CA2191533A1 - Block wall system and bonding agent - Google Patents
Block wall system and bonding agentInfo
- Publication number
- CA2191533A1 CA2191533A1 CA 2191533 CA2191533A CA2191533A1 CA 2191533 A1 CA2191533 A1 CA 2191533A1 CA 2191533 CA2191533 CA 2191533 CA 2191533 A CA2191533 A CA 2191533A CA 2191533 A1 CA2191533 A1 CA 2191533A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- blocks
- parts
- block
- stretcher
- shell
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
- E04B2/02—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls built-up from layers of building elements
- E04B2/14—Walls having cavities in, but not between, the elements, i.e. each cavity being enclosed by at least four sides forming part of one single element
- E04B2/16—Walls having cavities in, but not between, the elements, i.e. each cavity being enclosed by at least four sides forming part of one single element using elements having specially-designed means for stabilising the position
- E04B2/18—Walls having cavities in, but not between, the elements, i.e. each cavity being enclosed by at least four sides forming part of one single element using elements having specially-designed means for stabilising the position by interlocking of projections or inserts with indentations, e.g. of tongues, grooves, dovetails
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
- E04B2/02—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls built-up from layers of building elements
- E04B2/14—Walls having cavities in, but not between, the elements, i.e. each cavity being enclosed by at least four sides forming part of one single element
- E04B2/26—Walls having cavities in, but not between, the elements, i.e. each cavity being enclosed by at least four sides forming part of one single element the walls being characterised by fillings in all cavities in order to form a wall construction
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
- E04B2/02—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls built-up from layers of building elements
- E04B2002/0202—Details of connections
- E04B2002/0232—Undercut connections, e.g. using undercut tongues and grooves
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Revetment (AREA)
Abstract
A dry stackable concrete block wall system utilizing a common corner block and multiple selected thicknesses of stretcher blocks and half height stretcher blocks in which walls of various selected thicknesses can be assembled. The individual blocks are laterally, horizontally and vertically offset. A slurry bonding agent, comprising an aqueous mixture of portland cement, hydrated lime, sand, fly ash, bentonite and glue, may be applied to the block as they are stacked, thereby bonding the wall into an integrated, unified structure.
Description
The present invention relates to a wall system utilizing stacked precast interlocking concrete blocks which may be joined by a bonding agent. The structural blocks are adapted for mortarless assembly with an inner tier of blocks interlocking with an outer tier of blocks. The respective tiers are each aligned in horizontal rows and vertical columns, and are not staggered as in a running bond. Relatively, however, the respective tiers are offeet laterally and vertically from one another such that inner and outer blocks in their interlocked positions are offset sideways by one half block length and vertically by one half block height.
The invention further includes a bonding agent which is adapted to be applied by immersion or dipping into an emulsion or slurry mixture, and allowed to set so as to create an integral structural joint between blocks and to establish a subst~nt;~11y rigid wall structure In addition, the emulsion or slurry may be applied by brush to the inner or outer wall surfaces after a wall or building has been assembled to provide a seal coat and final bond between the constituent blocks of the structure.
BackgrD1-n~ of ~P Invontion In the concrete block industry, precast concrete blocks are generally of standard modular sizes, normally having a height of 8" (200 mm), a length of 16" (400 mm) and various modular widths, which vary depending upon the application in which the blocks are used. A standard 8" (200 mm) wide block defines the prime modular unit, a3 it is particularly proportioned to achieve a running bond for a wall, which does not require cutting of blocks. Other modular units of 6"
(150 mm), 10" (250 mm) and 12" (300 mm) wide blocks are also frequently used. The latter sizes of block, however, do not exhibiting the 'prime' proportionality of an 8" modular block, cannot be used to achieve a true running bond, and require that blocks be cut or mortar interfilled whenever it is n~R=~ry to complete any structural corner.
Normal concrete blocks have planar, orthogonal faces and are bonded with mortar to adjacent blocks to form a wall. In consequence of the labour and time constraints imposed by traditional lay up of mortar bonded concrete blocks, attempts have been made to design dry stackable blocks for use in wall systems.
Such blocks may include a hollow structure for ~ubsequent infilling with concrete, may utilize joining clips, or may be interlocking. Various interlocking blocks have been designed, including upstanding pintals or tongues which interfit with gudgeons or grooves in adjoining blocks, as for example in U.S. Patent 2,610,503 to Hall or in U.S.
Patent 3,618,279 to Sease. Interlocking blocks, joinable by roas are illustrated in U.S. Patent 932,157 to Matthews. All of these blocks are hollow, with a central void which will permit subsequent filling of the void with concrete.
Interlocking block structures have been disclosed in U.S. Patent 1,356,590 to Baumann, U.S. Patent 3,557,505 to Kaul, U.S. Patent 1,493,811 to Frewen and in my U.S. Patent 4,633,630 to Rindyiides. Each of the blocks disclosed in the foregoing patents utilizes a system of interlocking male and female elements such as tongues and grooves or similar elements. The S Baumann, Raul and Rindylides patent all require a specialized corner block to enable the construction of an enclosed structure by the orthogcnal alignment of respective walls. In the Baumann patent, the blocks are of full wall thickness, whereas in the Raul and Frewen patents, separate and offset inner and outer tiers of stacks interlocking blocks are employed. The Rindylides patent further discloses use of a half block vertical off~et, in addition to lateral offset between the blocks of respective inner and outer tiers.
To date, two tier interlocking block structures having inner and outer tiers of blocks, such as illustrated in Frewen, Kaul and Rindylides, have utilized special corner blocks to enable closure of the structures. Erewen, which illustrates only a running length of wall structure, does not disclose such a corner block and does not address the problem of closure although such a block is necessary if closure i9 to be achieved. Kaul is silent on closure but utilizes a specially adapted full wall width corner block to enable the construction of orthogonal wall systems. In addition, in consequence of the loose interfit of the Kaul connecting arms, a curved structure, such as a cylindrical silo, may be constructed. ~nly the Kindylides patent, by the same inventor as the present application, discloses a two ~ 2t9t533 tier wall etructure with a specialized outer tier corner block enabling orthogonal wall structures to be assembled. ~owever, a separate corner block is provided for each different thickness of wall, not only in Xindylides but also in Kaul and inherently 8c in Frewen.
