CA2190898C - Method and apparatus for installing electronic equipment below soft earth surface layer - Google Patents
Method and apparatus for installing electronic equipment below soft earth surface layer Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2190898C CA2190898C CA002190898A CA2190898A CA2190898C CA 2190898 C CA2190898 C CA 2190898C CA 002190898 A CA002190898 A CA 002190898A CA 2190898 A CA2190898 A CA 2190898A CA 2190898 C CA2190898 C CA 2190898C
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- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- instrument
- borehole
- housing
- geophone
- pipe
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 title claims description 9
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004593 Epoxy Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002706 hydrostatic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009933 burial Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007596 consolidation process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000892 gravimetry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001459 lithography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000010076 replication Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
- G01V1/00—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting
- G01V1/40—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting specially adapted for well-logging
- G01V1/42—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting specially adapted for well-logging using generators in one well and receivers elsewhere or vice versa
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
- E21B47/01—Devices for supporting measuring instruments on drill bits, pipes, rods or wirelines; Protecting measuring instruments in boreholes against heat, shock, pressure or the like
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
- E21B47/12—Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling
- E21B47/14—Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling using acoustic waves
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B49/00—Testing the nature of borehole walls; Formation testing; Methods or apparatus for obtaining samples of soil or well fluids, specially adapted to earth drilling or wells
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
- G01V1/00—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting
- G01V1/40—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting specially adapted for well-logging
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
- G01V1/00—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting
- G01V1/40—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting specially adapted for well-logging
- G01V1/52—Structural details
Abstract
A method for monitoring production mineral reservoirs, the method comprising: permanently installing a geophone in a borehole; generating a first set of seismic waves; receiving a first set of seismic data with the geophone; recording the first set of data of said receiving a first set of seismic data; generating a second set of seismic waves after sufficient time has passed for conditions in the reservoir to have changed from the generating a first set of seismic waves; receiving a second set of seismic data with the geophone; and recording the second set of seismic data of said receiving a second set of seismic data A method for installing instruments below the surface of the earth, the method comprising: drilling a borehole with a- drill apparatus; inserting an instrument in the borehole; and permanently fixing the instrument in the borehole. An instrument for receiving seismic data, the instrument comprising: a geophone component which operates in an X-direction; a geophone component which operates in an Y- direction; a geophone component which operates in an Z-direction; and a housing for the geophone components which is permanently fixed in a borehole.
Description
Nov-20-96 12:16P P.04 A'TT'ORNEY DOCKET NUMBER P70619US
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to vertical geological information gathering methods and apparatuses for the purpose of monitoring mineral production and exploration.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
As the value of oil and gas has continued to rise, there has been increasing interest in methods fox effectively retrieving all minerals from known mineral deposits and for discovering -new reservoirs. Information about the rate of depletion and the migration of minerals within a mineral reservoir allow operators to apply the most effective production techniques to the particular reservoir conditions. Accurate monitoring of mineral depletion from a given reservoir requires replication of accurate surveys over a Long period of time. Also, because differently placed and coupled receivers provide altered results, the seismic receivers need to be placed and coupled similarly for surveys conducted at different times.
One example of an earlier method entails drilling a production borehole, inserting a three-I ~ dimensional geophone instrument for data collec:ion, and removing the instrument for mineral production from the borehole. A three-directional geophone is capable of detecting P waves and S waves. This allows for interpretation of.- lithography, porosity, pore fluid t<~-pe, pore shape, depth of burial consolidation, anisotropic changes in pressure, and anisotropic changes in temperature. However, if subsequent readings are to be obtained, production must cease and the instrument must be reinserted into the borehole. The position and coupling of the geophone receiver will not be the same as before and will, therefore, produce skewed data from that 1.3 W~:~..SP70619US.AP?
NOU 2~ '96 13:13 PAGE.aG4 n, i n, ~n 1~~ ~~, initially taken. Thus, even though this method detects both S and P waves, it is difficult to compare subsequent surveys because of different geophone positioning and coupling.
A second example of an earlier method comprises deploying geophones at various locations on the surface and taking readings. Once the survey is completed, the receivers are retrieved for subsequent use at another survey project. In an ocean survey, the water and mud layer typically kill the S waves so that they do not propagate up into the mud or water where they could be received by seismic instruments positioned there. This is also true for the soft earth surface layer of land surveys. Thus, the data collected at the surface is not as accurate as data collected from deep within a borehole. Also, like the previous method, if sum.ey data is to be collected at a later time, the receivers must be re-deployed upon the surface.
Again, the receivers are not likely to be positioned and coupled as in the first survey.
Therefore, in order to provide accurate surveys of reservoirs over time, there is a need for repeatability in the location of seismic receivers and in detection of both S-v~~ave and P-wave signals.
1~
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to one aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for monitoring production mineral reservoirs.
One embodiment of this aspect comprises: A method for monitoring a mineral reservoir, the reservoir being in a geologic formation of interest, the method comprising: preparing a nonproduction borehole to receive a monitoring instrument, the borehole being bottomed out beneath the soft earth surface layer and above the geologic formation of interest; installing the instrument in the borehole; generating a first set of seismic waves; receiving said first set of ., ,."i ip" d In. ", , seismic waves; generating at least one more set of seismic waves; receiving at least one more set of seismic waves; and comparing at least one reception of said first set of seismic waves with at least one reception of at least one more set of seismic waves, wherein at least one set of seismic waves is generated outside said borehole.
Another embodiment of this aspect comprises: permanently installing a geophone in a borehole; generating a first set of seismic waves; receiving a first set of seismic data with the geophone; recording the first set of data of said receiving a first set of seismic data; generating a second set of seismic waves after sufficient time has passed for conditions in the 3a Nov-20-96 12:16P P.06
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to vertical geological information gathering methods and apparatuses for the purpose of monitoring mineral production and exploration.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
As the value of oil and gas has continued to rise, there has been increasing interest in methods fox effectively retrieving all minerals from known mineral deposits and for discovering -new reservoirs. Information about the rate of depletion and the migration of minerals within a mineral reservoir allow operators to apply the most effective production techniques to the particular reservoir conditions. Accurate monitoring of mineral depletion from a given reservoir requires replication of accurate surveys over a Long period of time. Also, because differently placed and coupled receivers provide altered results, the seismic receivers need to be placed and coupled similarly for surveys conducted at different times.
