CA2197854A1 - Compression fitting with improved gripper ring - Google Patents
Compression fitting with improved gripper ringInfo
- Publication number
- CA2197854A1 CA2197854A1 CA002197854A CA2197854A CA2197854A1 CA 2197854 A1 CA2197854 A1 CA 2197854A1 CA 002197854 A CA002197854 A CA 002197854A CA 2197854 A CA2197854 A CA 2197854A CA 2197854 A1 CA2197854 A1 CA 2197854A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- compression
- ring
- seal ring
- shoulder
- pipe
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Landscapes
- Earth Drilling (AREA)
Abstract
Installation difficulties and/or reliability problems in compression fittings ofthe type having gripper rings are avoided in a construction that includes a fitting body (10) having a pipe or tube receiving opening (22), an externally threaded surface (20) about the opening (22) and a shoulder (26) located between the threaded surface (20) and the opening (22). An annual compression seal ring (36) of plastic sealing material abuts the shoulder (26) and a compression nut (30) is threaded on the threaded surface (20) and captures and compresses the seal ring (36) against the shoulder (26). A compression gripper ring (38) is located within the seal ring (36) and has overlapping, free ends (48), (50) withone of the ends (51) being of smaller dimension than the other of the ends (52) so as to fit within the end (52). The construction provides uniform contact and loading to improve reliability and eliminate a high stress contact point on the gripper ring (38) that can cause installation difficulties.
Description
21 ~7~54 -~21 -1 3.~pp SPECIFICATION
COMPRESSION FITTING WITH IMPROVED GRIPPER RING
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to compression fittings for use with pipe and tubing, and more specifically, to such a compression fitting having an improved gripper ring.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Compression fittings have long been popular in various applications employing tubes or pipes for conveying fluids because of their ease of use. In some types of these fittings, a ferrule, typically made of a soft metal such as brass, is compressed by a compression nut against the radially outer surface of 15 a metal tube to bite into the same as well as to be tightly embraced by the compression nut. A fitting body is connected to the compression nut and is thus mounted on the end of a tube with the interface being sealed as a result ofthe ferrule biting into the tube and being tightly embraced by the compression nut.
In other types of compression fittings, plastic seals may be employed.
Plastic is used in the broad sense as meaning any sort of material that exhibitsplasticity, including, but not limited to, rubber. When such seals are used, because the material is typically too soft to bite into the tube or pipe employed with the fitting, some other means is employed to grip the pipe or tube so that the fitting cannot readily be axially removed from the tube or pipe.
In many cases, such means are in the form of a so-called compression gripper ring. Conventional compression gripper rings are expandable, metal rings with overlapping free ends. In the usual case, the radially inner surface of a compression gripper ring will be concave so that the oppose side edges of the ring are generally radially inwardly directed. Upon compression of the plastic seal by the compression nut, the gripper ring is urged radially inwardly and partially flattened to cause its side edges to bite into the tubing or pipe with -which the fitting is being employed. And because the compression gripper ring is typically surrounded by the seal and cannot readily move axially relative thereto, the same serves the purpose of tightly gripping the pipe to prevent thepipe (fitting) from being removed in the axial direction.
In conventional compression gripper rings, the spacing between the side edges is uniform from end-to-end which in turn means that at the point of overlap, the radially inner end is located inwardly of a true circle which the compression gripper ring is intended to closely approximate. As a consequence, such a radially inner end frequently will partially block insertion of a tube or pipe into the fitting making it necessary to disassemble the compression nut and gasket from the fitting body to assemble the components individually to a tube or pipe. This difficulty is accentuated where the tubing or pipe is out of round.
Furthermore, when the prior art design is tightened, high contact stress exists where the radially inner end of the gripper ring contacts the pipe or tube whereas a low contact area exists immediately adjacent thereto at the radially outer end. Uniform contact cannot be readily obtained, nor can high stress concentrations be minimized.
The present invention is directed to overcoming one or more of the above problems .