The wall system of the present invention eliminates the need for a sp~ri~1;7ed corner block for each selected th;rkn~s~ of wall, and by the use of a universal or common corner block, walls of any desired thickness, within the range of standard block sizes, can be erected. This versatility allows extra thickness block frames to be combined with inset block panels of reduced thickness, incorporating the structural strength of post and beam frame construction, and the economies of infilled panels.
When combined with the emulsion or slurry bonding agent of the present invention, an integral structure of increased strength and reduced costs may be erected 1lt;1;7;ng the advantages of quickly connected interlocking blocks and relatively unskilled labour.
The further advantages and economies of the present invention will be disclosed by reference to the following description and accompanying drawings wherein:
Figure lA is a schematic plan view of a closed block structure using standard 8" modules.
Figure lB is a schematic plan view of a closed block structure using 6" modules.
Figure 2 is a perspective view of a common stretcher block according to the present invention.
Figure 3 is a perspective view of a universal corner block of the present invention.
Figure 4 is a plan view illustrating blocks of the present invention, with a common interlock line.
Figure 5 is a plan view illustrating interlocking of various modular block thicknesses with a common corner block.
Figures 6-8 are perspective views of a wall construction according to the present invention illustrating how the full and half height common corner and basic stretcher blocks interlock in a corner construction.
Figure 9 is a simplified perspective view of a building under construction with the system of the present invention.
Figure lO is a plan view of an orthogonal wall structure employing the common modular blocks of the present invention.
Figure ll is a plan view of an orthogonal wall structure employing blocks of differential modular thicknesses in accordance with the present invention.
De~ ed De~cr;ption of ~h~ Invention A structural wall system in accordance with the present invention is adapted for use in building construction. It is assembled by stacking of interlocking concrete blocks in laterally and vertically offset inner and outer tiers of rows and columns of blocks.
2 1 9 ~ 533 In contrast to existing block systems, the present system permits the closure of an orthogonal structure assembled from the blocks of the present system without the requirement to cut or infill S between blocks. Cutting and tnf;ll;n3 is not an issue wherein an ideally proportion block is used, such as a 'prime' modular concrete block unit having a length equal to twice its width and height (i.e.
16"x8"x8"/400x200x200 mm). It does become a problem where other non-proportional modular blocks are used, such as a 6" thick block (16" long, 8" high, 6"
thick).
The problem may be illustrated by reference to Figures lA and lB. In Figure lA, a closed structure comprised of proportional or prime blocks, such as 16nx8nx8" blocks, is illustrated. A running bond wall constructio~ permits alternate courses of blocks to be positioned symmetrically above the joint line of the course below, and to meet evenly at the corner without requiring the cutting of blocks. This is a consequence oi- the width of the block being one half of the length, i.e. the length is an integral multiple of the width.
In Figure 1~, a similar sized structure is illustrated, but using a thinner 6" block. As may be seen, the second course will not fit evenly in a running bond over the course below, and require~
cutting of the block in the second course as at points C2. Alternatively, if the same base dimension D is ~ 2191533 retained, as in Figure lA, then filling of spaces between blocks as at point F1 in the first course is required if cutting is to be avoided.
The blocks utilized in the wall system of the S present invention are similar to the type disclosed and claimed in my ~AnA~iAn Patent 1,275,359. As may be seen in Figure 2, a concrete block 10 comprises a longi~n~inAlly ~t~n~;ng shell 12 having inner and outer shell faces 14 and 16, respectively. The length of the shell 12 is nominally twice the height of the shell. The shell has a thickness which is variable depending upon the ultimate wall thickness selected, as will be P~p1A;n~d hereafter. In a prime proportional block the thickness of a wall constructed of prime blocks will be one half the length of the block.
Centred on the longitudinal length of the shell is a web member 18 which projects from the inner face of the shell 14 and extends over the median one half of the length of the block. Tongue and groove type projections 20 and recesses 22 are provlded on shell face 14 and on web 18 for mating with corresponding projections and reces~es on other block in the manner hereafter described. This permits blocks 10 to be longitudinally, transversely and vertically interlocked together with the inner faces of alternate blocks facing one another.
As previously explained, in the building industry, there are certain standards or modular sizes of blocks. The basic fully proportional or 'prime' concrete block is nl ;nA1ly 16" long, 8" high and 8 thick. Other modular sizes are nl ;n~lly based upon 2" differentials in thickness, namely 6" wide, 10 wide, 12" wide, etc. To close a rectilinear structure, any block which does not have a length that is twice the width will require cutting or filling on alternate courses of blocks.
In the present invention, the wall system utilizes blocks which provide the modular sizes common in the industry, including a basic prime or proportioned stretcher block and a common corner block which have an effective length of 16 inches, and height of 8 inches. In wall construction in accordance with the present invention, half height blocks are also required, which have the same length, width and plan but only one half the height of the full stretcher and common corner block. When a prime structure block is interlocked with other prime stretcher blocks they produce a wall 8 inches thick.
The common corner block has a shell of the same thickness, and produces an 8" corner. In order to generate walls of different thicknesses, other block modules are used in which the shell is of a greater or lesser modular thickness, but the web portion remains identical. As may be seen in Figure 4, the prime block 10, for example, with, a nominal 8 inch width when assembled in a wall, has a shell 12 and a web 18.
A smaller modular block 30 having, for example an equivalent wall thickness of 6 inches, has a thinner shell portion 31 than shell 12 but the same web size of portion 18. Similarly, a larger size modular block 32 or 34, for use in 10~ and 12" thick walls, have outer shells 33 and 35 of increased thickness, but use the common web 18. Figure 4 lllustrates that the centre lire of interlocking "I" is common for all blocks. The width of a wall constructed from such S blocks will be determined by the thickness of the shell portions 31, 12, 33 and 35, for example, where blocks 30, 10, 32 and 34 would be used to build 6", 8", 10" and 12'i inch walls respectively, and the distance from the interlocking centre line "I" to the outer face of shells 31, 12, 33 and 35 would be 3~, 4", 5" and 6", respectively.
Referring now to Figure 5, it may be seen how various blocks of equal modular length and web size, but of varying ~h;rkn~s may be interchangeably interlocked to construct a wall structure of varying thickness. At the corner, it may be seen that a so-called 8" corner block 40 interlocks with so-called 6"
stretcher blocks 30 at each end, and in turn can interlock with other thickness of blocks.