One example of an earlier method entails drilling a production borehole, inserting a three-I ~ dimensional geophone instrument for data collec:ion, and removing the instrument for mineral production from the borehole. A three-directional geophone is capable of detecting P waves and S waves. This allows for interpretation of.- lithography, porosity, pore fluid t<~-pe, pore shape, depth of burial consolidation, anisotropic changes in pressure, and anisotropic changes in temperature. However, if subsequent readings are to be obtained, production must cease and the instrument must be reinserted into the borehole. The position and coupling of the geophone receiver will not be the same as before and will, therefore, produce skewed data from that 1.3 W~:~..SP70619US.AP?
NOU 2~ '96 13:13 PAGE.aG4 n, i n, ~n 1~~ ~~, initially taken. Thus, even though this method detects both S and P waves, it is difficult to compare subsequent surveys because of different geophone positioning and coupling.
A second example of an earlier method comprises deploying geophones at various locations on the surface and taking readings. Once the survey is completed, the receivers are retrieved for subsequent use at another survey project. In an ocean survey, the water and mud layer typically kill the S waves so that they do not propagate up into the mud or water where they could be received by seismic instruments positioned there. This is also true for the soft earth surface layer of land surveys. Thus, the data collected at the surface is not as accurate as data collected from deep within a borehole. Also, like the previous method, if sum.ey data is to be collected at a later time, the receivers must be re-deployed upon the surface.
Again, the receivers are not likely to be positioned and coupled as in the first survey.
Therefore, in order to provide accurate surveys of reservoirs over time, there is a need for repeatability in the location of seismic receivers and in detection of both S-v~~ave and P-wave signals.
1~
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to one aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for monitoring production mineral reservoirs.
One embodiment of this aspect comprises: A method for monitoring a mineral reservoir, the reservoir being in a geologic formation of interest, the method comprising: preparing a nonproduction borehole to receive a monitoring instrument, the borehole being bottomed out beneath the soft earth surface layer and above the geologic formation of interest; installing the instrument in the borehole; generating a first set of seismic waves; receiving said first set of ., ,."i ip" d In. ", , seismic waves; generating at least one more set of seismic waves; receiving at least one more set of seismic waves; and comparing at least one reception of said first set of seismic waves with at least one reception of at least one more set of seismic waves, wherein at least one set of seismic waves is generated outside said borehole.
Another embodiment of this aspect comprises: permanently installing a geophone in a borehole; generating a first set of seismic waves; receiving a first set of seismic data with the geophone; recording the first set of data of said receiving a first set of seismic data; generating a second set of seismic waves after sufficient time has passed for conditions in the 3a Nov-20-96 12:16P P.06
2~9o89a A'(TnRNEY DOCKET NUMBER P70619US
reservoir to have changed from the generating a first set of seismic waves;
receiving a second set of seismic data with the geophone; and recording the second set of seismic data of said receiving a second set of seismic data.
According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for installing instruments below the surface of the earth. One embodiment of this aspect comprises: drilling a borehole with a drill apparatus; inserting an instrument in the borehole;
and permanently fixing the instrument in the borehole. _ According to a further aspect of the invention, there is provided an instrument for receiving seismic data. One embodiment of the aspect comprises: a geophone component which operates in an X-direction; a geophone component which operates in an Y-direction; a geophone component which operates in an Z-direction; and a housing for the geophone components which is permanently fixed in a borehole.
According to a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a system for collecting seismic information. One embodiment of this aspect comprises: a signal source;
a signal receiver 1 ~ permanently fixed in a borehole; a control unit that sends and receives infortnatian to and from the signal source and the signal receiver; and communicators of data between the control unit and the signal receiver and the signal source.
According to a still further aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for monitoring production mineral reservoirs. One embodiment comprises: installing a pipe ?0 permanently in a borehole; lowering in a first instance an electronic instrument into the pipe;
reading a first set of data with the electronic instrument; removing the electronic instrument from WS ws:~...~P70619US.i1P2 NOU 20 '96 13 14 PRGE.006 Nov-20-96 12:16P P~07 2~ 9oa9a ATTORNEY DOCKET NUM8FIt P7p619U5 the pipe; lowering in a second instance the electronic instrument into the pipe after sufficient time has passed for conditions in the reservoir to have changed; and reading a second set of data with the electronic instrument.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
The present invention is better understood by reading the following description of nonlimitative embodiments with reference to the attached drawings, wherein like parts in each of the several figures are identified by the same reference character, which are briefly described as follows:
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of an instrument in a vertical borehole;
FIG. 2 is an outline of a method for installing an instrument in a vertical borehole;
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a coil tube drilling apparatus;
FIG. 4a is a cross-sectional view of a seismic instrument for use in a vertical borehole;
FIG. 4b is a cross-sectional view of a seismic instrument for use in a vertical borehole;
1. FIG. 4c is a cross-sectional view of 3 seismic instrument for use is a vertical borehoie;
FIG. 4d is a cross-sectional view of a seismic instrument for use in a vertical borehole;
FIG. 4e is a cross-sectional view in the Z axis direction of the instrument at the X-geophone;
FIG. 4f is a cross-sectional view in the Z axis direction of the instrument at the Y-0 geophone;
FIG. 4g is a cross-sectional view in the Z axis direction of the instrument at the Z-WB W4:1. ~P70619US.AP?