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is the principal object of the invention to provide a new and improved compression fitting for tubing or pipe. More specifically, it is an object of the invention to provide such a compression fitting which is of the type having a compression gripper ring which enables easy insertion of the tube or pipe into the fitting without disassembly of the fitting; provides uniform contact areas peripherally about the gripper ring; and minimizes high stress concentrations.
An exemplary embodiment of the invention achieves the foregoing object in a compression fitting for tubing or pipe which includes a fitting body having a pipe or tube receiving opening, an externally threaded surface about the openingand a shoulder located between the threaded surface and the opening. An annular compression seal ring of plastic sealing material abuts the shoulder and -a compression nut is threaded to the threaded surface and captures and compresses the seal ring against the shoulder. A compression gripper ring is located within the seal ring and has overlapping, free ends and spaced, radiallyinwardly directed peripheral gripping side edges. According to the invention, there is an improved gripper ring wherein one of the ends of the compression gripper ring is of smaller dimension than the other of the end so as to fit within the other of the ends.
In a highly preferred embodiment, the gripper ring has a concave radially inner surface and the one end fits within the concave radially inner surface of the other end.
Preferably, the one end is narrowed at both side edges thereof.
In a preferred embodiment, the one end has a smaller dimension over an angular extent of about 10~to 45~.
Other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following specification taken in connection with the accompanying drawings.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Fig. 1 is a sectional view of a compression fitting made according to the invention and mounted on a tube or pipe;
Fig. 2 is a side elevation of a gripper ring made according to the invention;
Fig. 3 is a fragmentary sectional view taken approximately along the line 3-3 in Fig. 2;
Fig. 4 is a fragmentary view of one end of the gripper ring taken along the line 4-4 in Fig. 2;
Fig. 5 is a side elevation of a gripper ring made according to the prior art and illustrating high and low contact areas and points; and Fig. 6 is a view similar to Fig. 5 but of the gripper ring of the present invention illustrating the uniform contact obtained.
COMPRESSION FITTING WITH IMPROVED GRIPPER RING
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to compression fittings for use with pipe and tubing, and more specifically, to such a compression fitting having an improved gripper ring.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Compression fittings have long been popular in various applications employing tubes or pipes for conveying fluids because of their ease of use. In some types of these fittings, a ferrule, typically made of a soft metal such as brass, is compressed by a compression nut against the radially outer surface of 15 a metal tube to bite into the same as well as to be tightly embraced by the compression nut. A fitting body is connected to the compression nut and is thus mounted on the end of a tube with the interface being sealed as a result ofthe ferrule biting into the tube and being tightly embraced by the compression nut.
In other types of compression fittings, plastic seals may be employed.
Plastic is used in the broad sense as meaning any sort of material that exhibitsplasticity, including, but not limited to, rubber. When such seals are used, because the material is typically too soft to bite into the tube or pipe employed with the fitting, some other means is employed to grip the pipe or tube so that the fitting cannot readily be axially removed from the tube or pipe.
In many cases, such means are in the form of a so-called compression gripper ring. Conventional compression gripper rings are expandable, metal rings with overlapping free ends. In the usual case, the radially inner surface of a compression gripper ring will be concave so that the oppose side edges of the ring are generally radially inwardly directed. Upon compression of the plastic seal by the compression nut, the gripper ring is urged radially inwardly and partially flattened to cause its side edges to bite into the tubing or pipe with -which the fitting is being employed. And because the compression gripper ring is typically surrounded by the seal and cannot readily move axially relative thereto, the same serves the purpose of tightly gripping the pipe to prevent thepipe (fitting) from being removed in the axial direction.
In conventional compression gripper rings, the spacing between the side edges is uniform from end-to-end which in turn means that at the point of overlap, the radially inner end is located inwardly of a true circle which the compression gripper ring is intended to closely approximate. As a consequence, such a radially inner end frequently will partially block insertion of a tube or pipe into the fitting making it necessary to disassemble the compression nut and gasket from the fitting body to assemble the components individually to a tube or pipe. This difficulty is accentuated where the tubing or pipe is out of round.
Furthermore, when the prior art design is tightened, high contact stress exists where the radially inner end of the gripper ring contacts the pipe or tube whereas a low contact area exists immediately adjacent thereto at the radially outer end. Uniform contact cannot be readily obtained, nor can high stress concentrations be minimized.
