CA2190061A1 - Fuel containment for fluid fueled airbag inflators - Google Patents

Abstract

Apparatus for inflating an inflatable device, methods for inflating an inflatable safety device and a method of manufacturing an apparatus for inflating an inflatable device are provided having a fuel containment assembly to contain a fuel in the form of a fluid. The fuel, upon proper initiation, is burned to produce gas used in the inflation of the inflatable device.

Description

2i~061 PATENT

FUEL ~ ~ T~N'r FOR FLllID FUELED
AIRBAG I~7FLATOR8 B~7~r.C~7D OF T~E ~ hv~n~ 7 This invention relates generally to inflatable restraint systems such as are used to provide protection to vehicle occupants and, more particularly, to inflator devices such as used in such systems.
It i8 well known to protect a vehicle occupant using a cushion or bag that is inflated or ~ypAn~ with gas when the vehicle encounters sudden deceleration, such as in a collision.
Such a cushion or bag is commonly referred to as an "airbag. "
In such systems, the airbag is normally housed in an uninflated and folded condition to minimize space requirements.
Upon actuation of the system, the airbag is commonly inflated in a matter of a few mi 11 i ~econds with gas produced or supplied by a device commonly referred to as "an inflator. "
Many types of inf lator devices have been disclosed in the lS art for inflating an airbag for use in inflatable restraint systems . Prior art inf lator devices include compressed stored gas inf lators, pyrotechnic inf lators and hybrid inf lators .
Unfortunately, each of these types of an inflator device is subject to certain disadvantages.
For example, stored gas inflators typically require the storage of a relatively large volume of gas at relatively high . As a result of such high storage ~Le:s~u~-~s, the walls of the gas storage chamber are typically relatively thick for increased strength. The combination of large volume and thick walls results in a relatively heavy and bulky inf lator design.
With respect to pyrotechnic inflators wherein gas is derived from a combustible gas generating material, i.e., a pyrotechnic, such gas generating materials can typically produce various undesirable combustion products, including various solid particulate materials. The removal of such solid particulate material, such as by the incorporation of various filtering devices within or about the inflator, undesirably increases inflator design and processing complexity and can increase the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21~0~61 Pi~TE~7T
F298~-21-o~
costs associated therewith. In addition, the temperature of the gaseous emission from such inflator devices can typically vary between about 500F (260OC) and 1200F (649C), ~ rPnr~ t upon numerous interrelated factors including the desired level of 5 inflator performance, as well as the type and amount of gas generant material used therein, for example. Consequently, airbags used in conjunction with such inflator devices typically are specifically cu.,~LL~ ed of or coated with a material resistant to such high temperatures. For example, in order to 10 resist burn-through as a result of exposure to such high temperatures, an airbag such as constructed of nylon fabric can be prepared such that the nylon fabric airbag material is coated with neoprene or one or more neoprene coated nylon patches are placed at the locations of the airbag at which the hot gas 15 initially impinges. As will be appreciated, such specially fabricated or prepared airbags typically are more costly to manufacture and produce.
Hybrid inflators wherein airbag inflating gas results from a combination of stored ~ ~ssed gas and combustion of a gas 20 generating material, e.g., a pyrotechnic, also typically result in a gas having a relatively high particulate content.
A new type ûf inflator device which utilizes a fuel material in the form of a fluid, e.g., in the form of a gas, liquid, finely divided solid, or one or more combinations thereof, has 25 been developed. For example, in one such inflator device, the f luid fuel is burned to produce gas which contacts a quantity of stored pressurized gas to produce inflation gas for use in inf lating the respective inf latable device .
While such type of inflator can successfully UV~::L- -, at 30 least in part, some of the problems associated with the above-identified prior types of inflator devices, i.lyr.,v~ nts in the design, operation and performance of such inflators as well as ilU~lU~ s in the hAnlll i n~, storage and transport of the fuel material are continually sought in the competitive 35 marketplace to increase manufacturing and production freedom and flr Yihi l Lty without unduly detrimentally impacting the costs associated with such manufacture and production.

,~ 2lsoa6l PATE2iT
F298~-21-00 8T~ Y OF ~E INVENTION
A general object of the invention is to provide an improved fluid fueled inflator and improved fluid fuel cont~ t for airbag inf lators .
A more specif ic obj ective of the invention is to overcome one or more of the problems described above.
The general object of the invention can be attained, at least in part, through a particular apparatus for inflating an inf latable device described herein. The apparatus includes a 10 first chamber wherein at least one fuel in the form of a fluid is burned to produce combustion products. The apparatus also includes a fuel cont ~i t assembly which, in a first , includes a capsule having an outer wall and defining an onrlos~cl fuel storage volume. The enclosed fuel storage lS volume is adapted to contain at least a supply of the at least one fuel in the form of a fluid prior to installation of the capsule in the apparatus. The capsule is adapted to open at predetermined operating conditions to be in f luid communication with the f irst chamber . The apparatus additionally includes an 20 initiator to initiate burning of the at least one fuel in the f irst chamber .
The invention also comprehends an ~mho~li- l wherein the fuel cont~i --t assembly includes a closed housing having an outer wall. The housing is adapted to contain a supply of the 25 at least one fuel in the form of a fluid with the outer wall impervious to the at least one fuel. The housing is adapted to open at predetermined operating conditions to be in f luid iC2tion with the first chamber. The housing also has, along a second wall, an initiator to initiate burning of the at 30 least one fuel in the first chamber.
The prior art fails to provide an inflator assembly which utilizes a fuel in the form of a rluid that is burned to produce inflation gas and which assembly can easily and effectively ~noderate the impact of operation at varying ambient temperature 35 conditions. Further, the prior art fails to provide such an inflator assembly having as greatly as desired moderation or control of the rate at which th~ fuel is introduced into the

2~0~61 PA~ENq F298~-21-00 combustion chamber and, in turn, as greatly as desired moderation or control of the rate of reaction of such fuel.
The invention further comprehends an inflation apparatus which includes a closed fuel containment assembly wherein a fuel in the form of a fluid is stored. The apparatus additionally includes f irst and second chambers and an initiator .
Specifically, in one ~mho~ir ~, the fuel containment assembly includes a capsule having an outer wall and defines an enclosed storage volume. The storage volume is adapted to contain, prior to installation of the capsule in the apparatus, contents including at least a supply of at least one fuel in the form of a fluid. The fuel containment assembly is adapted to open at predetermined operating conditions.
Upon opening of the fuel contA i - t assembly, the f irst chamber i8 in fluid communication with at least a portion of the supply of the at least one fuel from the capsule. In the first chamber, the at least one fuel is burned to produce combustion products i n~ i n~ hot combustion gas . The initiator initiates the burning of at least a portion of the at least one fuel in the first chamber. The combustion of the at least one fuel increases the temperature and pres,u ~ within the first chamber. The first chamber is adapted to open when a predetermined increase in ~r~aSDuL~ within the first chamber is realized, whereby at least a portion of the hot combustion gas is expelled therefrom.
The second chamber contains a supply of p~es-uLized stored gas. Upon the opening of the first chamber, the second chamber is in f luid ~ i ration with the f irst chamber with the hot combustion gas expelled from the first chamber mixing with the pressurized stored gas to produce inf lation gas. The second chamber i8 adapted to open when a predetermined increase in ~L__~u~e within the chamber is realized after the hot combustion gas PYpel l~cl from the first chamber mixes with the pressurized stored gas to produce the inflation gas, w~ereby at least a portion of the inflation gas is expelled from the second chamber to inflate the device.
In another such inflator apparatus ~mho~ 1, the fuel cont~ i t assembly i n~lu~ s a closed housing having an outer ~ 21~0061 PAT~NT
F298~-21-00 wall. The assembly and specifically the housing is adapted to contain contents including a supply of at least one fuel in the form of a fluid. The outer wall of the housing is impervious to the at least one fuel and is adapted to open at predetermined 5 operating conditions.
Upon opening of the housing outer wall, the f irst chamber i5 in fluid ~- lication with the fuel containment assembly.
In the first chamber, at least a portion of the supply of the at least one fuel is burned to produce combustion products including lo hot combustion gas. This combustion o~ the at least one fuel is initiated by the initiator and increases the temperature and prcsDuL~ within the first chamber. The first chamber is adapted to open when a predetermined increase in pressure within the rirst chamber is realized, whereby at least a portion of the hot 15 combustion gas is Pyrpll~d therefrom.
The second chamber contains a supply of pressurized stored gas. Upon the opening of the first chamber, the first and second chambers are in fluid ication with each other, with the hot combustion ga~ PYrPl led from the first chamber mixing with the 20 pressurized stored gas to produce inf lation gas. The second chamber is adapted to open when a predetermined increase in y,~DuL~ within the second chamber is realized after the hot combustion gas ~Yr-~l lPd from the first chamber mixes with the pressurized stored gas to produce the inflation gas, whereby at 25 least a portion of the inflation gas is expelled from the second chamber .
The invention still further comprehends a method for inflating an inflatable safety device in a vehicle using an inrlation apparatus. The method includes the steps of opening 30 either: a) a closed capsule containing, prior to installation in the apparatus, at least a supply Or at least one fuel in the form of a fluid, or b) a closed ruel housing of a fuel cont~i L
assembly, the housing containing at least a supply of at least one fuel in the form of a rluid prior to the opening. Either 35 such opening results in a release of at least a portion of the supply of the at least one fuel into a f irst sealed chamber.
The method then p~ eeds with the step of burning the .
219006i PATENT
F298~-21-00 released portion of the supply of the at least one fuel in the first sealed chamber to produce combustion products including hot combustion gas. This step is then followed by, releasing inf lation gas including at least a portion of the combustion gas 5 from the apparatus to inflate the inflatable safety device.
The invention still further comprehends a method of manufacturing an apparatus for inflating an inflatable device.
This method includes the step of at least partially f illing a capsule, having a closed outer wall which defines an enclosed 10 storage volume, with a supply of least one fuel in the form of a fluid. Thereafter, the fuel-containing capsule is loaded into an apparatus subcombination. The apparatus subcombination ;nc~ P-~ a first chamber in fluid ~ ication with the fuel-containing capsule upon opening of the capsule, wherein the 15 at least one fuel is burned to produce combustion products. The apparatus subcombination additionally includes an initiator to initiate burning of at least a portion of the supply of the at least one fuel in the first chamber.
As used herein, references to a chamber or volume as being 20 "free of combustion oxidant" are to be understood to refer to a chamber or volume sufficiently free of oxidant such that, over the range of ~S-UL~S and temperatures experienced during the ~torag~ of th~ fluid fuel therein, the amount of heat liberated by chemical reaction (since the chemical reaction rate is non-25 zero for all temperatures) is less than the amount of heatdissipated to the ~ju~L~ nlin~s. It will be appreciated that as the rate of such ~hPm;c:~l reaction (and hence the amount of heat liberated upon reaction) is ~PrPn~lPnt on the cor,~ .tL~tion of oxidant as well a~ the temperature, the amount of heat liberated 30 can be m;n;m;7Pd through proper control of the quantity of oxidant initially present therein.
The term "equivalence ratio" (~) is commonly used in reference to combustion processes. EquivalenCe ratio is defined as the ratio of the actual fuel to oxidant ratio (F/O)A divided 35 by the stoichiometric fuel to oxidant ratio (F/o)s:
~ = (F/O)A/ (F/)s 6 ~
PAT~NT
F298~-21-oo (A stoichiometric reaction is a unique reaction def ined as one in which all the reactants are ron -~ and converted to products in their most stable form. For example, in the combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel with oxygen, a sto;rhi~ ~.ic reaction is one in which the reactants are entirely cun~, ' and converted to products entirely constituting carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapor (H2O). Conversely, a reaction involving identical reactants is not stoichiometric if any carbon ~orlo~ide (CO~ is present in the products because CO may react with 2 to form CO2, which is considered a more stable product than CO.) In general, for given temperature and pLeS-UL~ conditions, fuel and oxidant mixtures are flammable over only a specific range of equivalence ratios .
other objects and advantages will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the App ~n~ed claims and drawings.
R~Tl~ D~e~ OF TU~ DRA~IING8 FIG. 1 is a simplified, partially in section schematic drawing of a fluid fueled inflator in accordance with a first nt of the invention.
FIG. 2 is a simplified, partially in section fragmentary schematic drawing of the f luid fueled inf lator of FIG .1 having a fUQl con ~; t assembly in accordance with one ~ L of the invention.
FIG. 3 is a simplified sectional schematic drawing of a fuel con~ assembly in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 4 is a simplified sectional schematic drawing of a fuel con~ assembly in accordance with another alternative ~o'i--nt of the invention.
FIG. 5 is a simplified fragmentary perspective view of alternatively either a housing or a capsule: -nPnt of a fuel con~ assembly in accordance with one . -ir--~ of the invention .
FIGS. 6A, 6B, 6C and 6D are simplified fragmentary views o~