NDV 20 '96 13:14 PRGE.Da7 Nov-20-96 12:16P P-O$
2~ 9oa9a AZTORNEY DOCKFf NUMBER P70619US
geophone;
FIG. 5 is a diagram of a configuration of the instrument attached to a pipe for insertion in the borehole;
FIG. 6 is a diagram of a configuration of the instrument attached to a pipe for insertion in the borehole;
FIG. 7 is an outline of a method for monitoring a production reservoir;
FIG. 8 is a diagram of a configuration of the invention with an instrument attached to an -exterior of the pipe and an instrument attached to an interior of the pipe;
and FIG. 9 is a diagram of a confguration of the invention with an upper section of the pipe removed.
It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate only typical embodiments of the invention and are therefore not to be considered a limitafion of the scope of the invention which includes other equally effective embodiments.
1 ~ DETAILED DESCRIPTION OT THE INVENTION
Referring to Figures l and 2, there is shown a cross-sectional view of a vertical seismic instrument well (1) and an outline of a method for installing the instrument.
The method comprises drilling (201) a first section (2) of the well to a depth of about 50 feet. This first section (2) is relatively wider than deeper second section (3) of the well yet to be drilled. A
'_'0 larger diameter casing (10) (for example, 3.5 to 4.5 inches) is installed (202) in this first section (2). The space between the casing (10) and the earth is f lled (203) wuh cement to permanently WB W4 '...U'70619US.AP2 NOU 20 '96 13 15 PAGE.G~B
Nov-20-96 12:16P P.09 a r fix the casing (10) in position. A smaller diameter section (3) (for example, about 2.4 inches) is then drilled (204) below the larger diameter casing ( 10) to a depth of about 700 to 1000 feet (this depth could be much deeper given the particular environment surrounding the borehole).
A seismic instrument (40) is then attached (205) to a pipe (30) and the pipe is inserted (206} into the well ( 1 ). The end of the pipe (30) extends nearly to the bottom of the well ( 1 ) and the instrument (40) is attached to the pipe (30) at a depth of about 300 to 400 feet (this depth may be changed according to the desired instrument configuration). Cement is then pumped (207) into the pipe (30} so that it flows down the pipe (30) and out a hole (31) at the bottom. The concrete first fills the space between the pipe (30) and the smaller diameter section
reservoir to have changed from the generating a first set of seismic waves;
receiving a second set of seismic data with the geophone; and recording the second set of seismic data of said receiving a second set of seismic data.
According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for installing instruments below the surface of the earth. One embodiment of this aspect comprises: drilling a borehole with a drill apparatus; inserting an instrument in the borehole;
and permanently fixing the instrument in the borehole. _ According to a further aspect of the invention, there is provided an instrument for receiving seismic data. One embodiment of the aspect comprises: a geophone component which operates in an X-direction; a geophone component which operates in an Y-direction; a geophone component which operates in an Z-direction; and a housing for the geophone components which is permanently fixed in a borehole.
According to a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a system for collecting seismic information. One embodiment of this aspect comprises: a signal source;
a signal receiver 1 ~ permanently fixed in a borehole; a control unit that sends and receives infortnatian to and from the signal source and the signal receiver; and communicators of data between the control unit and the signal receiver and the signal source.
According to a still further aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for monitoring production mineral reservoirs. One embodiment comprises: installing a pipe ?0 permanently in a borehole; lowering in a first instance an electronic instrument into the pipe;
reading a first set of data with the electronic instrument; removing the electronic instrument from WS ws:~...~P70619US.i1P2 NOU 20 '96 13 14 PRGE.006 Nov-20-96 12:16P P~07 2~ 9oa9a ATTORNEY DOCKET NUM8FIt P7p619U5 the pipe; lowering in a second instance the electronic instrument into the pipe after sufficient time has passed for conditions in the reservoir to have changed; and reading a second set of data with the electronic instrument.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
The present invention is better understood by reading the following description of nonlimitative embodiments with reference to the attached drawings, wherein like parts in each of the several figures are identified by the same reference character, which are briefly described as follows:
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of an instrument in a vertical borehole;
FIG. 2 is an outline of a method for installing an instrument in a vertical borehole;
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a coil tube drilling apparatus;
FIG. 4a is a cross-sectional view of a seismic instrument for use in a vertical borehole;
FIG. 4b is a cross-sectional view of a seismic instrument for use in a vertical borehole;
1. FIG. 4c is a cross-sectional view of 3 seismic instrument for use is a vertical borehoie;
FIG. 4d is a cross-sectional view of a seismic instrument for use in a vertical borehole;
FIG. 4e is a cross-sectional view in the Z axis direction of the instrument at the X-geophone;
FIG. 4f is a cross-sectional view in the Z axis direction of the instrument at the Y-0 geophone;
FIG. 4g is a cross-sectional view in the Z axis direction of the instrument at the Z-WB W4:1. ~P70619US.AP?
NDV 20 '96 13:14 PRGE.Da7 Nov-20-96 12:16P P-O$
2~ 9oa9a AZTORNEY DOCKFf NUMBER P70619US
geophone;
FIG. 5 is a diagram of a configuration of the instrument attached to a pipe for insertion in the borehole;
FIG. 6 is a diagram of a configuration of the instrument attached to a pipe for insertion in the borehole;
FIG. 7 is an outline of a method for monitoring a production reservoir;
FIG. 8 is a diagram of a configuration of the invention with an instrument attached to an -exterior of the pipe and an instrument attached to an interior of the pipe;
and FIG. 9 is a diagram of a confguration of the invention with an upper section of the pipe removed.
It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate only typical embodiments of the invention and are therefore not to be considered a limitafion of the scope of the invention which includes other equally effective embodiments.
1 ~ DETAILED DESCRIPTION OT THE INVENTION
Referring to Figures l and 2, there is shown a cross-sectional view of a vertical seismic instrument well (1) and an outline of a method for installing the instrument.