The present invention is directed to overcoming one or more of the above problems .
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is the principal object of the invention to provide a new and improved compression fitting for tubing or pipe. More specifically, it is an object of the invention to provide such a compression fitting which is of the type having a compression gripper ring which enables easy insertion of the tube or pipe into the fitting without disassembly of the fitting; provides uniform contact areas peripherally about the gripper ring; and minimizes high stress concentrations.
An exemplary embodiment of the invention achieves the foregoing object in a compression fitting for tubing or pipe which includes a fitting body having a pipe or tube receiving opening, an externally threaded surface about the openingand a shoulder located between the threaded surface and the opening. An annular compression seal ring of plastic sealing material abuts the shoulder and -a compression nut is threaded to the threaded surface and captures and compresses the seal ring against the shoulder. A compression gripper ring is located within the seal ring and has overlapping, free ends and spaced, radiallyinwardly directed peripheral gripping side edges. According to the invention, there is an improved gripper ring wherein one of the ends of the compression gripper ring is of smaller dimension than the other of the end so as to fit within the other of the ends.
In a highly preferred embodiment, the gripper ring has a concave radially inner surface and the one end fits within the concave radially inner surface of the other end.
Preferably, the one end is narrowed at both side edges thereof.
In a preferred embodiment, the one end has a smaller dimension over an angular extent of about 10~to 45~.
Other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following specification taken in connection with the accompanying drawings.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Fig. 1 is a sectional view of a compression fitting made according to the invention and mounted on a tube or pipe;
Fig. 2 is a side elevation of a gripper ring made according to the invention;
Fig. 3 is a fragmentary sectional view taken approximately along the line 3-3 in Fig. 2;
Fig. 4 is a fragmentary view of one end of the gripper ring taken along the line 4-4 in Fig. 2;
Fig. 5 is a side elevation of a gripper ring made according to the prior art and illustrating high and low contact areas and points; and Fig. 6 is a view similar to Fig. 5 but of the gripper ring of the present invention illustrating the uniform contact obtained.
-DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
An exemplary embodiment of a compression fitting made according to the invention is illustrated in the drawings and with reference to Fig. 1 is seen toinclude a fitting body, generally designated 10. While the body 10 illustrated in 5 Fig. 1 is of the sort used for coupling a pipe or tubing to another object, it could just as well be the body of a valve, etc.
In any event, the body 10 includes a circular, internal passage 12 and, at one end, internal threads 14 whereby the body 10 may be coupled to another pipe or tube or threaded coupling or the like.
The threads 14 are at an end 16 of the body 10 and at its opposite end 18, the body 10 is provided with external threads 20 surrounding an internal pipe or tube receiving opening 22. As can be seen, a section of pipe or tubing 24 is disposed within the opening. The pipe or tubing 24 may be of any of a variety of materials. For example, the tubing could be of metallic materials such as steel or copper or even of plastic. If a pipe is used, it may be formed of conventional materials as well.
Disposed between the external threads 20 and pipe or tube receiving opening 22 is a concave, annular shoulder 26 which actually defines the end 18 of the body 10. A conventional compression nut 30 having an internal thread 32 is threaded on the external threads 20 on the end 18 of the body 10. The compression nut includes an internal opening 34 through which the pipe or tube 24 extends. A seal ring 36 is disposed within the compression nut 30 in abutment with the shoulder 26. The seal ring 36 may be made of any of a wide variety of plastic materials including, for example, rubber, plastic again beingused in the broad sense.
On its radially inner surface, the seal ring 36 carries a gripper ring 38 having opposed, radially inwardly directed edges 40 and 42 which grip the tube or pipe 24.
As is well known, the compression nut 30 will typically have a hex nut exterior configuration so as to be rotatable by a wrench. When rotated so as to advance the nut 30 on the external threads 20, the space containing the seal ring 36 and the compression gripper ring 38 is decreased causing the seal ring -36 to tightly embrace both the exterior of the tube or pipe 24 and the interior of the compression nut 30 as well as the shoulder 26 to seal the interface between these components. At the same time, the tendency will be to flatten the compression gripper ring 38 and drive the same radially inwardly, causing the edges 40 and 42 to bite into the tube or pipe 24.
