CA2194779A1

CA2194779A1 - Reshaped container and method and apparatus for reshaping a container

Info

Publication number: CA2194779A1
Application number: CA002194779A
Authority: CA
Inventors: Andy Halasz; Rolf Wirz; Rene Meneghin; Louis Trepied
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: OBERBURG ENGINEERING AG; Rexam Beverage Can Co
Priority date: 1995-06-07
Filing date: 1996-06-07
Publication date: 1996-12-19
Also published as: AU6331196A; HUP9700051A2; BR9606395A; WO1996040457A3; NO970070L; TR199700096T1; KR970704529A; NO970070D0; JPH10503715A; NZ311903A; WO1996040457A2; PL318495A1; HUP9700051A3; SA97180094A; EP0773843A1

Abstract

A seamless drawn and ironed container body (12) having a side wall (16) with portions of the side wall expanded radially outward from an initial cylindrical configuration and a method and apparatus for reshaping such containers.

Description

W096/40457PCT~S3./09~33 ,.
~ 21~477~

RESHAPED CONTAINER AND METHOD
AND APPARATUS FOR RESHAPING A CONTAINER
DESCRIPTION
Technical Field The present invention generally relates to a reshaped seamless container body and to a method and apparatus for reshaping such a container body, and more particularly, to a seamless drawn and ironed beverage container body having portions of a side wall expanded radially outward from an initial cylindrical shape, and to a method and apparatus for expanding the side wall of the container body.
Bach4Lo~,d of the Invention 15The present invention relates to reshaping the - side wall of a drawn and ironed seamless container body. Such container bodies are typically used for ~ beverages and are constructed from a single disc of metal, sometimes referred to as a blank. The metal disc is typically an aluminum alloy. The metal disc is first formed into a cup having a bottom wall W096/40457 PCT~S9G/03~

,~ .
~ 2- ~ ~ 9477~
~ ,.... .
portion and a side wall extending from the bottom wall portion. The cup is then drawn and ironed to axially extend the side wall and reduce the diameter of the cup. The drawing and ironing process thins the metal in the side wall. The side wall of the container body formed in a drawing and ironing process has an initial cylindrical shape, and extends from the bottom wall portion to a neck portion at an open end of the container body opposing the bottom wall portion. The neck portion is often necked in to include a portion of reducing diameter, and is provided with an outwardly directed flange.
The resultant finished container is sometimes referred to as a two-piece container. That is, the container body, which was subjected to the drawing and ironing process to form the bottom wall portion and side wall extending from the bottom wall portion, is the first piece of the container, and a container end wall, which is typically double seamed to an open end of the container body opposing the bottom wall portion, is the second piece. Due to the large number of containers made each year, the beverage container industry is constantly striving to create two-piece containers with the minimum amount of metal. The metal disc used to form the container body for a typical beverage container presently has a thickness of approximately 0.0112 - 0.0114 inches. The side wall is thinned to approximately one third of the initial disc thickness.
One other type of metal container commonly found is sometimes referred to as a three-piece container.
A three-piece container includes a first rectangular piece of metal which is rolled into a cylindrical shape to form the side wall or cylindrical portion of the container. The sides of the rectangular piece are then welded together to form a seam along the side wall. The cylindrical portion of the three-piece W096l40457 PCT~S~~i~'33~
~ ~3~ 2 1 94779 container thus has two open ends. A first end wall and a second end wall are then double seamed to the open ends of the cylindrical portion, as the second and third pieces, respectively, of the three piece container. The cylindrical portion of a three piece container is typically many times thicker than the side wall of a drawn and ironed container.
Several methods and apparatuses are known for reshaping, or expanding radially outward, portions of the cylindrical portion of a three-piece container.
One apparatus is disclosed in Japanese Patent Nos. 54-150365 and 57-168737. This type of apparatus includes an inner shaping mandrel with a plurality of forming segments. The forming segments are cammed radially outward to engage the inner surface of the cylindrical portion of the three-piece container and expand at least a portion of it radially outward.
Another apparatus for expanding portions of the cylindrical portion of a three piece container is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,487,048 ("Frei"). Frei is directed to forming beads in the cylindrical portion of a three piece container. As disclosed in Fig. 1 of Frei, a cylinder having two open ends is placed over an inner roll which is provided with embossing projections. Axial movement of an expanding cone forces the projections radially outward into the cylinder.
More recently, the cylindrical portion of three-piece containers have been expanded using an internal fluid pressure. The internal fluid pressure forces the cylindrical portion of the three piece container - radially outward into a mold or shell having a desired configuration for the container.
~ Unlike the cylindrical portion of a three piece container, the container body of a two piece container includes an integral bottom wall portion. The bottom wall portion inhibits movement of the metal in the W096/40457 PCT~S3G/~39~3 ; j ~4~ 2 side wall and makes it extremely difficult to cold work the side wall to expand it beyond the initial cylindrical shape. Additionally, a drawn and ironed container body is extremely work hardened and brittle, and the side wall of the container body has limited ductility. Accordingly, the expansion techniques used for three-piece containers have not been used for a two-piece container body.
One method of reshaping or expanding the side wall of a drawn and ironed container which is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,058,408 ("Leftault, Jr.
et al."), requires heat treatment of portions of the side wall. In Leftault, Jr. et al., heat treatment of the side walls of a drawn and ironed container was found necessary to allow successful bulging of the container side wall. Otherwise, the bulging operation could exceed the formability capability of the metal and cause catastrophic failure. The heat treatment is applied for a sufficient time and at a sufficient temperature to lower the yield strength of the side walls at least 15~ to permit the subsequent bulging.
Portions of the side wall are preferably heated with a conventional induction heating coil at a temperature of about 450~-650~ F. for a time of about .25 to 10 seconds. The heat treatment causes recrystalization of the metal in the side wall to a very fine grained microstructure. After heat treatment, the side wall is bulged by mechanical or electromagnetic bulging.
One apparatus for electromagnetic bulging is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,947,667.
SummarY of the Invention The present invention provides an apparatus and a method for reshaping or expanding radially outward, portions of the side wall of a seamless drawn and ironed container body with out the necessity of heat treating the side wall. The present invention also provides an apparatus and method for applying an axial W096/40457 PCT~59 039X3 ~ si ~5~ 21 94779 compressive force to the container body to assist in the reshaping operation. The present invention further provides an apparatus and method for further reshaping the expanded portions of the side wall by deforming segments of such portions radially inwardly.
The axial compressing force and the radially inward deformation are not necessarily confined to a seamless drawn and ironed container body.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention an apparatus is disclosed which comprises a shaping mandrel connected to a housing. The shaping mandrel includes a plurality of expanding forming segments, each of the forming segments having a contacting surface for engaging an interior surface of the side wall of the container body. The contacting surface of each forming segment is highly polished to a surface finish of 2-10 microns. Further, the forming segments include a first curved corner surface on a first side of the contacting surface and a second curved corner surface on a second side of the contacting surface opposed from the first side. The first and second curved surfaces have a radius of curvature of approximately 2-3 millimeters. Prior forming segments, used to expand the cylindrical portion of a three-piece container, included contacting surfaces with a finish of 20-32 microns, and relatively sharp radii of curvature on either side of the contacting surface of approximately 0.5 millimeters. Use of such prior forming segments would tear or rupture the side wall of a drawn and ironed container body.
-The apparatus may further include an outer tool connected to the housing for engaging an outer surface -of the side wall of the container body during the reshaping operation. The outer tool would apply a radially inward force to a portion of the side wall to deform radially inwardly segments in the side wall.

W096/40457 PCT~S3./~9~
~ 6- ~ 1 9 4 7 ~ 9 The outer tool can be stationary and expansion of the forming segments of the inner shaping mandrel can move portions of the side wall into contact with the outer tool to form the radially inwardly deformed segments.
Alternatively, the outer tool can include means for radially inward movement. Such means can be a c~mm;ng mechanism for camming outer forming segments on the outer tool radially inward.
The shaping mandrel of the apparatus includes an actuator arm for providing radial outward movement of the forming segments. The actuator arm includes a plurality of camming surfaces for contact with the forming segments. Axial movement of the actuator arm cams the forming segments radially outward into engagement with the interior surface of the side wall of the container body.
The apparatus may further include a support platform axially aligned with the shaping mandrel for contacting the bottom wall portion of the container body. The support platform may also include means for applying a vacuum pressure between the support platform and a bottom wall of said container body to maintain contact between the support platform and the bottom wall. This assists the support platform in placing the container body over the shaping mandrel, and removing the container body after the reshaping operation. Further, the support platform may be used to apply an axial compressive force to the container body during the reshaping operation. A biasing spring connected to the support platform may be used for applying the axial force. The opposing end of the container is pressed against the housing.
Additionally, the apparatus further includes a removal sleeve connected to a guide post which is connected to the housing. The removal sleeve contacts a portion of the container body proximate the neck portion. Axial movement of the removal sleeve affects W096/40457 PCT/U~r-'09~3 ~. , ~' ' ~7~ 2194779 movement of the container body about the mandrel. The removal sleeve includes a first clamping jaw and a second clamping jaw. The first and second clamping jaws are pivotly mounted to the removal sleeve for engaging or clamping the neck portion of the container body.
In another aspect of the invention, an apparatus for reshaping a portion of a cylindrical side wall of a container body is disclosed. The apparatus includes a shaping mandrel connected to a housing. The shaping mandrel includes a plurality of expanding forming segments, each of said forming segments having a contacting surface for engaging an interior surface of said side wall. The apparatus further includes a support platform axially aligned with the mandrel for contacting a first end of the container body.
In yet another aspect of the invention, an apparatus for reshaping a portion of a cylindrical side wall of a container body is disclosed. The apparatus includes a shaping mandrel connected to a housing. The shaping mandrel includes a plurality of expanding forming segments, each of the forming segments having a contacting surface for engaging an interior surface of the side wall. The apparatus further includes an outer tool connected to the housing for engaging an outer surface of the side wall during a reshaping operation to apply a radially inward force to the side wall.
In yet another aspect of the invention an apparatus for reshaping a cylindrical side wall of a container body is disclosed. The apparatus comprises ~ a flexible inner mandrel for placement in an interior of a container body. The mandrel includes a generally cylindrical centrally located channel having a first diameter and an outer shaping surface for contacting an inner surface of a side wall of the container body.
The side wall having an initial cylindrical shape.