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ OO~l PATENT
F298~-21-oO
alternative score arrangements or forms for alternatively either a housing or a capsule - ~nPnt of a fuel con~A i - ~ assembly in accordance with alternative Dlnho~l i - ts of the invention .
FIGS. 7A and 78 are simplified perspective views of a fuel 5 contAi ~ assembly ~ ~ne~t, i.e., either a housing or a capsule, having a scored dome in accordance with one r~`-Q~ t of the invention before and after opening, respectively.
FIGS. 8A and 88 are simplified perspective views of a fuel ContAi ~ assembly housing in accordance with one alnho~i lo of the invention before and after opening, respectively.
FIGS. 9A, 98 and 9C show the fuel con~ t housing of FIG. 8A housed within a combustion chamber portion of a f luid fueled inflator assembly after openinq at various selected ambient temperature operating conditions.
FIG. 10 is a simplified, partial in section, fragmentary peIa~e- ~ive view of alternatively either a housing or a capsule t of a fuel con~A i t assembly in accordance with an alternative ~nho~ir ~ of the invention.
FIG. 11 is a simplified, partially in section, fragmentary 20 schematic drawing of a fuel containment assembly in accordance with one Dmhorl i - ~ of the invention wherein a wire screen mesh is used to at least in part to :.ULLUUnd a fuel capsule.
FIG. 12 is a simplified, partially in section perspective schematic drawing of a fuel containment assembly in accordance 25 with yet another alternative a~ho~lir t of the invention.
FIG. 13 is a ~implified sectional schematic drawing of the fuel cont~ t assembly of FIG. 12.
FIG. 14A is a simplif ied perspective view of a fragmentary portion Or the inner layer of the side wall of the fuel 30 con~Ai t assembly of FIGS. 12 and 13.
FIG. 148 is a simplified fragmentary cross sectional view ~howing an open gas f low orif ice in the inner layer of the side wall of the fuel contAi L assembly of FIGS. 12 and 13.
FIG. 15 is a simplified, partially in section schematic 35 drawing of a fluid fueled inflator in accordance with an alternative ~o~ t of the invention.

~190~61 PA$E~rr F298~-21--oo FIG. 16 is a simplified schematic drawing Or a fuel containment assembly c ~ ~n~nt in accordance with one PmhqA j-- L
of the invention.
FIGS. 17A and 17B are simplified and enlarged fragmentary drawings of alternative arrangements for a section of the fuel containment assembly -nt shown in FIG. 16.
n~r~TTT~n D~ ON OF T~E .Lh~n~
Referring initially to FIG. 1, there is illustrated a fluid fueled inflator assembly 10 for inflating a vehicle occupant restraint, such as an airbag. It will be understood that the invention described hereinafter has general applicability to various types or kinds of airbag assemblies including driver side, passenger side, and side impact airbag assemblies for automotive vehicles including vans, pick-up trucks, and aut~
The inflator assembly 10 comprises a ~ ,u~e vessel 12 including a storage chamber 14 that is filled and pressurized with an inert gas such as argon or nitrogen to a yLe~Su~
typically in the range o~ 2000-5000 psi.
The chamber 14 is def ined by an elongated generally cylindrical sleeve 16, having a first and a second end, 20 and 22, respectively. The first end 20 is partially closed by means of an integral qh~ r portion 24. A diffuser assembly 26 is attached by a circumferential weld 27 in sealing relation to the sleeve first end 20. A combustion chamber assembly 30 is attached by a circumferential weld 31 in sealing relation to the sleeve second end 22.
The diffuser assembly 26 comprises a generally cylindrical sleeve 32 having a cap portion 34 and a base portion 36 to define a diffuser chamber 40. Each of the diffuser assembly cap and base portions, 34 and 36, respectively, include a closed first end 42a and 42b, respectively, and an open second end 44a and 44b, respectively. The diffuser assembly cap portion 34 in~ q 3S a plurality of openings 46, adjacent the closed cap first end 42a, for dispensing inflation gas from the inflator assembly into an airbag assembly (not shown). The diffuser assembly base 21~061 PATENT
F298~-21-00 portion 36 additionally includes a plurality of openings 48, adjacent the closed base first end 42b, for passage of inflation gas from the storage chamber 14, into the diffuser chamber 40.
The diffuser assembly cap and base portions, 34 and 36, 5 respectively, are aligned with the open second end of each, i.e., ends 44a and 44b, respectively, being closed by sealing means, e.g., by means of a rupture disc 50 abutting thereagainst. The diffuser assembly rupture disc 50 is joined in sealing relation with the diffuser assembly cap and base portions, 34 and 36, 10 respectively, by means of a circumferential weld 51 at the periphery of the disc 50. In the static state, the disc 50 serves to separate the contents of the storage chamber 14 from the airbag.
The combustion chamber assembly 30 comprises a cap portion 54 and a base portion 56 to define a combustion chamber 60. The combustion chamber cap portion 54 includes a sleeve 62, constituting a side wall 64 with a dome 66 joined thereto via a cap shoulder connecting portion 68. The combustion chamber dome 66 includes an orifice, referred to herein as a gas exit opening 20 70. The gas exit opening 70 is normally closed by sealing means, e.g, by means of a rupture disc 72 joined in sealing relation with the combustion chamber dome 66 by means of a circumferential weld 73 at the periphery of the disc 72.
The combustion chamber dome 66 is generally designed to 25 withstand the internal ~L~S~Ur~S generated upon the combustion of the flammable mixture, such as described below, within the combustion chamber 60. In the static state, the disc serves in maintaining the gas storage chamber 14 in a sealed condition.
The combustion chamber base portion 56 includes a base ring 30 74 with a base cap 76 joined thereto via a base shoulder connecting portion 78. The base _hol~ld~r connecting portion 78 serves as a convenient means of locating the combustion chamber base portion 56 relative to the combustion chamber sleeve 62, as well as providing a location for a circumferential weld 79 35 whereby the combustion chamber assembly base portion 56 is attached in sealing relation to the combustion chamber cap portion 54.

g~
PATENT
F298~-21-00 The base cap 76 includes an opening 80 therein, wherethrough an initiator device 82, such as described in greater detail below, is attached in sealing relation, such as with a weld, crimping or other suitable hermetic seal, within the combustion chamber 60. The initiator device 82 includes a discharge end 84.
A fuel cont~; ~rt assembly 86 in accordance with the invention and such as described in greater detail below is located within the combustion chamber 60, adjacent the initiator device discharge end 84. The fuel cont~; t assembly 86 contains or holds contents which include a quantity of at least one fuel material in the form of fluid, as described in greater detail below .
In operation, such as upon the sensing of a collision, an electrical signal is sent to the initiator device 82, such as a conventional pyrotechnic initiator device. Such an initiator device will upon receipt of an appropriate electrical signal ignite and emit energy, such as in the f orm of a hot, particle-laden discharge, into the fuel cont~ t assembly 86.
In turn, the temperature and ~L~aDuL~ of the fuel stored within the closed volume of the fuel cont ~ t assembly 86 will increase. Upon the ~y~eetlinq of the structural capability of the assembly 86, e.g., at predet~rmin~d operating conditions such as at a sel~cted threshold internal pL~sauL~ or temperature, the assembly will rupture or otherwise open placing the heated fuel ln f luid ~ i ~ation with the combustion chamber 60 . In the combustion chamber 60, the oxidant (such as normally stored within the combustion chamber 60 outside of the fuel containment assembly 86 and thus apart from the fuel material or, as described in greater detail below, stored together with the fuel material within the fuel containment assembly 86) and the heated fuel form a fl~ -hl~ mixture which, via initiation by the initiator 82, ignites and burns at an elevated temperature and ~3DU~: .
The hot gas ~ lu~ed upon the burning of the f lammable mixture resultsD in a rapid ~e3au~ rise within the combustion chamber 60. When the gas ~IIBSDU~6 within the combustion chamber 60 exceedDs the D~.u..-u.al ~ ~r~hil ity of the rupture disc 72, the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .

' ~190~1 PATENT
F298~-21-00 disc ruy~ur-~S or otherwise permits the passage of the hot gas through the gas exit opening 70 and into the storage chamber 14.
Wherein, the hot combustion gas expelled from the combustion chamber 60 mixes with the pressurized gas stored within the separate storage chamber 14 to produce inflation gas for use in inflating the inflatable restraint device, e.g., an airbag. It will be appreciated that augmenting the combustion gas with the stored inert gas produces an inf lation gas having both a lower temperature and reduced byproduct concentration (e.g., C0, N0x, H20, etc. ) than the combustion gas alone.
When the gas yLes~u ~ within the storage chamber 14 exceeds the structural capability of the rupture disc 50, the disc LUyLuL~s or otherwise permits the passage of the inflation gas through the diffuser base portion 36 and into the diffuser cap portion 34 and thus allows this inflation gas to vent through the opon;n~s 46 into the airbag assembly.
The fluid fuels useable in such an apparatus include a wide range of gases, vapors, finely divided solids and liquids such that, when used with one or more suitable oxidants in proper proportion(s) at selected conditions (either alone or in conjunction with one or more inert gases) form a flammable mixture .
Such fluid fuels include hydrogen, as well as hydrocarbon-based fuels such as hydrocarbon and hydrocarbon derivative fuels. For example, such hydrocarbon fuels include tho5e constituting napthenic, olefinic and paraffinic hydrocarbon groups, particularly C~-C4 paraffinic hydrocarbon fuels.
Suitable fuels that can be used in the practice of the invention include, for example; gasoline, kerosene, and octane. In addition, hydrocarbon derivative fuels such as those constituting various alcohols, ethers, and esters, for example, particularly those containing four or fewer carbon atoms and, in particular, alcohol~ such as ethyl and propyl alcohol can advantageously be used in the practice of the invention.
In general, the finely divided solid fuels useable in the practlce of the invention must be o~ su~icient energy content and reactivity to heat the volume of stored gas to inf late the ~19~Xl PATENT
F298~-21-00 inflatable restraint device at the desired rate, without the inf lator device being of an undesirable large size.
Additionally, the fuel desirably produces no more than acceptable levels of combustion products, such as C0, N0, HCN, or NH~, for 5 example, which are or become toxic at sufficiently high concentrations .
The finely divided solid fuel useable in the practice of the invention can include one or more various powders or dusts such as those of:
a) carbon~reo~lc materials such as coal and coal products (e.g., anthracite, bit~minollc, sub-bitll~;nouc, etc., such as with various volatile contents), charcoal, oil shale dust, and coke;
b) cottons, woods, and peat (such as various cellulosic materials including, for example: cellulose acetate, methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, and cellulose nitrate, as well as wood and paper dusts);
c) food feeds (such as flours, starches and grain dusts);
d) plastics, rubbers, and resins (such as epoxies, polyesters and polyethylenes); and e) metal and metal alloy materials (e.g., aluminum, magnesium, titanium, etc., as powders, grits, and/or shavings, in pure or - ' form).
It is to be understood that such fuel can, if desired, be 25 held in combinations with varying contents of liquid, vapor and combinations thereof of water.
Further, it will be appreciated that the finely divided solid fuels useable in the practice of the invention will typically include solid particles of varying size and shape. In 30 general, however, the particle size of such finely divided solid fuel will typically vary in a range between about S to 500 microns and preferably in a range of about 10 to 125 microns, with mean particle sizes in the range of 10 to 40 microns. In practice, such sized finely divided solid fuels can desirably 35 result in rapid and complete combustion, reducing or even eliminating the need for filtration of particulate from the ~-u~ ing inflator assembly design.

~190~6~
PATENT

The use of finely divided solid fuels can result in various processing advantages. For example, such solid fuels, at least as compared relative to gaseous or liquid fuels, can simplify handling requirements and facilitate storage within an 5 appropriate fuel storage chamber. Such facilitation in handling can, in turn, result in manufacturing cost reductions.
Such f inely divided solid fluid fuels are generally to be distinguished from pyrotechnic materials typically used in airbag inflator devices. In general, such prior pyrotechnic materials, 10 even when used in a powdered or similar form, include an oxidant as a . ~~~nt of the pyrotechnic. In contrast, the finely divided solid f luid fuels of the invention do not include an oxidant as a part of the material itself.
It will be appreciated that the fuel material, particularly 15 fuel materials such as liquid hydrocarbons and liquid hydrocarbon derivatives (e.g., alcohols) may include therewith, in limited proportions, materials such as water that are normally not considered to be fuels. This is particularly true for those fuel materials for which complete water separation is not normally 20 practically r~ i 7~hle. Additionally, the presence of water in minor amounts, e.g., less than about 10 volS, typically between about 4-8 vol%, can beneficially reduce the possibility of undesired autoignition of the inf lator assembly without significantly affecting the low temperature performance of the 25 assembly.
It is also to be appreciated that various fuel materials can, if desired, be used mixed together. This is particularly true for those fuel materials, such as commercial grade butane, for which complete separation is not normally practically 30 realizable. For example, fuel mixtures which have been used include: a) a 200 proof alcohol mix containing about 5-10% methyl alcohol, 0.5-1% methyl isobutyl ketone and the balance constituting ethyl alcohol and b) an alkane mix containing about 90+9~ (e.g. about 95%) butane, 2-6% (e.g., about 4%) propane and 35 with the balance constituting methane, ethane and other various trace hydrocarbon species. An example of one such fuel material is the denatured ethanol, "~N~YPRr~L SOLVENT SPECIAL, P~-4083, 200 006~
PAT~NT
F298~-21-00 Proo~l', sold by Union Carbide Chemicals and Plastics Company Inc.
and containing 85.8% ethanol, 13.3% methanol and 0.9% methyl isobutyl ketone.
Further, such fuels can be used in multi-phase combinations 5 of two or more of the fuels in different states (e.g. gas, liquid, and solid). For example, the fluid fuel used can constitute a combination or mixture of a finely divided solid fuel in a liquid fuel, such as a starch in ethyl alcohol, for example. Similarly, the fluid fuel can constitute a combination 10 or mixture of a gaseous fuel held in intimate contact with a liquid fuel. For example, such a gaseous fuel could be held in contact with the liquid fuel under pressure, similar in fashion to a carbonated beYerage held in a container.
Oxidants useable in the invention include various 15 oxy~n c.,.-~aining gases including, for example, pure oxygen, air, diluted air, and oxygen ,: `- i n~d with one or more gas diluents such as nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and noble gases such as helium, argon, xenon. In practice, the use of pure oxygen (2~ may be disadvantageous for a number of reasons including: 1) from a 20 production viewpoint, such use may present hAndl inq difficulties, 2) such use can magnify autoignition difficulties, 3) when combined with the proper amounts of fuel (stoichiometric or near stoichiometric, 0.8 ~ ~ ~ 1.2), ex~L~ ~lyhighflametemperatures can result (Papeci~ly at the elevated ~Les,-ur~s commonly 25 associated with such inflator designs, and 4) at equivalence ratios Or less than 0 . 8, excess quantities of oxygen and carbon r ' ~1P can cause concern .
In view thereof, mixtures of argon and oxygen may be preferred. Argon advantageously is relatively: 1) inert, 2) 30 inPYrQnaiVe, 3) 5are, and 4) easy to handle. The preferred relative amounts of the ~ ts of such a mixture will in general be clf~rPn~Pnt on factors such as the inflator, -tLy and the particular fuels used therein. For example, an oxidant mixture of 50-65 vol% oxygen with the balance being argon can 35 advantageously be used with ethyl alcohol-based fuel-containing A~.'' lies.

' ~lgOO~l PATENT

It will also be appreciated that such oxidant mixtures can be used in conjunction with minor amounts of air, such as may be initially present in the chamber to be filled with oxidant, prior to the addition of the oxidant therein.
In one preferred embodiment of the invention, the fuel material is stored separate and apart from the combustion oxidant. For example, the fuel is stored within the fuel cont~ i t assembly while the oxidant is stored outside of the fuel con~ assembly but within the combustion chamber such that the fuel and oxidant are in fluid communication only after the fuel contA i - t assembly has ruptured or otherwise opened.
It is to be appreciated, however, that if desired, the fuel material and oxidant can be stored in contact with each other.
In one alternative preferred ~mho8ir t, a fuel material and oxidant can be stored together as a single material such as a hydroxyl ammonium nitrate-based liquid monopropellant. Such propellants are ~licclosecl in U.S. Patent 5,060,973, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated.
A particularly suitable liquid propellant composition containing both a fuel material and an oxidant material comprises, by mass, approximately 60% hydroxyl ammonium nitrate as an oYidi~ r, 20% triethanol ammonium nitrate as a fuel, and 20~ water as a solvent.
It is to be appreciated that with a liquid propellant such as an aqueous solution of hydroxyl ammonium nitrate and a nitrated hydrocarbon salt, such as triethanol r~ m nitrate, the exo~hDrmic~l ly generated gases generally consist of nitrogen, carbon dioxide and water vapor, all of which are generally c~nci~ar~ed non-toxic. Furth- ~, the combustion of such a propellant material generally results in no significant particulate by-product and thus preferably renders as llnnP, --cc~ry the post c ~ion f iltering of the products of combustion.
Thus, the invention permits the use of a wide range of fuels in a variety of ~orms (including gaseous, liquid, and solid, as well as mixtures thereof, i ncl~ i n~ multi-phase combinations of two or more fuel materials) and a wide variety of oxidant species, and also a wide range of relative amounts of fuel and 00~1 PATENT
F298~-21-00 oxidant species.
In general, the inflator assemblies of the invention are preferably operated with equivalence ratios in the range of 0 . 4 S ~ S 1. 6, preferably in the range of 0 . 6 S ~ S 1.1.
As with the gas stored in the storage chamber 14, storage of gas within the combustion chamber 60 at relatively high ~_ur~s advantageously helps min1m;7e the overall size of the inflator a~ well as minimi7e ignition delay, thereby resulting in higher and faster performance by the inflator assembly, as well as resulting in more complete combustion, such as through increased temperature and, hence, reaction rates. In addition, such an inflator assembly minimizes emission of incomplete products of combustion.
It will be appreciated that the combustion chamber ~uLL~ullding the fuel containment assembly of the invention can alternatively contain, as desired or needed, one or more gaseous materials such as air, oxidant or inert gas.
FIG. 2 illustrates a fragmentary portion of a fluid fueled inflator 110 in accordance with one ~ L of the invention.
The illustrated portion of the fluid fueled inflator 110 includes an inflator combustion chamber base cap portion 112 with an opening 114 wherethrough an initiator device 116 is secured or attached and a fuel containment assembly 120.
ThQ fuel cont~i t assembly 120 includes a housing 122 having an outer wall 124. Such a housing can be fabricated from various appropriate selected materials including plastic (such as acetal, chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), polyetheretherketone, propylene, andpolytetrafluoroethylene, for example), ceramic (such as silicon and alumina-based ceramics, for example) or, more typically, a metal (such as aluminum or a low carbon steel, for example).
The housing 122 is closed in that:
1. the housing def ines a closed storage volume 126 wherein, for example, the housing is adapted to contain a supply of at least one fuel in the for_ of a ~luid, as described above, and 21~61 PATENT

2. the outer wall is impervious to the fuel, that is, the material comprising the outer wall is not normally significantly changed, affected or physically altered as a result of contact with or by the fuel.
As described above, in one preferred ~ho~;~~nt, the fuel is preferably stored free of combustion oxidant. However, such as also described above, the fuel and oxidant can, if desired, be stored together therein.
The housing 122 is generally bullet shaped with the outer wall 124 including a generally cylindrical side portion 130 having an open first or base end 132 proximate to the combustion chamber base cap portion opening 114 and a second end 134 which is closed by means of a dome-shaped portion 136.
If desired, and as shown, a selected portion or portions of the assembly 120 can be pre-weakened, such as by the inclusion o~ external axial score lines 137a and 137b or otherwise have the th~rkne~-s of the outer wall 124 selectively reduced. It will be appreciated that such inclusion of score lines or the like (e.g., dimples) to selectively reduce the thickness of the outer wall 124 can facilitate opening of the assembly 120 at specific predetermined operating conditions ag well as better ensure that assembly desirably ~ uL ~g or opens at predetermined locations and preferably avoids forming undesired fragments upon opening.
Further, it will be appreciated that the scores or other appropriately selected forms of ~JL~ k~-nin-J can be ~-^hine-l into the wall surface or molded into the surface such as when the part has been mold fabricated, such as may conveniently be done when the part is ~abricated from plastic material.
It will al~o be appreciated that while the assembly 120 has been shown with external score lines (i.e., score lines on the outer surface 138 of the respective wall 124), if desired, such score lines or the like can be appropriately alternatively or complimentarily located, such as along the inner surface 139 of the outer wall 124, for example.