The method comprises drilling (201) a first section (2) of the well to a depth of about 50 feet. This first section (2) is relatively wider than deeper second section (3) of the well yet to be drilled. A
'_'0 larger diameter casing (10) (for example, 3.5 to 4.5 inches) is installed (202) in this first section (2). The space between the casing (10) and the earth is f lled (203) wuh cement to permanently WB W4 '...U'70619US.AP2 NOU 20 '96 13 15 PAGE.G~B
Nov-20-96 12:16P P.09 a r fix the casing (10) in position. A smaller diameter section (3) (for example, about 2.4 inches) is then drilled (204) below the larger diameter casing ( 10) to a depth of about 700 to 1000 feet (this depth could be much deeper given the particular environment surrounding the borehole).
A seismic instrument (40) is then attached (205) to a pipe (30) and the pipe is inserted (206} into the well ( 1 ). The end of the pipe (30) extends nearly to the bottom of the well ( 1 ) and the instrument (40) is attached to the pipe (30) at a depth of about 300 to 400 feet (this depth may be changed according to the desired instrument configuration). Cement is then pumped (207) into the pipe (30} so that it flows down the pipe (30) and out a hole (31) at the bottom. The concrete first fills the space between the pipe (30) and the smaller diameter section
(3) and encircles the instruments (40). Finally, the concrete fills the space between the pipe (30) and the larger diameter casing ( 10). Once the concrete sets, the instrument {40) is permanently fixed in the well ( 1 ). Instruments may be installed in this way both on land and of~'shore.
In some environments, the instruments may be fixed in the borehole by allowing the borehole walls to collapse on the instrument. At times this will provide superior coupling of the instrument to the surrounding fornnation because of the uniformity of material around the instrument.
As the cost of the drilling apparatuses become less expensive, it will be more efficient to attach the seismic instrument directly to the coil tube itself. The coil tube is then left in the borehole while the instruments are permanently fixed in the borehole. Concrete is pumped into the borehole through the coil tube so as to flow up and around the instruments as before. The drill bit and downhole motor are then permanently fixed in the borehole as well as the wn w::v._.vP~obi9us.wrz 7 NOU 20 '96 13:15 PRGE.009 instruments. This method is preferred when it is less expensive to leave the drill apparatuses in the borehole rather than pull them out. A high pressure water no~zte is one type of drilling apparatus that may eventually become so inexpensive to merit leaving in the borehole.
Referring to Figure 3, a coil tube drill'mg' apparatus {310) is shown. The drill bit (301) S is driven by a downhole motor (302). The downhole motor (302) is powered by mud pump pressure which is pumped by a pump (304) at the surface. A coil tube (305) connects the pump (304) to the downhole motor (302). As the borehole (30~ is drilled deeper, the coil tube (305) -is reeled off a tube spool (30'1) and over a wheel (308). The wheel (308) is positioned over the borehole (306) so that the coil tube (305) may extend from the wheel {308) sad down into the borehole(30~. The drill preferably comprises a rotating pipe string connected to a drill bit which turns the drill bit.
One example of the coil tube drilling apparatus (310) is the Fleet Model 40-20 Coiled Tubing Unit produced by Vita International, Inc. This unit has the following characteristics:
Injector Head Rating: Up to 40,000 lb.
Drive: Hydrostatic powered planetary to sprocket & chain final drive.
Speed: 220 Ft. Max.
Braking System: Main brake-Fail-safe wet type, Auxiliary brake-Band type-air actuated.
Straightener: Manuallhydrautic system.
Grippiag System: Lebus grooving with multiple hold-down roElcrs.
Size Itaage: TO 3 112".
Truck, trailer, skid mounted.
Hydraulic leveling and centering.
Nov-20-96 12:17P P.11 ATTORNEY OOCi~ET NUMBER P70619US
Mast: Up to 30 Ft. for wellhead clearance with capability for self loading/unloading of storagelwork reef.
Optional Equipment: Winches, pumps, etc. per customer requirements.
Power Equipment: Up to Z00 HP Diesel.
Hydraulics: Injector and Storage/Work Reels-Sunstrand Hydrostatic, Max Pressure -5000 PSI.
Leveling, raising, winding and lateral positioning: Conventional gear type pump with max -. pressure - 3000 PSI.
Storage/Work Reel -Flaage Dia: 120"
Tubing O.D. Core Diameter Capacity 2 3/8" 96" 3,000 Ft.
2" 80" 7,000 Ft.
1 314" 72" 9,600 Ft.
I 1/2" 72" 14,000 Ft.
1 I /4" 72" 19,000 Ft.
1" 72" 30,000 Ft.
Tubing Reel Cradle: Side frames are hydraulically opened to facilitate easy change out of reels.
Controls:
A. Electric over hydraulic for injector reel; storage reel and traverse (winding).
B. Conventional for raising, leveling, centering. winches, etc.
Available installed in control cabin mounted on truck or trailer. Item A is available with 50' remote capability.
Referring to Figure 4a, there is a seismic instrument (401 ) for permanent fixation in a borehole as seen along a Y axis. The instrument (401 ) comprises three geophones: a X-geophone (402) positioned to read waves along an X axis. a Y-geophone (403) positioned to read waves along a Y axis, and a Z-geophone (404) positioned to read waves along a Z axis. A cable {405) runs through the instrument (401) for transmission o~ readings received by the geophones.
The instrument {401 ) also has a water-tight housing structure (40b) that seals the cable (405) and WB W4:~..1P~0619US.AP= 9 NOU 2~ '96 13:16 PRGE.011 the geophones (402), (403) and (404) within. The cable (405) is itself sealed on die portions which extend out from the housing (406). The portions of the cable (405) in the interior of the housing (406) are at connection points wltich connect to the geophones. Thus, in order to maintain a water-tight barrier for the entire instrument (401), seals (407) are formed between the cable (405) and the housing (406) where the cable {40S) enters the housing (406) at both ends.
Interior seals (408) also form a water-tight barrier between the housing (406) and the cable {405).
The cable (445) and housing (406) may be sealed with eider glass, epoxy or O-rings depending on the particular application.
