CA2203882C - Matrix for a hard composite - Google Patents
Matrix for a hard composite Download PDFInfo
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- CA2203882C CA2203882C CA002203882A CA2203882A CA2203882C CA 2203882 C CA2203882 C CA 2203882C CA 002203882 A CA002203882 A CA 002203882A CA 2203882 A CA2203882 A CA 2203882A CA 2203882 C CA2203882 C CA 2203882C
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- tungsten carbide
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/04—Making non-ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
- C22C1/05—Mixtures of metal powder with non-metallic powder
- C22C1/051—Making hard metals based on borides, carbides, nitrides, oxides or silicides; Preparation of the powder mixture used as the starting material therefor
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
- B22F9/02—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes
- B22F9/04—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from solid material, e.g. by crushing, grinding or milling
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/04—Making non-ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
- C22C1/0475—Impregnated alloys
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C19/00—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C26/00—Alloys containing diamond or cubic or wurtzitic boron nitride, fullerenes or carbon nanotubes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C29/00—Alloys based on carbides, oxides, nitrides, borides, or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides
- C22C29/02—Alloys based on carbides, oxides, nitrides, borides, or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides based on carbides or carbonitrides
- C22C29/06—Alloys based on carbides, oxides, nitrides, borides, or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides based on carbides or carbonitrides based on carbides, but not containing other metal compounds
- C22C29/08—Alloys based on carbides, oxides, nitrides, borides, or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides based on carbides or carbonitrides based on carbides, but not containing other metal compounds based on tungsten carbide
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C9/00—Alloys based on copper
Abstract
A matrix powder for formation along with an infiltrant into a matrix for use as a wear element or for use in retaining at least one discrete hard element (20). The matrix powder includes crushed sintered cemented tungsten carbide particles (22). The composition of the crushed sintered cemented tungsten carbide comprises between about 6 weight percent and about 13 weight percent binder metal and between about 87 weight percent and about 94 weight percent tungsten carbide.
Description
IiATRI7C FOR l, HARD COMPOSITE
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The invention pertains to a hard composite comprising a metal matrix and one or more discrete hard elements held therein wherein the hard composite can be~
useful as a cutter or a wear member. More particularly, the invention pertains to a~diamond composite comprising a matrix composed of carbide-based particulates bonded together by an infiltrant metal with one or more discrete diamond-based elements held therein. It should be understood that the diamond-based element could comprise a discrete-diamond composite or polycrystalline diamond composite having a substrate with a layer of polycrystalline diamond thereon. Some types of tungsten carbide that are appropriate for use in matrix tools include a macrocrystalline tungsten carbide, a crushed sintered cemented macrocrystalline tungsten carbide having a binder metal,, and a crushed cast tungsten carbide.
Referring to the macrocrystalline tungsten carbide, this material is essentially stoichiometric WC
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The invention pertains to a hard composite comprising a metal matrix and one or more discrete hard elements held therein wherein the hard composite can be~
useful as a cutter or a wear member. More particularly, the invention pertains to a~diamond composite comprising a matrix composed of carbide-based particulates bonded together by an infiltrant metal with one or more discrete diamond-based elements held therein. It should be understood that the diamond-based element could comprise a discrete-diamond composite or polycrystalline diamond composite having a substrate with a layer of polycrystalline diamond thereon. Some types of tungsten carbide that are appropriate for use in matrix tools include a macrocrystalline tungsten carbide, a crushed sintered cemented macrocrystalline tungsten carbide having a binder metal,, and a crushed cast tungsten carbide.
Referring to the macrocrystalline tungsten carbide, this material is essentially stoichiometric WC
which is, for the most part, in the form of single crystals. Some large crystals of macrocrystalline tungsten carbide are bicrystals. U.S. Patent No.
3,379,503 to McKenna for a PROCESS FOR PREPARING
TUNGSTEN MONOCARBIDE, assigned to the assignee of the present patent application, discloses a method of making macrocrystalline tungsten carbide. U.S. Patent No. 4,834,963 to Terry et al. for MACROCRYSTALLINE
TUNGSTEN MONOCARBIDE POWDER AND PROCESS FOR PRODUCING, assigned to the assignee of the present patent application, also discloses a method of making macrocrystalline tungsten carbide.
Referring to the crushed sintered cemented macrocrystalline tungsten carbide, this material comprises small particles of tungsten carbide bonded together in a metal matrix. For this material as used in this patent application, the crushed sintered cemented macrocrystalline tungsten carbide with a binder (either cobalt or nickel) is made by mixing together WC particles, Co or Ni powder and a lubricant.
This mixture is pelletized, sintered, cooled, and then crushed. The pelletization does not use pressure, but instead, during the mixing of the WC particles and cobalt, the blades of the mixer cause the mixture of WC
and cobalt (or nickel) to ball up into pellets.
Referring to crushed cast tungsten carbide, tungsten forms two carbides; namely, WC and W2C. There can be a continuous range of compositions therebetween.
An eutectic mixture is about 4.5 weight percent carbon.
Cast tungsten carbide commercially used as a matrix powder typically has a hypoeutectic carbon content of about 4 weight percent. Cast tungsten carbide is typically frozen from the molten state and comminuted to the desired particle size.
In the past, there have been hard composites comprised of a matrix and discrete hard elements held therein. In the typical case, the matrix comprised carbide-based particulates bonded together by an infiltrant metal and the hard elements comprised diamond-based material.
Referring to the carbide-based particulates, one example of the carbide-based component contains about 67.10 weight percent macrocrystalline tungsten carbide having the following size distribution: between 18.0 and 22.0 weight percent of the macrocrystalline tungsten carbide particles have a size of -80 +120 mesh (the mesh size is made according to ASTM Standard E-11-70, and corresponds to greater than 125 micrometers and less than or equal to 177 micrometers), between 25.0 to 30.0 weight percent of the macrocrystalline tungsten carbide particles have a size of -120 +170 mesh (greater than 88 micrometers and less than or equal to 125 micrometers), between 29.0 weight percent and 33.0 weight percent of the macrocrystalline tungsten carbide particles have a size of -170 +230 mesh (greater than 63 micrometers and less than or equal to 88 micrometers), between 18.0 weight percent and 22.0 weight percent of the macrocrystalline tungsten carbide particles have a size of -230 +325 mesh (greater than 44 micrometers and less than or equal to 63 micrometers), and up to 5.0 weight percent of the macrocrystalline tungsten carbide particles have a size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers).
The matrix further contains about 30.90 weight percent crushed cast tungsten carbide particles having a size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers), 1.00 weight percent iron that has an average particle diameter of between 3 micrometers and 5 micrometers, and 1.00 weight percent grade 4600 steel having a particle size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers).
The 4600 grade steel has the following nominal composition (weight-percent): -1-.57 weight percent nickel; 0.38 weight percent manganese; 0.32 weight percent silicon; 0.29 weight percent molybdenum;
0.06 weight percent carbon; and balance iron.
Another example of the carbide-based component comprises about 65 weight percent of macrocrystalline tungsten carbide having a particle size of -80 +325 mesh (greater than 44 micrometers and less than or equal to 177 micrometers), 27.6 weight percent tungsten carbide rod milled to an average particle size of 4 to 6 micrometers with superfines removed, 2.8 weight percent tungsten having a particle size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers), 2.8 weight percent 4600 grade steel having a particle size of -140 mesh (less than or equal to 105 micrometers), and 1.8 weight percent of iron having a particle size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers).
Another example of a carbide-based particulate component comprises 68 weight percent macrocrystalline tungsten carbide having a size of -80 +325 mesh (greater than 44 micrometers and less than or equal to 177 micrometers); 15 weight percent of macrocrystalline tungsten carbide having a size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers); 15 weight percent of crushed cast tungsten carbide having a size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers);
and 2 weight percent nickel having a size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers). This nickel is INCO type 123 from International Nickel Company and is a singular spike covered regular shaped powder. The chemical analysis and physical characteristics available from commercial literature reveal the following: The chemical analysis shows a composition of: 0.1 max. carbon, 0.15 max. oxygen, 0.001 max.
sulfur, 0.01 max. iron, and balance nickel. The average particle size is 3-7 micrometers (Fisher Subsieve Size), the apparent density is 1.8-2.7 grams/cc, and the specific surface area is 0.34-0.44 m2/g.
TUNGSTEN MONOCARBIDE, assigned to the assignee of the present patent application, discloses a method of making macrocrystalline tungsten carbide. U.S. Patent No. 4,834,963 to Terry et al. for MACROCRYSTALLINE
TUNGSTEN MONOCARBIDE POWDER AND PROCESS FOR PRODUCING, assigned to the assignee of the present patent application, also discloses a method of making macrocrystalline tungsten carbide.
Referring to the crushed sintered cemented macrocrystalline tungsten carbide, this material comprises small particles of tungsten carbide bonded together in a metal matrix. For this material as used in this patent application, the crushed sintered cemented macrocrystalline tungsten carbide with a binder (either cobalt or nickel) is made by mixing together WC particles, Co or Ni powder and a lubricant.
This mixture is pelletized, sintered, cooled, and then crushed. The pelletization does not use pressure, but instead, during the mixing of the WC particles and cobalt, the blades of the mixer cause the mixture of WC
and cobalt (or nickel) to ball up into pellets.
Referring to crushed cast tungsten carbide, tungsten forms two carbides; namely, WC and W2C. There can be a continuous range of compositions therebetween.
An eutectic mixture is about 4.5 weight percent carbon.
Cast tungsten carbide commercially used as a matrix powder typically has a hypoeutectic carbon content of about 4 weight percent. Cast tungsten carbide is typically frozen from the molten state and comminuted to the desired particle size.
In the past, there have been hard composites comprised of a matrix and discrete hard elements held therein. In the typical case, the matrix comprised carbide-based particulates bonded together by an infiltrant metal and the hard elements comprised diamond-based material.
Referring to the carbide-based particulates, one example of the carbide-based component contains about 67.10 weight percent macrocrystalline tungsten carbide having the following size distribution: between 18.0 and 22.0 weight percent of the macrocrystalline tungsten carbide particles have a size of -80 +120 mesh (the mesh size is made according to ASTM Standard E-11-70, and corresponds to greater than 125 micrometers and less than or equal to 177 micrometers), between 25.0 to 30.0 weight percent of the macrocrystalline tungsten carbide particles have a size of -120 +170 mesh (greater than 88 micrometers and less than or equal to 125 micrometers), between 29.0 weight percent and 33.0 weight percent of the macrocrystalline tungsten carbide particles have a size of -170 +230 mesh (greater than 63 micrometers and less than or equal to 88 micrometers), between 18.0 weight percent and 22.0 weight percent of the macrocrystalline tungsten carbide particles have a size of -230 +325 mesh (greater than 44 micrometers and less than or equal to 63 micrometers), and up to 5.0 weight percent of the macrocrystalline tungsten carbide particles have a size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers).
The matrix further contains about 30.90 weight percent crushed cast tungsten carbide particles having a size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers), 1.00 weight percent iron that has an average particle diameter of between 3 micrometers and 5 micrometers, and 1.00 weight percent grade 4600 steel having a particle size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers).
The 4600 grade steel has the following nominal composition (weight-percent): -1-.57 weight percent nickel; 0.38 weight percent manganese; 0.32 weight percent silicon; 0.29 weight percent molybdenum;
0.06 weight percent carbon; and balance iron.