~19~0~1 PATE~IT
F298~-21-Oo The open base end 132 is partially closed by means of a housing base 140 and the initiator device 116. It will be appreciated that the housing ~ase can, if desired, include features and seals (not shown) such as O-rings, crimps, flanges, etc. or, alternatively or additionally, a selected means of interference and press fit to facilitate and secure attachment or joinder of the initiator device therein.
As will be appreciated relative to this illustrated , ~_'ir t, a fuel material held in such the storage volume 126 normally directly contacts the housing outer wall 124.
The initiator 116 includes a discharge end 142, wherefrom upon actuation, initiation products are discharged. If desired, and as shown, a hermetic seal 144 such as in the form of a disc of metal can be applied about the initiator discharge end 142 to prevent the fluid fuel material from directly contacting the initiator 116. The inclusion of such a seal can assist in avoiding and preventing undesired deterioration or degradation of the initiator such as could result from undesired contact of the initiator by the fuel material as well as better ensure the avoidance of fuel leakage.
In operation, such as upon receipt of an appropriate electrical signal by the associated initiator 116, a discharge of energy such as in the form of a hot, particle-laden discharge is directed therefrom to the fuel containment assembly 120, specifically from the discharge end 142, through the seal 144 and to the fuel material stored within the fuel storage volume 126, whereupon the temperature and ~L~ Le of the fuel material will increase. Upon the c-Yre~ling of the structural cAr~hjlity of the wall 124, the housing 122 will rupture or otherwise open at or proximate to the scores 137a and 137b, placing the heated fuel in f luid communication with the combustion chamber and the oxidant held therein. Thereafter, operation will generally be similar to that for the above-described: ' ~i t.
FIG. 3 illustrates a fuel containment assembly 150 in accordance with an alternative ~ -rl_ of the invention. The fuel con~Ai - L assembly 150, similar to the fuel containment assembly 120 illustrated in FIG. 2, includes a housing 152 having . ~ 21~8~
PATE~rr F298~-21-oO
an outer wall 153 which is generally bullet-shaped and includes a generally cylindrical side outer wall 154 having an open first or base end 156 and a second end 160 which is closed by means of a dome-shaped closed end outer wall 162.
As with the above-described inflator assembly llo, the open first or base end 156 is designed for placement adjacent a CGLL ~ Ain~ combustion chamber base cap portion opening (not shown). Specifically, the open first or base end 156 includes an outwardly curled lip 164 and defines an initiator placement volume 166 wherein, in a final assembly, an initiator device (not shown) can be placed.
The fuel containment assembly 150 differs, however, differs from that in the above-described Pn~hodir---t of FIG. 2 in that the fuel material is contained within a capsule device 170, rather being stored in the housing in direct contact with the housing outer wall.
The capsule 170 can be fabricated from a wide range of materials such as metal (such as aluminum, carbon steel and 81 ainl~cls steel) or, preferably, plastic material so as to provide desired strength and resiliency, for example. It is to be appreciated that while the fuel capsules of the inYention can, if desired, be fabricated form materials such as ceramic and glass, such materials of fabrication may at Ieast initially find limited applicability due to the propensity of such materials, in operation, to fragment such as a result of brittle fracture.
It is also to be appreciated that the invention, if desired, can be practiced with c~rs~lP~ fabricated of a material, such as certain plastics, which is itself, at least in part and in some cases preferably substantially if not totally, combustible and therefore c~n~cl~r-ble in the oxidizing environment of the combustion chamber. A capsule made of such con~llr-hle material may provide additional energy which can be used in the pro~-~rtion of inflation gas as well as avoid the need for the provision of particular capsule features such as particular opening arrangements or ports.
The capsule 170 includes a closed outer wall 172 which defines an enclosed storage volume 174 therein adapted to contain _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ e~l ~ATENT
F298~-21-00 at least a supply of at least one fuel material in the form of a fluid, as described above. Specifically, the closed outer wall 172 includes a generally cylindrical side 176, a domed first end 180 and an initiator adjacent second end 182.
As shown, the capsule 170 is fitted within the housing 152 adjacent the dome-shaped closed end housing outer wall 162.
It is to be understood that as described above, in one preferred amhoA;r-nt, the fuel is preferably stored free of combustion oxidant. However, it is also to be appreciated that the fuel and oxidant can, if desired, be stored together therein, such as previously described.
In operation, such as upon receipt of an appropriate electrical signal by the associated initiator device, a discharge of energy such a~ in the form of a hot, particle-laden discharge i5 directed therefrom to the fuel containment assembly 150, specif ically the capsule 170 whereupon the temperature and pIes:,uL~ of the fuel material held within the enclosed storage volume 174 will increas~. Upon the PY~-eeA i n~ of the structural capability of the capsule wall 176, the capsule 170 will rupture or otherwise open and in turn rupture or otherwise open the housing outer wall 153, placing the heated fuel in f luid i-~tion with the combustion chamber and oxidant held therein. Thereafter, operation will generally be similar to that described above.
Increased or i ù~.d moderation or control of the rate at which the fuel is introduced into the combustion chamber and, in turn, increased or i uv~d moderation or control of the rate of reaction of such fuel resulting in gas production are significant benefits resulting from the utilization of a fuel contai --~
assembly in accordance with the invention. Such rate control can be realized through the appropriate selection of various design parameters. For example, the sizing and pyrotechnic loading of the initiator device can be selected to provide the desired degree o~ ~racturing or opening for a given assembly _ t.
Another design parameter which can be appropriately selected is the fracturability of the _ --t which can be varied based on factor~ such as wall 1 hirl~npss~ surface preparation (such as ~9~61 PATEN~r F298~-21-00 through the inclusion of areas of pre-w~k~n; ng such as through the inclusion of scores or the like, as well as the depth, location and arrangement of any such areas of pre-we Ik~n; nq) as well as the material of construction for the . ~n~nt. It will be appreciated that the selection, amount and fill fraction of the fuel material are additional design parameters which can be used to desirably affect assembly performance and characteristics .
Thus, the fuel~contAi --l. assembly of the invention can be designed to appropriately tailor the rate at which the fuel stored therein i9 introduced into the combustion chamber for reaction and gas production. As a result, such fuel containment assemblies permit greater flexibility in the designing of the cuLL~ Ain~ inflators to meet particular processing or operational needs. For example, by moderating the rate at which fuel i8 introduced into the combustion chamber, combustion chamber conditions which would typically be considered too aggressive or url~-o~rùllable~ such as because of a too rapid an increase in ~Sa~L-~ within the combustion chamber resulting from too great a rate of fuel introduction therein, can desirably be avoided .
FIG. 4 illustrates a fuel contA; t assembly 150' in accordance with an alternative ~ L of the invention. (As the fuel con~ assembly 150' is generally similar to the fuel contli -r~ assembly 150 shown in FIG. 3, like parts are designated by the addition of an apo~ uul,e, i . e., " "' , to the reference numeral. ) The fuel con~ assembly 150' includes a housing 152' and a capsule 170'. As in the abu~ des.,ibed ~mhori;- t, the capsule 170' includes a closed outer wall 172' which defines an enclosed storage volume 174' therein. As shown, the capsule 170' is fitted within the housing 152' adjacent the dome-shaped closed end housing outer wall 162 ' .
The capsule 170 ', however, is adapted to facilitate att~. t with and adjacent to an associated initiator device (not shown). Specifically, the capsule outer wall 172' includes an initiator adjacent second end 182~ molded to form a profile 2190Q6~
PATENT
F298~-21-00 190 adapted to cuLL~ nd to the associated initiator device.
As a fuel assembly cont~inr t device so formed will in practice desirably position the fuel load generally adjacent the discharge end of the associated initiator device, such a cont~i t device 5 can beneficially facilitate operation of the inflator.
It will be appreciated that other than for place_ent of the initiator within the assembly, operation will generally be similar to that described above for the assembly 150 of FIG. 3.
As described above, the housing of a fuel containment 10 assembly, i~ desired and in accordance with the invention, can include areas of pre-wP~kpnin~ such as in the form of scores or the like such as to facilitate opening of the assembly at specific predetermined operating conditions. It will also be appreciated that for those assemblies including a capsule device, 15 the outer wall of the capsule can, if desired, include scores or the like such as to facilitate opening of the capsule. It is thus to be appreciated that in fuel containment assemblies in accordance with the invention and which include both a housing and a capsule:
1. both the capsule and housing can be fabricated to include areas of pre-wP~kPni n~ such as in the form of scores or the like, 2. either the capsule or the housing can be fabricated to include areas of pre-wpAkpn i nq such as in the f orm of scores or the like, or