Other types of instruments are also possible. These include: a temperature instrument, a pressure instrument, a hydrophone, a gravimetry resistance instrument, a resistivity instrument, an electromagnetic instrument, and a radiation sensing instrument.
Referring to Figure 4b, there is depicted the housing {406) and the geophones (402), {403) and (404) as viewed along an X axis. Referring to Figure 4c, the housing (406) and geophones (402), (403) and (404) are shown as viewed along a Y axis. Referring to Figure 4d, the housing 1S (406) and geophones (402), (403) and (404) are shown as viewed along a Y
axis. In Figure 4e, a cross section of the X-geophone (402) is shown as viewed along the Z axis.
In Figure 4f, the Y-geophone (403) is shown as viewed along the Z axis. In Figure 4g, the Z-geophone (404) is shown as viewed along the Z axis. Notice also in Figures 4e - 4g there are holes (411), (412) and (413) in the housing (406). The cable (405) passes through and connects to each geophone in these holes.
Referring to Figure 5, a configuration for attaching the instrument to the pipe is shown.
Nov-20-96 12:17P P.13 A1TORNEY DOCKET NUMBER p70619US
In this configuration, a centralizer (501 ) is fixed to the pipe (502) which is used to insert the instrument (503). The centralizer comprises upper and lower collars (504} and bows (SOS) which extend between and connect the collars (504). The bows (505) are somewhat flexible and have a wider outside diameter than the collars {504) so that they can flex against the sides of the borehole to prevent the pipe from contacting the sides of the borehole. A
cable (506) extends from both ends of the instrument (503) and is attached to the pipe (502} by the upper and lower collars (504). Additionally, the instrument (503) can be attached to the pipe (502} by wrapping waterproof tape around both the instrument (503) and the pipe (502).
Referring to Figure 6, a configuration for attaching the instrument to the pipe is shown.
In this co~guration, two centralizers (641 ) and (604) attach the cable (606) to the pipe (602}.
Here, no centralizer encircles the instrument, but rather one centralizer is above (601) the instrument and the other below (604). Again, the instrument (603} can be attached to the pipe (602) by wrapping waterproof tape around both the instrument (603) and the pipe (602).
Also, it should be understood that multiple instruments may be attached to a single pipe at various locations. Multiple centraIizers may also be attached at various locations to keep the pipe from contacting the borehole sides. A centralizer could be attached every 10 feet, even where no instruments are attached.
Referring to Figure 7, there is shown a method for monitoring a production mineral reservoir. The method is to install a seismic instrument permanently in the substrata near the reservoir to be monitored. This is done by drilling (701) a borehote with a drill apparatus. Next, a seismic instrument, such as a three-dimensional geophone, is inserted (702) into the borehole.
Wp W4:~..1P70619US.AP2 I I
NDU 2D '96 13:17 PAGE.013 Nov-20-96 12:18P P.14 ATTORNEY DOCKET' NUMBER P70619US
The instrument is then permanently fixed {703) in the borehole by filling the borehole with concrete. This not only fixes the position of the instrument in one location, but it couples the instrument to the substrata. Coupling enables the instrument to perceive seismic waves traveling through the strata because the instrument is actually attached to the strata.
The next step in the method is to generate {704} a first set of seismic waves. These waves are reflected in the strata and are received (705) by the instrument. This data is recorded (706} so that mineral producers will have knowledge of reservoir conditions at that point in time. Later, a second set of seismic -waves are generated (707). These waves again are reflected in the strata and are received (708) by the instrument. This second set of data is also recorded (709) for comparison with the first set of data.
In this method, the seismic source may also be placed in a borehole adjacent to the borehole for the receiver instruments. This allows the seismic wave to travel from the seismic source, down into the lower strata, be reflected back up toward the surface, and be received by the receiver instruments without travelling through an S-wave killing, soft earth, surface layer.
Referring to Figure 8, there is shown a configuration of the instruments placed within the borehole. In this embodiment an instrument (40) is attached to the exterior of the pipe (30). The pipe (30) is inserted into the borehole so that the instrument (40) is about half way down the borehole. The pipe (30) is permanently fixed in the borehole by pumping concrete down the center of the pipe (30) so that the concrete comes out a hole (31) in the bottom of the pipe {30).
The concrete then rises in the borehole (3) between the pipe (30) and the borehole walls so that it surrounds the instrument {40). A plug {60) is then used to push the concrete down the pipe WIi W4:1...1P70619US.AP2 17 NOU 20 '96 13:17 PRGE.~14 Nov-20-96 12:18P P_15 ATTORNEY DOCKET NUiNBER F~0619US
so that interior of the pipe above the plug (60) is not filled with concrete.
A second instrument (50) is then placed down in the interior of the pipe for readings. This instrument (50) may be retrieved and reinserted each time readings are desired.
A similar embodiment of the invention is to install the pipe without attaching an S instrument (40) to the outside of the pipe (30}. The cement is still removed from the interior of the pipe (30) by the plug (60}. In this embodiment, no instruments are permanently fixed in the borehole. Rather, instruments are lowered into the pipe for taking readings.
Once the readings are taken, the instruments are removed for use at other locations. Each time readings need to be taken, the instruments are simply lowered again into the pipe.
Referring to Figure 9, there is shown a diagram of a configuration for installing the instruments below the soft earth surface layer. In this configuration, the instrument (40) is attached to the exterior of the pipe (30} and the space between the pipe (30) and the borehole walls is filled with concrete as well as the inside of the pipe (30).
Particular to this embodiment is the detachment of the upper portion of the pipe (30). The pipe (30) and borehole (3) are covered over with earth. This keeps the top of the pipe (30) from acting like an antenna by insulating the instrument from vibrations generated at and above the surface of the earth. These vibrations tend to interfere with the seismic reading being obtained by the instruments.
It is to be noted that the above described embodiments illustrate only typical embodiments of the invention and are therefore not to be considered a limitation of the scope of the invention which includes other equally effective embodiments.
vre ws~,...~zobi9us.~~z 13 NOU 20 '96 13:18 PpGE.015
In some environments, the instruments may be fixed in the borehole by allowing the borehole walls to collapse on the instrument. At times this will provide superior coupling of the instrument to the surrounding fornnation because of the uniformity of material around the instrument.