W096/40457 PCT/U~ 3~3 ~ 8- 2 1 ~ 4 7 7 9 The apparatus further includes a plunger including a plunger head. The plunger head has a second diameter greater than the first diameter of the centrally located channel of the mandrel wherein movement of the plunger head through the channel forces at least a portion of the outer shaping surface of the mandrel radially outward into contact with the inner surface of the side wall to expand at least a portion of the side wall radially outward from the initial cylindrical shape.
The outer shaping surface of the mandrel may include an annular recessed channel. The mandrel is preferably polyurethane or rubber.
One aspect of the method of the present invention discloses reshaping a container body having an integral bottom wall. The method includes the steps of providing a container body which has been drawn and ironed from a single metal disc, the container body having a seamless side wall extending from a bottom wall at one end, and having an opening at an end opposing the bottom wall, the side wall having an initial cylindrical shape. The method includes applying a radially outward force to an inner surface of the side wall of the drawn and ironed container body to deform at least a first portion of the side wall radially outward from the initial cylindrical shape.
The applying a radial outward force step may include inserting a shaping mandrel through the open end of the container body, wherein the shaping mandrel includes a plurality of forming segments for engaging an interior surface of the side wall. Expanding the forming segments radially outward to engage the interior surface of the side wall and expand the side wall radially outward. Collapsing the forming segments of the shaping mandrel and removing the container body from about the shaping mandrel.

W096/40457 PCT~SgG/~ 3 ~ ~ ~ 9 2 1 94779 ~. .. , .. ~ ~s The removing step may comprise engaging a portion of the container body proximate the open end with a removal sleeve and moving the container body axially away from the shaping mandrel with the removal sleeve.
The applying a radial outward force step may comprise deforming at least a portion of the side wall radially outward until such portion has a mean average diameter approximately 5-7~ greater than a mean average diameter of the initial cylindrical shape.
The method may further comprise the step of applying an axial compressive force to the container body during the applying a radial outward force step.
This step may comprise engaging the open end of the side wall against a stationary ring in a housing. The method further includes providing a support platform for engaging the bottom wall of the container body, and moving the support platform axially towards the container body to apply a compressive force to the container body between the support platform and the stationary ring.
The method may further comprise the step of creating a vacuum pressure between the support platform and the bottom wall of the container body to maintain engagement between the bottom wall and the support platform.
The method may further comprise the step of applying a radially inward force to the deformed, or expanded, portion of the side wall to further deform the portion of the side wall radially inwardly. The applying a radially inward force step may comprise placing a stationary outer shaping tool proximate an ~ exterior surface of the side wall wherein the applying a radial outward force step causes the exterior ~ surface of the side wall to engage the outer shaping tool. Alternatively, the applying a radially inward force step may comprise placing an outer shaping tool proximate an exterior surface of the side wall and W096/40457 PCT~S9~'~5~B3 ~ 5 -10- 2194779 moving the shaping tool radially inward to engage the side wall.
The method may further comprise the step of applying a radially outward force to the side wall of the container body to deform at least a second portion of the side wall radially outward from the initial cylindrical shape. This step can be done at the same time as the first portion is being deformed, or it can be done subsequent to forming the first portion in a progressive reshaping operation.
In another aspect of the present invention a method of reshaping a tubular element, such as side wall of seamless drawn and ironed container body or the cylindrical portion of a three-piece container is disclosed. The method comprises the steps of providing a tubular element having a first end and an opposing second end, the tubular element having an initial cylindrical shape. The method further includes applying a radially outward force to the tubular element to deform at least a first portion of the tubular element radially outward from the initial cylindrical shape and applying a radially inward force to the first portion of the tubular element to further deform the first portion of the tubular element.
A reshaped container of the present invention is also disclosed. The reshaped container comprises a seamless container body formed from a single disc of metal. The disc of metal is preferably an aluminum alloy. The container body includes a bottom wall portion at a first end of the container body having a first mean average diameter, and a cold worked side wall portion extending from the bottom wall portion to a neck portion at a second end of the container body.
The neck portion is utilized to attach a container end to the container body. The side wall includes a first portion having a second mean average diameter and a second portion having a third mean average diameter W096/40457 PCT~ 93~
~s~ - 2 1 94779 greater than both the first mean average diameter and the second mean average diameter.
The neck portion may comprise a generally frustoconical portion of reducing diameter and an outwardly directed flange.
The side wall of the reshaped container may include a third portion having a forth mean average diameter less than the third mean average diameter wherein the second portion is axially disposed between the first portion and the third portion. The said side wall may further include a fourth portion having a fifth mean average diameter greater than the first mean average diameter and greater than the second mean average diameter and greater than the fourth mean average diameter wherein the third portion is axially disposed between the second portion and the fourth portion.
The side wall may also include a plurality of radially inwardly deformed segments spaced circumferentially about the second portion. The segments may extend axially along the second portion of the side wall and have an outwardly concave arcuate portion.
The third mean average diameter of said second portion of the side wall is approximately 5-7~ greater than the second mean average diameter of the first portion.
In an alternative embodiment, a shaping mandrel is provided with a first forming mechanism and a second forming mechanism for expanding a portion of the side wall of a container. In the broadest sense, the first forming mechanism includes at least two forming segments moveable from a first retracted position to an expanded position. When in the expanded position, the first forming segments are circumferentially spaced apart and form gaps between the first forming segments. The second forming W096/404s7 PCT~S96~093~3 ~ 12- 2194779 mechanism includes a second forming segment moveable from a retracted position to an expanded position.
The second forming segment is disposed or positioned to be within a gap formed between the first forming segments when in an expanded position.
In another embodiment having a first forming mechanism and a second forming mechanism, the first forming mechanism includes a plurality of forming segments, preferably five, movable from a retracted position to an expanded position, and the second forming mechanism includes a plurality of second forming segments, again preferably five, movable from a retracted position to an expanded position. The first forming segments and the second forming segments are alternately arranged. As the first forming segments are moved to an expanded position, the segments become circumferentially spaced, which forms gaps between consecutive first forming segments. The second forming segments are configured to move into the gaps between the first forming segments when in the expanded position.
Each of the first forming segments and the second forming segments include a contacting surface for engaging the interior surface of the side wall of the container. The contacting surfaces of the first forming segments and the second forming segments can be dimensioned to form a substantially contiguous surface when both the first forming segments and the second forming segments are in the expanded position.
In this manner, the first and second forming segments may form a smooth expanded portion in the side wall of the container without crease lines. Such crease lines are typically formed when only the first forming segments are utilized to expand the portion of the side wall.
An actuator arm having a plurality of camming surfaces for moving the plurality of first forming W096/404s7 PCT~S9G/09~3 ~ 13- 9 4 7 7 9 segments from the retracted position to the expanded position, and a plurality of camming surfaces for moving the plurality of second forming segments from the retracted position to the expanded position can be used to effect such movement. That is, axial movement of the actuator arm will cam the forming segments radially outward. The camming surfaces can be configured to move the first forming segments radially outward at a greater rate than the second forming segments.
In an alternative embodiment, the actuator arm only includes a plurality of camming surfaces for moving the second forming segments radially outward from the retracted position to the expanded position.
In this embodiment, each of the second forming se~ments can include a camming surface for moving, in turn, a first forming segment from the retracted position to the expanded position.
In a further embodiment of the invention, a method is provided for expanding a portion of a seamless container body. The method includes providing a container body which has been drawn and ironed from a single metal disc, to have a side wall extending from a bottom wall at one end, and an opening at an end opposing said bottom wall. The side wall having an initial cylindrical shape and a initial diameter. The container body is placed over a shaping mandrel having a plurality of forming segments moveable from a retracted position radially outward to an expanded position, each of the forming segments including a contacting surface for engaging an interior surface of the side wall of the container body. A lubricant is provided between the contacting surfaces and the interior surface of the side wall.
The forming segments are moved from the retracted position to the expanded position to drive the contacting surfaces into engagement with the interior W096/40457 PCT~S36/09~3 ~ 14- 2 ~ 9 4 7 ~ 9 surface of the side wall and expand a portion of the side wall radially outward beyond the initial diameter. In this method, the lubricant helps lower the coefficient of friction between the contacting surfaces of the forming segments and the interior surface of the side wall. This enables the container body to be expanded radially outward to a greater extent than by forming with a higher coefficient of friction. This is because the segments of the side wall which abut the contacting surfaces of the forming segments are not locked against the contacting surfaces (as could happen with higher coefficients of friction) and are able to stretch along with the material in the gaps between the forming segments. If the coefficient of friction is too high, then all of the stretching occurs to the material of the side wall in the gaps between the forming segments. The coefficient should be less than about 0.1, and is preferably in the range of 0.02 to 0.075. A
coefficient of 0.05 has been found to produce good results. Utilizing an appropriate coefficient of friction, it is possible to expand a portion of the side wall to a diameter which is 4~ to 5~ greater than the initial diameter of the container body without a large number of failures (e.g. ruptured containers).
The container bodies used for food and beverages are typically provided with a protective coating which is applied to the interior surface of the container body. This is preferably done by an airless spray procedure. The lubricant can then be applied externally over the protective coating and then be washed off after the expanding operation.
Alternatively, the protective coating may include an internal lubricant component, such as a carnauba wax.
The internal lubricant will then bloom to the surface and affect the appropriate coefficient of friction.