3. both the capsule and the housing can be fabricated to not include areas of pre-wP IkPn i n~ such as in the f orm of scores or the like.
Further, in those fuel cont:~i L ~&Pmhlies in accordance 30 with the invention which include only one of either a capsule or a housing ~ ~~ t, such ~ can be fabricated to include or not include areas of pre-wP~kP~in~ such as in the form of scores or the like, as desired.
FIG. 5 illustrates a fuel cont ~ assembly nt 35 210, i.e., either a housing or a capsule, in accordance with one L o~ the invention. Specifically, the ~ -nt 210, similar to those described above includes a generally bullet ~ ATENT
F298~-21-oO
shaped outer wall 212 having a generally cylindrical side wall portion 214 with an end 216, closed by means of a dome-shaped wall portion 220.
The outer side wall 214 differs from those previously 5 described in that it includes non-continuous axial scores which form an annular ring 221 of non-reduced wall th; rkness in a region of the ~ -st 210 which is subjected to high stress when the - ~ has been properly actuated.
Three sets of such nol~ continuous score~ are shown: 222a and lo 222b, 224a and 224b, and 226a and 2i6b. Specifically, the axial line of each such score arrangement is interrupted by a non-scored region, e.g., regions 222c, 224c, and 226c, respectively. These non-scored regions form a part of the annular ring 221. It will be appreciated that the inclusion of such a ring can increase the strength of the ~~-nt S~LUl.il.UL~
such as to strengthen the ~ -nt in case of application of increased external storage preSauL~s thereagainst.
FIGS. 6A, 6B, 6C and 6D each illustrate a fuel containment assembly ~ t 240a, 240b, 240c and 240d, i.e., either a houslng or a capsule, wherein a portion of the outer side wall 242a, 242b, 242c and 242d includes alternative score arrangements or forms 244a, 244b, 244c and 244d.
More particularly, FIG. 6A illustrates a score arr I , --t 244a comprising a continuous axially extending score line, similar to that shown in FIG. 2 and described above.
FIG. 6B illustrates a score arrangement 244b comprising a no~. co~.tinuous axially extending score line, similar to that shown in FIG. 5 and described above.
FIG. 6C illustrates a score arrangement 244c comprising a radially extending score line, such as would circumscribe the - -nt 240c about the outer side wall 242c.
FIG. 6D illustrates a score arrangement 244d comprising a cylindrical helix axially extending score line about the outer side wall 242d.
Additionally, while the invention has been described above relative to possible inclusion of one or more scores, areas of reduced 1-hi rl~n~q or the like about the outer side wall of one ~, PATENT
F298~-21-oO
or more fuel containment assembly components (e.g., the housing and/or capsule), it will be appreciated that scores or the like can alternatively or additionally be included elsewhere about the respective fuel containment assembly component, if desired, 5 including about the dome-shaped outer wall portion to facilitate opening thereat.
FIGS. 7A illustrates a fragmentary portion of a fuel cont~ assembly component 260, i.e., either a housing or a capsule, before opening, while FIG. 7B illustrates that same fuel 10 contAi --L assembly --Ant, now designated 260', after opening .
The ~ ~ 260 includes a domed, generally hPm;S~FhPrically-shaped outer wall 262, which has been scored in accordance with one Pmho~ of the invention. Specif ically, 15 the wall 262 includes six (6) score lines or grooves individually designated 264(a-f~ which generally extend from the top center 266 of the hPmiA-rhpre to the tangency point 270 around the edge of the hemispherically-shaped outer wall 262. These grooves 264 (a-f) taper, gradually decreasing in depth the further away 20 from the top center 266. It will be appreciated that such a structure and arrAn~, t can be used when discharge of the fuel rrom the end of the: -nt is desired. For example, such an arrA-, t can be sued when due to c -nPnt size limitations, such as insufficient side wall area, the ~ -nt lacks adequate 25 room for the inclusion of scoring along the side walls.
In operation, such as upon receipt of an appropriate electrical signal by the associated initiator device, a discharge of energy such a~ in the form of a hot, particle-laden discharge i~ directed therefrom to the fuel con~ assembly . .~nt 30 260, whereupon the temperature and yLes-~lL~ of the fuel material held within the ~r--~ 260 will increase. Upon the PxceP~linj of the structural capability of the ~ nt outer wall 262, the wall 262 will open, as shown in FIG. 7B, with the dome-shaped wall forming petals 272 (a-f) which petal open to place heated 35 fuel in f luid communication with the combustion chamber and oxidant held therein. Thereafter, operation will generally be similar to that described above.

219~061 PATENq!
F2ss~-21-oo FIG. 8A illustrates a fuel containment assembly housing 310 in accordance with one ~mho~lir~~t of the invention before opening, while FIG. 8s illustrates that same fuel contA1 - t assembly housing, now designated 310', after opening.
The housing 310 is generally similar to the housing 122 shown in FIG. 2 and described above. More specifically, the housing 310 i5 generally bullet shaped with an outer wall 312 which includes a generally cylindrical side portion 314 having an open first or base end 316 such as would be positioned lo proximate to the combustion chamber base cap portion opening (not shown) and a second end 320 which is closed by means of a dome-shaped portion 322.
The housing 310 has been selectively pre-weakened by the inclusion of six (6) generally equally spaced, axially extending score lines 324 (e.g., lines whereat the thi r--n-~c5 of the outer wall 312, specifically the cylindrical side portion 314 thereof, has been reduced), such as described above. In FIG. 8A, only three of the score lines 324 are visible and have been designated 324a, 324b and 324c, respectively. As shown, the score lines 324 do not extend into the dome-shaped portion 322, resulting in a smooth, unscored dome surface 326.
As shown by the fuel containment housing 310' of FIG. 8s, in operation and upon actuation, the pI~s~uL~ builds up within the housing results in rupture or opening of the housing along weakest areas of the outer wall 312, i.e., along the score lines 324 whereat the outer wall is the thinnest. As a result, the es-u-e build-up which causes the housing to radially swell or bulge outward is preferably exhausted through score line opPnin~a 330 formed in the outer wall 312 generally along the score lines 324. After opening, the dome-shaped portion 322 remains joined a~ a part of the housing 310' by means of bands 332 of the side wall 314, extending between adjacent score line op-~nin7a 330.
In addition to the above-described benef it of increased or d moderation or control of the rate at which the fuel is introduced into the combustion chamber, the fuel containment assembly arr~ J t of the invention can provide benef icial moderation of the inf luence of ambient temperature on inf lator PATENT
F298~-21-00 performance. Such moderation of the inf luence of ambient temperature on inflator performance (also referred to as "self~ tion") is described below with reference to FIGS.
9A, 9~ and 9C which show the fuel containment housing, shown in FIG. 8A and described above, herein individually designated 310a, 310b and 310c, respectively, wherein the housing is within a combustion chamber portion 340 of a fluid fueled inflator assembly 342, at various selected ambient temperature operating condition~. It is to be appreciated that the external pressure load on the fuel cont~i t housing 310 will increase significantly as the temperature in the combustion chamber rises.
FIG. 9A shows the housing 310a after opening when the ambient temperature within the combustion chamber is about 21C
and the pL.=S~uLæ. within the combustion chamber is about 1850 psi.
FIG. 9B shows the housing 310b after opening when the combustion ambient conditions are generally considered to be "cold", e.g., a temperature of about -40C, whereat the ~resau.
within the combustion chamber is about 1595 psi.
FIG. 9C shows the housing 310c after opening when the combustion ambient conditions are generally considered to be "hotn, e.g., a temperature o~ about 90C, whereat the pL~55U~
within the combustion chamber is about 2425 psi.
In each o~ FIGS. 9A, 9B and 9C, the area provided by the passage score line openings, designated 330a, 330b and 330c, respectively, varies with the particular conditions of operation.
As shown, at low ambient t~ ~Lu~ ~s, the housing device is subjected to relatively low external ~es~u.e and is comparatively easier to open. At a higher ambient temperature, the device is subject to relatively greater external pressure and would~ as a result typically be comparatively more difficult to open. Specifically, at a higher ambient temperature (all other factors, such as fuel drop size, equivalence ratio, oxygen C~ ,6~1~t dtion, etc. held constant) th~ ~le..,ur~ within the 35 combustion chamber will be greater and it is hence more difficult for an initiator of a given strength to fully open the housing.
Thus, as the ambient temperature and hence pressure increases, .