Another example of the carbide-based component comprises about 65 weight percent of macrocrystalline tungsten carbide having a particle size of -80 +325 mesh (greater than 44 micrometers and less than or equal to 177 micrometers), 27.6 weight percent tungsten carbide rod milled to an average particle size of 4 to 6 micrometers with superfines removed, 2.8 weight percent tungsten having a particle size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers), 2.8 weight percent 4600 grade steel having a particle size of -140 mesh (less than or equal to 105 micrometers), and 1.8 weight percent of iron having a particle size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers).
Another example of a carbide-based particulate component comprises 68 weight percent macrocrystalline tungsten carbide having a size of -80 +325 mesh (greater than 44 micrometers and less than or equal to 177 micrometers); 15 weight percent of macrocrystalline tungsten carbide having a size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers); 15 weight percent of crushed cast tungsten carbide having a size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers);
and 2 weight percent nickel having a size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers). This nickel is INCO type 123 from International Nickel Company and is a singular spike covered regular shaped powder. The chemical analysis and physical characteristics available from commercial literature reveal the following: The chemical analysis shows a composition of: 0.1 max. carbon, 0.15 max. oxygen, 0.001 max.
sulfur, 0.01 max. iron, and balance nickel. The average particle size is 3-7 micrometers (Fisher Subsieve Size), the apparent density is 1.8-2.7 grams/cc, and the specific surface area is 0.34-0.44 m2/g.
Another example of a carbide-based particulate component comprises 64 weight percent macrocrystalline tungsten carbide having a size of -80 +325 mesh (greater than 44 micrometers and less than or equal to 177 micrometers); 14 weight percent of macrocrystalline tungsten carbide having a size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers); 14 weight percent of crushed cast tungsten carbide having a size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers);
and 8 weight percent nickel having a size of -200 mesh (less than or equal to 74 micrometers).
Still another example of a particulate component comprises a 67.0 weight percent crushed cast tungsten carbide having a particle size distribution as follows: between 18.0 and 22.0 weight percent of the crushed cast tungsten carbide particles have a size of -80 +120 mesh (greater than 125 micrometers and less than or equal to 177 micrometers), between 25.0 to 30.0 weight percent of the crushed cast tungsten carbide particles have a size of -120 +170 mesh (greater than 88 micrometers and less than or equal to 125 micrometers), between 29.0 weight percent and 33.0 weight percent of the crushed cast tungsten carbide particles have a size of -170 +230 mesh (greater than 63 micrometers and less than or equal to 88 micrometers), between 18.0 weight percent and 22.0 weight percent of the crushed cast tungsten carbide particles have a size of -230 +325 mesh (greater than 44 micrometers and less than or equal to 63 micrometers), and up to 5.0 weight percent of the crushed cast tungsten carbide particles have a size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers). The component further has 31.0 weight percent crushed cast tungsten carbide having a particle size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers), 1.0 weight percent iron having a particle. size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers), and 1.0 weight _6_ .
percent 4600 steel having a particle size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers).
One example of a suitable infiltrant comprises 63-67 weight percent copper, 14-16 weight percent nickel, and 19-21 weight percent zinc. This material has a specific gravity of 8.5 g/cc and has a ... melting point of 1100 °F. This infiltrant is used in 1/32nd inch by 5/l6ths inch granules. This alloy is identified as MACROFIL*65 by applicants' assignee, and this designation will be used in this application.
Another example of a suitable infiltrant has a nominal composition of 52.7 weight percent copper, 24.0 weight percent manganese, 15.0 weight percent nickel, 8.0 weight percent zinc, .15 weight percent boron, and .15 weight percent silicon with traces of lead, tin and iron. This infiltrant is sold by Belmont Metals Inc., 330 Belmont Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11207 under the name designation "VIRGIN binder 4537D"*
in 1 inch by 1/2 inch by 1/2 inch chunks. This alloy is identified as MACROFIL*53 by applicants' assignee, and this designation will be used in this application.
While these earlier matrices for a hard composite have performed in a satisfactory fashion, it would be desirable to provide an improved matrix for a hard composite having improved properties. These properties include impact strength, transverse rupture strength, hardness, abrasion resistance, and erosion resistance. It would also be desirable to provide an improved hard composite that uses~the improved matrix material. It would still further be desirable to provide a tool member that includes a tool shank with the improved hard composite affixed thereto wherein the tool member could be used, for example, in conjunction with an oil well drill bit.
*Trade-mark SUN~IARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the invention to provide an improved matrix powder for a hard composite comprising one or more discrete hard elements held in a matrix composed of carbide-based particulates bonded together by an infiltrant metal wherein the matrix has improved overall properties. It is contemplated that the hard composite could be used in cutting and drilling applications, and that the matrix powder and infiltrant without the hard element could be used in wear applications.
It is another object of the invention to provide an improved hard composite comprising a plurality of discrete hard elements, such a diamond or polycrystalline diamond composite elements, held in a matrix composed of carbide-based particulates bonded together by an infiltrant metal that has improved impact strength.
It is still another object of the invention to provide an improved hard composite comprising a plurality of discrete hard elements, such as diamond or polycrystalline diamond composite elements, held in a matrix composed of carbide-based particulates bonded together by an infiltrant metal that has improved transverse rupture strength.
It is an object of the invention to provide an improved hard composite comprising a plurality of discrete hard elements, such as diamond or polycrystalline diamond composite elements, held in a matrix composed of carbide-based particulates bonded together by an infiltrant metal that has improved hardness.
It is another object of the invention to provide an improved hard composite comprising a plurality of discrete hard elements, such as diamond or polycrystalline diamond composite.elements, held in a -g-matrix composed of carbide-based particulates bonded together by an infiltrant metal that has improved erosion resistance properties.
In one form thereof, the invention is a matrix powder for formation along with an infiltrant into a matrix. The matrix powder comprises crushed sintered cemented tungsten carbide particles having a particle size of -80+400 mesh (greater than 37 micrometers and less than or equal to 177 micrometers).
The composition of the crushed sintered cemented tungsten carbide comprises between about 5 weight percent and about 20 weight percent binder metal and between about 80 weight percent and about 95 weight percent tungsten carbide.
In still another form thereof, the invention is a diamond composite member which includes a support and a diamond composite affixed to the support. The diamond composite comprises a matrix which includes a mass of particles held together by an infiltrant. The mass of particles is formed by heating a powder mixture in the presence of an infiltrant. The powder mixture comprises crushed sintered cemented tungsten carbide particles having a particle size of -80+400 mesh (greater than 37 micrometers and less than or equal to 177 micrometers). The composition of the crushed sintered cemented tungsten carbide comprises between about 5 weight percent and about 20 weight percent binder metal and between about 80 weight percent and about 95 weight percent tungsten carbide.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The following is a brief description of the drawings which form a part of this patent application:
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the assembly used to make a product comprising a tool shank with one embodiment.of the discrete diamonds bonded thereto; and FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the assembly used to make a product comprising a tool shank with another embodiment of the diamond composite bonded thereto; and FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a tool drill bit that incorporates the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS
Referring to FIG. 1, there is illustrated a schematic of the assembly used to manufacture a product using the diamond as part of the present invention. The typical product is a drill head. As will become apparent, the drill head has a shank. Cutter elements, such as the discrete diamonds are bonded to the bit head with the metal matrix. Although the method by which the shank is affixed to the drill line may vary, one common method is to provide threads on the shank so that the shank threadedly engages a threaded bore in the drill line. Another way is to weld the shank to the drill line.
The production assembly includes a carbon, such as graphite, mold, generally designated as 10, having a bottom wall 12 and an upstanding wall 14. The mold 10 defines a volume therein. The assembly further includes a top member 16 which fits over the opening of the mold 10. It should be understood that the use of the top number 16 is optional depending upon the degree of atmospheric control one desires.
A steel shank 24 is positioned within the mold before the powder is poured therein. A portion of the steel shank 24 is within the powder mixture 22 and another portion of the steel shank 24 is outside of the mixture 22. Shank 24 has threads 25 at one end thereof, and grooves 25A at the other end thereof.
Referring to the contents of the mold, there are a plurality of discrete diamonds 20 positioned at selected positions within the mold so as to be at selected positions on the surface of the finished product. The matrix powder 22 is a carbide=based powder which is poured into the mold 10 so as to be adjacent to the diamonds 20. The composition of the matrix powder 22 will be set forth hereinafter.
Once the diamonds 20 have been set and the matrix powder 22 poured into the mold, infiltrant alloy 26 is positioned adjacent to the powder mixture 22 in the mold 10. Then the top 16 is positioned over the mold, and the mold is placed into a furnace and heated to approximately 2200 of (1177 °C) so that the infiltrant 26 melts and infiltrates the powder mass.
The result is an end product wherein the infiltrant bonds the powder together, the matrix holds the diamonds therein, and the composite is bonded to the steel shank.
Referring to FIG. 2, there is illustrated a schematic of the assembly used to manufacture a second type of product using the diamond composites as part of the present invention. The assembly includes a carbon, such as graphite, mold, generally designated as 30, having a bottom wall 32 and an upstanding wall 34. The mold 30 defines a volume therein. The assembly further includes a top member 36 which fits over the opening of the mold 30. It should be understood that the use of the top member 36 is optional depending upon the degree of atmospheric control one desires.
A steel shank 42 is positioned within the mold before the powder mixture is poured therein. A
portion of the steel shank 42 is within the powder mixture 40 and another portion of the steel shank 42 is outside of the mixture. The shank 42 has grooves 43 at the end that is within the powder mixture.
Referring to the contents of the mold 30, there are a plurality of carbon (graphite) blanks 38 positioned at selected positions within the mold so as to be at selected positions on the surface of the 681.88-103 finished product. The matrix powder 40 is a carbide-based powder which is poured into the mold 30 so as to be adjacent to the carbon (graphite) blanks 38. The composition of the matrix powder 40 will be set forth hereinafter.
Once the carbon (graphite) blanks 38 have been set and the matrix powder 40 poured into the mold 30, Infiltrant alloy 44 is positioned adjacent to the powder mixture in the mold. Then the top 36 is positioned over the mold, and the mold is placed into a furnace and heated to approximately 2200°F
(1177°C) so that the infiltrant melts and infiltrates the powder mass. The result is an intermediate product wherein the infiltrant bonds the powder together, also bonding the powder mass to the steel shank, and the carbon (graphite) blanks define recesses in the surface of the infiltrated mass.
The carbon (graphite) blanks are removed from bonded mass and a diamond composite insert, having a shape like that of the carbon (graphite) blank, is brazed into the recess to form the end product. Typically the diamond composite drill head has a layer of discrete diamonds along the side.
Referring to FIG. 3, there is illustrated therein a portion of a tool, generally designated as 50. The tool 50 has a forwardly facing surface to which are bonded discrete diamond elements 52.
Preferably, the infiltrant metal is an alloy comprising about 50 to 70 weight percent copper, about 10 to 20 weight percent nickel and about 15 to 25 weight percent zinc or an alloy comprising about 45 to 60 weight percent copper, 10 to 20 weight percent nickel, about 4 to 12 weight percent zinc, about 18 to 30 weight percent manganese, an amount of boron and an amount of silicon.
lla COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES
The following comparative examples were made and tested and the test results are presented below.