W096/40457 PCT~S9~/~g9~
~ 15- 2 1 9 4 7 7 9 Further aspects of the invention are described in the detailed description or shown in the Figures.
Brief Description of Drawinas Fig. l discloses a cross-sectional view of an apparatus of the present invention;
Fig. 2 discloses a cross-sectional view of modified form of the apparatus of Fig. 1;
Fig. 3 discloses a top plan view of a removal sleeve of the apparatus of Fig.2;
Fig. 4 discloses a cross-sectional view of an alternative embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention;
Fig. 5 discloses a top plan view of an outer ring of the apparatus of Fig. 4;
Fig. 6 discloses a cross-sectior.11 view of a further embodiment of the apparatus of the present nvent1on;
Fig. 7 discloses a cross-sectional view of the forming segments of the present invention;
Fig. 8 discloses an enlarged cross-sectional view of the forming segment of the present invention;
Fig. 9 discloses the apparatus of Fig 1 with modified forming segments;
Fig. 10 discloses a perspective view of a reshaped container of the present invention;
Fig. 11 discloses a side view of the container of Fig. 10;
Fig. 12 discloses a cross-sectional view taken along the line 12-12 of Fig. 11;
Fig. 13 discloses a cross-sectional view taken along the line 13-13 of Fig. 11;
Fig. 14 discloses a perspective view of an alternative form of the container of the present invention;
Fig. 15 discloses a side view of the container of Fig. 14;

W096/40457 PCT~S3~'09~3 ~ t'~ 16- 2 1 94 7 79 Fig. 16 discloses a cross-sectional view taken along the line 16-16 of Fig. 15;
Fig. 17 discloses a perspective view of an alternative form of the container of the present invention;
Fig. 18 discloses a side view of the container of Fig. 18;
Fig. 19 discloses a cross sectional view taken along the line 19-19 of Fig. 18;
Fig. 20 discloses a perspective view of an alternative container of the present invention;
Fig. 21 discloses a side view of the c~ntainer of Fig. 20;
Fig. 22 discloses a cross-sectional view taken along the line 22-22 of Fig. 21;
Fig. 23 discloses a cross-sectional view of an alternative embodiment of a shaping mandrel in an expanded position;
Fig. 24 discloses a cross-sectional view of the shaping mandrel of Fig. 23 in a retracted position;
Fig. 25 discloses a cross-sectional view of a further alternative embodiment of a shaping mandrel in a retracted position;
Fig. 26 discloses a cross-sectional view of the shaping mandrel of Fig. 25 in an expanded position;
Fig. 27 discloses a perspective view of a shaping mandrel in a retracted position;
Fig. 28 discloses a perspective view of the shaping mandrel of Fig. 27 in an expanded position;
Fig. 29 discloses a perspective view of a container placed on a shaping mandrel of a reshaping apparatus including an outer forming tool;
Fig. 30 discloses a perspective view of an alternative form of the container of the present invention;
Fig. 31 discloses a side view of the container of Fig. 30;

W096/40457 PCT~S96~99~3 ~ 17- 2 1 ~4779 Fig. 32 discloses a top view of the container of Fig. 30; and, Fig. 33 discloses a bottom view of the container of Fig. 30.
Detailed Descri~tion of Preferred Embodiments While this invention is susceptible of embodiments in many different forms, there is shown in the drawings and will herein be described in detail preferred embodiments of the invention with the understanding that the present disclosure is to be considered as an exemplification of the principles of the invention and is not intended to limit the broad aspect of the invention to the embodiments illustrated.
Referring to Fig. 1, an apparatus 10 is disclosed in cross-section for reshaping a container body 12.
The container body 12, is formed from a single disc of metal, preferably an aluminum alloy such as an aluminum 3004 H19 temper, and is drawn and ironed in a conventional manner. The starting thickness of the metal disc is approximately 0.0112 - 0.0114 inches, and during the drawing and ironing process the side wall thickness is reduced to approximately one third of the starting thickness (i.e., about 0.004 inches).
The container body 12 includes a bottom wall 14 at one end and a seamless side wall 16 extending from the bottom wall 14. The side wall 16 extends to a neck portion 18 which is proximate an open end of the container body 12. For the container body 12 disclosed in Fig. 1, the neck portion 18 includes a frustoconical portion 20 of reducing diameter and an - outwardly directed flange 22. The flange 22 is utilized to double seam a container end to the - container body 12 in a conventional manner.
Unlike a three piece container body which has two open ends and a welded side seam, the bottom wall 14 W096/404s7 PCT~S9"~93~3 ~ 18- 2194779 of the container body 12 limits movement of the metal in the side wall during the expansion operation.
Prior to the reshaping operation of the present invention, the side wall 16 of the container body 12 has an initial cylindrical shape having an axial length and a constant radius of curvature, measured from the longitudinal axis of the container, along the axial length. After the reshaping operation, at least a portion of the side wall is expanded radially outward from this initial cylindrical shape.
The reshaping apparatus 10 includes a shaping mandrel 24 extending from a housing 26. The housing 26 is secured to a main frame 28 which may be stationary, or part of a rotatable turret assembly having a plurality of housings and shaping mandrels.
If part of a turret assembly, the mainframe may have ten reshaping stations. Such assemblies can reshape 600 containers per minute.
The shaping mandrel 24 includes a plurality of forming segments 30 spaced about an actuator or expander arm 32. Each forming segment 30 includes a radially outward surface 34 for contacting or engaging the inner surface 36 of the container 12 side wall 16.
The forming segments 30 are preferably a hardened steel, and are preferably coated with a material to increase the wear capability of the contacting surface 34 of the segment 30 and to reduce friction between the forming segment 30 and the inner surface 36 of the container body 12 side wall 16. The coating material may be, for example, chrome or titanium nitride, although other materials may also be used. In the testing apparatus initially utilized to reshape a drawn and ironed seamless container, the forming segments were coated with chrome.
Unlike the forming segments used in the past to reshape the cylindrical portion of a three piece container, the segments 30 of the apparatus 10 have W096/40457 PCT/U~ v93~3 -19- 2 ~ 94 ~ 79 . . .
been modified to enable expanslon of the side wall of a drawn and ironed seamless container body.
Specifically, the contacting surfaces 34 of the forming segments 30 have been polished to an extremely smooth surface finish. In the past, the surface finish, or rugosity, of the contacting surface was on the order of 20-32 microns. For reshaping the thin walled drawn and ironed aluminum alloy seamless container, a surface finish of less than about 1 micron, and more preferably about 0.3 microns or less, is required. When a coating is applied to the contacting surface 34 of the forming segment 30, the contacting surface 34 is first polished to a surface finish of about 0.3 microns. The coating is then applied and the contacting surface 34 is again polished to a finish of about 0.3 microns. In addition to providing a smoother contacting surface 34, the corners 38 on each side of the contacting surface 34 have also been modified for enabling expansion of drawn and ironed seamless container bodies. In the prior art forming segment, the contacting surface terminated at either side in a relatively sharp corner having a radius on the order of about 0.5 millimeters. Such corners, along with the rougher contacting surface, would tend to rip the brittle, work hardened aluminum of the container body 12. As shown in cross-section in Figs. 7 and 8, the radii R2 of the corners 38 of the forming segments 30 have been significantly increased to about 2-3 millimeters, which is approximately twenty times greater than the wall thickness of the side wall 16 of the container body 12.
Referring again to Fig. 1, the container body 12 is positioned over the shaping mandrel 24 so that the flange 22 abuts against a supporting ring 44 connected to the housing 26. Referring only to the right side of Fig. 1, the forming segment 30 is shown in a WO ~/40457 PCT~S~C/~33~3 fr ~ 20- ~
~ i 94~79 collapsed or retracted position in which the contacting surface 34 is spaced radially inward from the inner surface 36 of the side wall 16. The forming segment 30 includes a lip 46 at one end which is secured in a channel 48 in the housing 26. The lip 46 is connected to a pin 64 which is positioned in a spring 66. The forming segment 30 also includes a first camming surface 50 and a second c~mm; ng surface 52 which abut against first and second camming surfaces 54, 56 of the actuator 32. Plastic glide pads 58, 60 are connected to the first and second camming surfaces 50, 52 of the forming segment 30.
The first and second camming surfaces 50, 52 of the forming segment 30, and the first and second camming surfaces 54, 56 of the actuator are at an angle with respect to the longitudinal axis 62 of the container body 12.
In operation, as shown on the left side of Fig.
1, the actuator 32 has been moved axially away from the bottom 14 of the container body 12. This axial movement causes the camming surfaces 54, 56 of the actuator 32 to cooperate with the camming surfaces 50, 52 of the forming segment 30 to move the forming segment 30 radially outward toward the inner surface 36 of the side wall 16. The contacting surface 34 of the forming segment 30 contacts or engages the inner surface 36 of the side wall 16 of the container body 12, and expands a portion 68 of the side wall 16 radially outward from the longitudinal axis of the container beyond the initial cylinder of the container body 12.
During the expanding operation, the pin 64 is also moved radially outward and compresses the spring 66. When the expanding of the portion 68 of the side wall 16 is completed, the actuator 32 is moved axially toward the bottom wall 14 of the container body 12 and the spring 66 forces the pin 64 and forming segment 30 W096/40457 PCT~S9'fOg~3 .:;.;, '. . j -:' back into a collapsed or retracted position. The container body 12 may then be removed from the shaping - mandrel 24.
As shown in Fig. 1, a lower portion 70 of the side wall 16 is not contacted by the forming segments 30 and maintains the mean average diameter of the initial cylindrical shape of the side wall 16. The expanded portion 68, however, after the operation has a mean average diameter which is greater than the mean average diameter of the lower portion 70.
As can be seen on the left hand side of Fig. 1, the flange 22 of the container body 12, is pulled away from the ring 44 during the reshaping operation.
The container body 12 of Fig. 1 is shown after the reshaping operation in Figs. 10-13.
Referring to Fig. 2, a further modified container reshaping apparatus 72 is disclosed. Fig. 2 discloses elements for applying an axial load force to the container body 12 during the reshaping operation, and for removing the container body 12 from the shaping mandrel 24 (not shown in Fig. 2) after the operation.
The apparatus 72 includes a container body support structure 74 for applying an axial load force to the container body 12. The structure includes a housing 76 connected to a bottom platform support 78.
The platform support 78 is axially aligned with the shaping mandrel 24 and abuts the bottom wall 14 of the container body 12.
The platform support 78 is connected to a shaft 80 in the housing 76. The shaft 80 in turn, is connected to a cam follower support bracket 82 which includes a cam follower 84. The cam follower 84 follows a cam (not shown) which effects axial movement of the platform support 78 during the reshaping operation. Accordingly, it is preferred that the entire apparatus 72 is part of turret assembly.