~ 061 PA'rE:NT
F2ss~-2~-oo the relative amount of passage area provided upon opening of the housing decrease, resulting in a decrease in the rate fuel material passes from the housing into the combustion chamber.
Additionally, it is believed that the quality of the degree of 5 atomization is reduced in that the relative size of the fuel drops ~rud-lced increases. Relatively larger sized drops will require more time to be heated, vaporized and burned. In view of the fuel materials of the invention generally being more reactive at higher temperatures, an inflator assembly having such 10 a fuel con'~i t device can self c -~ate for the effect of a typical or normally anticipated change in ambient temperature such as by more quickly releasing fuel when at a lower ambient tltU~ and, alternatively, more slowly releasing fuel at a higher ambient temperature.
It is to be appreciated that similar effects can also be realized when the fuel con~ device is a capsule, such as described herein.
As a result, inflators utilizing fuel contai ~rt devices such as described herein can generally desirably experience significantly reduced variability in performance with changes in ambient temperature.
While the invention has been described above with reference to the possible inclusion of score lines or the like in fuel assembly _ ~ Ls (such as a housing or a capsule) such as to facilitate assembly opening at specific predet~rrnined operating condition~, it will be appreciated that, if desired, the invention can be practiced with the selective inclusion of one or more ~ hening or stiffening features to prevent, avoid or make more difficult opening of the assembly or of selected portions thereof.
For example, FIG. 10 illustrates a fuel assembly ~ ~nt 350, i.e., either a housing or a capsule, with an outer wall 352 having a generally circular cross section and de~ining an inner volume 354. The ~ ~ 350 includes within the internal volume 354, adjacent the inner surface 356 of the outer wall 352 a wall support feature 360, shown in the form of a stiffening circular ring or rib. Such inclusion of a wall support feature ~190061 PATENT
F298~-21-oO
can generally serve to increase the external load capacity of the component 350, such as to prevent buckling of the outer wall when subjected to increase external storage pressures, without significantly affecting the internal pressure required to open the cr-r^,nPnt wall 352.
It will be appreciated that while the support feature has been shown in the form of a continuous circular ring or rib, other appropriate f orms or shapes can be used to provide the desired effect. For example, support features in the form of non-circular rings as well as nol. co-.tinuous forms, such as only along specific or particular portions of the outer wall of the ~ -nt can, as desired be utilized. In general, however, as continuous forms of such support features will generally provide increased support, such forms will typically be preferred.
It will be appreciated that a support feature such as the ab~ es-_Libed stiffening ring can typically be formed of the same material, such as metal plastic or ceramic, used in the rabrication of the specific assembly _ --^^t but with variation in I h ~ rl~n--~5, as required .
While the invention has been described above relative to the use Or a fuel cont~i t assembly housing having an outer side and dome wall which is solid (i.e., free of openings), it is to be understood that the invention, at least in its broader aspect~, is not so limited. For example, when the fuel cont~ t assembly includes a capsule wherein the fuel i5 stored and a housing which at least in part is in !-uLLoullding relati~^n~h;r with the capsule, as the housing is not in fluid communication with the fuel in the at rest state for the assembly, the housing can include vpeninqq placed or situated as desired to effect performance.
FIG. 11 illustrates one such fuel containment assembly 370 in accordance with the invention. Specifically, the fuel contAi -nt assembly 370 includes a capsule 372 generally similar to that described above in reference to FIG. 4 and a wire screen mesh housing 374, which serves to appropriately retain the capsule and should the capsule fracture into separate pieces upon '~190~6~
PAT~T
F298~-21-00 actuation of the fuel containment assembly such a housing can serve to retain such formed capsule pieces.
The capsule 372 includes an outer wall 376 which defines an enclosed storage volume 380 therein. The capsule outer wall 376 includes an initiator adjacent second end 382 molded to form a profile 384 adapted to correspond to the associated initiator device (not shown).
The housing 374 is made of metal wire screen mesh, for example, in conjunction with a capsule fabricated of plastic, a o 10-24 mesh per square inch wire screen can be used and in conjunction with a capsule fabricated of ceramic, a 24-100 mesh per square inch wire screen can be used.
In practice, such housings will typically be fabricated from steel, aluminum or the like metal wire materials. It will also be appreciated that appropriate alternatives to wire form screen mean~ can be used. For example, rather than screen means formed by metal wires, appropriate screen means can be formed from perforated metal and Pyr~nApd metal, as desired.
FIGS. 12 and 13 illustrate a fuel containment assembly 410 in accordance with yet another alternative P~ho~ 1. of the invention. The assembly 410 includes a capsule 412 of molded material, e.g., plastic, adapted for direct at1~ t to a cLL ~ r~in~ portion of an inflator assembly, for example, the inf lator combustion chamber base cap portion 112 shown in FIG.
2.
The capsule 412, similar to the capsule 170' described above, includes an outer wall 414 which defines an enclosed storagQ volume 416 therein adapted to contain at least a supply of at least one fuel material in the form of a fluid, as described above. Specifically, the outer wall 414 includes a generally cylindrical side 420, a domed first end 422 and an initiator adjacent second end 424 molded to form a profile 426 adapted to c-,L~e~ d to the associated initiator device (not shown) .
~lolded into the capsule outer wall 414 is a retainer 430 havinq a first end 431 with an outwardly curled lip 432 and a second end 433 molded into the capsule outer wall 414, between ~ ~006~
PA~rENI
F298~-21-oo an inner layer 414a and an outer layer 414b. The retainer 430 extends circumferentially about the inner layer 414a and is included to facilitate direct attachment of the capsule in an inf lator assembly .
In practice, such retainers will typically be fabricated of metal material, e.g., steel or aluminum, with the metal material stamped and inserted into a mold with, for example, a suitable plastic capsule material molded there around.
The thickness of the retainer as well as the length the retainer extends between the inner and outer layers of the capsule outer wall can be appropriately selected to provide the desired strength to the assembly.
The assembly 410 includes gas flow orifice passageways 434 along the capsule side wall 420, through the outer layer 414a and the retainer 430. The enclosed storage volume 416 is normally blocked from fluid _ ication with these orifices passageways by means of the inner layer 414a of the capsule outer wall 414.
However, at a desired point in time, e.g., upon proper flln~tionin~ of the initiator device resulting in a pressure increase within the enclosed storage volume 416, the orifice closing portions of the inner layer 414a of the outer wall 414, hereinafter designated 435, will properly fail and permit discharge of the capsule contents.
To facilitate opening of such an assembly at specific predetermined operating conditions, the orifice closing portions 435 of the inner layer 414a can be selectively pre-weakened such as by the inclusion, along the outer surface 436 of the inner layer 414a, of areas o~ reduced wall thickness such as by the scoring o~ at least a portion of the perimeters of the portions 435. These scores are designated 438.
For example, FIG. 14A illustrates a portion 440 of the outer ~urface 436 o~ the capsule side wall inner layer 414a which ln~ gas flow ori~ices, individually designated 434a and 434b, having CU~L~ ;ng orifice closing portions 435a and 435b. As shown, the perimeters of the orifice closing portions 435a and 435b include areas of reduced thickness, designated 438a and 438b, respectively. These areas of reduced thickness are . ~ 2~061 PATENT
F298~-21-00 generally in the form of an incomplete circle and outline the perimeter of the orifice closing portions 435a and 435b. The circle of reduced thickness is incomplete in that a portion, designated 446a and 446b, respectively, of the wall layer 414a 5 in the path of the circle is of an unreduced thickness and thus serves to retain the CULL-_IJ~ ;ng closing portions 435a and 435b with the balance of the wall layer material upon the opening of the orifice p~s~geways 434a and 434b, as shown in FIG. 14B for gas flow orifice passageway 434a.
In operation, such as upon receipt of an appropriate electrical signal by the associated initiator device, a discharge of energy such as in the form of a hot, particle-laden discharge is directed therefrom to the fuel cont~ assembly 410, specifically the capsule 412, whereupon the temperature and pressul~ of the fuel material held within the enclosed storage volume 416 will increase. Upon the P~cee~lin~ of the structural capability of the capsule wall 414, the capsule 412 will rupture or otherwise open, placing the heated fuel in fluid communication with the combustion chamber and oxidant held therein.
Thereafter, operation will generally be similar to that described above .
FIG. 15 illustrates a fluid fueled inflator assembly 510 in accordance with an alternative ~mho~ of the invention. The inflator 510 includes an elongated generally cylindrical 2s sleeve 516, having a first and a second end, 520 and 522, respectively, and defines a chamber 523, herein referred to as a combustion chamber.
The first end 520 is partially closed by means of an integral ~h~ portion 524. A diffuser assembly 526, such as described above relative to the diffuser assembly 26 of FIG. 1, i5 attached by a circumferential weld 527 in sealing relation to the sleeve first end 520. As with the diffuser assembly 26, the diffuser assembly 526 includes a generally cylindrical sleeve 532 having a cap portion 534 and a base portion 536 to define a diffuser chamber 540. Each o~ the diffuser assembly cap and base portions, 534 and 536, respectively, include a closed first end 542a and 542b, respectively, and an open second end 544a and _, . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~
PAq~El F298~-21-Oo 544b, respectively. The diffuser assembly cap portion 534 includes a plurality of openings 546, adjacent the closed cap first end 542a, for dispensing inflation gas from the inflator assembly into an airbag assembly (not shown). The diffuser assembly base portion 536 additionally includes a plurality of opPnin~q 548, adjacent the closed base first end 542b, for passage of inflation gas from the chamber 523, into the diffuser chamber 4 0 .
The diffuser assembly cap and base portions, 534 and 536, io respectively, are aligned with the open second end of each, i.e., ends 544a and 544b, respectively, being closed by sealing means, e . g., by means of a rupture disc 550 abutting thereagainst. The diffuser assembly rupture disc 550 is joined in sealing relation with the di~fuser assembly cap and base portions, 534 and 536, respectively, by means of a circumferential weld 551 at the periphery of the disc 550. In the static state, the disc 550 serves to separate the contents of the chamber 523 from the airbag .
An end base 560 is attached by a circumferential weld 562 in sealing relation to the sleeve second end 522. The end base 560 includes a base cap 564 joined thereto via a base shoulder connecting portion 566. The base shoulder connecting portion 566 serves as a convenient means o~ locating the end base 560 relative to the sleeve 516, as well as providing a location for a circum~erential weld 562 whereby the end base 560 is attached in sealing relation to the sleeve 516.
The end base 560 includes an opening 570 therein, wheL~hr~u~l~ an initiator device 572 is attached in sealing relation, such as with a weld, crimping or other suitable hermetic seal, within the inflator 510. The initiator device 572 i nr~ s a discharge end 574 . A fuel cont~ t assembly 576 in accordance with the invention and such as previously described herein is located within the chamber 523, adjacent the initiator device discharg~ end 574. The fuel con1 ai t assembly 576 contains or holds contents which include a quantity of at least one fuel material in the form of fluid.