Comparative Example A comprises a powder matrix mixture having a composition and size distribution as follows:
about 67.10 weight percent macrocrystalline tungsten carbide having the following size distribution: between 18.0 and 22.0 weight percent of the macrocrystalline tungsten carbide particles have a size of -80 +120 mesh (greater than 125 micrometers ~ and less than or equal to 177 micrometers) between 25.0 to 30.0 weight percent of the macrocrystalline .. tungsten carbide particles have a size of -120 +170 mesh (greater than 88 micrometers and less than or .
equal to 125 micrometers), between 29.0 weight percent ..-. and 33.0 weight percent of the macrocrystalline tungsten carbide particles have a size of -170 +230 mesh (greater than 63 micrometers and less than or equal to 88 micrometers), between 18.0 weight percent and 22.0 weight percent of the macrocrystalline tungsten carbide particles have a size of -230 +325 mesh (greater than 44 micrometers and less than or equal to 63 micrometers), and up to 5.o weight percent of the macrocrystalline tungsten carbide particles have a size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers). The matrix further contains about 30.9 weight percent crushed cast tungsten carbide particles having a size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers), 1.00 weight percent iron and has an average particle diameter of between 3 micrometers and 5 micrometers, and 1.00 weight percent grade 4600 steel having a particle size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers). The 4600 grade steel has the following nominal composition (weight percent): 1.57 weight percent nickel: 0.38 weight percent manganese:
0.32 weight percent silicon: 0.29 weight percent molybdenum; 0.06 weight percent carbon: and balance iron.
TM
The infiltrant was MACROFIL 53. The TM
composition of the MACROFIL 53 is set forth above. This TM
powder mixture was placed in a mold along with MACROFIL
53 infiltrant, and heated at about 2200 of (1177 °C) until the infiltrant had adequately infiltrated the powder mass so as to bond it together. The mass was then allowed to cool. -Comparative Example B comprises a powder matrix mixture having a composition and size distribution as follows: about 68 weight percent macrocrystalline tungsten carbide having a size of -80 +325 mesh (greater than 44 mic=ometers and less than or equal to 177 micrometers); 15 weight percent of macrocrystalline tungsten carbide having a size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers); 15 weight .percent of crushed cast tungsten carbide having a size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers);
and 2 weight percent nickel having a size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers). This nickel is INCO type 123 from International Nickel Company and is a singular spike covered regular shaped powder. The chemical analysis and physical characteristics available from commercial literature reveal the following: The chemical analysis shows a composition of: 0.1 max. carbon, 0.15 max. oxygen, 0.001 max.
sulfur, 0.01 max. iron, and balance nickel. The average particle size is 3-7 micrometers (Fisher Subsieve Size), the apparent density is 1.8-2.7 grams/cc, and the specific surface area is 0.34-0.44 m2/g.
The infiltrant was MACROFILM53. The TM
composition of the MACROFIL 53 is set forth above. This powder mixture was placed in a mold along with MACROFILTM
53 infiltrant, and heated at about 2200 of (1177 °C) until the infiltrant had adequately infiltrated the powder mass so as to bond it together. The mass was then allowed to cool.
Comparative Example C comprises a powder matrix mixture having a composition and size distribution as follows: about 67.0 weight percent crushed cast tungsten carbide having a particle size distribution as follows: between 18.0 and 22.0 weight percent of the crushed cast tungsten carbide particles have a size of -80 +120 mesh (greater than 125 microiueters and less than or equal to 177 micrometers), between 25.0 to 30.0 weight percent of the crushed cast tungsten carbide particles have a size of -120 +170 mesh (greater than 88 micrometers and less than or equal to 125 micrometers), between 29.0 weight - percent and 33.0 weight percent of the crushed cast -tungsten carbide particles have a size of -170 +230 'mesh (greater than 63 micrometers and less than or equal to 88 micrometers), between 18.0 weight percent and 22.0 weight percent of the crushed cast tungsten carbide particles have a size of -230 +325 mesh (greater than 44 micrometers and less than or equal to 63 micrometers), and up to 5.0 weight percent of the crushed cast tungsten carbide particles have a size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers). The component further has 31.0 weight percent crushed cast tungsten carbide having a particle size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers), 1.0 weight percent iron having a particle size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers), and 1.0 weight percent 4600 steel having a particle size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers).
TM ' The infiltrant was'MACROFIL 53. The TM
composition of the MACROFIL 53 is set forth above. This powder mixture was placed in a mold along with MACROFILTM
53 infiltrant, and heated at about 2200 of (1177 °C) until the infiltrant had adequately infiltrated the powder mass so as to bond it together. The mass was then allowed to cool.
Comparative Example D comprises a powder matrix mixture having a composition and size distribution as follows: about 64 weight percent macrocrystalline tungsten carbide having a size of -80 +325 mesh (greater than 44 micrometers and less than or equal to 177 micrometers); 14 weight percent of macrocrystalline tungsten carbide having a size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers); 14 weight percent of crushed cast tungsten carbide having a size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers);
and 8 weight percent nickel. having a size of -200 mesh (less than or equal to 74 micrometers). This nickel is INCO type 123 from International Nickel Company and is a singular spike covered regular shaped powder. The chemical analysis and physical characteristics available from commercial literature reveal the following: The~chemical analysis shows a composition of: 0.1 max. carbon, 0.15 max. oxygen, 0.001 max.
sulfur, 0.01 max. iron, and balance nickel. The average particle size is 3-7 micrometers (Fisher Subsieve Size), the apparent density is 1.8-2.7 grams/cc, and the specific surface area is 0.34-0.44 m2/g.
The infiltrant was MACROFILM53. The composition of the MACROFIL 53 is set forth above. This powder mixture was placed in a mold along with MACROFILTM
53 infiltrant, and heated at about 2200 °F (1177 °C) until the infiltrant had adequately infiltrated the powder mass so as to bond it together. The mass was then allowed to cool.
Actual Examples The following actual examples of the present invention have been made and tested and the test results are also set forth below.
Examble No. 1 Example No. 1 comprises a powder matrix mixture having a composition and size distribution as follows: 100 weight percent of crushed sintered cemented macrocrystalline tungsten carbide particles having a particle size of -140 +325 mesh (greater than 44 micrometers and less than or equal to 105 micrometers). The composition of the cemented macrocrystalline tungsten carbide comprises 13 weight percent cobalt and 87 weight percent macrocrystalline tungsten carbide wherein the macrocrystalline tungsten carbide has an average particle size between about 5 micrometers and about 25 micrometers.
TM
The infiltrant was MACROFIL 53. The TM
composition of the MACROFIL 53 is set forth above. This powder mixture was placed in a mold along with MACROFILTM
_53 infiltrant, and heated at about 2200 of (1177 °C) _~until the infiltrant had adequately infiltrated the powder mass so as to bond it together. The mass was then allowed to cool.
example No. 2 r Example No. 2 comprises a powder mixture comprising the following: 100 weight percent of crushed - sintered cemented macrocrystalline tungsten carbide particles having a particle size of -140+270 mesh (greater than 63 micrometers and less than or equal to 105 micrometers). The composition of the cemented macrocrystalline tungsten carbide comprises 6 weight percent cobalt and 94 weight percent macrocrystalline tungsten carbide wherein the tungsten carbide has an average particle size between about 5 micrometers and about 25 micrometers.
TM
The infiltrant was MACROFIL 53. The TM
. composition of the MACROFIL 53 is set forth above. This TM
powder mixture was placed in a mold along with MACROFIL
53 infiltrant, and heated at about 2200 of (1177 °C) until the infiltrant had adequately infiltrated the powder mass so as to bond it together. The mass was then allowed to cool.
Examgle No. 3 Example No. 3 comprises a powder mixture that has the following composition and particle size distribution:
(a) about 50.25 weight percent of the mixture is macrocrystalline tungsten carbide particles with a particle size of -80+325 mesh (greater than 44 micrometers and less than or equal to 177 micrometers);
and (b) about 25.00 weight percent of the mixture is crushed sintered cemented macrocrystalline tungsten -17- .
. carbide particles of a size of -120 mesh (less than or _ equal to 125 micrometers), and has the following composition: about 6 weight percent cobalt, a maximum of 1 weight percent iron, a maximum of l.0 weight percent tantalum, a maximum of 1.0 weight percent titanium, a maximum of 0.5 weight percent niobium, a ,maximum of 0.5 weight percent of other impurities and the balance macrocrystalline tungsten carbide having an average particle size of between about 5 micrometers and about 25 micrometers; and (c) about 23.25 weight percent of the mixture is cast tungsten carbide having a particle size of -270 mesh (less than or egual to 53 micrometers) with superfines removed;
(d) about 0.75 weight percent of the mixture is grade 4600 steel having particle size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers); and (e) about 0.75 weight percent of the mixture is iron having an average particle size of 3-5 micrometers.
This powder mixture was placed in a mold TM
along with the MACROFIL 53 infiltrant, and heated at about 2200 of (1177 °C) until the infiltrant adequately infiltrated the powder mass so as to bond it together..
The mass was then allowed to cool.
Examgle No. 4 Example No. 4 comprises a powder mixture that has the following composition and particle size distribution:
(a) about 33.50 weight percent of the mixture is macrocrystalline tungsten carbide particles with a particle size of -80+325 mesh (greater than 44 micrometers and less than or equal to 177 micrometers);
(b) about 50.00 weight percent of the mixture is crushed sintered cemented macrocrystalline tungsten carbide particles of a size of -120 mesh (less than or equal to 125 micrometers), and having the following -18- .
composition: about 6 weight percent cobalt, a maximum of 1 weight percent iron, a maximum of 1.0 weight percent tantalum, a maximum of 1.0 weight percent titanium, a maximum of 0.5 weight percent niobium, a maximum of 0.5 weight percent of other impurities and -the balance macrocrystalline tungsten carbide having an ' average particle size of between about 5 micrometers to about 25 micrometers;
(c) about 15.50 weight percent of the mixture is cast tungsten carbide having a particle size of -270 mesh (less than or equal to 53 micrometers) with the superfines removed:
(d) about 0.50 weight percent of the mixture is grade 4600 steel having a particle size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers); and (e)about 0.50 weight percent of the mixture is iron having an average particle size of 3-5 micrometers.
This powder mixture was placed in a mold TM
along with a MACROFIL 53 infiltrant, and was heated at about 2200 of (1177 oC) until the infiltrant adequately infiltrated the powder mass so as to bond it together.
The mass was then allowed to cool.
Examgl a No . 5 Example No. 5 comprises a powder mixture having the following composition and particle size distribution:
(a) about 16.75 weight percent of the mixture is macrocrystalline tungsten carbide particles with a particle size of -80+325 mesh (greater than 44 micrometers and less than or equal to 177 micrometers);
(b) about 75.00 weight percent of the mixture is crushed sintered cemented macrocrystalline tungsten carbide particles of a particle size of -120 mesh (less than or equal to 125 micrometers), and, having the following composition: about 6 weight percent cobalt, a maximum of 1 weight percent iron, a maximum of 1.0 6'8188-103 weight percent tantalum, a maximum of 1.0 weight percent titanium, a maximum of 0.5 weight percent niobium, a maximum of 0.5 weight percent of other impurities and the balance macrocrystalline tungsten carbide having an average particle size between about 5 micrometers and about 25 micrometers;
(c) about 7.75 weight percent of the mixture is cast tungsten carbide having a particle size of -270 mesh (less than or equal to 53 micrometers) with superfines removed:
(d) about 0.25 weight percent of the mixture is grade 4600 steel with a particle size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers), and (e) about 0.25 weight percent of the mixture is iron, having an average particle size of 3-5 micrometers.