W096/40457 PCT~3~/033~3 ~ 22- 7 ~ 9 The cam follower support bracket 82 is guided by a plurality of pins 86 which are surround by springs 88. As the forming segments 30 of the shaping mandrel 24 are moved radially outward to engage the inner surface 36 of the side wall 16, the cam follower is cammed axially toward the bottom wall 14 of the container body 12. The pins 86 remain stationary while the cam follower support bracket 84 moves axially toward the bottom wall 14 of the container body 12 compressing the springs 88 and shaft 80 moves with the cam follower support bracket 82 compresses springs 90 positioned in a cavity 91 immediately back of the platform support 78. These springs 90 are preset to the required external load. In this manner, the platform support 78 applies a spring biased external load or force axially to the bottom wall 14 of the container body 12. The external load applied to the bottom wall 14 keeps the flange 22 of the container body 12 pressed against the ring 44 in the housing 26 which contains the shaping mandrel 24. The external load during the reshaping operation is believed to assist in the expansion of the side wall 16. When the reshaping operation is completed, the cam is relieved and the springs 88 force the cam follower 82, and the platform support 78, in a direction axially away from the container body 12.
Additionally, the support structure 74 includes a hollow tube 92 extending from the platform support 78 for effecting a vacuum pressure between the platform support 78 and the bottom wall 14 of the container body 12. The tube 92 is connected to a hose 94 which is connected to a pump (not shown). The vacuum pressure assists in maintaining contact between the platform support 78 and the bottom wall 14 of the container body 12. A plurality of O-rings 96 are position around the tube 92.

W096/40457 PCT~S~ 3 ~ 23- 2194779 The platform support 78 can be used for loading and unloading the container body 12 from the shaping mandrel 24. The vacuum pressure is particularly useful for holding the container body 12 to the platform support during the loading and unloading.
Fig. 2 also discloses a removal sleeve 98 for moving the container body 12 axially away from the shaping mandrel 24 after the reshaping operation. A
top view of the removal sleeve 98 is disclosed in Fig.
3.
The removal sleeve 98 includes a main body 100 mounted about two guide rods or posts 102. A first and a second jaw or clamping element 104, 106 are pivotly mounted to the main body 100 by pivots 108, 110. The jaws are designed to engage the neck portion 18 of the container body 12 and assist in removal of the container body 12 from about the shaping mandrel 24.
In an alternative embodiment disclosed in Figs.
4 and 5, a reshaping apparatus 112 is disclosed with an external tool 114 for providing radially inward pressure to the expanded portions of the side wall 16.
The external tool is used to create radially inwardly deformed segments in the expanded portions of the side wall 16. Fig. 9 discloses the inner mandrel of the apparatus of Fig. 4 with the outer ring and platform support removed for clarity.
The external tool 114 includes a plurality of external forming segments 116 made from hardened steel. Each forming segment 116 includes an external contacting surface for contacting or engaging an outer surface 118 of the side wall 16 of the container body 12. The external forming segments 116 are aligned to - contact portions of the side wall 16 of the container body 12 which are in the gaps between the forming segments 30 of the shaping mandrel 24.