A preferred embodiment of the gripper ring 38 according to the invention is shown in Figs. 2-4 inclusive. As can be seen, the same includes a concave radially inner surface 46 (Fig. 3) between the edges 40 and 42. As seen in Fig. 2, the gripper ring 38 has overlapping free ends 48 and 50 with the end 48 being radially innermost, that is, within the end 50. As can be seen in Fig. 4, approaching the end 48, the side edges 40 and 42 are narrowed as shown at 51 and 52. Merging areas 54 and 56 connect the side edges 40 and 50 and the side edges 42 and 52, respectively.
As a consequence of this reduced dimension of the radially inner end 48 of the gripper ring 38, the end 48 fits wholly within the concave surface of theend 50 so that essentially a perfect circle is provided by the edges 40 and 42 except in the region of the narrowed edges 51, 52 whereat the radially inner extremity of the compression gripper ring 38 is actually located radially outward of the true circle which the ring is to approximate.
The length of the narrowed edges 51 and 52 is preferably in an angular range of 10~ to 45~. The specific amount chosen will be dependent upon the degree of compression that is to be expected of the compression gripper ring 38 when installed and with the compression nut 30 (Fig. 1) fully tightened.
Referring to Figs. 5 and 6, both the prior art compression gripper ring and the compression gripper ring 38 of the present invention are illustrated. As canbe seen in the prior art device in which the width of a conventional gripper ring 60 is uniform throughout, a high stress contact point exists at the radially inner end 62 of the ring and low contact stress areas are immediately adjacent theretoat the radially outer end 64 of the ring 60.
In contrast, uniform contact is established essentially entirely around the gripper ring 38 of the present invention except in the regions of the narrowed 2 1 ~7854 -edges 51, 52 to the extent that they are not received within the concave radially inner surface 46 of the radially outer end 48.
A number of advantages accrue from this. For example, the high contact stress point 62 is eliminated. As this point will typically be located inwardly of 5 the true circle which the gripper ring is intended to follow, tube or pipe insertion difficulties as mentioned previously will be avoided. The lack of such a point makes it easy to slip on the assembled fitting, eliminating the need to remove the compression nut 30 and the seal ring 36 from the body 10.
In addition, uniform loading achieved by the compression gripper ring 38 10 of the present invention eliminates the possibility of excessive joint loading that could occur through the use of the ring 60 as a result of the high contact point62 at adjacent low contact area at the end 64. This provides uniform stress loading between the gripper ring 38 and the tube or pipe 24. It also minimizes high stress concentrations found in the prior art gripper ring 60 when installed15 and which can lead to joint failure.
It is also possible to move the fitting on the pipe or tubing without having a high contact point such as the point 62 (Fig. 5) biting into the pipe or tubing to inhibit such movement.
Importantly, the uniform loading of the gripper ring 38 of the present 20 invention increases the pullout loading required to remove the pipe or tubingfrom the joint for the same tightening (make-up torque) of the compression nut 30 or provide the same pull out load with a lesser tightening of the joint. Thus, the gripper ring 38 of the invention provides a means of reducing the torque required to assemble the connection to the same position of the nut 30 onto the 25 body 10.
Finally, the gripper ring of the present invention keeps the vast majority of the gripping edges of the ring in contact with the tube or pipe 24 at all times.Conversely, the prior art gripper ring 60 has a point of high contact at the overlap of the ends but little or no contact that points clockwise from the 30 overlap until it is far enough away from the overlap point so that contact can occur. This low or no contact area provides a mode or location for the gripper to slip on the pipe or tubing allowing it to move out of the connection and ~785~
ultimately fail. When failure starts, it may lead to the overlap of the ring becoming disengaged and causing the ring loading to become less effective, hastening failure.
It will therefore be appreciated that a compression fitting of the type 5 having a gripper ring made according to the invention eliminates many difficulties of the prior art constructions both in terms of ease of installation and in terms of reliability once installed.