C~n~ru~tion of W~ll Figures 6, 7 and 8 illustrate the construction of a wall and corner unit with the prime stretcher and common corner blocks of this invention. Commencing from a level footing, a pair of half height basic stretcher blocks llA and llB may be positioned to form a corner with the outer shell face of the blocks at right angles to one another. Half height blocks 11 are of the same plan configuration as block 10 illustrated in Figure 2, but of only one half the height (nominally 4"/100 mm). The=bases of a pair of lo 2 1 9 1 533 right angled walls may then be constructed by laying a plurality of half height stretcher blocks 11 to the right of block llB shown in Figure 6 and by laying a further plurality of half height blocks 11 in S longitudinally end to end relationship with block llA
shown in Figure 6.
As may be seen in Figure 7, a full height prime stretcher block lOA is placed in longitudinally and transversely interlocked relation with half height 10 prime block llB of Figure 6 (block llB is obscured from view in Figure 7 by blocks stacked on top and in front of it). The recesses and pro~ections of full height common corner block 40 are then aligned over the corresponding mating projections and recesses of 15 half block llA and full height block lOA. Common corner block 40A is then lowered down 80 that it interlocks both longitudinally and transversely with blocks llA and lOA as shown in Figure 7 (block llA is also obscured from view in Figure 7 by blocks stacked 20 on top and in front of it). When block 40A is in place, a 90~ corner of opposed interlocking blocks is established.
Subsequent full height stretcher blocks 10 and common corner blocks 40 may then be alternatively 25 stacked in respective inner and outer tiers 80 as to longitudinally, transversely and vertically interlock the lower halves of the newly stacked full height blocks in longitudinal overlapping relationships with the exposed upper portions of full height blocks which 30 have already been installed.
~ 2 1 9 1 533 As may be seen from Figure 9, construction of the wall continues in this manner, leaving a staggered upper surface along the tops of opposed tiers of interlocking blocks until the wall reaches its desired height. A final course of half height block is then positioned along the tops of the lower tier so as to level the top surface of the wall. The resulting wall is securely interlocked longitudinally, transversely and vertically and thus able to withstand forces which may damage or destroy structures formed with prior art blocks.
A particular advantage of the present block system permits walls of varying thickness to be constructed, using only the common corner block at all corners. For illustration purposes, the cross-section of an orthogonal or cruciform structure is illustrated in plan in Figure lO n~ ;ng the prime or proportional stretcher block lO and the common corner block 40 of the present invention. As may be seen, using fully proportional blocks, the structure may be closed without requiring cutting of any blocks or filling any void spaces. For example, the structure schematically illustrated in Figure lO can use 8"
effective prime stretcher blocks and the common corner block ~8") to produce a wall thickness W equal to 8 inches.
In modern construction, however, it may be desired to take advantage of differential wall thicknesses and consequent different load bearing ~r~h;lities of such walls depending upon the loads to be carried by them. A structure embodying a post and beam or frame type construction with thinner infill wall panels may be desirable. Consequently, a wall having a thicker frame area and a thinner panel area will require the use of different block thicknesses.
Once di~ferent block thicknesses are employed, the problem arise5 of cutting of blocks and filling of voids in order to close an orthogonal structure. In the present invention, however, this problem can be avoided by using the common corner block at all corner locations. This avoids the prior art problem of creating speclalized corner blocks for varying wall thicknesses, and ensure8 that complete closure of the orthogonal structure is possible regardless of the thickness of the modular block used at other locations in the wall structure such as at infill panels.
As may be seen in Figure 11, a building structure similar to that of Figure 10 is illustrated by a cross sectional plan view of the structure. It will be appreciated that the inner and outer tiers of block are vertically staggered or offset by one half block height, but for ease of understanding, cross sectional hatching has been omitted in Figure 11 ~or the opposed tier.
At each corner, a proportional, or common corner block 40 has been used, while between the corners, the infilled space has been filled with thinner dimensional modular blocks such that the effective width w' of the wall is less than the width of the wall w illustrated in Figure 10. Where blocks 30 are modular units which combine to generate a 6" thick wall, it may be seen at the structure illustrated in Figure 11 has an 8" pilaster or corner post, with 6"
infill panels.
Referring to the left hand side of Figure 11, S rather than using an undersized block 30 to join with common corner block gO, a prime stretcher block 10 (shown in dashed outline) may be joined with corner block 40. This will create an effective pilaster or post of greater dimension and bearing strength at the corners. Similarly, correspondingly sized blocks 10 and 40 can be used at ;ntPrnAl corners.
As may al~o be seen from Figure 9, it is desirable at a corner to alternate the wall which engages the corner block, thereby allowing a further interlocking of the corner blocks. In conse~uence, it will be appreciated that if common corner blocks 40 are used with larger or smaller th; ~kn~ stretcher blocks such as 30, 32 or 34, a staggered cornerstone or dove-tail effect may be created.
As a manufactured product, the interlocking blocks of the present wall system are designed with very close tolerances, cufficient to permit the blocks to interlock while m;n;ml7lng accumulating errors from those tolerance~. The present blocks are designed to be about 1 mm under the nominal 400 mm length and 200 mm height as well as 1 mm under the nominal thicknesc.
B~NnTNG ~ NT
The present wall system, although dry stackable to form a solid stable load-bearing wall and structure, may be enhanced and strengthened by the use of a bonding agent interacting between the blocks.
Unlike traditional masonry work, wherein a mastic or mortar compound is trowelled onto block surfaces and then the block placed into position, the present system utilizes a bonding slurry or emulsion to adhere the interlocking blocks.
Traditional concrete block is undercized from the nominal 16~ longitudinal dimension by a tolerance of approximately 1/4" a block, thereby permitting construction of a block wall with a 1/2" mortar joint.
A stiff mortar, capable of bearing-the weight of several rows of block during the curing process must be used. Traditionally, this stiff mortar is applied with a trowel, the block is set in place and tapped into a level and aligned position, and the excess mortar struck off. This requires skilled tradesmen and is a time consuming project.
In contrast, the blocks of the present invention may be dipped in a tank or trough c~nt~;n;ng the bonding agent. The bonding agent is an emulsion or slurry having the consi~tency of paste, which adheres to and coats the surfaces of a block as it is dipped.
Each block is dipped up to its mid-height prior to being stacked in the staggered tier courses of the wall. The emulsion or slurry on the dipped block is then available to contact the entire exposed area of the previous block to which the dipped block is then interlocked.
