CA2179084C - Captured clamp for wallform panel - Google Patents
Captured clamp for wallform panel Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2179084C CA2179084C CA 2179084 CA2179084A CA2179084C CA 2179084 C CA2179084 C CA 2179084C CA 2179084 CA2179084 CA 2179084 CA 2179084 A CA2179084 A CA 2179084A CA 2179084 C CA2179084 C CA 2179084C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- wallform
- shank
- clamp
- panel
- securing
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
- E04G17/00—Connecting or other auxiliary members for forms, falsework structures, or shutterings
- E04G17/04—Connecting or fastening means for metallic forming or stiffening elements, e.g. for connecting metallic elements to non-metallic elements
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Finishing Walls (AREA)
- Connection Of Plates (AREA)
Abstract
A wallform panel is disclosed which includes a series of captured clamps which can be locked within the panel in a storage position. The clamps are easily moved to allow clamping of abutting panels during assembly of wallform panels. The clamp has a shank and a handle where the handle provides a mechanical advantage for rotating the shank. Rotation of the shank allows camming faces to engage opposed side rails of wall panels and lock them together.
Description
,._ TITLE: CAPTURED CLAMP FOR WALLFORM PANEL
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to concrete wallform systems, and in particular relates to a concrete wallform panel having a captured securing clamp for securing two adjacent wallform panels.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Concrete wallform systems are now well known and some of these systems are based on connecting rectangular wallform panels to define a particular wailform.
Wallform panels, and in particular hand set panels have used various different types of clamping arrangements for securing panels in an aligned manner. Specialized clamps are used which are often in the form of a bolt and wedge member which pass through aligned slots in the side rails of wallforms and the wedge is then driven into a port to draw the two wallforms into abutment. These clamps work satisfactorily, however, they can get lost on the job site and the contractor is either charged for this loss or must replace these devices. Furthermore, the securing arrangements are not always available when the wallforms are brought into alignment.
A securing arrangement which is fast and secure is highly desirable, as it allows a fast connection of panels as well fast separation of the panels for setup and storage.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A wallform panel according to the present invention has a captured clamp which remains secured to the wallform panel and is available when the wallform panel is connected to an adjacent panel. The captured clamp, in a preferred embodiment, also locks in an interior location within the wallform to reduce the possibility of damage to the clamp when the wallform is stored.
~-A wallform panel according to an aspect of the present invention comprises a perimeter frame supporting a concrete facing substrate. The perimeter frame includes side rails generally perpendicular to the concrete facing substrate. Each side rail has a plurality of securing slots for aligning with like slots of abutting wallforms to be secured. The wallform includes a plurality of clamps attached to the wallform with each clamp being associated with one of said securing slots. Each clamp is movable from a storage position wherein said clamp is secured within said perimeter frame to an engagement position wherein said clamp extends through the associated slot for engaging an abutting wallform panel. Each clamp includes a shank having interior and exterior opposed camming members which are spaced to tightly bind two side rails therebetween when the clamp is in an engagement position.
The clamp also includes a handle connected to the shank for rotating the shank about a longitudinal axis thereof between an aligned position allowing said exterior camming member to pass through a slot of an adjacent side rail to said engagement position causing said interior camming member to tightly engage said side rail adjacent said slot.
According to a preferred aspect of the invention, the clamping member includes two additional camming surfaces for engaging the side rails of abutting wallforms adjacent a rear edge of the side rails.
According to a further aspect of the invention, the clamp is designed for rotation in either direction about said shank to cause gripping of two opposed side rails.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Preferred embodiments of the invention are shown in the drawings, wherein:
Figure 1 is a partial perspective view showing two abutting side rails of abutting aligned wallform panels;
Figure 2 is a side view showing the clamping member in a securement position;
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to concrete wallform systems, and in particular relates to a concrete wallform panel having a captured securing clamp for securing two adjacent wallform panels.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Concrete wallform systems are now well known and some of these systems are based on connecting rectangular wallform panels to define a particular wailform.