An exemplary embodiment of a compression fitting made according to the invention is illustrated in the drawings and with reference to Fig. 1 is seen toinclude a fitting body, generally designated 10. While the body 10 illustrated in 5 Fig. 1 is of the sort used for coupling a pipe or tubing to another object, it could just as well be the body of a valve, etc.
In any event, the body 10 includes a circular, internal passage 12 and, at one end, internal threads 14 whereby the body 10 may be coupled to another pipe or tube or threaded coupling or the like.
The threads 14 are at an end 16 of the body 10 and at its opposite end 18, the body 10 is provided with external threads 20 surrounding an internal pipe or tube receiving opening 22. As can be seen, a section of pipe or tubing 24 is disposed within the opening. The pipe or tubing 24 may be of any of a variety of materials. For example, the tubing could be of metallic materials such as steel or copper or even of plastic. If a pipe is used, it may be formed of conventional materials as well.
Disposed between the external threads 20 and pipe or tube receiving opening 22 is a concave, annular shoulder 26 which actually defines the end 18 of the body 10. A conventional compression nut 30 having an internal thread 32 is threaded on the external threads 20 on the end 18 of the body 10. The compression nut includes an internal opening 34 through which the pipe or tube 24 extends. A seal ring 36 is disposed within the compression nut 30 in abutment with the shoulder 26. The seal ring 36 may be made of any of a wide variety of plastic materials including, for example, rubber, plastic again beingused in the broad sense.
On its radially inner surface, the seal ring 36 carries a gripper ring 38 having opposed, radially inwardly directed edges 40 and 42 which grip the tube or pipe 24.
As is well known, the compression nut 30 will typically have a hex nut exterior configuration so as to be rotatable by a wrench. When rotated so as to advance the nut 30 on the external threads 20, the space containing the seal ring 36 and the compression gripper ring 38 is decreased causing the seal ring -36 to tightly embrace both the exterior of the tube or pipe 24 and the interior of the compression nut 30 as well as the shoulder 26 to seal the interface between these components. At the same time, the tendency will be to flatten the compression gripper ring 38 and drive the same radially inwardly, causing the edges 40 and 42 to bite into the tube or pipe 24.
A preferred embodiment of the gripper ring 38 according to the invention is shown in Figs. 2-4 inclusive. As can be seen, the same includes a concave radially inner surface 46 (Fig. 3) between the edges 40 and 42. As seen in Fig. 2, the gripper ring 38 has overlapping free ends 48 and 50 with the end 48 being radially innermost, that is, within the end 50. As can be seen in Fig. 4, approaching the end 48, the side edges 40 and 42 are narrowed as shown at 51 and 52. Merging areas 54 and 56 connect the side edges 40 and 50 and the side edges 42 and 52, respectively.
As a consequence of this reduced dimension of the radially inner end 48 of the gripper ring 38, the end 48 fits wholly within the concave surface of theend 50 so that essentially a perfect circle is provided by the edges 40 and 42 except in the region of the narrowed edges 51, 52 whereat the radially inner extremity of the compression gripper ring 38 is actually located radially outward of the true circle which the ring is to approximate.
The length of the narrowed edges 51 and 52 is preferably in an angular range of 10~ to 45~. The specific amount chosen will be dependent upon the degree of compression that is to be expected of the compression gripper ring 38 when installed and with the compression nut 30 (Fig. 1) fully tightened.
Referring to Figs. 5 and 6, both the prior art compression gripper ring and the compression gripper ring 38 of the present invention are illustrated. As canbe seen in the prior art device in which the width of a conventional gripper ring 60 is uniform throughout, a high stress contact point exists at the radially inner end 62 of the ring and low contact stress areas are immediately adjacent theretoat the radially outer end 64 of the ring 60.
In contrast, uniform contact is established essentially entirely around the gripper ring 38 of the present invention except in the regions of the narrowed 2 1 ~7854 -edges 51, 52 to the extent that they are not received within the concave radially inner surface 46 of the radially outer end 48.