Given the afull ~nt;oned tolerances of only 1 mm on these interlocking blocks, the emulsion adhering to each consecution block is sufficient to virtually fill ~ 2 1 9 1 533 the tolerance gap. Any excess emulsio~ is forced into the joints between the blocks below or extruded towards the outer shell faces of the blocks. Such extruded emuleion may then be spread on the surface of the block with a brush, thereby sealing the surface and the joint. In addition, the thin layer of bonding agent acts as a filler between irregularities in the surfaces of the interlocking blocks. It will be apparent that the level of skill required by a worker to stack a dipped block ie substantially below that reriuired for a skilled tradesman to mortar and lay up a traditional concrete block wall.
It has been found that a satisfactory bonding agent, in slurry or emulsion form, may be compounded from an aqueous mixture of portland cement, lime, bentonite, fly ash, sand and an adhesive or glue. For example, elurry of 55 parts by volume of water, l0 parts portland cement, l0 parts hydrated lime, 5 parts dry bentonite, 40 parts fly aeh and 40 parts fine sand (No. 40 seive) and 2 parts glue will, when mixed, form a wet paste-like substance of the consistency of yogurt. Fly ash from thermal electric coal hae been found to be satisfactory. Applicant has also found that a glue of elastomeric modified polyacrylate is effective. Such a glue has been manufactured by Hoechst Chemicals under the trade name Mowiton LDM
3750, and is currently sold by Gehring-Montgomery Inc.
under the trade name MOWILITH LDM 3750. Other acrylic based elastometric adhesives, such as carpenters glue will al50 be effective in correct proportions. When a block is dipped into a flat tank or trough rrnt~;n;ng the bonding agent, and immersed to a depth in excese of 4"/l00 mm (i.e. half the height of an 8"/200 mm block), the emulsion will cling to the sides of the block to a thickness of over l mm. Such a coating S carries sufficient emulsion to fill the tolerance spaces between ad~acent blocks as the wall is erected.
Although there is a tendency for the components of the slurry to settle out of suspension, the agitation of dipping each block into the tank ~nt~;ning the slurry is normally sufficient to inhibit such undesirable settlement. Occasional remixlng may be appropriate however.
Optionally, the bonding agent can also be brush applied to the wall surface, either during erection of the structure or eubsequently, to seal any cracks or irregularities in the surface and to provide a finieh coat, similar to a smooth stucco. Additionally, for ornament, pigments can be added to the honding agent to provide a coloured finish to the structure.
The emulsion, being aqueous-based, is quickly absorbed into the block after it has been stacked, leaving a stiff, rapidly setting bonding agent which is sufficient to carry the weight of a wall as it is erected YormaI curing time for cement or mortar is to be observed, such that the walls should not be heavily loaded for approximately four days, and an ultimate stre~gth will be achieved in approximately 28 days.
A wall system erected with the bonding agent of the present invention becomes an integral structure, without any ~oint loosenees. Consequently, the wall is rigid both laterally, longitudinally and vertically. In fact, it has been found that the structure is so integral that it is not necessarv to insert structural lintels over standard doorways and S windows up to a span of 5 ft. Tests conducted on structures assembled by this method have established the bonded wall of the present invention is able to support a load of over 2500 lbs. on non-relnforced lintele spanning five feet.
It will be recognized that the voids 24 in the blocks as illustrated in Figures 2 a~d 3, may be filled with concrete and reinforcing rods if greater strength is required at any point.
It will be appreciated that the blocks disclosed by example herein conform to general industry standard sizes. Other length and width dimensions may be used so long as the relative shape and size of the interlo~k is sufficient to withstand the shear stress applied to it, and to resist longitudinal and transverse horizontal loads. Slmilarly, the emulsion employed in the present invention may be varied somewhat in its proportions, or precise constituents by the 3ubstitution of equivalent materials (i.e.
ceramic waste may be substituted for sand), without departing for the scope of the invention.
The invention further includes a bonding agent which is adapted to be applied by immersion or dipping into an emulsion or slurry mixture, and allowed to set so as to create an integral structural joint between blocks and to establish a subst~nt;~11y rigid wall structure In addition, the emulsion or slurry may be applied by brush to the inner or outer wall surfaces after a wall or building has been assembled to provide a seal coat and final bond between the constituent blocks of the structure.
BackgrD1-n~ of ~P Invontion In the concrete block industry, precast concrete blocks are generally of standard modular sizes, normally having a height of 8" (200 mm), a length of 16" (400 mm) and various modular widths, which vary depending upon the application in which the blocks are used. A standard 8" (200 mm) wide block defines the prime modular unit, a3 it is particularly proportioned to achieve a running bond for a wall, which does not require cutting of blocks. Other modular units of 6"
(150 mm), 10" (250 mm) and 12" (300 mm) wide blocks are also frequently used. The latter sizes of block, however, do not exhibiting the 'prime' proportionality of an 8" modular block, cannot be used to achieve a true running bond, and require that blocks be cut or mortar interfilled whenever it is n~R=~ry to complete any structural corner.
Normal concrete blocks have planar, orthogonal faces and are bonded with mortar to adjacent blocks to form a wall. In consequence of the labour and time constraints imposed by traditional lay up of mortar bonded concrete blocks, attempts have been made to design dry stackable blocks for use in wall systems.
Such blocks may include a hollow structure for ~ubsequent infilling with concrete, may utilize joining clips, or may be interlocking. Various interlocking blocks have been designed, including upstanding pintals or tongues which interfit with gudgeons or grooves in adjoining blocks, as for example in U.S. Patent 2,610,503 to Hall or in U.S.
Patent 3,618,279 to Sease. Interlocking blocks, joinable by roas are illustrated in U.S. Patent 932,157 to Matthews. All of these blocks are hollow, with a central void which will permit subsequent filling of the void with concrete.
Interlocking block structures have been disclosed in U.S. Patent 1,356,590 to Baumann, U.S. Patent 3,557,505 to Kaul, U.S. Patent 1,493,811 to Frewen and in my U.S. Patent 4,633,630 to Rindyiides. Each of the blocks disclosed in the foregoing patents utilizes a system of interlocking male and female elements such as tongues and grooves or similar elements. The S Baumann, Raul and Rindylides patent all require a specialized corner block to enable the construction of an enclosed structure by the orthogcnal alignment of respective walls. In the Baumann patent, the blocks are of full wall thickness, whereas in the Raul and Frewen patents, separate and offset inner and outer tiers of stacks interlocking blocks are employed. The Rindylides patent further discloses use of a half block vertical off~et, in addition to lateral offset between the blocks of respective inner and outer tiers.