This powder mixture was placed in a mold TM
along with a MACROFIL 53 infiltrant, and heated at about 2200 of (1177 °C) until the infiltrant adequately infiltrated the powder mass so. as to bond it together.
The mass was then allowed to cool.
Example No. 6 Example No. 6 comprises a powder mixture having the following composition and particle size distribution:
(a) about 100 weight percent of the mixture is crushed sintered cemented macrocrystalline tungsten carbide particles with a particle size of -120 mesh (less than or equal to 125 micrometers) and having the following composition: about 6 weight percent cobalt, a maximum of 1 weight percent iron, a maximum of 1.0 weight percent tantalum, a maximum of 1.0 weight percent titanium, a maximum of 0.5 weight percent niobium, a maximum of 0.5 weight percent of other impurities and the balance macrocrystalline tungsten carbide having an average particle size of between about 5 micrometers and about 25 micrometers.
This powder mixture was placed in a mold TM
along with a MACROFIL 53 infiltrant, and was heated at about 1177°C (2200 °F) until the infiltrant had adequately infiltrated the powder mass so as to bond it together. The mass was then allowed to cool.
ample No. 7 Example No. 7 comprises a powder mixture of 100 weight percent cemented macrocrystalline tungsten carbide having a composition of 10 weight percent nickel and 90 weight percent macrocrystalline tungsten carbide. The particle size distribution of the powder mixture comprises: 0.1 weight percent of the cemented macrocrystalline tungsten carbide having a particle size of -80+120 mesh (greater than 125 micrometers and less than or equal to 177 micrometers); 11.4 weight percent of the cemented macrocrystalline tungsten carbide having a particle size of -120+170 mesh (greater than 88 micrometers and less than or equal to 125 micrometers): 41.1 weight percent of the cemented macrocrystalline tungsten carbide having a particle size of -170+230 mesh (greater than 63 micrometers and less than or equal to 88 micrometers); 44.5 weight percent of the cemented macrocrystalline tungsten carbide having a particle size of -230+325 mesh (greater than 44 micrometers and less than or equal to 63 micrometers); and 2.9 weight percent of the cemented macrocrystalline tungsten carbide having a particle size of -325+400 mesh (greater than 37 micrometers and less than or equal to 44 micrometers).
This powderTmixture was placed in a mold along with a MACROFIL 53 infiltrant, and was heated at about 1177°C (2200 °F) until the infiltrant had adequately infiltrated the powder mass so as to bond it together. The mass was then allowed to cool.
Example Nos. 8 and 9 Examples Nos. 8 and 9 are the same as Example No. 7.
and 8 weight percent nickel having a size of -200 mesh (less than or equal to 74 micrometers).
Still another example of a particulate component comprises a 67.0 weight percent crushed cast tungsten carbide having a particle size distribution as follows: between 18.0 and 22.0 weight percent of the crushed cast tungsten carbide particles have a size of -80 +120 mesh (greater than 125 micrometers and less than or equal to 177 micrometers), between 25.0 to 30.0 weight percent of the crushed cast tungsten carbide particles have a size of -120 +170 mesh (greater than 88 micrometers and less than or equal to 125 micrometers), between 29.0 weight percent and 33.0 weight percent of the crushed cast tungsten carbide particles have a size of -170 +230 mesh (greater than 63 micrometers and less than or equal to 88 micrometers), between 18.0 weight percent and 22.0 weight percent of the crushed cast tungsten carbide particles have a size of -230 +325 mesh (greater than 44 micrometers and less than or equal to 63 micrometers), and up to 5.0 weight percent of the crushed cast tungsten carbide particles have a size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers). The component further has 31.0 weight percent crushed cast tungsten carbide having a particle size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers), 1.0 weight percent iron having a particle. size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers), and 1.0 weight _6_ .
percent 4600 steel having a particle size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers).
One example of a suitable infiltrant comprises 63-67 weight percent copper, 14-16 weight percent nickel, and 19-21 weight percent zinc. This material has a specific gravity of 8.5 g/cc and has a ... melting point of 1100 °F. This infiltrant is used in 1/32nd inch by 5/l6ths inch granules. This alloy is identified as MACROFIL*65 by applicants' assignee, and this designation will be used in this application.
Another example of a suitable infiltrant has a nominal composition of 52.7 weight percent copper, 24.0 weight percent manganese, 15.0 weight percent nickel, 8.0 weight percent zinc, .15 weight percent boron, and .15 weight percent silicon with traces of lead, tin and iron. This infiltrant is sold by Belmont Metals Inc., 330 Belmont Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11207 under the name designation "VIRGIN binder 4537D"*
in 1 inch by 1/2 inch by 1/2 inch chunks. This alloy is identified as MACROFIL*53 by applicants' assignee, and this designation will be used in this application.
While these earlier matrices for a hard composite have performed in a satisfactory fashion, it would be desirable to provide an improved matrix for a hard composite having improved properties. These properties include impact strength, transverse rupture strength, hardness, abrasion resistance, and erosion resistance. It would also be desirable to provide an improved hard composite that uses~the improved matrix material. It would still further be desirable to provide a tool member that includes a tool shank with the improved hard composite affixed thereto wherein the tool member could be used, for example, in conjunction with an oil well drill bit.
*Trade-mark SUN~IARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the invention to provide an improved matrix powder for a hard composite comprising one or more discrete hard elements held in a matrix composed of carbide-based particulates bonded together by an infiltrant metal wherein the matrix has improved overall properties. It is contemplated that the hard composite could be used in cutting and drilling applications, and that the matrix powder and infiltrant without the hard element could be used in wear applications.
It is another object of the invention to provide an improved hard composite comprising a plurality of discrete hard elements, such a diamond or polycrystalline diamond composite elements, held in a matrix composed of carbide-based particulates bonded together by an infiltrant metal that has improved impact strength.
It is still another object of the invention to provide an improved hard composite comprising a plurality of discrete hard elements, such as diamond or polycrystalline diamond composite elements, held in a matrix composed of carbide-based particulates bonded together by an infiltrant metal that has improved transverse rupture strength.
It is an object of the invention to provide an improved hard composite comprising a plurality of discrete hard elements, such as diamond or polycrystalline diamond composite elements, held in a matrix composed of carbide-based particulates bonded together by an infiltrant metal that has improved hardness.
It is another object of the invention to provide an improved hard composite comprising a plurality of discrete hard elements, such as diamond or polycrystalline diamond composite.elements, held in a -g-matrix composed of carbide-based particulates bonded together by an infiltrant metal that has improved erosion resistance properties.
In one form thereof, the invention is a matrix powder for formation along with an infiltrant into a matrix. The matrix powder comprises crushed sintered cemented tungsten carbide particles having a particle size of -80+400 mesh (greater than 37 micrometers and less than or equal to 177 micrometers).
The composition of the crushed sintered cemented tungsten carbide comprises between about 5 weight percent and about 20 weight percent binder metal and between about 80 weight percent and about 95 weight percent tungsten carbide.
In still another form thereof, the invention is a diamond composite member which includes a support and a diamond composite affixed to the support. The diamond composite comprises a matrix which includes a mass of particles held together by an infiltrant. The mass of particles is formed by heating a powder mixture in the presence of an infiltrant. The powder mixture comprises crushed sintered cemented tungsten carbide particles having a particle size of -80+400 mesh (greater than 37 micrometers and less than or equal to 177 micrometers). The composition of the crushed sintered cemented tungsten carbide comprises between about 5 weight percent and about 20 weight percent binder metal and between about 80 weight percent and about 95 weight percent tungsten carbide.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The following is a brief description of the drawings which form a part of this patent application:
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the assembly used to make a product comprising a tool shank with one embodiment.of the discrete diamonds bonded thereto; and FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the assembly used to make a product comprising a tool shank with another embodiment of the diamond composite bonded thereto; and FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a tool drill bit that incorporates the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS
Referring to FIG. 1, there is illustrated a schematic of the assembly used to manufacture a product using the diamond as part of the present invention. The typical product is a drill head. As will become apparent, the drill head has a shank. Cutter elements, such as the discrete diamonds are bonded to the bit head with the metal matrix. Although the method by which the shank is affixed to the drill line may vary, one common method is to provide threads on the shank so that the shank threadedly engages a threaded bore in the drill line. Another way is to weld the shank to the drill line.
The production assembly includes a carbon, such as graphite, mold, generally designated as 10, having a bottom wall 12 and an upstanding wall 14. The mold 10 defines a volume therein. The assembly further includes a top member 16 which fits over the opening of the mold 10. It should be understood that the use of the top number 16 is optional depending upon the degree of atmospheric control one desires.
A steel shank 24 is positioned within the mold before the powder is poured therein. A portion of the steel shank 24 is within the powder mixture 22 and another portion of the steel shank 24 is outside of the mixture 22. Shank 24 has threads 25 at one end thereof, and grooves 25A at the other end thereof.
Referring to the contents of the mold, there are a plurality of discrete diamonds 20 positioned at selected positions within the mold so as to be at selected positions on the surface of the finished product. The matrix powder 22 is a carbide=based powder which is poured into the mold 10 so as to be adjacent to the diamonds 20. The composition of the matrix powder 22 will be set forth hereinafter.
Once the diamonds 20 have been set and the matrix powder 22 poured into the mold, infiltrant alloy 26 is positioned adjacent to the powder mixture 22 in the mold 10. Then the top 16 is positioned over the mold, and the mold is placed into a furnace and heated to approximately 2200 of (1177 °C) so that the infiltrant 26 melts and infiltrates the powder mass.
The result is an end product wherein the infiltrant bonds the powder together, the matrix holds the diamonds therein, and the composite is bonded to the steel shank.
Referring to FIG. 2, there is illustrated a schematic of the assembly used to manufacture a second type of product using the diamond composites as part of the present invention. The assembly includes a carbon, such as graphite, mold, generally designated as 30, having a bottom wall 32 and an upstanding wall 34. The mold 30 defines a volume therein. The assembly further includes a top member 36 which fits over the opening of the mold 30. It should be understood that the use of the top member 36 is optional depending upon the degree of atmospheric control one desires.
A steel shank 42 is positioned within the mold before the powder mixture is poured therein. A
portion of the steel shank 42 is within the powder mixture 40 and another portion of the steel shank 42 is outside of the mixture. The shank 42 has grooves 43 at the end that is within the powder mixture.
Referring to the contents of the mold 30, there are a plurality of carbon (graphite) blanks 38 positioned at selected positions within the mold so as to be at selected positions on the surface of the 681.88-103 finished product. The matrix powder 40 is a carbide-based powder which is poured into the mold 30 so as to be adjacent to the carbon (graphite) blanks 38. The composition of the matrix powder 40 will be set forth hereinafter.