A number of advantages accrue from this. For example, the high contact stress point 62 is eliminated. As this point will typically be located inwardly of 5 the true circle which the gripper ring is intended to follow, tube or pipe insertion difficulties as mentioned previously will be avoided. The lack of such a point makes it easy to slip on the assembled fitting, eliminating the need to remove the compression nut 30 and the seal ring 36 from the body 10.
In addition, uniform loading achieved by the compression gripper ring 38 10 of the present invention eliminates the possibility of excessive joint loading that could occur through the use of the ring 60 as a result of the high contact point62 at adjacent low contact area at the end 64. This provides uniform stress loading between the gripper ring 38 and the tube or pipe 24. It also minimizes high stress concentrations found in the prior art gripper ring 60 when installed15 and which can lead to joint failure.
It is also possible to move the fitting on the pipe or tubing without having a high contact point such as the point 62 (Fig. 5) biting into the pipe or tubing to inhibit such movement.
Importantly, the uniform loading of the gripper ring 38 of the present 20 invention increases the pullout loading required to remove the pipe or tubingfrom the joint for the same tightening (make-up torque) of the compression nut 30 or provide the same pull out load with a lesser tightening of the joint. Thus, the gripper ring 38 of the invention provides a means of reducing the torque required to assemble the connection to the same position of the nut 30 onto the 25 body 10.
Finally, the gripper ring of the present invention keeps the vast majority of the gripping edges of the ring in contact with the tube or pipe 24 at all times.Conversely, the prior art gripper ring 60 has a point of high contact at the overlap of the ends but little or no contact that points clockwise from the 30 overlap until it is far enough away from the overlap point so that contact can occur. This low or no contact area provides a mode or location for the gripper to slip on the pipe or tubing allowing it to move out of the connection and ~785~
ultimately fail. When failure starts, it may lead to the overlap of the ring becoming disengaged and causing the ring loading to become less effective, hastening failure.
It will therefore be appreciated that a compression fitting of the type 5 having a gripper ring made according to the invention eliminates many difficulties of the prior art constructions both in terms of ease of installation and in terms of reliability once installed.
Claims (6)
1. In a compression fitting for tubing or pipe including a fitting body having a pipe or tube receiving opening, an externally threaded surface about said opening and a shoulder located between said threaded surface and said opening, an annular compression seal ring of plastic sealing material abutting said shoulder, a compression nut threaded to said threaded surface and capturing and compressing said seal ring against said shoulder, and a compression gripper ring within said seal ring having overlapping, free ends andspaced, radially inwardly directed peripheral gripping side edges, the improvement wherein one of said ends is of smaller dimension than the other of said ends so as to fit within said other end.
2. The compression fitting of claim 1 wherein said gripper ring has a concave radially inner surface and said one end fits within the concave radiallyinner surface of said other end.
3. The compression fitting of claim 2 wherein said one end is narrowed at both side edges thereof.
4. The compression fitting of claim 2 wherein said one end has said smaller dimension over an angular extent of about 10° to 45°
5. In a compression fitting for tubing or pipe including a fitting body having a pipe or tube receiving opening, an externally threaded surface about said opening and a shoulder located between said threaded surface and said opening, an annular compression seal ring of plastic sealing material abutting said shoulder, a compression nut threaded to said threaded surface and capturing and compressing said seal ring against said shoulder, and a compression gripper ring within said seal ring having overlapping free ends witha concave radially inner surface to define two spaced radially inwardly directed, peripheral, gripping side edges, the improvement wherein one of said ends is of reduced width to fit wholly within the concave radially inner surface of the other of said ends.
6. The compression fitting of claim 5 wherein said gripper ring is located on the radially inner surface of said seal ring.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US71361596A | 1996-09-13 | 1996-09-13 | |
| US08/713,615 | 1996-09-13 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2197854A1 true CA2197854A1 (en) | 1998-03-14 |
Family
ID=24866810
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002197854A Abandoned CA2197854A1 (en) | 1996-09-13 | 1997-02-18 | Compression fitting with improved gripper ring |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA2197854A1 (en) |
-
1997
- 1997-02-18 CA CA002197854A patent/CA2197854A1/en not_active Abandoned
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request | ||
| FZDE | Dead |