W096/40457 pcT~ssGi!l993~
~ 24- 2 1 ~ 4 7 19 --The external tool 114 includes an actuator arm 120 having a camming surface 122 which cooperates with a camming surface 124 on the external forming segment 116. Movement along the direction of the longitudinal axis of the container body 12, causes the actuator arm 120 to cam the external forming segment 116 radially inward to deform a portion of the side wall 16 radially inwardly. The actuator arm abuts and compresses a spring 126 partially held in a channel 128 in an upper portion 130 of the actuator arm.
After the external forming operation, the spring forces the actuator arm 120 back to its initial position.
The external forming segments 116 are connected to pins 132 at one end 134 of the segments 116. The pins are connected to springs 136. As the actuator arm 120 is moved to its initial position after the operation, the springs 136 force the external forming segments 116 back to their initial positions.
Alternatively, the external forming segments 116 may be fixed in place, that is stationary, with respect to the side wall 16 of the container body 12.
As the forming segments 30 of the shaping mandrel 24 move radially outward, portions of the side wall 16 are expanded radially outward into contact with the external forming segments 116 allowing for simultaneous radially inward deformation of the side wall 16.
As disclosed in Fig. 5, the actuator arm 120 is in the form of a ring which has the cross-sectional shape shown in Fig. 4.
In the embodiment disclosed in Figs. 4, 5 and 9, the forming segments 30 of the shaping mandrel 24 include a modified contacting surface 137. The contacting surface 136 includes a first outwardly convex arcuate portion 138, a second outwardly convex arcuate portion 140 axially spaced from the first W096/40457 PCT/U~ /OS3~3 ~ 25- 2194719 arcuate portion 138, and a third outwardly convex arcuate portion 142. These portions 138, 140 and 142 - form corresponding expanded portions in the side wall 16 of the container body as disclosed in Figs. 17-19, and in Figs. 14-16 without the internally deformed segments. It is evident that a large variety of shapes can be formed by modifying the contacting surface of the forming segments 30 or 116.
A perspective view of the shaping mandrel without the outer ring in place is shown in Figures 27 and 28.
Figure 27 shows the forming segments 30 in a retracted position. Figure 28 discloses the forming segments 30 in an expanded position. Figure 29 shows a perspective view container placed over the shaping mandrel with an external forming tool 114 surrounding the container.
In an alternative embodiment, the actuator 24 and the forming segments 30 of the shaping mandrel 24 can be configured so as to progressively allow for reshaping of the side wall 16 of the container body 12. That is, the actuator 24 and the forming segments 30 can be modified to include a dwell time in the camming surfaces to allow, for example, expansion of the first arcuate convex surface 138 before beginning expansion of the second and third arcuate convex surfaces 140, 142. This may decrease the overall stress on the side wall 16 when forming more complex shapes.
In another alternative embodiment, an expanding apparatus 144 is disclosed in Fig. 6. The apparatus 144 includes a generally annular flexible mandrel 146, formed from an elastic material such as rubber or polyurethane, which is positioned in a container body 12. The container body 12 includes a side wall 16 having an initial cylindrical shape. In this embodiment, the container body 12 does not include a portion of reducing diameter in the neck portion 18 of W096/404~7 PCT~9~0g~3 1~" 'S~ ,t ~ 26- 2 1 9 4 7 7 9 the container body 12. This is necessary to enable insertion and removal of the mandrel 146 from the container body 12 before and after the expanding operation.
The mandrel 146 includes a hollow generally cylindrical ch~nnel or bore 148 having a circular cross section centrally located in the mandrel 146.
The mandrel 146 also includes an outer shaping surface 147 for contacting the inner surface 36 of the side wall 16. The outer shaping surface 147 includes an exterior annular recessed channel 150 which has diameter which is less than the diameter of the remaining portions of the outer shaping surface 147 of the mandrel 146.
In operation, an expanding plunger or punch 152 is forced through the centrally located channel 148 axially toward the bottom wall 14 of the container body 12. The plunger 152 includes a head portion 154 which has a diameter greater than the diameter of the channel 148. Since the plunger head 154 has a diameter greater than the centrally located channel 148, as the plunger head 154 moves axially toward the bottom wall 14, the outer shaping surface 147 of the mandrel 146 is moved radially outward into contact with the inner surface 36 of the side wall 16 and expands the side wall 16 radially outwardly. As the plunger head 154 moves to a position axially aligned with the annular recessed channel 150, the corresponding portion of the side wall 16 is either not expanded radially outward at all, or depending on the depth of the annular channel 150, is expanded radially outward to a lessor degree than other portions of the side wall 16. In this manner, a barrel shape similar to the shaping mandrel 24 of Fig.
4 can be affected. Because the radially outward deformation or expansion of portions of the side wall 16 results from downward movement (i.e., axially W096/40457 PCT~S~6/~ 3 ~ 27- 2 1 94779 toward the bottom wall 14 of the container body 12) of the plunger head 154, the expansion of the portions of - the side wall 16 is carried out gradually rather than all at once. That is, a portion of the side wall 16 proximate the neck portion 18 is expanded before a portion of the side wall proximate the bottom wall 14.
As the plunger head 154 passes through any portion of the channel 148, the mandrel 146 resumes its original shape due to the elastic nature of the material.
During the expanding operation using a shaping mandrel 24 with a plurality of forming segments 30, the segments 30 separate as they move radially outward and are spaced circumferentially as they contact the inner surface 36 of the side wall 16. The side wall 16 is thus primarily stretched in the gaps between the contacting surfaces 34 of the forming segments 30 during the expanding operation (However, as explained below, proper lubrication between the contacting surfaces of the forming segments and the interior surface of the container to obtain an appropriate coefficient of friction may assist in allowing material of the side wall abutting the contacting surfaces to also stretch). This also tends to form crease lines 160 in the expanded portions of the side wall 16 as disclosed in Fig. 10. Such crease lines are not necessarily obtained using the elastic mandrel 146 of Fig. 6 (As explained below, a modified shaping mandrel can be used to lessen or eliminate the crease lines).
The outer shaping surface 147 of the mandrel 146 can have a variety of contours or shapes. This will produce a corresponding variety of shapes in the side wall 16 of the container body 12.
- As disclosed in Figs. 10-22, the resultant container body 12 can have a variety of shapes. In all instances, however, the side wall 16 of the container body 12 includes at least one portion which W096/40457 PCT/U'~033~
~ 28 9 4 7 7 5 has been expanded radially outward beyond the initial cylindrical shape of the container body, and includes a mean average diameter greater than the mean average diameter of the initial cylindrical shape.
Additionally, ~uch portions also have a mean average diameter which is greater than the mean average diameter of the bottom wall portion 14 of the container body 12. For container bodies which include annular outward beading in the bottom wall portion 14, the outermost portion of the beading is considered in calculating the mean average diameter of the bottom wall portion 14.
Referring to Fig. 10, the container body 12 includes a bottom wall portion 14 which has a first mean average diameter 162. The side wall 16 of the container body 12 includes a first portion 164 which has a second mean average diameter approximately equal to the mean average diameter 162 of the bottom wall portion 14 and equal to the mean average diameter of the initial cylindrical shape of the container body.
The side wall also includes a second portion 166 which has been expanded radially outward. The second portion 166 has a third mean average diameter 168 which is greater than the mean average diameter of the first portion 164 and the mean average diameter 162 of the bottom wall 14. Crease lines 160 are visible in the second portion 166 from the forming segments 30 of the inner mandrel 24. The material of the side wall is primarily stretched in the gaps between the forming segments during the reshaping operation.
An alternative container body is disclosed in Figs. 14-16. This container body 12 includes a bottom wall 14 having a first mean average diameter 170. The side wall 16 includes a first portion 172 which has a second mean average diameter approximately equal to the mean average diameter 170 of the bottom wall portion 14 and equal to the mean average diameter of W096/40457 PCT~S9~,/033~
~ 29- 2 î 94779 the initial cylindrical shape of the container body.
The side wall 16 also includes a second portion 174 having a third mean average diameter 176 greater than the mean average diameter of the first portion 172 and the mean average diameter 170 of the bottom wall portion 14. The side wall further includes a third portion 178 having a fourth mean average diameter approximately equal to the mean average diameter of the first portion 172. The side wall further includes a fourth portion 180 having a fifth mean average diameter 182 approximately equal to the third mean average diameter 176. The side wall further includes a fifth portion 184 having a mean average diameter approximately equal to the mean average diameter of the first portion, and a sixth portion 186 having a mean average diameter approximately equal to the third mean average diameter. Finally, the side wall includes a seventh portion 188 having a mean average diameter approximately equal to the mean average diameter of the first portion 172.
Figs. 17-19 disclose a further embodiment of a container body 12 having a side wall 16 with first, second and third expanded portions 190, 192, 194. The side wall also include a plurality of inwardly deform segments 196 spaced circumferentially about the side wall 16.
Figs. 20-22 disclose a further embodiment of a container body 12 having a side wall 16 with first and second expanded portions 198, 200. The shaping mandrel used to form this container body was configured so that the forming segments were spaced a greater than normal distance when contacting the side wall 16. Slight wrinkles 202 can occur in the gaps - between the forming segments.
As shown in cross-section in Figs. 23-24, an alternative shaping mandrel 300 can be utilized with the reshaping apparatus of the present invention for W096/40457 PCT~ 3333 ~ 30- ~194719 reshaping a container body. The shaping mandrel 300 includes a first forming mechanism in the form of a plurality of first forming segments 302 which are spaced about an actuator arm 304. The shaping mandrel 302 also includes a second forming mechanism in the form of a plurality of second forming segments 306 which are alternately spaced about the actuator arm 304 between the first forming segments 302.
The first forming segments 302 are moveable from a collapsed or retracted position (as shown in Fig.
24), generally having a diameter which is less than the diameter of a container body to be expanded and less than the diameter of the open end of the container body which may be necked in, to an expanded position generally having a diameter which is greater than the initial diameter of the side wall of the container body (as shown in Fig. 23). Similarly, the second forming segments are also moveable from a retracted position to an expanded position.
Each of the first forming segments 302 include a contacting surface 308 for engaging the interior surface of the container body. Each of the second forming segments 306 also include a contacting surface 310 for engaging the interior surface of the container body. As shown in Figure 24, the second forming segments 306 are nested between the first forming segments 302. However, as shown in Fig. 23, when both the first and second forming segments 302, 306 are moved to the expanded position, the combined contacting surfaces 308, 310 are dimensioned to provide a substantially contiguous surface circumerentially around the expanded portion of the side wall. This configuration helps eliminate or prevent crease lines from forming on the edges 312, 314 of the first forming segments 302.
The actuator arm 304 includes a plurality of camming surfaces 316 for c~mm~ ng or moving the W096t40457 PCTtUS9~Og9~3 _ - ~ r ~ 31 - 2 1 9 4 7 7 9 plurality of first forming segments 302 radially outward, and a plurality of camming surfaces 318 for moving the plurality of second forming segments 306 radially outward. The c~mmi ng surfaces 3161 318 are configured to allow the first forming segments to move radially outward before the second forming segments 306. This can be simply done by adjusting the slopes of the c~mm; ng surfaces 316 ~ 318.
In operation, the actuator arm 304 is moved axially to cam the first forming segments 302 radially outward from the retracted position to the expanded position. The actuator arm also moves the second forming segments 306 radially outward from the retracted position to the expanded position. The second forming segments 306 are positioned to move into the gaps between the first forming segments 302 when expanded.
Figures 25-26 disclose a slightly modified embodiment of a shaping mandrel 320 having a first forming mechanism and a second forming mechanism. In this embodiment, the second forming mechanism includes a plurality of second forming segments 322 where each second forming segment 322 includes an integral camming surface 324. The integral camming surfaces 324 of the second forming segments 322 are utilized to cam radially outward a plurality of first forming segments 326 of the first forming mechanism from a retracted position to an expanded position.
The actuator arm 328 includes a plurality of camming surfaces for camming or moving the plurality of second forming segments 322 radially outward from a retracted position to an expanded position. As the second forming segments 322 are moved radially outward, the camming surfaces 324 of the second forming segments 3221 in turn move the first forming segments 326 radially outward. In both embodiments, the contacting surfaces of the first and second W096/40457 PCT/u~,G/~33~3 ~ 32- 2 ~ 94779 forming segments can be polished to a surface roughness of 0.3 microns.
Through initial testing, it is believed that the friction between the contacting surfaces of the forming segments and the interior surface of the side wall of the container body plays an important role in achieving optimal radially outward expansion. In the expanding operations described above with respect to the apparatuses disclosed in Figures 1, 4, and 9, the shaping mandrel includes a plurality of forming segments which are cammed radially outward to engage the interior surface of the side wall. As the forming segments move radially outward they become circumferentially spaced apart and leave gaps between consecutive forming segments. If the coefficient of friction between the contacting surfaces of the forming segments and the segments of the interior surface of the side wall which abut the contact surfaces is too high, then the material in such side wall segments will effectively lock against the contacting surfaces during the expansion operation.
That is, all of the stretching will be accomplished by the material of the side wall in the gaps between the forming segments. This limits the amount the side wall can be expanded.
By providing a lubricant between the contacting surfaces of the forming segments and the interior surface of the side wall, the coefficient of friction can be lowered to enable the material of the side wall abutting the contacting surfaces to stretch circumferentially, as well as slightly shrink axially, during the expansion operation. This decreases the stress on the material in the gaps, and allows for greater expansion of the side wall. In affect, the lower coefficient of friction is believed to allow the material abutting the contacting surfaces to slip against such surfaces.