Once the carbon (graphite) blanks 38 have been set and the matrix powder 40 poured into the mold 30, Infiltrant alloy 44 is positioned adjacent to the powder mixture in the mold. Then the top 36 is positioned over the mold, and the mold is placed into a furnace and heated to approximately 2200°F
(1177°C) so that the infiltrant melts and infiltrates the powder mass. The result is an intermediate product wherein the infiltrant bonds the powder together, also bonding the powder mass to the steel shank, and the carbon (graphite) blanks define recesses in the surface of the infiltrated mass.
The carbon (graphite) blanks are removed from bonded mass and a diamond composite insert, having a shape like that of the carbon (graphite) blank, is brazed into the recess to form the end product. Typically the diamond composite drill head has a layer of discrete diamonds along the side.
Referring to FIG. 3, there is illustrated therein a portion of a tool, generally designated as 50. The tool 50 has a forwardly facing surface to which are bonded discrete diamond elements 52.
Preferably, the infiltrant metal is an alloy comprising about 50 to 70 weight percent copper, about 10 to 20 weight percent nickel and about 15 to 25 weight percent zinc or an alloy comprising about 45 to 60 weight percent copper, 10 to 20 weight percent nickel, about 4 to 12 weight percent zinc, about 18 to 30 weight percent manganese, an amount of boron and an amount of silicon.
lla COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES
The following comparative examples were made and tested and the test results are presented below.
Comparative Example A comprises a powder matrix mixture having a composition and size distribution as follows:
about 67.10 weight percent macrocrystalline tungsten carbide having the following size distribution: between 18.0 and 22.0 weight percent of the macrocrystalline tungsten carbide particles have a size of -80 +120 mesh (greater than 125 micrometers ~ and less than or equal to 177 micrometers) between 25.0 to 30.0 weight percent of the macrocrystalline .. tungsten carbide particles have a size of -120 +170 mesh (greater than 88 micrometers and less than or .
equal to 125 micrometers), between 29.0 weight percent ..-. and 33.0 weight percent of the macrocrystalline tungsten carbide particles have a size of -170 +230 mesh (greater than 63 micrometers and less than or equal to 88 micrometers), between 18.0 weight percent and 22.0 weight percent of the macrocrystalline tungsten carbide particles have a size of -230 +325 mesh (greater than 44 micrometers and less than or equal to 63 micrometers), and up to 5.o weight percent of the macrocrystalline tungsten carbide particles have a size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers). The matrix further contains about 30.9 weight percent crushed cast tungsten carbide particles having a size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers), 1.00 weight percent iron and has an average particle diameter of between 3 micrometers and 5 micrometers, and 1.00 weight percent grade 4600 steel having a particle size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers). The 4600 grade steel has the following nominal composition (weight percent): 1.57 weight percent nickel: 0.38 weight percent manganese:
0.32 weight percent silicon: 0.29 weight percent molybdenum; 0.06 weight percent carbon: and balance iron.
TM
The infiltrant was MACROFIL 53. The TM
composition of the MACROFIL 53 is set forth above. This TM
powder mixture was placed in a mold along with MACROFIL
53 infiltrant, and heated at about 2200 of (1177 °C) until the infiltrant had adequately infiltrated the powder mass so as to bond it together. The mass was then allowed to cool. -Comparative Example B comprises a powder matrix mixture having a composition and size distribution as follows: about 68 weight percent macrocrystalline tungsten carbide having a size of -80 +325 mesh (greater than 44 mic=ometers and less than or equal to 177 micrometers); 15 weight percent of macrocrystalline tungsten carbide having a size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers); 15 weight .percent of crushed cast tungsten carbide having a size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers);
and 2 weight percent nickel having a size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers). This nickel is INCO type 123 from International Nickel Company and is a singular spike covered regular shaped powder. The chemical analysis and physical characteristics available from commercial literature reveal the following: The chemical analysis shows a composition of: 0.1 max. carbon, 0.15 max. oxygen, 0.001 max.
sulfur, 0.01 max. iron, and balance nickel. The average particle size is 3-7 micrometers (Fisher Subsieve Size), the apparent density is 1.8-2.7 grams/cc, and the specific surface area is 0.34-0.44 m2/g.
The infiltrant was MACROFILM53. The TM
composition of the MACROFIL 53 is set forth above. This powder mixture was placed in a mold along with MACROFILTM
53 infiltrant, and heated at about 2200 of (1177 °C) until the infiltrant had adequately infiltrated the powder mass so as to bond it together. The mass was then allowed to cool.
Comparative Example C comprises a powder matrix mixture having a composition and size distribution as follows: about 67.0 weight percent crushed cast tungsten carbide having a particle size distribution as follows: between 18.0 and 22.0 weight percent of the crushed cast tungsten carbide particles have a size of -80 +120 mesh (greater than 125 microiueters and less than or equal to 177 micrometers), between 25.0 to 30.0 weight percent of the crushed cast tungsten carbide particles have a size of -120 +170 mesh (greater than 88 micrometers and less than or equal to 125 micrometers), between 29.0 weight - percent and 33.0 weight percent of the crushed cast -tungsten carbide particles have a size of -170 +230 'mesh (greater than 63 micrometers and less than or equal to 88 micrometers), between 18.0 weight percent and 22.0 weight percent of the crushed cast tungsten carbide particles have a size of -230 +325 mesh (greater than 44 micrometers and less than or equal to 63 micrometers), and up to 5.0 weight percent of the crushed cast tungsten carbide particles have a size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers). The component further has 31.0 weight percent crushed cast tungsten carbide having a particle size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers), 1.0 weight percent iron having a particle size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers), and 1.0 weight percent 4600 steel having a particle size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers).
TM ' The infiltrant was'MACROFIL 53. The TM
composition of the MACROFIL 53 is set forth above. This powder mixture was placed in a mold along with MACROFILTM
53 infiltrant, and heated at about 2200 of (1177 °C) until the infiltrant had adequately infiltrated the powder mass so as to bond it together. The mass was then allowed to cool.
Comparative Example D comprises a powder matrix mixture having a composition and size distribution as follows: about 64 weight percent macrocrystalline tungsten carbide having a size of -80 +325 mesh (greater than 44 micrometers and less than or equal to 177 micrometers); 14 weight percent of macrocrystalline tungsten carbide having a size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers); 14 weight percent of crushed cast tungsten carbide having a size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers);
and 8 weight percent nickel. having a size of -200 mesh (less than or equal to 74 micrometers). This nickel is INCO type 123 from International Nickel Company and is a singular spike covered regular shaped powder. The chemical analysis and physical characteristics available from commercial literature reveal the following: The~chemical analysis shows a composition of: 0.1 max. carbon, 0.15 max. oxygen, 0.001 max.
sulfur, 0.01 max. iron, and balance nickel. The average particle size is 3-7 micrometers (Fisher Subsieve Size), the apparent density is 1.8-2.7 grams/cc, and the specific surface area is 0.34-0.44 m2/g.
The infiltrant was MACROFILM53. The composition of the MACROFIL 53 is set forth above. This powder mixture was placed in a mold along with MACROFILTM
53 infiltrant, and heated at about 2200 °F (1177 °C) until the infiltrant had adequately infiltrated the powder mass so as to bond it together. The mass was then allowed to cool.
Actual Examples The following actual examples of the present invention have been made and tested and the test results are also set forth below.
Examble No. 1 Example No. 1 comprises a powder matrix mixture having a composition and size distribution as follows: 100 weight percent of crushed sintered cemented macrocrystalline tungsten carbide particles having a particle size of -140 +325 mesh (greater than 44 micrometers and less than or equal to 105 micrometers). The composition of the cemented macrocrystalline tungsten carbide comprises 13 weight percent cobalt and 87 weight percent macrocrystalline tungsten carbide wherein the macrocrystalline tungsten carbide has an average particle size between about 5 micrometers and about 25 micrometers.
TM
The infiltrant was MACROFIL 53. The TM
composition of the MACROFIL 53 is set forth above. This powder mixture was placed in a mold along with MACROFILTM
_53 infiltrant, and heated at about 2200 of (1177 °C) _~until the infiltrant had adequately infiltrated the powder mass so as to bond it together. The mass was then allowed to cool.
example No. 2 r Example No. 2 comprises a powder mixture comprising the following: 100 weight percent of crushed - sintered cemented macrocrystalline tungsten carbide particles having a particle size of -140+270 mesh (greater than 63 micrometers and less than or equal to 105 micrometers). The composition of the cemented macrocrystalline tungsten carbide comprises 6 weight percent cobalt and 94 weight percent macrocrystalline tungsten carbide wherein the tungsten carbide has an average particle size between about 5 micrometers and about 25 micrometers.
TM
The infiltrant was MACROFIL 53. The TM
. composition of the MACROFIL 53 is set forth above. This TM
powder mixture was placed in a mold along with MACROFIL
53 infiltrant, and heated at about 2200 of (1177 °C) until the infiltrant had adequately infiltrated the powder mass so as to bond it together. The mass was then allowed to cool.
Examgle No. 3 Example No. 3 comprises a powder mixture that has the following composition and particle size distribution:
(a) about 50.25 weight percent of the mixture is macrocrystalline tungsten carbide particles with a particle size of -80+325 mesh (greater than 44 micrometers and less than or equal to 177 micrometers);
and (b) about 25.00 weight percent of the mixture is crushed sintered cemented macrocrystalline tungsten -17- .
. carbide particles of a size of -120 mesh (less than or _ equal to 125 micrometers), and has the following composition: about 6 weight percent cobalt, a maximum of 1 weight percent iron, a maximum of l.0 weight percent tantalum, a maximum of 1.0 weight percent titanium, a maximum of 0.5 weight percent niobium, a ,maximum of 0.5 weight percent of other impurities and the balance macrocrystalline tungsten carbide having an average particle size of between about 5 micrometers and about 25 micrometers; and (c) about 23.25 weight percent of the mixture is cast tungsten carbide having a particle size of -270 mesh (less than or egual to 53 micrometers) with superfines removed;
(d) about 0.75 weight percent of the mixture is grade 4600 steel having particle size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers); and (e) about 0.75 weight percent of the mixture is iron having an average particle size of 3-5 micrometers.
This powder mixture was placed in a mold TM
along with the MACROFIL 53 infiltrant, and heated at about 2200 of (1177 °C) until the infiltrant adequately infiltrated the powder mass so as to bond it together..
The mass was then allowed to cool.
Examgle No. 4 Example No. 4 comprises a powder mixture that has the following composition and particle size distribution:
(a) about 33.50 weight percent of the mixture is macrocrystalline tungsten carbide particles with a particle size of -80+325 mesh (greater than 44 micrometers and less than or equal to 177 micrometers);
(b) about 50.00 weight percent of the mixture is crushed sintered cemented macrocrystalline tungsten carbide particles of a size of -120 mesh (less than or equal to 125 micrometers), and having the following -18- .
composition: about 6 weight percent cobalt, a maximum of 1 weight percent iron, a maximum of 1.0 weight percent tantalum, a maximum of 1.0 weight percent titanium, a maximum of 0.5 weight percent niobium, a maximum of 0.5 weight percent of other impurities and -the balance macrocrystalline tungsten carbide having an ' average particle size of between about 5 micrometers to about 25 micrometers;
(c) about 15.50 weight percent of the mixture is cast tungsten carbide having a particle size of -270 mesh (less than or equal to 53 micrometers) with the superfines removed:
(d) about 0.50 weight percent of the mixture is grade 4600 steel having a particle size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers); and (e)about 0.50 weight percent of the mixture is iron having an average particle size of 3-5 micrometers.