Wallform panels, and in particular hand set panels have used various different types of clamping arrangements for securing panels in an aligned manner. Specialized clamps are used which are often in the form of a bolt and wedge member which pass through aligned slots in the side rails of wallforms and the wedge is then driven into a port to draw the two wallforms into abutment. These clamps work satisfactorily, however, they can get lost on the job site and the contractor is either charged for this loss or must replace these devices. Furthermore, the securing arrangements are not always available when the wallforms are brought into alignment.
A securing arrangement which is fast and secure is highly desirable, as it allows a fast connection of panels as well fast separation of the panels for setup and storage.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A wallform panel according to the present invention has a captured clamp which remains secured to the wallform panel and is available when the wallform panel is connected to an adjacent panel. The captured clamp, in a preferred embodiment, also locks in an interior location within the wallform to reduce the possibility of damage to the clamp when the wallform is stored.
~-A wallform panel according to an aspect of the present invention comprises a perimeter frame supporting a concrete facing substrate. The perimeter frame includes side rails generally perpendicular to the concrete facing substrate. Each side rail has a plurality of securing slots for aligning with like slots of abutting wallforms to be secured. The wallform includes a plurality of clamps attached to the wallform with each clamp being associated with one of said securing slots. Each clamp is movable from a storage position wherein said clamp is secured within said perimeter frame to an engagement position wherein said clamp extends through the associated slot for engaging an abutting wallform panel. Each clamp includes a shank having interior and exterior opposed camming members which are spaced to tightly bind two side rails therebetween when the clamp is in an engagement position.
The clamp also includes a handle connected to the shank for rotating the shank about a longitudinal axis thereof between an aligned position allowing said exterior camming member to pass through a slot of an adjacent side rail to said engagement position causing said interior camming member to tightly engage said side rail adjacent said slot.
According to a preferred aspect of the invention, the clamping member includes two additional camming surfaces for engaging the side rails of abutting wallforms adjacent a rear edge of the side rails.
According to a further aspect of the invention, the clamp is designed for rotation in either direction about said shank to cause gripping of two opposed side rails.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Preferred embodiments of the invention are shown in the drawings, wherein:
Figure 1 is a partial perspective view showing two abutting side rails of abutting aligned wallform panels;
Figure 2 is a side view showing the clamping member in a securement position;
,.._..
Figure 3 is a top view showing two abutting side rails with the clamping member in a securing position;
Figure 4 shows the clamping member in a storage position within one wallform panel;
Figure 5 shows connection of three wallform panels;
and Figure 6 is a side view showing a side rail of a wallform panel.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
A panel based concrete wallform system 2 is shown in Figure 6 where three wallform panels 4 are shown in an abutting configuration. Each wallform panel 4 has a perimeter rectangular frame 6 defined by connected side rails 8. The side rails 8 are adapted to abut and cooperate with side rails of adjacent wallform panels.
Figure 1 shows portions of two abutting wallform panels 4 about to be interconnected by means of the clamp 20. The side rails 8 of each wallform panel 4 have a plurality of securing slots 10. These securing slots are of a nonsymmetrical nature and the preferred keyhole type slot shown is preferred. It can be seen that these securing slots 10 are positioned at a host of standard positions in the length of each side rail 8 to allow a host of offset modular positions to be achieved, such as shown in Figure 5. Furthermore, the portion of the slot to allow the exterior camming face to pass through is positioned close to the rear edge of the side rail. This central position allows rotation of the shank in either direction for clamping and also maintains strength of the side rail at the front face.
Each wallform panel 4 has a concrete facing substrate 12 located within the perimeter frame and typically supported from behind. In the case of the side rails 8, they include a number of tabs 14 which extend inwardly and support the substrate 12 at the rear thereof.
Typically, the tabs can include a port for allowing a screw to pass through the tab and into the substrate 12. Other securing arrangements are possible.