To date, two tier interlocking block structures having inner and outer tiers of blocks, such as illustrated in Frewen, Kaul and Rindylides, have utilized special corner blocks to enable closure of the structures. Erewen, which illustrates only a running length of wall structure, does not disclose such a corner block and does not address the problem of closure although such a block is necessary if closure i9 to be achieved. Kaul is silent on closure but utilizes a specially adapted full wall width corner block to enable the construction of orthogonal wall systems. In addition, in consequence of the loose interfit of the Kaul connecting arms, a curved structure, such as a cylindrical silo, may be constructed. ~nly the Kindylides patent, by the same inventor as the present application, discloses a two ~ 2t9t533 tier wall etructure with a specialized outer tier corner block enabling orthogonal wall structures to be assembled. ~owever, a separate corner block is provided for each different thickness of wall, not only in Xindylides but also in Kaul and inherently 8c in Frewen.
The wall system of the present invention eliminates the need for a sp~ri~1;7ed corner block for each selected th;rkn~s~ of wall, and by the use of a universal or common corner block, walls of any desired thickness, within the range of standard block sizes, can be erected. This versatility allows extra thickness block frames to be combined with inset block panels of reduced thickness, incorporating the structural strength of post and beam frame construction, and the economies of infilled panels.
When combined with the emulsion or slurry bonding agent of the present invention, an integral structure of increased strength and reduced costs may be erected 1lt;1;7;ng the advantages of quickly connected interlocking blocks and relatively unskilled labour.
The further advantages and economies of the present invention will be disclosed by reference to the following description and accompanying drawings wherein:
Figure lA is a schematic plan view of a closed block structure using standard 8" modules.
Figure lB is a schematic plan view of a closed block structure using 6" modules.
Figure 2 is a perspective view of a common stretcher block according to the present invention.
Figure 3 is a perspective view of a universal corner block of the present invention.
Figure 4 is a plan view illustrating blocks of the present invention, with a common interlock line.
Figure 5 is a plan view illustrating interlocking of various modular block thicknesses with a common corner block.
Figures 6-8 are perspective views of a wall construction according to the present invention illustrating how the full and half height common corner and basic stretcher blocks interlock in a corner construction.
Figure 9 is a simplified perspective view of a building under construction with the system of the present invention.
Figure lO is a plan view of an orthogonal wall structure employing the common modular blocks of the present invention.
Figure ll is a plan view of an orthogonal wall structure employing blocks of differential modular thicknesses in accordance with the present invention.
De~ ed De~cr;ption of ~h~ Invention A structural wall system in accordance with the present invention is adapted for use in building construction. It is assembled by stacking of interlocking concrete blocks in laterally and vertically offset inner and outer tiers of rows and columns of blocks.
2 1 9 ~ 533 In contrast to existing block systems, the present system permits the closure of an orthogonal structure assembled from the blocks of the present system without the requirement to cut or infill S between blocks. Cutting and tnf;ll;n3 is not an issue wherein an ideally proportion block is used, such as a 'prime' modular concrete block unit having a length equal to twice its width and height (i.e.
16"x8"x8"/400x200x200 mm). It does become a problem where other non-proportional modular blocks are used, such as a 6" thick block (16" long, 8" high, 6"
thick).
The problem may be illustrated by reference to Figures lA and lB. In Figure lA, a closed structure comprised of proportional or prime blocks, such as 16nx8nx8" blocks, is illustrated. A running bond wall constructio~ permits alternate courses of blocks to be positioned symmetrically above the joint line of the course below, and to meet evenly at the corner without requiring the cutting of blocks. This is a consequence oi- the width of the block being one half of the length, i.e. the length is an integral multiple of the width.
In Figure 1~, a similar sized structure is illustrated, but using a thinner 6" block. As may be seen, the second course will not fit evenly in a running bond over the course below, and require~
cutting of the block in the second course as at points C2. Alternatively, if the same base dimension D is ~ 2191533 retained, as in Figure lA, then filling of spaces between blocks as at point F1 in the first course is required if cutting is to be avoided.
The blocks utilized in the wall system of the S present invention are similar to the type disclosed and claimed in my ~AnA~iAn Patent 1,275,359. As may be seen in Figure 2, a concrete block 10 comprises a longi~n~inAlly ~t~n~;ng shell 12 having inner and outer shell faces 14 and 16, respectively. The length of the shell 12 is nominally twice the height of the shell. The shell has a thickness which is variable depending upon the ultimate wall thickness selected, as will be P~p1A;n~d hereafter. In a prime proportional block the thickness of a wall constructed of prime blocks will be one half the length of the block.
Centred on the longitudinal length of the shell is a web member 18 which projects from the inner face of the shell 14 and extends over the median one half of the length of the block. Tongue and groove type projections 20 and recesses 22 are provlded on shell face 14 and on web 18 for mating with corresponding projections and reces~es on other block in the manner hereafter described. This permits blocks 10 to be longitudinally, transversely and vertically interlocked together with the inner faces of alternate blocks facing one another.
As previously explained, in the building industry, there are certain standards or modular sizes of blocks. The basic fully proportional or 'prime' concrete block is nl ;nA1ly 16" long, 8" high and 8 thick. Other modular sizes are nl ;n~lly based upon 2" differentials in thickness, namely 6" wide, 10 wide, 12" wide, etc. To close a rectilinear structure, any block which does not have a length that is twice the width will require cutting or filling on alternate courses of blocks.
In the present invention, the wall system utilizes blocks which provide the modular sizes common in the industry, including a basic prime or proportioned stretcher block and a common corner block which have an effective length of 16 inches, and height of 8 inches. In wall construction in accordance with the present invention, half height blocks are also required, which have the same length, width and plan but only one half the height of the full stretcher and common corner block. When a prime structure block is interlocked with other prime stretcher blocks they produce a wall 8 inches thick.
The common corner block has a shell of the same thickness, and produces an 8" corner. In order to generate walls of different thicknesses, other block modules are used in which the shell is of a greater or lesser modular thickness, but the web portion remains identical. As may be seen in Figure 4, the prime block 10, for example, with, a nominal 8 inch width when assembled in a wall, has a shell 12 and a web 18.