PAT~NT
F298~-21-oo In operation, such as upon the sensing of a collision, an electrical signal is sent to the initiator device 572, such as a conventional pyrotechnic initiator device. Such an initiator device will upon receipt of an appropriate electrical signal ignite and emit energy, such as in the form of a hot, particle-laden discharge, into the ruel containment assembly 576.
In turn, the temperature and pressure o~ the fuel stored within the fuel cont~ assembly 576 will increase. Upon the PYrPe~n~ of the structural capability of the a6sembly 576, e.g., at predetermined operating conditions, the assembly will rupture or otherwise open placing the heated fuel in fluid ~ nication with the chamber 523. In the chamber 523, the heated fuel and oxidant (such as normally stored apart from the fuel in the chamber 523 or, as previously described herein, stored together with the fuel material within the fuel containment assembly 576) form a flammable mixture which, via initiation by the initiator, ignites and burns at an elevated temperature and pressure.
The hot gas produced upon the burning of the f lammable mixture results in a rapid pressure rise within the chamber 523.
When the gas ~Las~uLe within the chamber 523 exceeds the ~-Lu~iLu~al capability of the rupture disc 550, the disc LUIJ~ULeS
or otherwise permits the passage of the hot gas through the diffuser assembly 526 and out the opPninJ~ 546 into the airbag assembly .
It will be appreciated that as such an inflator design does not include a separate storage chamber rOr the storage of a pL~S~U' ized gas separate from the fuel and/or oxidant, such an inflator design typically will be _ ~secl of fewer parts as compared to the above-described inflator design of FIG. 1. Such reduction in parts and simplified assembly can desirably facilitate and reduce the costs associated with manufacture and assembly as well as reduce the weight of the inf lator assembly .
As described above, the pre-wP~Pning of fuel cont~ t assembly ~ ~nPnts, e.g., either a housing and/or a capsule, such as by selectively reducing the thickness of the outer wall of the -t such as by the inclusion of one or more score lines or the like, can minimize or reduce the amount of pressure _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~190~1 PAT~NT
F298~-21-00 or force and in turn the amount of energy required to open such a ~ ~ ~nt. Further, allowing the ~n-nt to preferentially open along a predetermined path such as provided by such a score line results in a more controlled opening and can thus reduce or minimize the potential for undesired fragmentation of the ~ t upon opening.
However, in addition to opening in a controlled manner (e.g.
without undesired fragmentation) to allow the fuel and combustion oxidant to properly contact and mix upon initiation, fuel cont~ as6emblies in accordance with the invention generally are required to perform additional various functions including being able to withstand large external pressure lo~ds (e.g., up to 2000 psi or more) without collapsing or buckling.
It will be appreciated that the pL~ k_ninq of fuel cont^i !r~ assembly components can detrimentally impact the external ~as, ~La load capacity of the fuel cont~i ~ assembly --~. specifically, the inrl~ ^n of score line grooves or the like which are relatively long and thin, typically can reduce the strength of the fuel cont ~i ~ assembly ~~ -nt by 50~6 or more, as the bur~l inq ~.a~ (e.g. registance to b'~r~l inq) of the ~ nt is generally a strong function of the wall ~hirl~nAgg and, particularly, the score groove length and depth.
Alternatively, the utilization of relatively short shallow score line grooves while having a less detrimental impact on the external load capacity of the ~ t, generally can more commonly result in r~ ~tion of the ~ ^nt upon initiation of the assembly.
In an effort to avoid or overcome at least some of the abu.~ de~_.ibed complication~ resulting from reducing the thickness of a ~ t outer wall, one aspect of the invention has been the dev~l:, t, as described below, of selectively reducing the, t outer wall thirlrn-~s to multiple depths, what is referred to hereinafter as "multiple depth" grooves or score lines.
Turning now to FIG. 16, there is illugtrated a simplified schematic of a fuel cont~i t assembly ~ ^-t 610, i.e., either a housing or a capsule. Specifically, the - --^nt 610, _ _ . ~ ~19~061 PATENT
F298~-21-oo similar to those described above, includes an outer wall 612 having a generally cylindrical side wall portion 614 with a first end portion 616 and a second end portion 618. The cylindrical side wall portion 614 includes a section, designated 624, which as detailed below with reference to FIGS. 17A and 173, has been ~L~ n~d~ such as by having the thickness of the outer wall 612, specifically along the cylindrical side wall portion 614, selectively reduced by the inclusion of one or more axial score lines .
lo FIGS. 17A and 17s are simplif ied and enlarged fragmentary drawings illustrating alternative arrA, Ls, designated 630 and 632, respectively, of the cylindrical side wall portion section 624 of FIG. 16 wherein the th i ~nPC8 of the outer wall 612 has been selectively reduced. Specifically, the arrangement 630 of FIG. 17A illustrates a score line 634 of generally constant depth, similar to that previously shown in FIG. 2, for example, and whereat the outer wall 612 has a generally uniform thirl~n-s,, designated 635, along the length of the score line 634 .
The arrangement 632 of FIG. 17B illustrates a multiple depth groove or score line 636 in accordance with one _mhoSi- t of the invention. Specifically, while the outer wall 612 has a general thickness designated 638, the score line 636 includes a segment 640, in the general center portion of the cylindrical side wall 614, ~orming a relatively short and deep groove. At the score line segment 640, the outer wall 612 has a thickness designated 642, which is less than the general thickness 638 of the outer wall 612.
The incc,~uLc.tion of such a short and relatively deep groove 3 0 generally reduces the amount of energy required to open the t, e.g., a 50 formed ~ --t will generally open at a lower internal ~Le__l.e.
The score line segment 640 is bordered on both ends by score line 5~ - t s 646a and 646b whereat the outer wall 612 has a thickness designated 650. The l h~.~Ln_cs 650 of the outer wall at score line segments 646a and 646b, while greater than the outer wall ~hirL-n-ss 642 at the central score line segment 640 ~igO~61 PATENT
F298~-21-00 is still less than the general thickness 638 of the outer wall 612 .
The inclusion of the bordering score line segments 646a and 646b which, as compared to the score line segment 640, are of comparatively greater thickness provide a path along which the opening of the _ ~?nt can propagate thereby resulting in the ---nt opening in a more controlled manner and reduce or minim;7e the potential for undesired fragmentation of the -~lt upon opening. Additionally, the thicker bordering score line segments provide greater stiffness or resistance to bl~ n~. As a result, the inclusion of such a multiple depth selectively reduced wall thickness in a fuel containment assembly ~r~! t of the invention minimizes or reduces the amount of pressure or force and in turn the amount of energy required to open such _ fnt while still providing sufficient strength to avoid undesired ,hllr~l ing of the ?~t.
While fuel contAi t assemblies in accordance with the invention have been described above with reference to assemblies containing a housing or a capsule fuel contA i t assembly -- ~, either alone or togelh~r, it will be appreciated that when one of these ts is used alone without the other, then the: t used would typically be constructed to be able to withstand a larger external pressure as compared to those assemblies i n~ n1 both such ~ ~rts.
For example, a capsule which is used without a fuel con~?,i t assembly housing (such as, at least in some circumstances, the capsule 412 shown in FIGS. 12 and 13, for example) would typically be constructed more robustly, e.g., with a thicker outer wall, as 2d to a capsule (such as the capsule 170 shown in FIG. 2) situated within a housing (such as the housing 152 shown in FIG. 2) which housing would typically carry at least a portion if not substantially all of the external p~eSauLé applied to the assembly. It will be appreciated, however, that in at least some applications ln~ ludin1 both a housing and a capsule ?rt, it may be desirable to rely on s~ch an underlying structure as the capsule to carry at least some of the external ~r eSa~lL ~ load . In such ~19V~61 PATENT
F298~-21-00 an instance, the housing wall thickness can be appropriately reduced or minimized.
As described-above, the fuel cont l i t ~c~ l i es of the invention are generally designed or adapted to rupture or open 5 at predetermined operating conditions. In general, such fuel cont~i - t assembly design can represent a ~ ncing of various factors including the general desire for rapid release of the stored fuel and the ability of the assembly to withstand higher or relatively greater external loads.
lo More specifically, as the inflation of automotive airbags must meet very stringent performance criteria, in practice it will be appreciated that in certain applications utilizing the f luid fuel materials of the invention in the fuel containment assemblies of the invention it may be advantageous and desirable 15 for the fuel containment assembly to open or release the stored fuel as quickly as reasonably possible. Such quick opening of the fuel cont~i ~ assembly will permit the rapid release, vaporization and combustion of the released fuel and may be particularly desirable for those assemblies containing relatively 20 heavier fuels, e.g., fuel materials of higher molecular weight, viscosity, surface tension and/or heat of vaporization, for example .
The external load on the fuel con~;-i t lc~ s of the invention are generally a result of the elevated p~ ~s~uL ~s 25 normally present in the combustion chamber. In practice, the fuel con ~i I assemblies of the invention will be designed to safely withstand a high external load without failure or rupture.
It is also to be appreciated that i vv-~d safety can be realized through the use of a pre-filled fuel-containing assembly 3 o _ 1 in accu~ance with the invention .
For example, as allowed with at least some of the above-described: hQr~ 5, the appropriately selected assembly ~ can be filled with fuel at a location remote from the site of the balance of the inf lator production or assembly.
35 Thus, in one ~ir-- t, a capsule can be appropriately filled with ruel at a location remote from the location at which the inflator is a~ iately ~illed to contain a pressurized ~9V~61 P~TENT
F298~-21-00 oxidizing gas, for example. As a result, the potential for a possible fire or explosion from the undesired contact of the fuel and oxidant can be significantly reduced ir not eliminated. Such a safety development can be ~reci 1l ly significant in a high 5 assembly rate environment such as associated with the mass production of vehicular restraint system airbag inf lators .
Additionally, such a fuel-containing co-r~nPnt can be checked for the undesired leakage of fuel prior to installation of the: ~ into the inflator housing, with the appropriate 10 rejection of any unacceptable ^-~ts. Then, following installation of an appropriately checked c - ~, the assembled inflator can in appropriate situations itself be leak checked.
Such a leak check process can better ensure the quality of installed inf lator assemblies .
In view of the above, the invention provides an inf lator assembly which utilizes a fuel in the form of a fluid that is burned to produce inflation gas and which assembly appropriately moderates the impact of operation at varying ambient temperature conditions. Further, the invention provides such an inflator 20 assembly having i ~ d moderation or control of the rate at which the fuel is ill~.v-l~ced into the combustion chamber and, in turn, i u~ moderation or control of the rate of reaction of such ruel.
The invention illustratively disclosed herein suitably may 25 be practiced in the absence of any element, part, step, ~ --t, or ingredient which is not specifically disclosed herein .
The foregoing detailed description is given for clearness o~ understanding only, and no -, PcPss~ry limitations are to be 30 understood therefrom, as modirications within the scope of the invention will be obvious to those skilled in the art.
Consistent therewith, appearances of mean-plus-function clauses in thQ claims are intended to cover not only structural equivalents but also equivalent structures. For example, 35 although a nail and a screw may not be considered e~uivalent l-~LU~;~UJ~3 in that a nail employs a cylindrical surface to secure parts together, whereas a screw employs a helical surface, in the ~190~
PATENT
F298~-21-00 envirOnment of part fastening, a nail and a screw ~ay be equivalent structures.

Claims (71)

What is claimed is:

1. An apparatus for inflating an inflatable device, said apparatus comprising:
a first chamber wherein at least one fuel in the form of a fluid is burned to produce combustion products;
a fuel containment assembly including a capsule having an outer wall and defining an enclosed storage volume, with the storage volume adapted to contain at least a supply of the at least one fuel in the form of a fluid prior to installation of the capsule in the apparatus, with the capsule adapted to open at predetermined operating conditions to be in fluid communication with said first chamber; and an initiator to initiate burning of the at least one fuel in said first chamber.

2. The apparatus of Claim 1 wherein the at least one fuel comprises a fluid in the form of a gas, liquid, finely divided solid or a combination thereof.

3. The apparatus of Claim 1 wherein the at least one fuel comprises a fluid in the form of a gas.

4. The apparatus of Claim 1 wherein the at least one fuel comprises a fluid in the form of a liquid.

5. The apparatus of Claim 1 wherein the at least one fuel comprises a fluid in the form of a finely divided solid.

6. The apparatus of Claim 1 wherein the at least one fuel is stored free of combustion oxidant within said fuel containment assembly.

7. The apparatus of Claim 1 wherein the at least one fuel and an oxidant are stored together within said fuel containment assembly as a single material.

8. The apparatus of Claim 7 wherein the single material comprises a hydroxyl ammonium nitrate-based liquid monopropellant.

9. The apparatus of Claim 1 wherein the capsule is formed from plastic.

10. The apparatus of Claim 1 wherein the capsule is fabricated of a material at least in part consumable in the oxidizing environment of the first chamber.

11. The apparatus of Claim 1 wherein the outer wall of the capsule is shaped to form a profile adapted to correspond to the external shape of said initiator.

12. The apparatus of Claim 1 wherein the capsule includes integral therewith a retainer adapted to permit direct attachment of the capsule within the apparatus.

13. The apparatus of Claim 1 wherein the capsule has been pre-weakened by selectively reducing the thickness of the outer wall.

14. The apparatus of Claim 13 wherein said selective reduction in the thickness of the capsule outer wall comprises at least one axially extending score.

15. The apparatus of Claim 13 wherein said selective reduction in the thickness of the capsule outer wall comprises at least one radially extending score.

16. The apparatus of Claim 13 wherein said selective reduction in the thickness of the capsule outer wall comprises at least one cylindrical helix axially extending score.

17. The apparatus of Claim 13 wherein said selective reduction in the thickness of the capsule outer wall comprises at least one non-continuous score.

18. The apparatus of Claim 13 wherein said selective reduction in the thickness of the capsule outer wall comprises at least one multiple depth score.

19. The apparatus of Claim 1 wherein the capsule includes at least one stiffening feature.

20. The apparatus of Claim 1 wherein the stiffening feature comprises a ring adjacent the inner surface of the capsule outer wall and adapted to increase the external load capacity of the capsule.

21. The apparatus of Claim 1 wherein said fuel containment assembly is adapted to moderate the rate of introduction of the fuel into the first chamber dependent on selected design parameters including sizing of said initiator, fracturability of the capsule and selection, amount and fill fraction of the fuel.