W096/40457 PCT~ 33~3 ~ P ~ - 33 9 7 7 9 The interior surface of the container body is typically provided with an internal coating to protect the product when filled. The lubricant can be externally applied or sprayed onto the protective 5 coating before the expanding or reshaping operation.
This lubricant can then be washed away, or if not harmful to the product, left in the container body.
Alternatively, the lubricant can be an incorporated as an internal component of the protective coating. In this form, the following coatings with internal lubricants provide good expansion properties as well as meet product protection requirements: Dexter-Midland's CR023-142 (which includes 0. 5~ carnauba wax); Dexter-Midland's CR023-144 (which includes 1.5~
carnauba wax); and Glidden's (ICI) 640-C-~96 (which includes 0. 5~ carnauba wax). The Dexter-Midland - CR023-144 permits the container to be stretched farther than the other two coatings. However, the Dexter-Midland CR023-142 and the Glidden coatings show 20 less dewetting during application of a respray, which may be an important factor if respray of the coating is determined to be necessary in the commercial production of expanded containers.
In addition to the three coatings discussed, 25 initial testing has been performed with coatings having either 5~ or 1. 5~ (by weight) of a Teflon modified polyethylene wax as the internal lubricant.
The coating with the 1. 5~ lubricant allows for even further stretching than the Dexter-Midland CR023-144.
30 However, this coating has not been tested as to whether it meets the product protection requirements.
It has been found that a coefficient of friction between the contacting surfaces of the forming - segments and the interior surface of the side wall 35 should be less than about 0.1, and preferably in the range of 0.02 - 0.075. A coefficient of 0.05 has been found to give good results.

WO 96/40457 PCT/US96~0~3~3 r ~ 34- Z 1 9 4 7 7 9 Figures 30-33 discloses another embodiment of a seamless container body 33 0 formed in accordance with the present invention. The container body 330 includes a plurality of expanded portions 332,334,336 6 and a plurality of inwardly deformed portions 338.
The container disclosed in Figures 30-33 is preferably formed from a drawn and ironed container body having a side wall diameter of between 2.4770" to 2.4830" and a height of about 5.170" measured from the support base to an outwardly directed flange at the open end. The container body includes a frustoconical necked-in portion. The side wall of the container body prior to the expansion operation has a material thickness of approximately 0. 0049" to 0. 0052", and includes transition zones of increasing metal thickness between the side wall and the junctures 340, 342 between the necked-in portion at one end and the bottom portion at the opposite end, respectively.
These transitions can extend up to . 5 " into the side wall area. As shown in Figure 30 and 31, the expanded portions 336, 332 extend into the transition zones of the side wall. The diameter of the expanded portions 332, 334, 336 are preferably 2 . 60 " which is an increase in diameter of approximately 5~.
While specific embodiments have been illustrated and described, numerous modifications come to mind without markedly departing from the spirit of the invention. The scope of protection is thus only intended to be limited by the scope of the 3 0 accompanying claims.

Claims

What we claim is:

1. An apparatus for reshaping a portion of a cylindrical side wall of a container body comprising:
a shaping mandrel connected to a housing, said shaping mandrel including a plurality of expanding forming segments, each of said forming segments having a contacting surface for engaging an interior surface of said side wall;
and an outer tool connected to said housing for engaging an outer surface of said side wall of said container body during a reshaping operation to apply a radially inward force to said side wall.

2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said outer tool is stationary.

3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said outer tool includes means for radially inward movement.

4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said contacting surface being highly polished to a surface finish of 2-10 microns.

5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said mandrel further comprises an actuator arm for providing radial outward movement of said forming segments, said actuator arm including a plurality of camming surfaces for contact with said segments wherein axial movement of said actuator arm cams said segments radially outward into engagement with said interior surface of said side wall of said container body.

6. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a support platform axially aligned with said mandrel for contacting a first end of said container body.

7. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein said support platform includes means for applying a vacuum pressure between said support platform and a bottom wall of said container body.

8. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein said support platform comprises a biasing spring connected to said support platform for applying an axial force to said container body through said support platform.

9. The apparatus of claim 6 further comprising a removal sleeve connected to a guide post, said guide post connected to said housing, said removal sleeve for contacting a portion of said container body proximate a second end of said container body opposing said first end of said container body wherein axial movement of said removal sleeve affects movement of said container body about said mandrel.

10. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein said removal sleeve includes a first clamping jaw and a second clamping jaw, said first and second clamping jaws pivotly mounted to said removal sleeve wherein said first and second clamping jaws for engaging said portion of said container.

11. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said contacting surface of said forming segments includes a first curved corner surface on a first side of said contacting surface and a curved corner surface on a second side of said contacting surface opposed from said first side, said first and second curved surfaces having a radius of curvature of approximately 2 millimeters.

12. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said contacting surface of said forming segments includes a first curved corner surface on a first side of said contacting surface and a curved corner surface on a second side of said contacting surface opposed from said first side, said first and second curved surfaces having a radius of curvature of approximately 3 millimeters.

13. An apparatus for reshaping a portion of a cylindrical side wall of a container body comprising:
a shaping mandrel connected to a housing, said shaping mandrel including a plurality of expanding forming segments, each of said forming segments having a contacting surface for engaging an interior surface of said side wall, said contacting surface being highly polished to a surface finish of less than 1 micron.

14. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising an outer tool connected to said housing for engaging an outer surface of said side wall of said container body during a reshaping operation to apply a radially inward force to said side wall.

15. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein said outer tool is stationary.

16. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein said outer tool includes means for radially inward movement.

17. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein said mandrel further comprises an actuator arm for providing radial outward movement of said forming segments, said actuator arm including a plurality of camming surfaces for contact with said segments wherein axial movement of said actuator arm cams said segments radially outward into engagement with said interior surface of said side wall of said container body.

18. The apparatus of claim 13 further comprising a support platform axially aligned with said mandrel for contacting a first end of said container body.

19. The apparatus of claim 18 wherein said support platform includes means for applying a vacuum pressure between said support platform and a bottom wall of said container body.

20. The apparatus of claim 18 wherein said support platform comprises a biasing spring connected to said support platform for applying an axial force to said container body through said support platform.

21. The apparatus of claim 18 further comprising a removal sleeve connected to a guide post, said guide post connected to said housing, said removal sleeve for contacting a portion of said container body proximate a second end of said container body opposing said first end of said container body wherein axial movement of said removal sleeve affects movement of said container body about said mandrel.

22. The apparatus of claim 21 wherein said removal sleeve includes a first clamping jaw and a second clamping jaw, said first and second clamping jaws pivotly mounted to said removal sleeve wherein said first and second clamping jaws for engaging said portion of said container.

23. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein said contacting surface of said forming segments includes a first curved corner surface on a first side of said contacting surface and a curved corner surface on a second side of said contacting surface opposed from said first side, said first and second curved surfaces having a radius of curvature of approximately 2 millimeters.

24. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein said contacting surface of said forming segments includes a first curved corner surface on a first side of said contacting surface and a second curved corner surface on a second side of said contacting surface opposed from said first side, said first and second curved surfaces having a radius of curvature of approximately 3 millimeters.

25. An apparatus for reshaping a portion of a cylindrical side wall of a container body comprising:
a shaping mandrel connected to a housing, said shaping mandrel including a plurality of expanding forming segments, each of said forming segments having a contacting surface for engaging an interior surface of said side wall, said contacting surface being highly polished to a surface finish of less than 1 micron; and a support platform axially aligned with said mandrel for contacting a first end of said container body.

26. The apparatus of claim 25 wherein said support platform includes means for applying a vacuum pressure between said support platform and a bottom wall of said container body.

27. The apparatus of claim 25 wherein said support platform comprises a biasing spring connected to said support platform for applying an axial force to said container body through said support platform.

28. The apparatus of claim 25 further comprising a removal sleeve connected to a guide post, said guide post connected to said housing, said removal sleeve for contacting a portion of said container body proximate a second end of said container body opposing said first end of said container body wherein axial movement of said removal sleeve affects movement of said container body about said mandrel.

29. The apparatus of claim 28 wherein said removal sleeve includes a first clamping jaw and a second clamping jaw, said first and second clamping jaws pivotly mounted to said removal sleeve wherein said first and second clamping jaws for engaging said portion of said container.

30. The apparatus of claim 25 wherein said contacting surface of said forming segments includes a first curved corner surface on a first side of said contacting surface and a curved corner surface on a second side of said contacting surface opposed from said first side, said first and second curved surfaces having a radius of curvature of approximately 2 millimeters.

31. The apparatus of claim 25 wherein said contacting surface of said forming segments includes a first curved corner surface on a first side of said contacting surface and a second curved corner surface on a second side of said contacting surface opposed from said first side, said first and second curved surfaces having a radius of curvature of approximately 3 millimeters.

32. The apparatus of claim 25 further comprising an outer tool connected to said housing for engaging an outer surface of said side wall of said container body during a reshaping operation to apply a radially inward force to said side wall.

33. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein said contacting surface being polished to a surface finish of about 0.3 microns.

34. The apparatus of claim 25 wherein said contacting surface being highly polished to a surface finish of about 0.3 microns.

35. A method of reshaping a seamless container body having an integral bottom wall comprising the steps of:
providing a container body which has been drawn and ironed from a single metal disc, said container body having a side wall extending from a bottom wall at one end, and having an opening at an end opposing said bottom wall, said side wall having an initial cylindrical shape; and applying a radially outward force to an inner surface of said side wall of said drawn and ironed container body to deform at least a first portion of said side wall radially outward from said initial cylindrical shape.

36. The method of claim 35 wherein said applying a radial outward force step comprises:
inserting a shaping mandrel through said open end of said container body, said mandrel including a plurality of forming segments for engaging an interior surface of said side wall of said container body;
expanding said forming segments radially outward to engage said interior surface of said side wall and expand said side wall radial outward;
collapsing said forming segments of said shaping mandrel; and removing said container body from said shaping mandrel.

37. The method of claim 36 wherein said removing step comprises engaging a portion of said container body proximate said open end with a removal sleeve and moving said container body axially away from said shaping mandrel with said removal sleeve.