A smaller modular block 30 having, for example an equivalent wall thickness of 6 inches, has a thinner shell portion 31 than shell 12 but the same web size of portion 18. Similarly, a larger size modular block 32 or 34, for use in 10~ and 12" thick walls, have outer shells 33 and 35 of increased thickness, but use the common web 18. Figure 4 lllustrates that the centre lire of interlocking "I" is common for all blocks. The width of a wall constructed from such S blocks will be determined by the thickness of the shell portions 31, 12, 33 and 35, for example, where blocks 30, 10, 32 and 34 would be used to build 6", 8", 10" and 12'i inch walls respectively, and the distance from the interlocking centre line "I" to the outer face of shells 31, 12, 33 and 35 would be 3~, 4", 5" and 6", respectively.
Referring now to Figure 5, it may be seen how various blocks of equal modular length and web size, but of varying ~h;rkn~s may be interchangeably interlocked to construct a wall structure of varying thickness. At the corner, it may be seen that a so-called 8" corner block 40 interlocks with so-called 6"
stretcher blocks 30 at each end, and in turn can interlock with other thickness of blocks.
C~n~ru~tion of W~ll Figures 6, 7 and 8 illustrate the construction of a wall and corner unit with the prime stretcher and common corner blocks of this invention. Commencing from a level footing, a pair of half height basic stretcher blocks llA and llB may be positioned to form a corner with the outer shell face of the blocks at right angles to one another. Half height blocks 11 are of the same plan configuration as block 10 illustrated in Figure 2, but of only one half the height (nominally 4"/100 mm). The=bases of a pair of lo 2 1 9 1 533 right angled walls may then be constructed by laying a plurality of half height stretcher blocks 11 to the right of block llB shown in Figure 6 and by laying a further plurality of half height blocks 11 in S longitudinally end to end relationship with block llA
shown in Figure 6.
As may be seen in Figure 7, a full height prime stretcher block lOA is placed in longitudinally and transversely interlocked relation with half height 10 prime block llB of Figure 6 (block llB is obscured from view in Figure 7 by blocks stacked on top and in front of it). The recesses and pro~ections of full height common corner block 40 are then aligned over the corresponding mating projections and recesses of 15 half block llA and full height block lOA. Common corner block 40A is then lowered down 80 that it interlocks both longitudinally and transversely with blocks llA and lOA as shown in Figure 7 (block llA is also obscured from view in Figure 7 by blocks stacked 20 on top and in front of it). When block 40A is in place, a 90~ corner of opposed interlocking blocks is established.
Subsequent full height stretcher blocks 10 and common corner blocks 40 may then be alternatively 25 stacked in respective inner and outer tiers 80 as to longitudinally, transversely and vertically interlock the lower halves of the newly stacked full height blocks in longitudinal overlapping relationships with the exposed upper portions of full height blocks which 30 have already been installed.
~ 2 1 9 1 533 As may be seen from Figure 9, construction of the wall continues in this manner, leaving a staggered upper surface along the tops of opposed tiers of interlocking blocks until the wall reaches its desired height. A final course of half height block is then positioned along the tops of the lower tier so as to level the top surface of the wall. The resulting wall is securely interlocked longitudinally, transversely and vertically and thus able to withstand forces which may damage or destroy structures formed with prior art blocks.
A particular advantage of the present block system permits walls of varying thickness to be constructed, using only the common corner block at all corners. For illustration purposes, the cross-section of an orthogonal or cruciform structure is illustrated in plan in Figure lO n~ ;ng the prime or proportional stretcher block lO and the common corner block 40 of the present invention. As may be seen, using fully proportional blocks, the structure may be closed without requiring cutting of any blocks or filling any void spaces. For example, the structure schematically illustrated in Figure lO can use 8"
effective prime stretcher blocks and the common corner block ~8") to produce a wall thickness W equal to 8 inches.
In modern construction, however, it may be desired to take advantage of differential wall thicknesses and consequent different load bearing ~r~h;lities of such walls depending upon the loads to be carried by them. A structure embodying a post and beam or frame type construction with thinner infill wall panels may be desirable. Consequently, a wall having a thicker frame area and a thinner panel area will require the use of different block thicknesses.
Once di~ferent block thicknesses are employed, the problem arise5 of cutting of blocks and filling of voids in order to close an orthogonal structure. In the present invention, however, this problem can be avoided by using the common corner block at all corner locations. This avoids the prior art problem of creating speclalized corner blocks for varying wall thicknesses, and ensure8 that complete closure of the orthogonal structure is possible regardless of the thickness of the modular block used at other locations in the wall structure such as at infill panels.
As may be seen in Figure 11, a building structure similar to that of Figure 10 is illustrated by a cross sectional plan view of the structure. It will be appreciated that the inner and outer tiers of block are vertically staggered or offset by one half block height, but for ease of understanding, cross sectional hatching has been omitted in Figure 11 ~or the opposed tier.
At each corner, a proportional, or common corner block 40 has been used, while between the corners, the infilled space has been filled with thinner dimensional modular blocks such that the effective width w' of the wall is less than the width of the wall w illustrated in Figure 10. Where blocks 30 are modular units which combine to generate a 6" thick wall, it may be seen at the structure illustrated in Figure 11 has an 8" pilaster or corner post, with 6"
infill panels.
Referring to the left hand side of Figure 11, S rather than using an undersized block 30 to join with common corner block gO, a prime stretcher block 10 (shown in dashed outline) may be joined with corner block 40. This will create an effective pilaster or post of greater dimension and bearing strength at the corners. Similarly, correspondingly sized blocks 10 and 40 can be used at ;ntPrnAl corners.
As may al~o be seen from Figure 9, it is desirable at a corner to alternate the wall which engages the corner block, thereby allowing a further interlocking of the corner blocks. In conse~uence, it will be appreciated that if common corner blocks 40 are used with larger or smaller th; ~kn~ stretcher blocks such as 30, 32 or 34, a staggered cornerstone or dove-tail effect may be created.
As a manufactured product, the interlocking blocks of the present wall system are designed with very close tolerances, cufficient to permit the blocks to interlock while m;n;ml7lng accumulating errors from those tolerance~. The present blocks are designed to be about 1 mm under the nominal 400 mm length and 200 mm height as well as 1 mm under the nominal thicknesc.
B~NnTNG ~ NT
The present wall system, although dry stackable to form a solid stable load-bearing wall and structure, may be enhanced and strengthened by the use of a bonding agent interacting between the blocks.
Unlike traditional masonry work, wherein a mastic or mortar compound is trowelled onto block surfaces and then the block placed into position, the present system utilizes a bonding slurry or emulsion to adhere the interlocking blocks.