The side rails 8 preferably have a front abutment flange 50, a rear abutment flange 52 and a recessed locking web 54. When two side rails are brought into abutment, as shown in Figure 1, these flanges and recessed webs cooperate to define the spring gap 56 between the opposed recessed locking webs 54.
The clamping member 20 is retained within the perimeter frame 6 by a bracket 16 secured to the wallform panel. The bracket 16 includes a keyhole port 18 through which the clamping member extends. The clamping member 20 includes a handle portion 26 and a shank 22. The shank 22 includes interior camming face 24 and an exterior camming face 25 provided at a free end of the shank 22. The clamp 20, as shown in Figure 1, is about to draw the locking webs 54 of the opposed wallform panels towards each other and force the abutment flanges 50 and flanges 54 into tight engagement. This reduces the seam in the face of the concrete caused by the junction of flanges 50 The side rails of the wallform panels have been positioned to align securing slots 10 and the handle has been rotated such that the camming face 25 can pass through the aligned slots 10.
The clamp is moved such that the shank 22 now extends between the two side rails 8 with the interior camming face 24 located to the interior surface of one side rail and the exterior camming face 25 located to the interior of the opposed side rail. The handle is then rotated about the longitudinal axis of the shank by forcing the handle in the direction of arrow 45. This rotation of shank 22 causes camming faces 24 and 25 to progressively engage the opposed recessed locking webs 54 and draw the opposed rails into tight engagement. Each of these locking webs can flex somewhat and forms a tensioned state due to engagement with the camming faces. This provides a tight joint 60 between the wallform panels and thus reduce any seams between the wallform panels. It can also be appreciated that the rear faces of the side rails are brought into engagement and a '~.
further clamping of the side rails is achieved as the free end of the handle includes opposed locking slots 28 and 30 which engage the rear edge of the side rails at a position on the side rails somewhat distant from the shank 22. This is clearly shown in Figure 3. This further enhances the securement of the side rails.
From Figure 1, it can be appreciated that although the handle is shown as rotating in the direction of arrow 45, it could be rotated in the opposite direction about the longitudinal axis of the shank 22 and engage the side rails with slot 28 at a position, in this case, above the position of the shank 22. This may be desirable depending upon the amount of shift between panels and the location of other clamps.
The shank is retained within the frame as it is captured between the handle 26 and a locking pin 40.
Either the locking pin 40 or the interior cam face 24 strikes the bracket 16 such that the clamp cannot be removed.
Figure 3 illustrates how the locking pin 40 engages bracket 16 while maintaining the free end 41 of the shank generally within the side rail 8. In this way, the shank is always aligned with the hole 10 in the side rail. The handle 26 also includes a locking lug 34 for locking with the interior of the side rail. As seen in Figure 2, this locking lug, when rotated to the storage position of Figure 4, is partially captured within one of the securing slots 10. This provides positive retainment of the handle within the storage position. This is particularly appropriate for storage of panels where the clamp is retained in the storage position and is not prone to damage. It can be appreciated that it is within the perimeter frame 6 of the wall panel form and is retained in that position due to engagement of the locking lug 34 with one of the securing slots 10.
If the clamp 20 becomes damaged or requires replacement, locking pin 40 is removed and the handle can then be rotated to allow the camming faces 24 and 25 to WH-9574cA 2179084 align with the keyhole 18 in the bracket 16. A new clamp can then be inserted.
It can be appreciated that the concrete wallform panels 4 will preferably have a series of clamps along each side rail for engaging adjacent wallform panels. These panels will also have captured clamps for providing additional securement.
The clamping members can be located on the side rails according to a predetermined arrangement to reduce the possibility of two clamping members being positioned opposite one another when wall panels are brought into abutment.
It can also be appreciated from the above description that the clamp members need not be all captured and it is certainly possible to have separate clamps which are merely inserted into desired aligned securing slots during assembly of the panels.
Although various preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described herein in detail, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, that variations may be made thereto without departing from the spirit of the invention or the scope of the appended claims.