As the cost of the drilling apparatuses become less expensive, it will be more efficient to attach the seismic instrument directly to the coil tube itself. The coil tube is then left in the borehole while the instruments are permanently fixed in the borehole. Concrete is pumped into the borehole through the coil tube so as to flow up and around the instruments as before. The drill bit and downhole motor are then permanently fixed in the borehole as well as the wn w::v._.vP~obi9us.wrz 7 NOU 20 '96 13:15 PRGE.009 instruments. This method is preferred when it is less expensive to leave the drill apparatuses in the borehole rather than pull them out. A high pressure water no~zte is one type of drilling apparatus that may eventually become so inexpensive to merit leaving in the borehole.
Referring to Figure 3, a coil tube drill'mg' apparatus {310) is shown. The drill bit (301) S is driven by a downhole motor (302). The downhole motor (302) is powered by mud pump pressure which is pumped by a pump (304) at the surface. A coil tube (305) connects the pump (304) to the downhole motor (302). As the borehole (30~ is drilled deeper, the coil tube (305) -is reeled off a tube spool (30'1) and over a wheel (308). The wheel (308) is positioned over the borehole (306) so that the coil tube (305) may extend from the wheel {308) sad down into the borehole(30~. The drill preferably comprises a rotating pipe string connected to a drill bit which turns the drill bit.
One example of the coil tube drilling apparatus (310) is the Fleet Model 40-20 Coiled Tubing Unit produced by Vita International, Inc. This unit has the following characteristics:
Injector Head Rating: Up to 40,000 lb.
Drive: Hydrostatic powered planetary to sprocket & chain final drive.
Speed: 220 Ft. Max.
Braking System: Main brake-Fail-safe wet type, Auxiliary brake-Band type-air actuated.
Straightener: Manuallhydrautic system.
Grippiag System: Lebus grooving with multiple hold-down roElcrs.
Size Itaage: TO 3 112".
Truck, trailer, skid mounted.
Hydraulic leveling and centering.
Nov-20-96 12:17P P.11 ATTORNEY OOCi~ET NUMBER P70619US
Mast: Up to 30 Ft. for wellhead clearance with capability for self loading/unloading of storagelwork reef.
Optional Equipment: Winches, pumps, etc. per customer requirements.
Power Equipment: Up to Z00 HP Diesel.
Hydraulics: Injector and Storage/Work Reels-Sunstrand Hydrostatic, Max Pressure -5000 PSI.
Leveling, raising, winding and lateral positioning: Conventional gear type pump with max -. pressure - 3000 PSI.
Storage/Work Reel -Flaage Dia: 120"
Tubing O.D. Core Diameter Capacity 2 3/8" 96" 3,000 Ft.
2" 80" 7,000 Ft.
1 314" 72" 9,600 Ft.
I 1/2" 72" 14,000 Ft.
1 I /4" 72" 19,000 Ft.
1" 72" 30,000 Ft.
Tubing Reel Cradle: Side frames are hydraulically opened to facilitate easy change out of reels.
Controls:
A. Electric over hydraulic for injector reel; storage reel and traverse (winding).
B. Conventional for raising, leveling, centering. winches, etc.
Available installed in control cabin mounted on truck or trailer. Item A is available with 50' remote capability.
Referring to Figure 4a, there is a seismic instrument (401 ) for permanent fixation in a borehole as seen along a Y axis. The instrument (401 ) comprises three geophones: a X-geophone (402) positioned to read waves along an X axis. a Y-geophone (403) positioned to read waves along a Y axis, and a Z-geophone (404) positioned to read waves along a Z axis. A cable {405) runs through the instrument (401) for transmission o~ readings received by the geophones.
The instrument {401 ) also has a water-tight housing structure (40b) that seals the cable (405) and WB W4:~..1P~0619US.AP= 9 NOU 2~ '96 13:16 PRGE.011 the geophones (402), (403) and (404) within. The cable (405) is itself sealed on die portions which extend out from the housing (406). The portions of the cable (405) in the interior of the housing (406) are at connection points wltich connect to the geophones. Thus, in order to maintain a water-tight barrier for the entire instrument (401), seals (407) are formed between the cable (405) and the housing (406) where the cable {40S) enters the housing (406) at both ends.
Interior seals (408) also form a water-tight barrier between the housing (406) and the cable {405).
The cable (445) and housing (406) may be sealed with eider glass, epoxy or O-rings depending on the particular application.
Other types of instruments are also possible. These include: a temperature instrument, a pressure instrument, a hydrophone, a gravimetry resistance instrument, a resistivity instrument, an electromagnetic instrument, and a radiation sensing instrument.
Referring to Figure 4b, there is depicted the housing {406) and the geophones (402), {403) and (404) as viewed along an X axis. Referring to Figure 4c, the housing (406) and geophones (402), (403) and (404) are shown as viewed along a Y axis. Referring to Figure 4d, the housing 1S (406) and geophones (402), (403) and (404) are shown as viewed along a Y
axis. In Figure 4e, a cross section of the X-geophone (402) is shown as viewed along the Z axis.
In Figure 4f, the Y-geophone (403) is shown as viewed along the Z axis. In Figure 4g, the Z-geophone (404) is shown as viewed along the Z axis. Notice also in Figures 4e - 4g there are holes (411), (412) and (413) in the housing (406). The cable (405) passes through and connects to each geophone in these holes.
Referring to Figure 5, a configuration for attaching the instrument to the pipe is shown.