22. The apparatus of Claim 1 wherein said fuel containment assembly is adapted to self-compensate for the influence of ambient temperature.

23. The apparatus of Claim 1 wherein said fuel containment assembly additionally comprises a housing adjacent at least a portion of the external side of capsule outer wall.

24. The apparatus of Claim 23 wherein said housing is fabricated of metal.

25. The apparatus of Claim 23 wherein said housing in fabricated of a material impervious to the at least one fuel.

26. The apparatus of Claim 23 wherein said housing comprises a screen means material.

27. The apparatus of Claim 23 wherein said housing comprises an outer wall and the housing outer wall has been pre-weakened by selectively reducing the thickness of the housing outer wall.

28. An apparatus for inflating an inflatable device, said apparatus comprising:
a first chamber wherein at least one fuel in the form of a fluid is burned to produce combustion products; and a fuel containment assembly including:
a closed housing having an outer wall and adapted to contain a supply of the at least one fuel in the form of a fluid with the outer wall impervious to the at least one fuel, with the housing adapted to open at predetermined operating conditions to be in fluid communication with said first chamber;
the housing also having, along a second wall, an initiator to initiate burning of the at least one fuel in said first chamber.

29. The apparatus of Claim 28 wherein the at least one fuel comprises a fluid in the form of a gas, liquid, finely divided solid or a combination thereof.

30. The apparatus of Claim 28 wherein the at least one fuel comprises a fluid in the form of a gas.

31. The apparatus of Claim 28 wherein the at least one fuel comprises a fluid in the form of a liquid.

32. The apparatus of Claim 28 wherein the at least one fuel comprises a fluid in the form of a finely divided solid.

33. The apparatus of Claim 28 wherein the at least one fuel is stored free of combustion oxidant within said fuel containment assembly.

34. The apparatus of Claim 28 wherein the at least one fuel and an oxidant are stored together within said fuel containment assembly as a single material.

35. The apparatus of Claim 34 wherein the single material comprises a hydroxyl ammonium nitrate-based liquid monopropellant.

36. The apparatus of Claim 28 wherein the housing is formed from metal.

37. The apparatus of Claim 28 wherein the housing has been pre-weakened by selectively reducing the thickness of the outer wall.

38. The apparatus of Claim 37 wherein said selective reduction in the thickness of the housing outer wall comprises at least one axially extending score.

39. The apparatus of Claim 37 wherein said selective reduction in the thickness of the housing outer wall comprises at least one radially extending score.

40. The apparatus of Claim 37 wherein said selective reduction in the thickness of the housing outer wall comprises at least one cylindrical helix axially extending score.

41. The apparatus of Claim 37 wherein said selective reduction in the thickness of the housing outer wall comprises at least one non-continuous score.

42. The apparatus of Claim 37 wherein said selective reduction in the thickness of the housing outer wall comprises at least one multiple depth score.

43. The apparatus of Claim 28 wherein the housing includes at least one stiffening feature.

44. The apparatus of Claim 28 wherein the stiffening feature comprises a ring adjacent the inner surface of the housing outer wall and adapted to increase the external load capacity of the capsule.

45. The apparatus of Claim 28 wherein said fuel containment assembly is adapted to moderate the rate of introduction of the fuel into the first chamber dependent on selected design parameters including sizing of said initiator, fracturability of the housing and selection, amount and fill fraction of the fuel.

46. The apparatus of Claim 28 wherein said fuel containment assembly is adapted to self-compensate for the influence of ambient temperature.

47. An apparatus for inflating an inflatable device, said apparatus comprising:
a closed fuel containment assembly including a capsule having an outer wall and defining an enclosed storage volume, with the storage volume adapted to contain, prior to installation of the capsule in the apparatus, contents including at least a supply of at least one fuel in the form of a fluid, with said fuel containment assembly adapted to open at predetermined operating conditions;
a first chamber in fluid communication with at least a portion of the supply of the at least one fuel from the capsule upon opening of said fuel containment assembly, wherein the at least one fuel is burned to produce combustion products including hot combustion gas, the combustion of the at least one fuel increasing the temperature and pressure within said first chamber with said first chamber adapted to open when a predetermined increase in pressure within said first chamber is realized, whereby at least a portion of the hot combustion gas is expelled from said first chamber;
a second chamber containing a supply of pressurized stored gas, said second chamber in fluid communication with said first chamber upon the opening of said first chamber with the hot combustion gag expelled from said first chamber mixing with the pressurized stored gas to produce inflation gas, said second chamber adapted to open when a predetermined increase in pressure within said second chamber is realized after the hot combustion gas expelled from said first chamber mixes with the pressurized stored gas to produce the inflation gas, whereby at least a portion of the inflation gas is expelled from said second chamber to inflate the device; and an initiator to initiate burning of at least a portion of the at least one fuel in said first chamber.

48. The apparatus of Claim 47 wherein the at least one fuel is stored free of combustion oxidant within said fuel containment assembly.

49. The apparatus of Claim 47 wherein the at least one fuel and an oxidant are stored together within said fuel containment assembly as a single material.

50. The apparatus of Claim 49 wherein the single material comprises a hydroxyl ammonium nitrate-based liquid monopropellant.

51. The apparatus of Claim 47 wherein the capsule has been pre-weakened by selectively reducing the thickness of the outer wall.

52. The apparatus of Claim 51 wherein said selective reduction in the thickness of the capsule outer wall comprises at least one multiple depth score.

53. The apparatus of Claim 47 wherein said fuel containment assembly is adapted to moderate the rate of introduction of the fuel into the first chamber dependent on selected design parameters including sizing of said initiator, fracturability of the capsule and selection, amount and fill fraction of the fuel.

54. The apparatus of Claim 47 wherein said fuel containment assembly is adapted to self-compensate for the influence of ambient temperature.

55. The apparatus of Claim 47 wherein said fuel containment assembly additionally comprises a housing adjacent at least a portion of the external side of the capsule outer wall.

56. The apparatus of Claim 55 wherein the housing comprises a screen means material.

57. The apparatus of Claim 56 wherein the housing comprises an outer wall and wherein the housing outer wall has been pre-weakened by selectively reducing the thickness of the housing outer wall.

58. An apparatus for inflating an inflatable device, said apparatus comprising:
a fuel containment assembly including a closed housing having an outer wall and adapted to contain contents including a supply of at least one fuel in the form of a fluid, the outer wall being impervious to the at least one fuel, with the housing outer wall adapted to open at predetermined operating conditions;
a first chamber in fluid communication with said fuel containment assembly upon opening of the housing outer wall, wherein at least a portion of the supply of the at least one fuel is burned to produce combustion products including hot combustion gas, the combustion of the at least one fuel increasing the temperature and pressure within said first chamber with said first chamber adapted to open when a predetermined increase in pressure within said first chamber is realized, whereby at least a portion of the hot combustion gas is expelled from said first chamber;
a second chamber containing a supply of pressurized stored gas, said second chamber in fluid communication with said first chamber upon the opening of said first chamber with the hot combustion gas expelled from said first chamber mixing with the pressurized stored gas to produce inflation gas, said second chamber adapted to open when a predetermined increase in pressure within said second chamber is realized after the hot combustion gas expelled from said first chamber mixes with the pressurized stored gas to produce the inflation gas, whereby at least a portion of the inflation gas is expelled from said second chamber to inflate the device; and an initiator to initiate the burning of the at least one fuel in said first chamber.

59. The apparatus of Claim 58 wherein the at least one fuel is stored free of combustion oxidant within said fuel containment assembly.

60. The apparatus of Claim 58 wherein the at least one fuel and an oxidant are stored together within said fuel containment assembly as a single material.

61. The apparatus of Claim 60 wherein the single material comprises a hydroxyl ammonium nitrate-based liquid monopropellant.

62. The apparatus of Claim 58 wherein the housing has been pre-weakened by selectively reducing the thickness of the outer wall.

63. The apparatus of Claim 62 wherein said selective reduction in the thickness of the housing outer wall comprises at least one multiple depth score.

64. The apparatus of Claim 58 wherein said fuel containment assembly is adapted to moderate the rate of introduction of the fuel into the first chamber dependent on selected design parameters including sizing of said initiator, fracturability of the housing and selection, amount and fill fraction of the fuel.

65. The apparatus of Claim 58 wherein said fuel containment assembly is adapted to self-compensate for the influence of ambient temperature.

66. A method for inflating an inflatable safety device in a vehicle using an inflation apparatus, said method comprising the steps of:
opening either:
a) a closed capsule containing, prior to installation in the apparatus, at least a supply of at least one fuel in the form of a fluid, or b) a closed fuel housing of a fuel containment assembly, the housing containing at least a supply of at least one fuel in the form of a fluid prior to said opening, with said opening resulting in a release of at least a portion of the supply of the at least one fuel into a first sealed chamber;
burning the released portion of the supply of the at least one fuel in the first sealed chamber to produce combustion products including hot combustion gas; and releasing inflation gas comprising at least a portion of the combustion gas from the apparatus to inflate the inflatable safety device.

67. The method of Claim 66 wherein prior to the release of the inflation gas, said method additionally comprises the step of:
mixing at least a portion of the hot combustion gas from the first chamber with a pressurized stored gas in a second chamber to produce the inflation gas.

68. The method of Claim 67 wherein the first sealed chamber includes at least one gas exit opening normally closed by a sealing means, said burning increasing the temperature and pressure within the first chamber, with the first chamber sealing means opening when a predetermined increase in pressure within the first chamber is realized to expel the hot combustion gas from the first chamber into the second chamber, and wherein the second chamber includes at least one gas exit port normally closed by a sealing means, said mixing increasing the temperature and pressure within the second chamber, with the second chamber port sealing means opening after the hot combustion gas expelled from the first chamber has mixed with the pressurized stored gas to produce the inflation gas and when a predetermined increase in pressure within the second chamber is realized, to expel the inflation gas from the second chamber to inflate the inflatable safety device.

69. The method of Claim 66 wherein:
a) when opening the closed capsule, said opening comprises rupturing an outer wall of the closed capsule and b) when opening the closed fuel housing, said opening comprises rupturing an outer wall of the closed fuel housing.

70. The method of Claim 66 wherein the degree to which either the capsule or the housing, respectively, opens and the rate at which the fuel is released into the sealed first chamber is dependent on the ambient temperature at which the method is conducted.

71. A method of manufacturing an apparatus for inflating an inflatable device, said method comprising the steps of:
at least partially filling an enclosed storage volume in a capsule with a supply of least one fuel in the form of a fluid, the enclosed storage volume defined by an outer wall of the capsule and loading the fuel-containing capsule into an apparatus subcombination including;
a first chamber in fluid communication with the fuel-containing capsule upon opening of the capsule, wherein the at least one fuel is burned to produce combustion products, and an initiator to initiate burning in said first chamber of at least a portion of the supply of the at least one fuel.