Figure 3 is a top view showing two abutting side rails with the clamping member in a securing position;
Figure 4 shows the clamping member in a storage position within one wallform panel;
Figure 5 shows connection of three wallform panels;
and Figure 6 is a side view showing a side rail of a wallform panel.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
A panel based concrete wallform system 2 is shown in Figure 6 where three wallform panels 4 are shown in an abutting configuration. Each wallform panel 4 has a perimeter rectangular frame 6 defined by connected side rails 8. The side rails 8 are adapted to abut and cooperate with side rails of adjacent wallform panels.
Figure 1 shows portions of two abutting wallform panels 4 about to be interconnected by means of the clamp 20. The side rails 8 of each wallform panel 4 have a plurality of securing slots 10. These securing slots are of a nonsymmetrical nature and the preferred keyhole type slot shown is preferred. It can be seen that these securing slots 10 are positioned at a host of standard positions in the length of each side rail 8 to allow a host of offset modular positions to be achieved, such as shown in Figure 5. Furthermore, the portion of the slot to allow the exterior camming face to pass through is positioned close to the rear edge of the side rail. This central position allows rotation of the shank in either direction for clamping and also maintains strength of the side rail at the front face.
Each wallform panel 4 has a concrete facing substrate 12 located within the perimeter frame and typically supported from behind. In the case of the side rails 8, they include a number of tabs 14 which extend inwardly and support the substrate 12 at the rear thereof.
Typically, the tabs can include a port for allowing a screw to pass through the tab and into the substrate 12. Other securing arrangements are possible.
The side rails 8 preferably have a front abutment flange 50, a rear abutment flange 52 and a recessed locking web 54. When two side rails are brought into abutment, as shown in Figure 1, these flanges and recessed webs cooperate to define the spring gap 56 between the opposed recessed locking webs 54.
The clamping member 20 is retained within the perimeter frame 6 by a bracket 16 secured to the wallform panel. The bracket 16 includes a keyhole port 18 through which the clamping member extends. The clamping member 20 includes a handle portion 26 and a shank 22. The shank 22 includes interior camming face 24 and an exterior camming face 25 provided at a free end of the shank 22. The clamp 20, as shown in Figure 1, is about to draw the locking webs 54 of the opposed wallform panels towards each other and force the abutment flanges 50 and flanges 54 into tight engagement. This reduces the seam in the face of the concrete caused by the junction of flanges 50 The side rails of the wallform panels have been positioned to align securing slots 10 and the handle has been rotated such that the camming face 25 can pass through the aligned slots 10.
The clamp is moved such that the shank 22 now extends between the two side rails 8 with the interior camming face 24 located to the interior surface of one side rail and the exterior camming face 25 located to the interior of the opposed side rail. The handle is then rotated about the longitudinal axis of the shank by forcing the handle in the direction of arrow 45. This rotation of shank 22 causes camming faces 24 and 25 to progressively engage the opposed recessed locking webs 54 and draw the opposed rails into tight engagement. Each of these locking webs can flex somewhat and forms a tensioned state due to engagement with the camming faces. This provides a tight joint 60 between the wallform panels and thus reduce any seams between the wallform panels. It can also be appreciated that the rear faces of the side rails are brought into engagement and a '~.
further clamping of the side rails is achieved as the free end of the handle includes opposed locking slots 28 and 30 which engage the rear edge of the side rails at a position on the side rails somewhat distant from the shank 22. This is clearly shown in Figure 3. This further enhances the securement of the side rails.
From Figure 1, it can be appreciated that although the handle is shown as rotating in the direction of arrow 45, it could be rotated in the opposite direction about the longitudinal axis of the shank 22 and engage the side rails with slot 28 at a position, in this case, above the position of the shank 22. This may be desirable depending upon the amount of shift between panels and the location of other clamps.
The shank is retained within the frame as it is captured between the handle 26 and a locking pin 40.
Either the locking pin 40 or the interior cam face 24 strikes the bracket 16 such that the clamp cannot be removed.