This powder mixture was placed in a mold TM
along with a MACROFIL 53 infiltrant, and was heated at about 2200 of (1177 oC) until the infiltrant adequately infiltrated the powder mass so as to bond it together.
The mass was then allowed to cool.
Examgl a No . 5 Example No. 5 comprises a powder mixture having the following composition and particle size distribution:
(a) about 16.75 weight percent of the mixture is macrocrystalline tungsten carbide particles with a particle size of -80+325 mesh (greater than 44 micrometers and less than or equal to 177 micrometers);
(b) about 75.00 weight percent of the mixture is crushed sintered cemented macrocrystalline tungsten carbide particles of a particle size of -120 mesh (less than or equal to 125 micrometers), and, having the following composition: about 6 weight percent cobalt, a maximum of 1 weight percent iron, a maximum of 1.0 6'8188-103 weight percent tantalum, a maximum of 1.0 weight percent titanium, a maximum of 0.5 weight percent niobium, a maximum of 0.5 weight percent of other impurities and the balance macrocrystalline tungsten carbide having an average particle size between about 5 micrometers and about 25 micrometers;
(c) about 7.75 weight percent of the mixture is cast tungsten carbide having a particle size of -270 mesh (less than or equal to 53 micrometers) with superfines removed:
(d) about 0.25 weight percent of the mixture is grade 4600 steel with a particle size of -325 mesh (less than or equal to 44 micrometers), and (e) about 0.25 weight percent of the mixture is iron, having an average particle size of 3-5 micrometers.
This powder mixture was placed in a mold TM
along with a MACROFIL 53 infiltrant, and heated at about 2200 of (1177 °C) until the infiltrant adequately infiltrated the powder mass so. as to bond it together.
The mass was then allowed to cool.
Example No. 6 Example No. 6 comprises a powder mixture having the following composition and particle size distribution:
(a) about 100 weight percent of the mixture is crushed sintered cemented macrocrystalline tungsten carbide particles with a particle size of -120 mesh (less than or equal to 125 micrometers) and having the following composition: about 6 weight percent cobalt, a maximum of 1 weight percent iron, a maximum of 1.0 weight percent tantalum, a maximum of 1.0 weight percent titanium, a maximum of 0.5 weight percent niobium, a maximum of 0.5 weight percent of other impurities and the balance macrocrystalline tungsten carbide having an average particle size of between about 5 micrometers and about 25 micrometers.
This powder mixture was placed in a mold TM
along with a MACROFIL 53 infiltrant, and was heated at about 1177°C (2200 °F) until the infiltrant had adequately infiltrated the powder mass so as to bond it together. The mass was then allowed to cool.
ample No. 7 Example No. 7 comprises a powder mixture of 100 weight percent cemented macrocrystalline tungsten carbide having a composition of 10 weight percent nickel and 90 weight percent macrocrystalline tungsten carbide. The particle size distribution of the powder mixture comprises: 0.1 weight percent of the cemented macrocrystalline tungsten carbide having a particle size of -80+120 mesh (greater than 125 micrometers and less than or equal to 177 micrometers); 11.4 weight percent of the cemented macrocrystalline tungsten carbide having a particle size of -120+170 mesh (greater than 88 micrometers and less than or equal to 125 micrometers): 41.1 weight percent of the cemented macrocrystalline tungsten carbide having a particle size of -170+230 mesh (greater than 63 micrometers and less than or equal to 88 micrometers); 44.5 weight percent of the cemented macrocrystalline tungsten carbide having a particle size of -230+325 mesh (greater than 44 micrometers and less than or equal to 63 micrometers); and 2.9 weight percent of the cemented macrocrystalline tungsten carbide having a particle size of -325+400 mesh (greater than 37 micrometers and less than or equal to 44 micrometers).
This powderTmixture was placed in a mold along with a MACROFIL 53 infiltrant, and was heated at about 1177°C (2200 °F) until the infiltrant had adequately infiltrated the powder mass so as to bond it together. The mass was then allowed to cool.
Example Nos. 8 and 9 Examples Nos. 8 and 9 are the same as Example No. 7.
To form the cemented macrocrystalline tungsten carbide for Examples Nos. 7 through 9, macrocrystalline tungsten carbide was mixed with 10 weight percent nickel and the powder mixture sintered for one hour at 1371 °C (2500°F). The sintered material was then crushed into the particle sizes set forth in Examples Nos. 7 through 9.
Test Results Tests for impact strength were conducted according to a procedure using an impact toughness machine. The machine had a hammer which when dropped created an impact loading force on a test specimen. The load required to break the specimen and the time it took to break the specimen were used to calculate the impact strength. This test was conducted using a Dynatap instrumented drop weight tower. This test is a high strain rate three-point bend test which measures the amount of energy required to break a one-half inch diameter sample pin.
Tests for the transverse rupture strength were conducted according to a procedure where a cylindrical pin of the infiltrated material was placed in a fixture. A load was then exerted on the pin until failure. The transverse rupture strength was then calculated based upon the actual load and the dimensions of the pin specimen. Tests for hardness were conducted according to the ASTM Standard B347-85 The results of the testing for impact strength, transverse rupture strength and hardness are set forth below for the six examples and the three comparative examples.
Example No. 1 Impact Strength 4.728 ft-lbs Transverse Rupture Strength 136 ksi Hardness 29.2 Rockwell C
Example No. 2.
Impact Strength 6.792 ft-lbs Transverse Rupture Strength 184 ksi Hardness 44.8 Rockwell C
Example No. 3 Impact Strength 3.516 ft-lbs Transverse Rupture Strength 105 ksi Hardness 33.6 Rockwell C
Example No. 4.
Impact Strength 4.819 ft-lbs Transverse Rupture Strength 131 ksi Hardness 42.2 Rockwell C
Example No. 5 Impact Strength 5.222 ft-lbs Transverse Rupture Strength 153 ksi Hardness 44.3 Rockwell C
Example No. 6 Impact Strength 8.356 ft-lbs Transverse Rupture Strength 162 ksi Hardness 42.5 Rockwell C
Example No. 7 Impact Strength 9.249 ft-lbs Transverse Rupture Strength 216 ksi Hardness 41.7 Rockwell C
Example No. 8 Impact Strength 7.912 ft-lbs Transverse Rupture Strength 202 ksi Hardness 35.4 Rockwell C
Example No. 9 Impact Strength 7.421 ft-lbs Transverse Rupture Strength 191 ksi Hardness 36.3 Rockwell C
Example A.
Impact Strength 2.730 ft-lbs Transverse Rupture Strength 116 ksi Hardness 38.3 Rockwell C
Example B
Impact Strength 3.094 ft-lbs Transverse Rupture Strength 114 ksi Hardness 31.5 Rockwell C
Example C
Impact Strength 2.466 ft-lbs Transverse Rupture Strength 96 ksi Hardness 38.7 Rockwell C
Example D
Impact Strength -- ft-lbs Transverse Rupture Strength 128 ksi Hardness -- Rockwell C
The abrasion testing was done according to the Riley - Stoker method (ASTM Standard B611) using a counterbalance weight of 26 Kg. These results are set forth below:
Weight Loss Samble (Top/Bottom)*
Example No. 1 426.5/373.9 Example No. 2 373.3/298.2 Example No. 3 427.6/423.5 Example No. 4 394.4/387.4 Example No. 5 382.7/375.1 Example No. 6 339.8/374.0 Example No. 7 -- 344.8/ -Example No. 8 _ 350.4/257.2 Example No. 9 357.4/331.7 Example A 439.9/443.5 Example B 472.1/466.4 Example C 322.3/329.0 Example D 419.4/406.5 * of a coin The units for the weight loss are grams per fifty wheel revolutions.
For the erosion test procedure, the testing consisted of subjecting coins made of the matrix material to a high pressure water plus sand abrasive stream for a set length of time and measuring the mass loss of the coin. The test parameters were set as follows:
Water Pressure........1000psi Sand Grit Size........ASTM 50-70(fine) Nozzle Size...........#4-15 degree Test Duration.........1 minute Impingement Angle.....20 degrees The test setup consisted of a large, high pressure water pump unit, a barrel of sand, a trigger-operated nozzle delivery system, and the hoses to connect all of these together. The procedure used for testing was to weigh the coin, place it into the blast fixture, blast it for one minute, then weight it again to measure the loss due to erosion. The scale used to weigh the coin was a Mettler balance with a resolution of 0.002 grams. The coin was cleaned and dried prior to every weighing. Two tests were done on each side of the coin.
The sand and water flow rates were also monitored. The water flow rate averaged at about 2 gallons per minute throughout the entire test. The sand flow rate averaged about 0.65 lbs./minute for the test with some noticeable increase as the testing progressed. The accuracy of the sand flow measurement was about ~0.05 lbs/minute. This test procedure follows ASTM Standard G76, except that it uses a liquid jet instead of a gas jet.
These test results have been normalized to take into account the variations in sand flow. The weight loss is in grams.
Weight Loss Sample (Top/Bottom)*
Example No. 1 0.25/0.19 Example No. 2 0.16/0.13 Example No. 3 0.12/0.16 Example No. 4 0.13/0.10 Example No. 5 0.11/0.13 Example No. 6 0.10/0.08 Example No. 7 -----Example No. 8 0.05/0.04 Example No. 9 -----Example A 0.42/0.37 Example B 0.38/0.37 Example C 0.17/0.17 Example D 0.12/0.09 * of a coin Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from a consideration of the specification or practice of the invention disclosed intended that the herein. It is specification and examples be sidered as con illustrative only, with the true scope and spirit of the invention being the following claims indicated by
Test Results Tests for impact strength were conducted according to a procedure using an impact toughness machine. The machine had a hammer which when dropped created an impact loading force on a test specimen. The load required to break the specimen and the time it took to break the specimen were used to calculate the impact strength. This test was conducted using a Dynatap instrumented drop weight tower. This test is a high strain rate three-point bend test which measures the amount of energy required to break a one-half inch diameter sample pin.
Tests for the transverse rupture strength were conducted according to a procedure where a cylindrical pin of the infiltrated material was placed in a fixture. A load was then exerted on the pin until failure. The transverse rupture strength was then calculated based upon the actual load and the dimensions of the pin specimen. Tests for hardness were conducted according to the ASTM Standard B347-85 The results of the testing for impact strength, transverse rupture strength and hardness are set forth below for the six examples and the three comparative examples.
Example No. 1 Impact Strength 4.728 ft-lbs Transverse Rupture Strength 136 ksi Hardness 29.2 Rockwell C
Example No. 2.
Impact Strength 6.792 ft-lbs Transverse Rupture Strength 184 ksi Hardness 44.8 Rockwell C
Example No. 3 Impact Strength 3.516 ft-lbs Transverse Rupture Strength 105 ksi Hardness 33.6 Rockwell C
Example No. 4.
Impact Strength 4.819 ft-lbs Transverse Rupture Strength 131 ksi Hardness 42.2 Rockwell C
Example No. 5 Impact Strength 5.222 ft-lbs Transverse Rupture Strength 153 ksi Hardness 44.3 Rockwell C
Example No. 6 Impact Strength 8.356 ft-lbs Transverse Rupture Strength 162 ksi Hardness 42.5 Rockwell C
Example No. 7 Impact Strength 9.249 ft-lbs Transverse Rupture Strength 216 ksi Hardness 41.7 Rockwell C
Example No. 8 Impact Strength 7.912 ft-lbs Transverse Rupture Strength 202 ksi Hardness 35.4 Rockwell C
Example No. 9 Impact Strength 7.421 ft-lbs Transverse Rupture Strength 191 ksi Hardness 36.3 Rockwell C
Example A.