38. The method of claim 35 wherein said applying a radially outward force step comprises deforming at least a portion of said side wall radially outward until said portion has a mean average diameter approximately 5% greater than a mean average diameter of said initial cylindrical shape.

39. The method of claim 35 wherein said applying a radially outward force step comprises deforming at least a portion of said side wall radially outward until said portion has a mean average diameter approximately 7% greater than a mean average diameter of said initial cylindrical shape.

40. The method of claim 35 further comprising the step of:
applying an axial compressive force to said container body during said applying a radial outward force step.

41. The method of claim 40 wherein said applying an axial compressive force step comprises:
engaging said open end of said side wall against a stationary ring;
providing a support platform for engaging said bottom wall of said container body; and moving said support platform axially towards said container body to apply a compressive force to said container body between said support platform and said stationary ring.

42. The method of claim 41 further comprising the step of creating a vacuum pressure between said support platform and said bottom wall of said container body to maintain engagement between said bottom wall and said support platform.

43. The method of claim 35 further comprising the steps of:
applying a radially inward force to said deformed portion of said side wall to further deform said portion of said side wall.

44. The method of claim 43 wherein said applying a radially inward force step comprises placing a stationary outer shaping tool proximate an exterior surface of said side wall wherein said applying a radial outward force step causes said exterior surface of said side wall to engage said outer shaping tool.

45. The method of claim 43 wherein said applying a radially inward force step comprises placing an outer shaping tool proximate an exterior surface of said side wall and moving said shaping tool radially inward to engage said side wall.

46. The method of claim 35 further comprising the step of applying a radially outward force to said side wall of said container body to deform at least a second portion of said side wall radially outward from said initial cylindrical shape.

47. The method of claim 35 further comprising the step of applying a radially outward force to said side wall of said container body to deform at least a second portion of said side wall radially outward from said initial cylindrical shape subsequent to said step of applying a radial outward force to said container body to deform at least a first portion of said side wall radially outward from said initial cylindrical shape.

48. A method of reshaping a tubular element comprising the steps of:
providing a tubular element having a first end and an opposing second end, said tubular element having an initial cylindrical shape;
applying a radially outward force to said tubular element to deform at least a first portion of said tubular element radially outward from said initial cylindrical shape; and applying a radially inward force to said first portion of said tubular element to further deform said first portion of said tubular element.

49. The method of claim 48 wherein said applying a radially outward force comprises:
inserting a shaping mandrel through said first end of said tubular element, said mandrel including a plurality of forming segments for engaging an interior surface of said tubular element;
expanding said forming segments radially outward to engage said interior surface of said tubular element and expand said first portion of said tubular element radially outward;
collapsing said forming segments of said shaping mandrel; and removing said tubular element from said shaping mandrel.

50. The method of claim 48 wherein said applying a radially inward force step comprises placing a stationary outer shaping tool proximate an exterior surface of said tubular element wherein said applying a radial outward force step causes said exterior surface of said tubular element to engage said outer shaping tool.

51. The method of claim 48 wherein said applying a radially inward force step comprises placing an outer shaping tool proximate an exterior surface of said tubular element and moving said shaping tool radially inward to engage said exterior surface of said tubular element.

52. The method of claim 48 further comprising providing said tubular element having a bottom wall integrally connected to said tubular element at said second end wherein said tubular element includes a side wall extending from said bottom wall, said tubular element being formed by drawing and ironing a single metal disc.

53. The method of claim 48 further comprising the step of:
applying an axial compressive force to said tubular element during said applying a radial outward force step.

54. The method of claim 53 wherein said applying an axial compressive force step comprises:
engaging said first end of said tubular element against a stationary ring;
providing a support platform for engaging said second end of said tubular element; and moving said support platform axially towards said tubular element to apply a compressive force to said tubular element between said support platform and said stationary ring.

55. A reshaped container comprising a seamless container body formed from a single disc of metal, said container body including a bottom wall portion at a first end of said container body having a first mean average diameter, and a cold worked side wall portion extending from said bottom wall portion to a neck portion at a second end of said container body, said neck portion for attaching a container end to said container body, said side wall including a first portion having a second mean average diameter and a second portion having a third mean average diameter greater than both said first mean average diameter and said second mean average diameter.

56. The reshaped container of claim 55 wherein said disc of metal is an aluminum alloy.

57. The container of claim 55 wherein said neck portion comprises a generally frustoconical portion of reducing diameter.

58. The reshaped container of claim 55 wherein said side wall includes a third portion having a forth mean average diameter less than said third mean average diameter wherein said second portion is axially disposed between said first portion and said third portion.

59. The reshaped container of claim 58 wherein said side wall includes a fourth portion having a fifth mean average diameter greater than said first mean average diameter and greater than said second mean average diameter and greater than said forth mean average diameter wherein said third portion is axially disposed between said second portion and said fourth portion.

60. The container of claim 56 wherein said side wall has a thickness of approximately 0.004 inches.

61. The container of claim 55 wherein said container body further comprises a container end double seamed to said neck portion.

62. The container of claim 55 wherein said second portion of said side wall includes a plurality of radially inwardly deformed segments spaced circumferentially about said second portion.

63. The container of claim 62 wherein said segments extend axially along said second portion of said side wall and have an outwardly concave arcuate portion.

64. The container of claim 55 wherein said third mean average diameter of said second portion of said side wall is approximately 7% greater than said second mean average diameter of said first portion.

65. A reshaped container comprising a seamless container body formed from a single disc of aluminum alloy, said container body including a bottom wall portion at a first end of said container body having a first mean average diameter, and a cold worked side wall portion extending from said bottom wall portion to a neck portion at a second end of said container body, said neck portion for attaching a container end to said container body and including a generally frustoconical portion of reducing diameter and an outwardly directed flange extending from said portion of reducing diameter, said side wall including a first portion having a second mean average diameter, a second portion having a third mean average diameter greater than said first mean average diameter and greater than said second mean average diameter, and a third portion having a fourth mean average diameter less than said third mean average diameter wherein said second portion is axially disposed between said first portion and said second portion.

66. The reshaped container of claim 65 wherein said side wall includes a fourth portion having a fifth mean average diameter greater than said second mean average diameter and greater than said fourth mean average diameter and greater than said first mean average diameter wherein said third portion is axially disposed between said second portion and said fourth portion.

67. The container of claim 65 wherein said side wall has a thickness of approximately 0.004 inches.

68. The container of claim 65 wherein said container body further comprises a container end double seamed to said neck portion.

69. The container of claim 65 wherein said second portion of said side wall includes a plurality of radially inwardly deformed segments spaced circumferentially about said second portion.

70. The container of claim 65 wherein said third mean average diameter of said second portion of said side wall is approximately 7% greater than said second mean average diameter of said first portion.

71. A reshaped container comprising a seamless container body formed from a single disc of aluminum alloy, said container body including a bottom wall portion at a first end of said container body having a first mean average diameter, and a cold worked side wall portion extending from said bottom wall portion to a neck portion at a second end of said container body, said neck portion for attaching a container end to said container body and including a generally frustoconical portion of reducing diameter and an outwardly directed flange extending from said portion of reducing diameter, said side wall including a first portion having a second mean average diameter a second portion having a third mean average diameter greater than said first mean average diameter and greater than said second mean average diameter, a third portion having a fourth mean average diameter less than said third mean average diameter wherein said second portion is axially disposed between said first portion and said second portion, and a fourth portion having a fifth mean average diameter greater than said first mean average diameter and greater than said second mean average diameter and greater than said fourth mean average diameter wherein said third portion is axially disposed between said second portion and said fourth portion.

72. The container of claim 71 wherein said side wall has a thickness of approximately 0.004 inches.

73. The container of claim 71 wherein said container body further comprises a container end double seamed to said neck portion.

74. The container of claim 71 wherein said second portion of said side wall includes a plurality of radially inwardly deformed segments spaced circumferentially about said second portion.

75. The container of claim 71 wherein said third mean average diameter of said second portion of said side wall is approximately 7% greater than said second mean average diameter of said first portion.

76. An apparatus for reshaping a portion of a cylindrical side wall of a container body comprising:
a shaping mandrel connected to a housing, said shaping mandrel including a plurality of expanding forming segments, each of said forming segments having a contacting surface for engaging an interior surface of said side wall; and a support platform axially aligned with said mandrel for contacting a first end of said container body.

77. The apparatus of claim 76 wherein said contacting surface being highly polished to a surface finish of 2-10 microns.

78. The apparatus of claim 76 wherein said support platform includes means for applying a vacuum pressure between said support platform and a bottom wall of said container body.

79. The apparatus of claim 76 wherein said support platform comprises a biasing spring connected to said support platform for applying an axial force to said container body through said support platform.

80. The apparatus of claim 76 further comprising a removal sleeve connected to a guide post, said guide post connected to said housing, said removal sleeve for contacting a portion of said container body proximate a second end of said container body opposing said first end of said container body wherein axial movement of said removal sleeve affects movement of said container body about said mandrel.

81. The apparatus of claim 80 wherein said removal sleeve includes a first clamping jaw and a second clamping jaw, said first and second clamping jaws pivotly mounted to said removal sleeve wherein said first and second clamping jaws for engaging said portion of said container.

82. The apparatus of claim 76 wherein said contacting surface of said forming segments includes a first curved corner surface on a first side of said contacting surface and a curved corner surface on a second side of said contacting surface opposed from said first side, said first and second curved surfaces having a radius of curvature of approximately 2 millimeters.