Figure 3 illustrates how the locking pin 40 engages bracket 16 while maintaining the free end 41 of the shank generally within the side rail 8. In this way, the shank is always aligned with the hole 10 in the side rail. The handle 26 also includes a locking lug 34 for locking with the interior of the side rail. As seen in Figure 2, this locking lug, when rotated to the storage position of Figure 4, is partially captured within one of the securing slots 10. This provides positive retainment of the handle within the storage position. This is particularly appropriate for storage of panels where the clamp is retained in the storage position and is not prone to damage. It can be appreciated that it is within the perimeter frame 6 of the wall panel form and is retained in that position due to engagement of the locking lug 34 with one of the securing slots 10.
If the clamp 20 becomes damaged or requires replacement, locking pin 40 is removed and the handle can then be rotated to allow the camming faces 24 and 25 to WH-9574cA 2179084 align with the keyhole 18 in the bracket 16. A new clamp can then be inserted.
It can be appreciated that the concrete wallform panels 4 will preferably have a series of clamps along each side rail for engaging adjacent wallform panels. These panels will also have captured clamps for providing additional securement.
The clamping members can be located on the side rails according to a predetermined arrangement to reduce the possibility of two clamping members being positioned opposite one another when wall panels are brought into abutment.
It can also be appreciated from the above description that the clamp members need not be all captured and it is certainly possible to have separate clamps which are merely inserted into desired aligned securing slots during assembly of the panels.
Although various preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described herein in detail, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, that variations may be made thereto without departing from the spirit of the invention or the scope of the appended claims.
Claims (12)
1. A wallform system comprising a plurality of wallform panels; each wallform panel comprising a perimeter frame supporting a concrete facing substrate, said perimeter frame including side rails extending generally perpendicular to said concrete facing substrate, each side rail having a series of securing slots for cooperation with securing slots of other wallforms when brought into abutting alignment therewith, some of said securing slots having an attached clamping member aligned with the respective securing slot and movable from a storage position secured within said perimeter frame to a position for engaging an adjacent side flange of an aligned abutting wallform panel, said clamp comprising a shank having interior and exterior opposed camming members spaced to tightly engage two side rails of abutting aligned wallforms therebetween, said shank having a connected handle for rotating said shank about a longitudinal axis thereof, said slots in one position of said handle aligning said exterior camming member to pass through said slot and to pass through an aligned slot of an abutting aligned wallform and thereafter to cause said camming members to engage said side rails and clamp said wallforms by using said handle to rotate said shank to a clamping position with said camming members clamping said side rails.
2. A wallform system as claimed in claim 1 wherein said camming members engage said side rails when said handle is rotated in either direction about said shank.
3. A wallform system as claimed in claim 1 wherein said handle when rotated to said clamping position also engages and clamps said side rails at a different location on said side rails.
4. A wallform system as claimed in claim 3 wherein each clamp is movable to a retained storage position within said perimeter frame for transportation or storage of the wallform panel.
5. A wallform system as claimed in claim 3 wherein said handle in said storage position releasably locks with said side rail and thereby retains said clamp within said perimeter frame.
6. A wallform system as claimed in claim 5 wherein said exterior camming member in said storage position engages and presses against said side rail.
7. A wallform system as claimed in claim 6 wherein said securing slots are keyhole slots.
8. A wallform panel comprising a perimeter frame supporting a concrete facing substrate, said perimeter frame including side rails generally perpendicular to said concrete facing substrate, each side rail having a series of securing slots for cooperation with like securing slots of similar wallforms, some of said securing slots each having an attached clamping member cooperating therewith and movable from a storage position secured within said perimeter frame to a clamping position for engaging an adjacent side rail of a an adjcent wallform panel, said clamp comprising a shank having interior and exterior opposed camming members spaced to tightly engage two opposed side rails of adjacent aligned wallform panels therebetween, said shank having a connected handle for rotating said shank about a longitudinal axis thereof and for limited movement of said shank along the longitudinal axis thereof, a support arrangement for said shank within said perimeter frame to accommodate said rotation of said shank and limited sliding movement along the axis thereof, said slots in one position of said handle aligning with said exterior camming member to allow said exterior camming member to pass through said slot and to pass through an aligned slot of an adjacent wallform panel and thereafter with movement of said handle to rotate said shank cause said camming members to engage and clamp said opposed side rails.