Nov-20-96 12:17P P.13 A1TORNEY DOCKET NUMBER p70619US
In this configuration, a centralizer (501 ) is fixed to the pipe (502) which is used to insert the instrument (503). The centralizer comprises upper and lower collars (504} and bows (SOS) which extend between and connect the collars (504). The bows (505) are somewhat flexible and have a wider outside diameter than the collars {504) so that they can flex against the sides of the borehole to prevent the pipe from contacting the sides of the borehole. A
cable (506) extends from both ends of the instrument (503) and is attached to the pipe (502} by the upper and lower collars (504). Additionally, the instrument (503) can be attached to the pipe (502} by wrapping waterproof tape around both the instrument (503) and the pipe (502).
Referring to Figure 6, a configuration for attaching the instrument to the pipe is shown.
In this co~guration, two centralizers (641 ) and (604) attach the cable (606) to the pipe (602}.
Here, no centralizer encircles the instrument, but rather one centralizer is above (601) the instrument and the other below (604). Again, the instrument (603} can be attached to the pipe (602) by wrapping waterproof tape around both the instrument (603) and the pipe (602).
Also, it should be understood that multiple instruments may be attached to a single pipe at various locations. Multiple centraIizers may also be attached at various locations to keep the pipe from contacting the borehole sides. A centralizer could be attached every 10 feet, even where no instruments are attached.
Referring to Figure 7, there is shown a method for monitoring a production mineral reservoir. The method is to install a seismic instrument permanently in the substrata near the reservoir to be monitored. This is done by drilling (701) a borehote with a drill apparatus. Next, a seismic instrument, such as a three-dimensional geophone, is inserted (702) into the borehole.
Wp W4:~..1P70619US.AP2 I I
NDU 2D '96 13:17 PAGE.013 Nov-20-96 12:18P P.14 ATTORNEY DOCKET' NUMBER P70619US
The instrument is then permanently fixed {703) in the borehole by filling the borehole with concrete. This not only fixes the position of the instrument in one location, but it couples the instrument to the substrata. Coupling enables the instrument to perceive seismic waves traveling through the strata because the instrument is actually attached to the strata.
The next step in the method is to generate {704} a first set of seismic waves. These waves are reflected in the strata and are received (705) by the instrument. This data is recorded (706} so that mineral producers will have knowledge of reservoir conditions at that point in time. Later, a second set of seismic -waves are generated (707). These waves again are reflected in the strata and are received (708) by the instrument. This second set of data is also recorded (709) for comparison with the first set of data.
In this method, the seismic source may also be placed in a borehole adjacent to the borehole for the receiver instruments. This allows the seismic wave to travel from the seismic source, down into the lower strata, be reflected back up toward the surface, and be received by the receiver instruments without travelling through an S-wave killing, soft earth, surface layer.
Referring to Figure 8, there is shown a configuration of the instruments placed within the borehole. In this embodiment an instrument (40) is attached to the exterior of the pipe (30). The pipe (30) is inserted into the borehole so that the instrument (40) is about half way down the borehole. The pipe (30) is permanently fixed in the borehole by pumping concrete down the center of the pipe (30) so that the concrete comes out a hole (31) in the bottom of the pipe {30).
The concrete then rises in the borehole (3) between the pipe (30) and the borehole walls so that it surrounds the instrument {40). A plug {60) is then used to push the concrete down the pipe WIi W4:1...1P70619US.AP2 17 NOU 20 '96 13:17 PRGE.~14 Nov-20-96 12:18P P_15 ATTORNEY DOCKET NUiNBER F~0619US
so that interior of the pipe above the plug (60) is not filled with concrete.
A second instrument (50) is then placed down in the interior of the pipe for readings. This instrument (50) may be retrieved and reinserted each time readings are desired.
A similar embodiment of the invention is to install the pipe without attaching an S instrument (40) to the outside of the pipe (30}. The cement is still removed from the interior of the pipe (30) by the plug (60}. In this embodiment, no instruments are permanently fixed in the borehole. Rather, instruments are lowered into the pipe for taking readings.
Once the readings are taken, the instruments are removed for use at other locations. Each time readings need to be taken, the instruments are simply lowered again into the pipe.
Referring to Figure 9, there is shown a diagram of a configuration for installing the instruments below the soft earth surface layer. In this configuration, the instrument (40) is attached to the exterior of the pipe (30} and the space between the pipe (30) and the borehole walls is filled with concrete as well as the inside of the pipe (30).
Particular to this embodiment is the detachment of the upper portion of the pipe (30). The pipe (30) and borehole (3) are covered over with earth. This keeps the top of the pipe (30) from acting like an antenna by insulating the instrument from vibrations generated at and above the surface of the earth. These vibrations tend to interfere with the seismic reading being obtained by the instruments.
It is to be noted that the above described embodiments illustrate only typical embodiments of the invention and are therefore not to be considered a limitation of the scope of the invention which includes other equally effective embodiments.
vre ws~,...~zobi9us.~~z 13 NOU 20 '96 13:18 PpGE.015
Claims (28)
1. A method for monitoring a mineral reservoir, the reservoir being in a geologic formation of interest, the method comprising:
preparing a nonproduction borehole to receive a monitoring instrument, the borehole being bottomed out beneath the soft earth surface layer and above the geologic formation of interest;
installing the instrument in the borehole;
generating a first set of seismic waves;
receiving said first set of seismic waves;
generating at least one more set of seismic waves;
receiving at least one more set of seismic waves; and comparing at least one reception of said first set of seismic waves with at least one reception of at least one more set of seismic waves;
wherein at least one set of seismic waves is generated outside said borehole.
preparing a nonproduction borehole to receive a monitoring instrument, the borehole being bottomed out beneath the soft earth surface layer and above the geologic formation of interest;
installing the instrument in the borehole;
generating a first set of seismic waves;
receiving said first set of seismic waves;
generating at least one more set of seismic waves;
receiving at least one more set of seismic waves; and comparing at least one reception of said first set of seismic waves with at least one reception of at least one more set of seismic waves;
wherein at least one set of seismic waves is generated outside said borehole.