83. The apparatus of claim 76 wherein said contacting surface of said forming segments includes a first curved corner surface on a first side of said contacting surface and a curved corner surface on a second side of said contacting surface opposed from said first side, said first and second curved surfaces having a radius of curvature of approximately 3 millimeters.

84. The apparatus of claim 76 further comprising an outer tool connected to said housing for engaging an outer surface of said side wall of said container body during a reshaping operation to apply a radially inward force to said side wall.

85. The apparatus of claim 84 wherein said outer tool is stationary.

86. The apparatus of claim 84 wherein said outer tool includes means for radially inward movement.

87. The apparatus of claim 76 wherein said mandrel further comprises an actuator arm for providing radial outward movement of said forming segments, said actuator arm including a plurality of camming surfaces for contact with said segments wherein axial movement of said actuator arm cams said segments radially outward into engagement with said interior surface of said side wall of said container body.

88. An apparatus for reshaping a cylindrical side wall of a container body comprising:
a flexible inner mandrel for placement in an interior of a container body, said mandrel including a generally cylindrical centrally located channel having a first diameter, said mandrel having an outer shaping surface for contacting an inner surface of a side wall of said container body, said side wall having an initial cylindrical shape;
a plunger including a plunger head, said plunger head having a second diameter greater than said first diameter of said centrally located channel of said mandrel wherein movement of said plunger head through said channel forces at least a portion of said outer shaping surface of said mandrel radially outward into contact with said inner surface of said side wall to expand at least a portion of said side wall radially outward from said initial cylindrical shape.

89. The apparatus of claim 88 wherein said outer shaping surface of said mandrel includes an annular recessed channel.

90. The apparatus of claim 88 wherein said mandrel is polyurethane.

91. The apparatus of claim 88 wherein said mandrel is rubber.

92. A shaping mandrel for expanding radially outward a portion of a side wall of a container beyond an initial diameter of the portion of the side wall comprising:
a first forming mechanism having a plurality of first forming segments movable from a retracted position radially outward to an expanded position, wherein said first forming segments are circumferentially spaced apart when in said expanded position and form a gap between said first forming segments; and, a second forming mechanism having a second forming segment movable from a retracted position radially outward to an expanded position, wherein said second forming segment is disposed within said gap when said second forming segment and said plurality of first forming segments are in said expanded positions.

93. The shaping mandrel of claim 92 wherein said second forming mechanism comprises a plurality of second forming segments moveable from a retracted position radially outward to an expanded position.

94. The shaping mandrel of claim 92 further comprising an actuator arm having a plurality of camming surfaces for moving said plurality of first forming segments from said retracted position to said expanded position.

95. The shaping mandrel of claim 94 wherein said actuator arm includes a camming surface for moving said second forming segment from said retracted position to said expanded position.

96. The shaping mandrel of claim 95 wherein said plurality of camming surfaces for moving said plurality of first forming segments and said camming surface for moving said second forming segment are configured to move said plurality of first forming segments radially outward at a greater rate than said second forming segment.

97. The shaping mandrel of claim 93 further comprising an actuator arm having a plurality of camming surfaces for moving said plurality of second forming segment from said retracted position radially outward to said expanded position.

98. The shaping mandrel of claim 97 wherein said actuator arm includes a plurality of camming surfaces for moving said plurality of first forming segments from said retracted position radially outward to said expanded position.

99. The shaping mandrel of claim 98 wherein said plurality of camming surfaces for moving said plurality of first forming segments and said plurality of camming surfaces for moving said plurality of second forming segments are configured to move said first forming segments radially outward at greater rate than said plurality of second forming segments.

100. The shaping mandrel of claim 97 wherein each of said plurality of second forming segments comprising a camming surface for moving a first forming segment from said retracted position radially outward to said expanded position.

101. The shaping mandrel of claim 93 wherein each of said plurality of first forming segments have a contacting surface for engaging an interior surface of said side wall of said container, and wherein each of said plurality of second forming segments have a contacting surface for engaging said interior surface of said side wall of said container, said contacting surfaces of said first and second forming segments defining a substantially contiguous contacting surface when said first and second forming segments are in said expanded positions.

102. The shaping mandrel of claim 92 wherein each of said plurality of first forming segments having a contacting surface for engaging an interior surface of said side wall of said container, said contacting surfaces being highly polished to a surface finish of about 0.3 microns.

103. The shaping mandrel of claim 92 comprising five first forming segments.

104. The shaping mandrel of claim 93 comprising five second forming segments, and five first forming segments.

105. The shaping mandrel of claim 95 wherein axial movement of said actuator arm causes said camming surfaces to move said plurality of said first forming segments and said second forming segment radially outward.

106. A shaping mandrel for expanding radially outward a portion of a side wall of a container beyond an initial diameter of the portion of the side wall comprising:
a first forming mechanism having a plurality of first forming segments movable from a retracted position radially outward to an expanded position, wherein said first forming segments are circumferentially spaced apart when in said expanded position and form gaps between neighboring first forming segments;
a second forming mechanism having a plurality of second forming segments movable from a retracted position radially outward to an expanded position, wherein said second forming segments are disposed within said gaps between said first forming segments when said plurality of second forming segments and said plurality of first forming segments are in said expanded positions; and, an actuator arm having a plurality of camming surfaces for moving said plurality of second forming segments radially outward, each of said plurality of second forming segments further having a camming surface for moving a first forming segment from said retracted position radially outward to said expanded position.

107. The shaping mandrel of claim 106 wherein axial movement of said actuator arm causes said plurality of camming surfaces to move said plurality of second forming segments radially outward.

108. The shaping mandrel of claim 106 wherein each of said plurality of first forming segments have a contacting surface for engaging an interior surface of said side wall of said container, and wherein each of said plurality of second forming segments have a contacting surface for engaging said interior surface of said side wall of said container, said contacting surfaces of said first and second forming segments defining a substantially contiguous contacting surface when said first and second forming segments are in said expanded positions.

109. The shaping mandrel of claim 106 wherein each of said plurality of first forming segments having a contacting surface for engaging an interior surface of said side wall of said container, said contacting surfaces being highly polished to a surface finish of 0.3 microns.

110. The shaping mandrel of claim 106 having five first forming segments.

111. The shaping mandrel of claim 110 having five second forming segments.

112. A method of reshaping a seamless container body having an integral bottom wall comprising the steps of:
providing a container body which has been drawn and ironed from a single metal disc, said container body having a side wall extending from a bottom wall at one end, and having an opening at an end opposing said bottom wall, said side wall having an initial cylindrical shape and a initial diameter;
placing said container body over a shaping mandrel having a plurality of forming segments moveable from a retracted position radially outward to an expanded position, each of said forming segments including a contacting surface for engaging an interior surface of said side wall of said container;
providing a lubricant between said contacting surfaces and said interior surface of said side wall;
and, moving said forming segments from said retracted position to said expanded position to drive said contacting surfaces into engagement with said interior surface of said side wall and expanding a portion of said side wall radially outward beyond said initial diameter.

113. The method of claim 112 wherein said providing a lubricant step includes adjusting a coefficient of friction between said contacting surfaces and said interior surface of said side wall to enable segments of said side wall abutting said contacting surfaces to stretch as said portion of said side wall is expanded radially outward.

114. The method of claim 113 comprising adjusting said coefficient of friction to less than 0.1.

115. The method of claim 113 comprising adjusting said coefficient of friction to about .02 to .075.

116. The method of claim 113 wherein said coefficient of friction is about 0.05.

117. The method of claim 112 wherein said container includes a protective coating on said interior surface and said providing a lubricant step comprises spraying an external lubricant over said protective coating.

118. The method of claim 112 wherein said providing a lubricant step comprises providing a protective coating to said interior of said side wall having an internal lubricant component.

119. The method of claim 118 wherein said internal lubricant component is a carnauba wax.

120. The method of claim 112 comprising expanding said portion of said side wall radially outward to a diameter approximately 5% greater than said initial diameter.

121. The method of claim 113 comprising expanding said portion of said side wall radially outward to a diameter approximately 4% greater than said initial diameter.

122. A method of reshaping a seamless container body having an integral bottom wall comprising the steps of:
providing a container body which has been drawn and ironed from a single metal disc, said container body having a side wall extending from a bottom wall at one end, and having an opening at an end opposing said bottom wall, said side wall having an initial cylindrical shape and a initial diameter;
placing said container body over a shaping mandrel having a plurality of forming segments moveable from a retracted position radially outward to an expanded position, each of said forming segments including a contacting surface for engaging an interior surface of said side wall of said container;
moving said forming segments from said retracted position to said expanded position to drive said contacting surfaces into engagement with said interior surface of said side wall and expanding a portion of said side wall radially outward beyond said initial diameter; and, providing a lubricant between said contacting surfaces and said interior surface of said side wall to affect a coefficient of friction between said contacting surfaces and said interior surface of said side wall to enable segments of said side wall abutting said contacting surfaces to stretch as said portion of said side wall is expanded.

123. The method of claim 122 comprising adjusting said coefficient of friction to less than 0.1.

124. The method of claim 122 comprising adjusting said coefficient of friction to about .02 to .075.

125. The method of claim 122 wherein said coefficient of friction is about 0.05.

126. The method of claim 122 wherein said providing a lubricant step comprises providing a protective coating to said interior of said side wall having an internal lubricant component.

127. The method of claim 126 wherein said internal lubricant component is a carnauba wax.

128. The method of claim 122 comprising expanding said portion of said side wall radially outward to a diameter approximately 5% greater than said initial diameter.

129. The method of claim 122 comprising expanding said portion of said side wall radially outward to a diameter approximately 4% greater than said initial diameter.