9. A wallform panel comprising a rectangular frame defined by four side rails with a concrete engaging face within said frame and at one side thereof, each side rail having a series of keyhole securing slots spaced in the length of said side rail for aligning with keyhole securing slots in side rails of similar wallforms, at least some of said keyhole securing slots having an associated clamping member for cooperating with the respective keyhole securing slot to effect clamping of abutting wallform panels, said clamping member comprising a shank held within said perimeter frame with a free end thereof aligned with said keyhole slot and movable to extend through said keyhole securing slot, said shank at said free end having an exterior cam face and an interior cam face spaced in the length of said shank for engaging therebetween the side rail of the wallform panel and a side rail of an abutting wallform panel; said shank including a lever handle for rotating said shank to a first position where said cam faces are within said perimeter frame and said exterior cam face is aligned with said keyhole securing slot for passing therethrough, said shank being slidable from said first position to cause said free end and said exterior cam face to pass through said keyhole securing slot, whereafter said shank can be rotated about the longitudinal axis thereof to a clamping position.
10. A wallform panel as claimed in claim 9 wherein said clamp is movable to a storage position within said perimeter frame.
11. A wallform panel as claimed in claim 9 wherein said handle includes two opposed clamping surfaces which engage and clamp a rear edge of said side rail when said clamp is in the clamping position.
12. A wallform panel comprising a perimeter frame supporting a concrete facing substrate, said perimeter frame including side rails generally perpendicular to said concrete facing substrate, each side rail having a plurality of securing slots for aligning with securing slots of adjacent abutting wallforms, a plurality of clamps attached to said wallform, each clamp being associated with one of said securing slots, each clamp being movable from a storage position wherein said clamp is secured within said perimeter frame of said wallform, to an engagement position wherein said clamp extends through the associated securing slot for engaging the perimeter frame of an abutting wallform panel, each clamp including a shank having interior and exterior opposed camming members which are spaced to tightly bind two side rails therebetween when said clamp is in an engagement position, said clamp including a handle connected to said shank for rotating said shank about a longitudinal axis thereof between an aligned position allowing said exterior camming member to pass through said securing slot to said engagement position, causing said interior camming member to tightly engage said side rail adjacent said securing slot.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2179084 CA2179084C (en) | 1996-06-13 | 1996-06-13 | Captured clamp for wallform panel |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2179084 CA2179084C (en) | 1996-06-13 | 1996-06-13 | Captured clamp for wallform panel |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2179084A1 CA2179084A1 (en) | 1997-12-14 |
| CA2179084C true CA2179084C (en) | 2008-04-15 |
Family
ID=4158405
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2179084 Expired - Fee Related CA2179084C (en) | 1996-06-13 | 1996-06-13 | Captured clamp for wallform panel |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA2179084C (en) |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US10975585B2 (en) | 2018-10-15 | 2021-04-13 | Peri Formwork Systems, Inc. | Connection assembly for formwork |
| CN109518961B (en) * | 2018-12-03 | 2021-04-30 | 广东博智林机器人有限公司 | Semi-solid forming's fast assembly template mechanism |
| CN114072561A (en) * | 2019-05-07 | 2022-02-18 | Peri股份公司 | Improved shuttering panel |
| US12031340B1 (en) | 2022-01-03 | 2024-07-09 | Peri Formwork Systems, Inc. | Support waler and method of striking formwork |
-
1996
- 1996-06-13 CA CA 2179084 patent/CA2179084C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CA2179084A1 (en) | 1997-12-14 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request | ||
| MKLA | Lapsed |