Impact Strength 2.730 ft-lbs Transverse Rupture Strength 116 ksi Hardness 38.3 Rockwell C
Example B
Impact Strength 3.094 ft-lbs Transverse Rupture Strength 114 ksi Hardness 31.5 Rockwell C
Example C
Impact Strength 2.466 ft-lbs Transverse Rupture Strength 96 ksi Hardness 38.7 Rockwell C
Example D
Impact Strength -- ft-lbs Transverse Rupture Strength 128 ksi Hardness -- Rockwell C
The abrasion testing was done according to the Riley - Stoker method (ASTM Standard B611) using a counterbalance weight of 26 Kg. These results are set forth below:
Weight Loss Samble (Top/Bottom)*
Example No. 1 426.5/373.9 Example No. 2 373.3/298.2 Example No. 3 427.6/423.5 Example No. 4 394.4/387.4 Example No. 5 382.7/375.1 Example No. 6 339.8/374.0 Example No. 7 -- 344.8/ -Example No. 8 _ 350.4/257.2 Example No. 9 357.4/331.7 Example A 439.9/443.5 Example B 472.1/466.4 Example C 322.3/329.0 Example D 419.4/406.5 * of a coin The units for the weight loss are grams per fifty wheel revolutions.
For the erosion test procedure, the testing consisted of subjecting coins made of the matrix material to a high pressure water plus sand abrasive stream for a set length of time and measuring the mass loss of the coin. The test parameters were set as follows:
Water Pressure........1000psi Sand Grit Size........ASTM 50-70(fine) Nozzle Size...........#4-15 degree Test Duration.........1 minute Impingement Angle.....20 degrees The test setup consisted of a large, high pressure water pump unit, a barrel of sand, a trigger-operated nozzle delivery system, and the hoses to connect all of these together. The procedure used for testing was to weigh the coin, place it into the blast fixture, blast it for one minute, then weight it again to measure the loss due to erosion. The scale used to weigh the coin was a Mettler balance with a resolution of 0.002 grams. The coin was cleaned and dried prior to every weighing. Two tests were done on each side of the coin.
The sand and water flow rates were also monitored. The water flow rate averaged at about 2 gallons per minute throughout the entire test. The sand flow rate averaged about 0.65 lbs./minute for the test with some noticeable increase as the testing progressed. The accuracy of the sand flow measurement was about ~0.05 lbs/minute. This test procedure follows ASTM Standard G76, except that it uses a liquid jet instead of a gas jet.
These test results have been normalized to take into account the variations in sand flow. The weight loss is in grams.
Weight Loss Sample (Top/Bottom)*
Example No. 1 0.25/0.19 Example No. 2 0.16/0.13 Example No. 3 0.12/0.16 Example No. 4 0.13/0.10 Example No. 5 0.11/0.13 Example No. 6 0.10/0.08 Example No. 7 -----Example No. 8 0.05/0.04 Example No. 9 -----Example A 0.42/0.37 Example B 0.38/0.37 Example C 0.17/0.17 Example D 0.12/0.09 * of a coin Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from a consideration of the specification or practice of the invention disclosed intended that the herein. It is specification and examples be sidered as con illustrative only, with the true scope and spirit of the invention being the following claims indicated by
Claims (36)
1. A matrix powder for formation along with an infiltrant metal into a matrix, the matrix powder comprising:
crushed sintered cemented tungsten carbide particles having a particle size of greater than 37 micrometers and less than or equal to 177 micrometers , wherein the crushed sintered cemented tungsten carbide comprises between 5 weight percent and 20 weight percent a binder metal selected from the group consisting of cobalt and nickel and between 80 weight percent and 95 weight percent tungsten carbide.
crushed sintered cemented tungsten carbide particles having a particle size of greater than 37 micrometers and less than or equal to 177 micrometers , wherein the crushed sintered cemented tungsten carbide comprises between 5 weight percent and 20 weight percent a binder metal selected from the group consisting of cobalt and nickel and between 80 weight percent and 95 weight percent tungsten carbide.
2. The matrix powder of claim 1 wherein the binder metal is cobalt; and the crushed sintered cemented tungsten carbide comprises between 6 weight percent and 13 weight percent cobalt and between 87 weight percent and 94 weight percent tungsten carbide, and the crushed sintered cemented tungsten carbide has a particle size greater than 53 micrometers and less than or equal to 105 micrometers.
3. The matrix powder of claim 1 wherein the binder metal is cobalt; and the crushed sintered cemented tungsten carbide has a particle size greater than 44 micrometers and less than or equal to 177 micrometers.
4. The matrix powder of claim 1 wherein the binder metal is cobalt; and the crushed sintered cemented tungsten carbide particles have the following composition: about 6 weight percent cobalt, a maximum of 1 weight percent iron, a maximum of 1.0 weight percent tantalum, a maximum of 1.0 weight percent titanium, a maximum of 0.5 weight percent niobium, a maximum of 0.5 weight percent of other impurities and the balance tungsten carbide having an average particle size of between 5 micrometers and 25 micrometers.
5. The matrix powder of claim 1 wherein the powder comprises about 100 weight percent crushed sintered cemented tungsten carbide particles having a particle size greater than 44 micrometers and less than or equal to 177 micrometers.
6. The matrix powder of claim 1 wherein the binder metal comprises cobalt; and the powder comprises:
(a) up to 50 weight percent of the powder being tungsten carbide particles with a particle size of greater than 44 micrometers and less than or equal to 177 micrometers;
(b) up to 75 weight percent of the mixture being crushed sintered cemented tungsten carbide particles of a particle size of less than or equal to 177 micrometers, and, having the following composition: about 6 weight percent cobalt, a maximum of 1 weight percent iron, a maximum of 1.0 weight percent tantalum, a maximum of 1.0 weight percent titanium, a maximum of 0.5 weight percent niobium, a maximum of 0.5 weight percent of other impurities and the balance tungsten carbide having an average particle size between 5 micrometers and 25 micrometers;
(c) up to 24 weight percent of the mixture being cast tungsten carbide having an average particle size of less than or equal to 53 micrometers; and (d) between 0.5 and 1.5 weight percent of the mixture being iron having a particle size of between 3 micrometers and micrometers.
(a) up to 50 weight percent of the powder being tungsten carbide particles with a particle size of greater than 44 micrometers and less than or equal to 177 micrometers;
(b) up to 75 weight percent of the mixture being crushed sintered cemented tungsten carbide particles of a particle size of less than or equal to 177 micrometers, and, having the following composition: about 6 weight percent cobalt, a maximum of 1 weight percent iron, a maximum of 1.0 weight percent tantalum, a maximum of 1.0 weight percent titanium, a maximum of 0.5 weight percent niobium, a maximum of 0.5 weight percent of other impurities and the balance tungsten carbide having an average particle size between 5 micrometers and 25 micrometers;
(c) up to 24 weight percent of the mixture being cast tungsten carbide having an average particle size of less than or equal to 53 micrometers; and (d) between 0.5 and 1.5 weight percent of the mixture being iron having a particle size of between 3 micrometers and micrometers.
7. The matrix powder of claim 6 wherein the iron component comprises between 0.25 weight percent and 0.75 weight percent of the mixture being grade 4600 steel having a particle size of less than or equal to 44 micrometers, wherein the grade 4600 steel consisting of 1.57 weight percent nickel; 0.38 weight percent manganese; 0.32 weight percent silicon; 0.29 weight percent molybdenum; 0.06 weight percent carbon; and the balance iron and between 0.25 weight percent and 0.75 weight percent of the mixture being iron, having a particle size of between 3 to 5 micrometers.
8. The matrix powder of claim 6 wherein the tungsten carbide particles comprises about 50 weight percent of the mixture, and the crushed sintered cemented tungsten carbide particles comprise about 25 weight percent of the mixture.
9. The matrix powder of claim 6 wherein the tungsten carbide particles comprises about 34 weight percent of the mixture, and the crushed sintered cemented tungsten carbide particles comprise about 50 weight percent of the mixture.
10. The matrix powder of claim 6 wherein the tungsten carbide particles comprises about 17 weight percent of the mixture, and the crushed sintered cemented tungsten carbide particles comprise about 75 weight percent of the mixture.
11. The matrix powder of claim 1 wherein the crushed sintered cemented tungsten carbide particles comprise crushed sintered cemented macrocrystalline tungsten carbide particles.
12. The matrix powder of claim 11 wherein the matrix powder comprises about 100 weight percent crushed sintered cemented macrocrystalline tungsten carbide particles.
13. The matrix powder of claim 12 wherein the binder metal is cobalt.
14. The matrix powder of claim 13 wherein the particle size of the crushed sintered cemented macrocrystalline tungsten carbide particles is greater than 44 micrometers and less than or equal to 177 micrometers.
15. The matrix powder of claim 1 wherein the binder metal is nickel; and the composition of the crushed sintered cemented tungsten carbide is between 6 weight percent and 13 weight percent nickel and 87 weight percent and 94 weight percent tungsten carbide, and the particle size of the crushed sintered cemented tungsten carbide is greater than 53 micrometers and less than or equal to 105 micrometers.
16. The matrix powder of claim 1 wherein the binder metal is nickel; and the particle size of the crushed sintered cemented tungsten carbide is greater than 44 micrometers and less than or equal to 177 micrometers.
17. The matrix powder of claim 1 wherein the binder metal is nickel; and the crushed sintered cemented tungsten carbide particles have the following composition: about 6 weight percent nickel, a maximum of 1 weight percent iron, a maximum of 1.0 weight percent tantalum, a maximum of 1.0 weight percent titanium, a maximum of 0.5 weight percent niobium, a maximum of 0.5 weight percent of other impurities and the balance tungsten carbide having an average particle size of between 5 micrometers and 25 micrometers.
18. The matrix powder of claim 1 wherein the binder metal is nickel; and the powder comprises about 100 weight percent crushed sintered cemented tungsten carbide particles, and the particle size of the crushed sintered cemented tungsten carbide particles is greater than 44 micrometers and less than or equal to 177 micrometers.
19. The matrix powder of claim 1 wherein the binder metal comprises nickel; and the powder comprises:
(a) up to 50 weight percent of the powder being tungsten carbide particles with a particle size of greater than 44 micrometers and less than or equal to 177 micrometers;
(b) up to 75 weight percent of the mixture being crushed sintered cemented tungsten carbide particles of a particle size of less than or equal to 177 micrometers, and, having the following composition: about 6 weight percent nickel, a maximum of 1 weight percent iron, a maximum of 1.0 weight percent tantalum, a maximum of 1.0 weight percent titanium, a maximum of 0.5 weight percent niobium, a maximum of 0.5 weight percent of other impurities and the balance tungsten carbide having an average particle size between 5 micrometers and 25 micrometers;
(c) up to 24 weight percent of the mixture being cast tungsten carbide having an average particle size of less than or equal to 53 micrometers; and (d) between 0.5 and 1.5 weight percent of the mixture being iron having a particle size of between 3 micrometers and micrometers.