2. A method as in claim 1, wherein said preparing comprises drilling with a drill string and a means for drilling.
3. A method as in claim 2, wherein said drill string comprises coil tubing.
4. A method as in claim 3, wherein said means for drilling comprises a drill bit.
5. A method as in claim 3, wherein said means for drilling comprises a nozzle.
6. A method as in claim 2, wherein said means for drilling comprises a drill bit.
7. A method as in claim 2, wherein said means for drilling comprises a nozzle.
8. A method as in claim 2, wherein said installing comprises cementing the drill string in the borehole.
9. A method as in claim 2, wherein said installing comprises collapsing the borehole around the drill string.
10. A method as in claim 1, wherein said installing comprises:
attaching the instrument to a tubular member, and lowering the instrument into the borehole.
attaching the instrument to a tubular member, and lowering the instrument into the borehole.
11. A method as in claim 10, wherein said installing further comprises:
positioning a monitoring instrument at a level that is not cased and outside any tubular member present.
positioning a monitoring instrument at a level that is not cased and outside any tubular member present.
12. A method as in claim 11, wherein said positioning is permanent.
13. A method as in claim 1, wherein said installing comprises positioning a monitoring instrument at a level that is not cased and outside any tubular member present.
14. An instrument for receiving seismic data from a production layer, said production layer being below the soft earth surface and in a geologic formation of interest, said instrument comprising:
a geophone component which operates in an X-direction;
a geophone component which operates in a Y-direction;
a geophone component which operates in a Z-direction;
a tubular member, and a housing for said geophone components, wherein said housing is arranged for permanent fixation in a non-production borehole;
wherein said non-production borehole bottoms out beneath the soft earth surface layer and above the geologic formation of interest;
wherein said tubular member is arranged for termination above the production layer; and wherein said housing is attached between the exterior of said tubular member and the non-production borehole.
a geophone component which operates in an X-direction;
a geophone component which operates in a Y-direction;
a geophone component which operates in a Z-direction;
a tubular member, and a housing for said geophone components, wherein said housing is arranged for permanent fixation in a non-production borehole;
wherein said non-production borehole bottoms out beneath the soft earth surface layer and above the geologic formation of interest;
wherein said tubular member is arranged for termination above the production layer; and wherein said housing is attached between the exterior of said tubular member and the non-production borehole.
15. An instrument as in Claim 14, wherein said housing is sealed.
16. An instrument as in Claim 15, wherein said housing is sealed with epoxy.
17. An instrument as in Claim 15, wherein said housing is sealed with glass.
18. An instrument as in Claim 14, wherein said housing is attached to a pipe.
19. An instrument as in Claim 18, wherein said housing is attached to an exterior of a pipe.
20. An instrument as in Claim 18, wherein said housing is attached to an interior of a pipe.
21. An instrument as in Claim 18, wherein the pipe does not extend up into a soft earth surface layer.
22. A system for collecting seismic information, the system comprising:
a signal source;
a signal receiver permanently fixed in a borehole and offset from said signal source;
said borehole being bottomed out beneath a soft earth surface layer and above a geologic formation of interest;
a control unit that sends and receives information to and from said signal source and said signal receiver; and communicators of data between said control unit and said signal receiver and said signal source;
wherein said signal receiver comprises:
a geophone component which operates in an X-direction;
a geophone component which operates in a Y-direction;
a geophone component which operates in a Z-direction;
and a housing for said geophone components.
a signal source;
a signal receiver permanently fixed in a borehole and offset from said signal source;
said borehole being bottomed out beneath a soft earth surface layer and above a geologic formation of interest;
a control unit that sends and receives information to and from said signal source and said signal receiver; and communicators of data between said control unit and said signal receiver and said signal source;
wherein said signal receiver comprises:
a geophone component which operates in an X-direction;
a geophone component which operates in a Y-direction;
a geophone component which operates in a Z-direction;
and a housing for said geophone components.
23. A system as in claim 22, wherein said housing is sealed.
24. A system as in claim 23, wherein said housing is sealed with epoxy.
25. A system as in claim 23, wherein said housing is sealed with glass.
26. A system as in claim 22, wherein said communicator is a cable that extends from said housing to the surface of the earth.
27. A system as in claim 22,.wherein said communicator is a transmitter of information to the surface of the earth.
28. A system as in claim 22, wherein said communicator is sealed.
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002487186A CA2487186C (en) | 1996-11-21 | 1996-11-21 | Method and apparatus for installing electronic equipment below soft earth surface layer |
| CA002190898A CA2190898C (en) | 1996-11-21 | 1996-11-21 | Method and apparatus for installing electronic equipment below soft earth surface layer |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002190898A CA2190898C (en) | 1996-11-21 | 1996-11-21 | Method and apparatus for installing electronic equipment below soft earth surface layer |
Related Child Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002487186A Division CA2487186C (en) | 1996-11-21 | 1996-11-21 | Method and apparatus for installing electronic equipment below soft earth surface layer |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2190898A1 CA2190898A1 (en) | 1998-05-21 |
| CA2190898C true CA2190898C (en) | 2005-03-15 |
Family
ID=4159291
Family Applications (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002190898A Expired - Lifetime CA2190898C (en) | 1996-11-21 | 1996-11-21 | Method and apparatus for installing electronic equipment below soft earth surface layer |
| CA002487186A Expired - Lifetime CA2487186C (en) | 1996-11-21 | 1996-11-21 | Method and apparatus for installing electronic equipment below soft earth surface layer |
Family Applications After (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002487186A Expired - Lifetime CA2487186C (en) | 1996-11-21 | 1996-11-21 | Method and apparatus for installing electronic equipment below soft earth surface layer |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (2) | CA2190898C (en) |
-
1996
- 1996-11-21 CA CA002190898A patent/CA2190898C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-11-21 CA CA002487186A patent/CA2487186C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CA2487186A1 (en) | 1998-05-21 |
| CA2190898A1 (en) | 1998-05-21 |
| CA2487186C (en) | 2006-02-14 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
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| EEER | Examination request | ||
| MKEX | Expiry |
Effective date: 20161121 |