Traditional concrete block is undercized from the nominal 16~ longitudinal dimension by a tolerance of approximately 1/4" a block, thereby permitting construction of a block wall with a 1/2" mortar joint.
A stiff mortar, capable of bearing-the weight of several rows of block during the curing process must be used. Traditionally, this stiff mortar is applied with a trowel, the block is set in place and tapped into a level and aligned position, and the excess mortar struck off. This requires skilled tradesmen and is a time consuming project.
In contrast, the blocks of the present invention may be dipped in a tank or trough c~nt~;n;ng the bonding agent. The bonding agent is an emulsion or slurry having the consi~tency of paste, which adheres to and coats the surfaces of a block as it is dipped.
Each block is dipped up to its mid-height prior to being stacked in the staggered tier courses of the wall. The emulsion or slurry on the dipped block is then available to contact the entire exposed area of the previous block to which the dipped block is then interlocked.
Given the afull ~nt;oned tolerances of only 1 mm on these interlocking blocks, the emulsion adhering to each consecution block is sufficient to virtually fill ~ 2 1 9 1 533 the tolerance gap. Any excess emulsio~ is forced into the joints between the blocks below or extruded towards the outer shell faces of the blocks. Such extruded emuleion may then be spread on the surface of the block with a brush, thereby sealing the surface and the joint. In addition, the thin layer of bonding agent acts as a filler between irregularities in the surfaces of the interlocking blocks. It will be apparent that the level of skill required by a worker to stack a dipped block ie substantially below that reriuired for a skilled tradesman to mortar and lay up a traditional concrete block wall.
It has been found that a satisfactory bonding agent, in slurry or emulsion form, may be compounded from an aqueous mixture of portland cement, lime, bentonite, fly ash, sand and an adhesive or glue. For example, elurry of 55 parts by volume of water, l0 parts portland cement, l0 parts hydrated lime, 5 parts dry bentonite, 40 parts fly aeh and 40 parts fine sand (No. 40 seive) and 2 parts glue will, when mixed, form a wet paste-like substance of the consistency of yogurt. Fly ash from thermal electric coal hae been found to be satisfactory. Applicant has also found that a glue of elastomeric modified polyacrylate is effective. Such a glue has been manufactured by Hoechst Chemicals under the trade name Mowiton LDM
3750, and is currently sold by Gehring-Montgomery Inc.
under the trade name MOWILITH LDM 3750. Other acrylic based elastometric adhesives, such as carpenters glue will al50 be effective in correct proportions. When a block is dipped into a flat tank or trough rrnt~;n;ng the bonding agent, and immersed to a depth in excese of 4"/l00 mm (i.e. half the height of an 8"/200 mm block), the emulsion will cling to the sides of the block to a thickness of over l mm. Such a coating S carries sufficient emulsion to fill the tolerance spaces between ad~acent blocks as the wall is erected.
Although there is a tendency for the components of the slurry to settle out of suspension, the agitation of dipping each block into the tank ~nt~;ning the slurry is normally sufficient to inhibit such undesirable settlement. Occasional remixlng may be appropriate however.
Optionally, the bonding agent can also be brush applied to the wall surface, either during erection of the structure or eubsequently, to seal any cracks or irregularities in the surface and to provide a finieh coat, similar to a smooth stucco. Additionally, for ornament, pigments can be added to the honding agent to provide a coloured finish to the structure.
The emulsion, being aqueous-based, is quickly absorbed into the block after it has been stacked, leaving a stiff, rapidly setting bonding agent which is sufficient to carry the weight of a wall as it is erected YormaI curing time for cement or mortar is to be observed, such that the walls should not be heavily loaded for approximately four days, and an ultimate stre~gth will be achieved in approximately 28 days.
A wall system erected with the bonding agent of the present invention becomes an integral structure, without any ~oint loosenees. Consequently, the wall is rigid both laterally, longitudinally and vertically. In fact, it has been found that the structure is so integral that it is not necessarv to insert structural lintels over standard doorways and S windows up to a span of 5 ft. Tests conducted on structures assembled by this method have established the bonded wall of the present invention is able to support a load of over 2500 lbs. on non-relnforced lintele spanning five feet.
It will be recognized that the voids 24 in the blocks as illustrated in Figures 2 a~d 3, may be filled with concrete and reinforcing rods if greater strength is required at any point.
It will be appreciated that the blocks disclosed by example herein conform to general industry standard sizes. Other length and width dimensions may be used so long as the relative shape and size of the interlo~k is sufficient to withstand the shear stress applied to it, and to resist longitudinal and transverse horizontal loads. Slmilarly, the emulsion employed in the present invention may be varied somewhat in its proportions, or precise constituents by the 3ubstitution of equivalent materials (i.e.
ceramic waste may be substituted for sand), without departing for the scope of the invention.
Claims (20)
1. A structural wall system comprising a stack bond assembly of stretcher blocks and common corner blocks, the blocks being assembled in inner and outer interlocking tiers, each tier offset from the other tier vertically by one half block height and laterally by one half block length;
each stretcher block comprising a longitudinally extending shell having vertical inner and outer faces defining a shell thickness between the faces, wherein the vertical height of the shell is one half the longitudinal length of the shell, a web centred on and projecting from said inner face and extending from top to bottom of said shell along the longitudinal median half of said inner face, and tongue and groove projections and recesses on said inner face and on said web formatting with corresponding projections and recesses on identical blocks whereby a plurality of blocks may be longitudinally, transversely and vertically interlocked together;
each common corner block having a shell with vertical inner and outer faces of the same height as said stretcher block and which is truncated longitudinally at one end relative to the length of the stretcher blocks by an amount equal to the horizontal thickness between said inner and outer faces of said shell, a web member having two portions wherein the first portion, remote from the truncated end of said shell has the same web and tongue and groove projections and recesses as the stretcher block whereby the common corner block may longitudinally interlock with a stretcher block, and a second web portion, integrated with the first web portion, extends transversely to the outer shell face adjacent the truncated end with the same web and tongue and groove projections and recesses as the first web portion oriented at 90° to that of said first web portion.
each stretcher block comprising a longitudinally extending shell having vertical inner and outer faces defining a shell thickness between the faces, wherein the vertical height of the shell is one half the longitudinal length of the shell, a web centred on and projecting from said inner face and extending from top to bottom of said shell along the longitudinal median half of said inner face, and tongue and groove projections and recesses on said inner face and on said web formatting with corresponding projections and recesses on identical blocks whereby a plurality of blocks may be longitudinally, transversely and vertically interlocked together;
each common corner block having a shell with vertical inner and outer faces of the same height as said stretcher block and which is truncated longitudinally at one end relative to the length of the stretcher blocks by an amount equal to the horizontal thickness between said inner and outer faces of said shell, a web member having two portions wherein the first portion, remote from the truncated end of said shell has the same web and tongue and groove projections and recesses as the stretcher block whereby the common corner block may longitudinally interlock with a stretcher block, and a second web portion, integrated with the first web portion, extends transversely to the outer shell face adjacent the truncated end with the same web and tongue and groove projections and recesses as the first web portion oriented at 90° to that of said first web portion.