(a) up to 50 weight percent of the powder being tungsten carbide particles with a particle size of greater than 44 micrometers and less than or equal to 177 micrometers;
(b) up to 75 weight percent of the mixture being crushed sintered cemented tungsten carbide particles of a particle size of less than or equal to 177 micrometers, and, having the following composition: about 6 weight percent nickel, a maximum of 1 weight percent iron, a maximum of 1.0 weight percent tantalum, a maximum of 1.0 weight percent titanium, a maximum of 0.5 weight percent niobium, a maximum of 0.5 weight percent of other impurities and the balance tungsten carbide having an average particle size between 5 micrometers and 25 micrometers;
(c) up to 24 weight percent of the mixture being cast tungsten carbide having an average particle size of less than or equal to 53 micrometers; and (d) between 0.5 and 1.5 weight percent of the mixture being iron having a particle size of between 3 micrometers and micrometers.
20. The matrix powder of claim 19 wherein the iron component comprises between 0.25 weight percent and 0.75 weight percent of the mixture being grade 4600 steel having a particle size of less than or equal to 44 micrometers, wherein the grade 4600 steel consists of 1.57 weight percent nickel; 0.38 weight percent manganese; 0.32 weight percent silicon; 0.29 weight percent molybdenum; 0.06 weight percent carbon; and the balance iron, and between 0.25 weight percent and 0.75 weight percent of the mixture being iron, having a particle size of between 3 to 5 micrometers.
21. The matrix powder of claim 19 wherein the tungsten carbide particles comprises about 50 weight percent of the mixture, and the crushed sintered cemented tungsten carbide particles comprises about 25 weight percent of the mixture.
22. The matrix powder of claim 19 wherein the tungsten carbide particles comprises about 34 weight percent of the mixture, and the crushed sintered cemented tungsten carbide particles comprises about 50 weight percent of the mixture.
23. The matrix powder of claim 19 wherein the tungsten carbide particles comprises about 17 weight percent of the mixture, and the crushed sintered cemented tungsten carbide particles comprises about 75 weight percent of the mixture.
24. The matrix powder of claim 1 wherein the infiltrant comprises between 50 to 70 weight percent copper, between 10 and 20 weight percent nickel, and between 15 and 25 weight percent zinc.
25. The matrix powder of claim 24 wherein the infiltrant comprises between 63 and 67 weight percent copper, between 14 and 16 weight percent nickel, and between 19 and 21 weight percent zinc.
26. The matrix powder of claim 1 wherein the infiltrant comprises between 45 and 60 weight percent copper, 10 to 20 weight percent nickel, between 4 to 12 weight percent zinc, between 18 to 30 weight percent manganese, an amount of boron and an amount of silicon.
27. The matrix powder of claim 26 wherein the infiltrant comprises about 52.7 weight percent copper, about 24 weight percent manganese, about 15 weight percent nickel, about 8 weight percent zinc, about 0.15 weight percent boron, and about 0.15 weight percent silicon.
28. A diamond composite member comprising:
a support; and a diamond composite affixed to the support, wherein the diamond composite comprises a matrix comprising a mass of particles held together by an infiltrant metal, the mass of particles being formed by heating a powder mixture in the presence of the infiltrant metal, wherein the powder mixture comprises crushed sintered cemented tungsten carbide particles having a particle size of greater than 37 micrometers and less than or equal to 177 micrometers and the crushed sintered cemented tungsten carbide comprises between 5 weight percent and 20 weight percent a binder metal selected from the group consisting of cobalt and nickel and between 80 weight percent and 95 weight percent tungsten carbide.
a support; and a diamond composite affixed to the support, wherein the diamond composite comprises a matrix comprising a mass of particles held together by an infiltrant metal, the mass of particles being formed by heating a powder mixture in the presence of the infiltrant metal, wherein the powder mixture comprises crushed sintered cemented tungsten carbide particles having a particle size of greater than 37 micrometers and less than or equal to 177 micrometers and the crushed sintered cemented tungsten carbide comprises between 5 weight percent and 20 weight percent a binder metal selected from the group consisting of cobalt and nickel and between 80 weight percent and 95 weight percent tungsten carbide.
29. The diamond composite member of claim 28 wherein the powder comprises about 100 weight percent crushed sintered cemented tungsten carbide particles, and the particle size of the crushed sintered cemented tungsten carbide is greater than 44 micrometers and less than or equal to 177 micrometers.
30. The diamond composite member of claim 29 wherein the binder metal is cobalt.
31. The diamond composite member of claim 29 wherein the binder metal is nickel.
32. The diamond composite member of claim 28 wherein the crushed sintered cemented tungsten carbide particles comprise crushed sintered cemented macrocrystalline tungsten carbide particles.
33. The diamond composite member of any one of claims 28 to 32, wherein the infiltrant comprises 50 to 70 weight percent copper, between 10 and 20 weight percent nickel, and between 15 and 25 weight percent zinc.
34. The diamond composite member of any one of claims 28 to 32, wherein the infiltrant comprises 45 to 60 weight percent copper, 10 to 20 weight percent nickel, 4 to 12 weight percent zinc, 18 to 30 weight percent manganese, an amount of boron and an amount of silicon.
35. A diamond composite member comprising:
a support; and a diamond composite affixed to the support;
wherein the diamond composite comprises a matrix composed of carbide-based particulates bonded together by an infiltrant metal with one or more discrete diamond-based hard elements held together; and wherein the matrix comprises a mass of particles formed by heating the matrix powder as defined in any one of claims 1 to 27 together with the infiltrant metal.
a support; and a diamond composite affixed to the support;
wherein the diamond composite comprises a matrix composed of carbide-based particulates bonded together by an infiltrant metal with one or more discrete diamond-based hard elements held together; and wherein the matrix comprises a mass of particles formed by heating the matrix powder as defined in any one of claims 1 to 27 together with the infiltrant metal.
36. The diamond composite member of any one of claims 28 to 32 or claim 35, wherein the infiltrant metal is an alloy composed of 63-67 weight percent copper, 14-16 weight percent nickel and 19-21 weight percent zinc; or an alloy having a nominal composition of 52.7 weight percent copper, 24.0 weight percent manganese, 15.0 weight percent nickel, 8.0 weight percent zinc, 0.15 weight percent boron and 0.15 weight percent silicon with traces of lead, tin and iron.
Applications Claiming Priority (5)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US08/382,468 US5589268A (en) | 1995-02-01 | 1995-02-01 | Matrix for a hard composite |
| US08/382,468 | 1995-02-01 | ||
| US08/573,715 | 1995-12-18 | ||
| US08/573,715 US5733664A (en) | 1995-02-01 | 1995-12-18 | Matrix for a hard composite |
| PCT/US1996/001342 WO1996023907A1 (en) | 1995-02-01 | 1996-01-30 | Matrix for a hard composite |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2203882A1 CA2203882A1 (en) | 1996-08-08 |
| CA2203882C true CA2203882C (en) | 2002-12-24 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002203882A Expired - Fee Related CA2203882C (en) | 1995-02-01 | 1996-01-30 | Matrix for a hard composite |
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| EP (1) | EP0820533B1 (en) |
| CN (1) | CN1172506A (en) |
| AU (1) | AU698687B2 (en) |
| BR (1) | BR9607548A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2203882C (en) |
| DE (2) | DE69616534T2 (en) |
| RU (1) | RU2141001C1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1996023907A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20020095875A1 (en) * | 2000-12-04 | 2002-07-25 | D'evelyn Mark Philip | Abrasive diamond composite and method of making thereof |
| RU2211330C1 (en) * | 2002-02-11 | 2003-08-27 | Закрытое акционерное общество "ПИГМА-Гранд" | Device for breakage of mineral and artificial materials |
| WO2007041606A2 (en) | 2005-10-03 | 2007-04-12 | Kennametal Inc. | Hardfacing composition and article having hardfacing deposit |
| US9103004B2 (en) | 2005-10-03 | 2015-08-11 | Kennametal Inc. | Hardfacing composition and article having hardfacing deposit |
| KR20090086999A (en) * | 2006-10-31 | 2009-08-14 | 엘리먼트 씩스 (프로덕션) (피티와이) 리미티드 | Polycrystalline diamond abrasive compacts |
| US8349466B2 (en) * | 2007-02-22 | 2013-01-08 | Kennametal Inc. | Composite materials comprising a hard ceramic phase and a Cu-Ni-Sn alloy |
| US20080206585A1 (en) * | 2007-02-22 | 2008-08-28 | Kennametal Inc. | Composite materials comprising a hard ceramic phase and a Cu-Ni-Mn infiltration alloy |
| GB2451824A (en) * | 2007-08-11 | 2009-02-18 | Qinetiq Nanomaterials Ltd | Antiviral composition comprising particles of a tungsten compound |
| RU2463372C2 (en) * | 2007-08-31 | 2012-10-10 | Элемент Сикс (Продакшн) (Пти) Лтд | Ultrahard diamond composites |
| US8211203B2 (en) * | 2008-04-18 | 2012-07-03 | Smith International, Inc. | Matrix powder for matrix body fixed cutter bits |
| US8016057B2 (en) * | 2009-06-19 | 2011-09-13 | Kennametal Inc. | Erosion resistant subterranean drill bits having infiltrated metal matrix bodies |
| CN114082955A (en) * | 2020-08-25 | 2022-02-25 | 成都百施特金刚石钻头有限公司 | Manufacturing method of high-performance matrix drill bit |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR1320270A (en) * | 1961-09-06 | 1963-03-08 | Jersey Prod Res Co | Method of manufacturing a surface hardening material |
| US3684497A (en) * | 1970-01-15 | 1972-08-15 | Permanence Corp | Heat resistant high strength composite structure of hard metal particles in a matrix,and methods of making the same |
| US4525178A (en) * | 1984-04-16 | 1985-06-25 | Megadiamond Industries, Inc. | Composite polycrystalline diamond |
| US5290507A (en) * | 1991-02-19 | 1994-03-01 | Runkle Joseph C | Method for making tool steel with high thermal fatigue resistance |
-
1996
- 1996-01-30 BR BR9607548A patent/BR9607548A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1996-01-30 CA CA002203882A patent/CA2203882C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1996-01-30 WO PCT/US1996/001342 patent/WO1996023907A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1996-01-30 RU RU97114744A patent/RU2141001C1/en active
- 1996-01-30 CN CN96191735A patent/CN1172506A/en active Pending
- 1996-01-30 EP EP96907022A patent/EP0820533B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-01-30 AU AU50211/96A patent/AU698687B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1996-01-30 DE DE69616534T patent/DE69616534T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-01-30 DE DE0820533T patent/DE820533T1/en active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| BR9607548A (en) | 1998-07-07 |
| AU5021196A (en) | 1996-08-21 |
| DE69616534D1 (en) | 2001-12-06 |
| DE69616534T2 (en) | 2002-06-27 |
| CA2203882A1 (en) | 1996-08-08 |
| WO1996023907A1 (en) | 1996-08-08 |
| RU2141001C1 (en) | 1999-11-10 |
| EP0820533A1 (en) | 1998-01-28 |
| AU698687B2 (en) | 1998-11-05 |
| CN1172506A (en) | 1998-02-04 |
| EP0820533B1 (en) | 2001-10-31 |
| DE820533T1 (en) | 1998-06-25 |
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| EEER | Examination request | ||
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