET (RULE 26) _5_ SENT 8Y:CUSHMAN 202 822-0944 ; 8-12-99 ; 10:31 ;
PILLSBURY -~ 6132302839;# 9 collagen content of 5/0% referred to the dried collagen, a slightly curved tube with a diameter of 16.2 mm is extruded at a speed of l0 m/min through a nozzle with an eccentrically adjusted core, Tho collagen tube, inflated with head air to the desired mtarting diameter, is acted upon on its inside with a continuous stream of ammonia, and simu~,taneously is sprayed avor the entire outside surface with saturated table salt solution, by means of three special nozwles disposed at g0° angles on the circumferential periphery. The disposition of the coagulation apparatus is as shown in front view in the aforementioned Fig. 3 and in section in Fig.
The collagen tube, which coagulates rapidly because of this treatment, is imm~diately thereafter deposited on the gar~.an8lng apparatus known from German Patent 2 314 7&7, wh~.ch rotates at exactly the extrusion speed of the collagen tube. After predrying with heated six, the .collagen tube in the course of further transport in the conduit, first passes through a stretch that has a water shower, so that the casing can be freed of the salts that have formed, such as ammonium chloriQe and table salt. Next, in a manner known per se, tanning, softening, drying, remoistening and coiling up are done.
The edible collagen casing garJ.and thug obtain~d has a wall thickness of 0.025 to 0.028 mm and a filling caliber of 17 mm. It is excellently well suited for producing so~called Nurnberger Eratwurstahen, When grilled arid sautsed, and when the sensory properties are compared, no significant difference can be found between this collagen casing garland and the Bratwiiretchen made with a sheepgut.
REPTaACEMENT SHEET ( RULE 2 6 ) ,g_ SENT BY:CUSNMAN 202 822-0944 ; 8-12-97 ; 10:32 ; PILLSBURY -~ 6132302839;#10 A particular advantage of the collagen casings of the invention, in contrast to sheepgut, however, is that Wiirstchen with a Constant weight and an exactly reproducib~.e geometry can be made.
Example 2 The collagen compound is treated as described in Example Z, but the coagulation is brought about by means of a 42% ammonium sulfate solution, using an eccentrically adjusted nozzle with an inside diameter of 19.5 mm. The proces~ produces a collagen caging garland with a rated caliber of 21 mm. The product has properties that axe comparable to those of Example 1.
Exempla 3 The collagen aompaund is extruded as desczibed in Example 1, but without ammonia treatment of the interior o~
the collagen tube directly setter the extrusion. Tho structurally weak, sticky, extruded tube tears frequently and has weak points when inflated with the calibrating air.
Continuous production ie not possible in this way.
Example 4 Tho collagen compound is extru8ed as in Example 1, but the outer surface is not sprayed with a liquid coagulant.
In this method, the extruded tube immediate7.y sticks to REPLACEMENT SHEET (RULE 26) w7n SENT BY:CUSHMAN 202 822-0944 ; 8-12-97 ; 10:32 ; PILLSBURY ~ 6132302839;#11 w0 96/23047 FC~/EP 96/00338 the garlanding segment and tear. Continuous production is impossible.
REPLACEMENT SHEET (MULE 26) w8~
Claims (8)
1. An extruded edible wreath-shaped collagen casing having a caliber between approximately 13 and 23 mm, a wall thickness of less than 0.035 mm, and an internal ring diameter of between 100 and 350 mm;
wherein the edible wreath-shaped collagen casing is formed from an ammonia and coagulant treated collagen composition having a dry collagen content of less than 6%.
wherein the edible wreath-shaped collagen casing is formed from an ammonia and coagulant treated collagen composition having a dry collagen content of less than 6%.
2. The edible wreath-shaped collagen casing of claim 1, wherein the collagen composition comprises collagen from cowhides.
3. The collagen casing of claim 1 or 2, wherein the wall thickness is the same for both the outside and inside diameters of the wreath-shaped collagen casing.
4. The edible wreath-shaped collagen casing of claim 1 or 2, wherein the wall thickness differs for the inside and outside diameters of the wreath-shaped collagen casing.
5. The edible wreath-shaped collagen casing of claim 4, wherein the wall thickness at the inside diameter of the wreath-shaped collagen casing is greater than at the outside diameter.
6. A method of using the edible wreath-shaped collagen casing defined in any one of claims 1 to 5, the method comprising filling the edible wreath-shaped collagen casing with foodstuffs.
7. The method of claim 6, further comprising filling the edible wreath-shaped collagen casing with a foodstuff selected from the group consisting of sausages and meat products.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein the sausages comprise Bratwurst and Wiener Wurst.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19504704.4 | 1995-02-13 | ||
| DE19504704A DE19504704B4 (en) | 1995-02-13 | 1995-02-13 | Edible collagen casing, method of manufacture and use thereof |
| PCT/EP1996/000338 WO1996025047A1 (en) | 1995-02-13 | 1996-01-29 | Edible collagen casing |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2212960A1 CA2212960A1 (en) | 1996-08-22 |
| CA2212960C true CA2212960C (en) | 2006-03-28 |
Family
ID=36123356
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002212960A Expired - Lifetime CA2212960C (en) | 1995-02-13 | 1996-01-29 | Edible collagen casing |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA2212960C (en) |
-
1996
- 1996-01-29 CA CA002212960A patent/CA2212960C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CA2212960A1 (en) | 1996-08-22 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request | ||
| MKEX | Expiry |
Effective date: 20160129 |