2. The wall system of Claim 1, wherein the shell thickness of the corner block and the stretcher block is the same.
3. The wall system of Claim 1, wherein the stretcher blocks have a shell thickness less than the shell thickness of the common corner block.
4. The wall system of Claim 1, wherein the stretcher blocks have a shell thickness greater than the shell thickness of the common corner block.
5. The wall system of Claim 1, wherein some stretcher blocks have different shell thicknesses from other stretcher blocks.
6. The wall system of Claim 1, wherein the stretcher blocks include prime stretcher blocks, symmetrical about a vertical median plane normal to the outer shell, with a horizontal length equal to two times the vertical height, and a shell thickness whereby interlocked prime stretcher blocks form a wall having a width equal to the height of said blocks.
7. A wall system of Claim 6, wherein the common corner block have the same shell thickness as the prime stretcher block.
8. The wall system of Claim 6, wherein the stretcher blocks include blocks having a shell thickness less than the shell thickness of the common corner block.
9. The wall system of Claim 6, wherein the stretcher blocks include blocks having a shell thickness greater than the shell thickness of the common corner block.
10. A structural wall system of Claim 1, wherein the lower-most course of one tier comprises half height stretcher blocks and common corner blocks, and the top course of one tier comprises half height stretcher blocks and common corner blocks.
11. The wall system of Claim 1, wherein the blocks are bonded to adjacent blocks by a bonding agent.
12. The wall system of Claim 11, wherein the bonding agent comprises an aqueous mixture of portland cement, hydrated lime, bentonite, fly ash, fine sand and glue wherein, for 55 parts by volume of water and 10 parts by volume of portland cement, the lime comprises between 5 to 15 parts, bentonite between 5 to 10 parts, sand between 30 to 55 parts, fly ash between 30 to 55 parts and between 0.5 to 4 parts acrylic adhesive compound.
13. The wall system of Claim 12, wherein the bonding agent comprises of 10 parts portland cement, 10 parts hydrated lime, 5 parts dry bentonite, 40 parts fly ash, 40 parts fine sand, 55 parts water, and 2 parts acrylic adhesive.
14. The wall system of Claim 13, wherein the acrylic adhesive is an elastomeric modified polyacrylate with carboxyl groups.
15. A bonding agent for adhering concrete blocks comprising an aqueous mixture of portland cement, hydrated lime, bentonite, fly ash, fine sand and glue wherein, for 55 parts by volume of water and 10 parts by volume of portland cement, the lime comprises between 5 to 15 parts, bentonite between 5 to 10 parts, sand between 30 to 55 parts, fly ash between 30 to 55 parts and between 0.5 to 4 parts acrylic adhesive compound.
16. The bonding agent of Claim 15 having 10 parts portland cement, 10 parts hydrated lime, 5 parts dry bentonite, 40 parts fly ash, 40 parts fine sand, 55 parts water, and 2 parts acrylic adhesive compound
17. The bonding agent of Claim 16 wherein the acrylic adhesive is an elastomeric modified polyacrylate with carboxyl groups.
18. The bonding agent of Claims 13 or 16, wherein the size of the fine sand ranges between No.
40 seive and No. 80 seive.
40 seive and No. 80 seive.
19. The bonding agent of Claims 13 or 16, wherein the fly ash is a coal ash.
20. The bonding agent of Claims 13 or 16 to which a colouring pigment has been added.
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2191533 CA2191533A1 (en) | 1996-11-28 | 1996-11-28 | Block wall system and bonding agent |
| CA002220257A CA2220257A1 (en) | 1996-11-28 | 1997-11-04 | Block wall system and bonding agent |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2191533 CA2191533A1 (en) | 1996-11-28 | 1996-11-28 | Block wall system and bonding agent |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2191533A1 true CA2191533A1 (en) | 1998-05-28 |
Family
ID=4159334
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2191533 Abandoned CA2191533A1 (en) | 1996-11-28 | 1996-11-28 | Block wall system and bonding agent |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA2191533A1 (en) |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103321295A (en) * | 2013-07-10 | 2013-09-25 | 普帝龙绿色建筑研发（重庆）有限公司 | Multifunctional rapid combined connection system and production method thereof |
| WO2015003580A1 (en) * | 2013-07-10 | 2015-01-15 | 普帝龙绿色建筑研发（重庆）有限公司 | Multifunctional rapidly-combined connection system and manufacturing method thereof |
| CN111825377A (en) * | 2020-06-01 | 2020-10-27 | 金华市中天城建绿色再生资源有限公司 | Method for manufacturing brick-concrete fully-regenerated dry-mixed mortar |
| CN113727556A (en) * | 2021-08-31 | 2021-11-30 | 成都建工第七建筑工程有限公司 | Box body mounting structure |
-
1996
- 1996-11-28 CA CA 2191533 patent/CA2191533A1/en not_active Abandoned
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103321295A (en) * | 2013-07-10 | 2013-09-25 | 普帝龙绿色建筑研发（重庆）有限公司 | Multifunctional rapid combined connection system and production method thereof |
| WO2015003580A1 (en) * | 2013-07-10 | 2015-01-15 | 普帝龙绿色建筑研发（重庆）有限公司 | Multifunctional rapidly-combined connection system and manufacturing method thereof |
| CN111825377A (en) * | 2020-06-01 | 2020-10-27 | 金华市中天城建绿色再生资源有限公司 | Method for manufacturing brick-concrete fully-regenerated dry-mixed mortar |
| CN113727556A (en) * | 2021-08-31 | 2021-11-30 | 成都建工第七建筑工程有限公司 | Box body mounting structure |
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