CA2177466A1 - Particles for binding monovalent cations, use of such particles as well as methods for scavenging and removing sodium and/or potassium ions - Google Patents
Particles for binding monovalent cations, use of such particles as well as methods for scavenging and removing sodium and/or potassium ionsInfo
- Publication number
- CA2177466A1 CA2177466A1 CA002177466A CA2177466A CA2177466A1 CA 2177466 A1 CA2177466 A1 CA 2177466A1 CA 002177466 A CA002177466 A CA 002177466A CA 2177466 A CA2177466 A CA 2177466A CA 2177466 A1 CA2177466 A1 CA 2177466A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- particles
- modified
- cations
- dowex
- membrane
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 55
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 48
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 29
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- 229910001415 sodium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 11
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 9
- 229910001414 potassium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 3
- 230000002000 scavenging effect Effects 0.000 title description 3
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 210000001035 gastrointestinal tract Anatomy 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- -1 hydrogen ions Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000003094 microcapsule Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 235000013373 food additive Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000002778 food additive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000008194 pharmaceutical composition Substances 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 229920001467 poly(styrenesulfonates) Polymers 0.000 claims description 14
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 claims description 10
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 229920001429 chelating resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000001205 polyphosphate Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000011176 polyphosphates Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- FHVDTGUDJYJELY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-{[2-carboxy-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(phosphanyloxy)oxan-3-yl]oxy}-4,5-dihydroxy-3-phosphanyloxane-2-carboxylic acid Chemical compound O1C(C(O)=O)C(P)C(O)C(O)C1OC1C(C(O)=O)OC(OP)C(O)C1O FHVDTGUDJYJELY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000881 Modified starch Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940072056 alginate Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000010443 alginic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000615 alginic acid Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- AEMOLEFTQBMNLQ-BKBMJHBISA-N alpha-D-galacturonic acid Chemical compound O[C@H]1O[C@H](C(O)=O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O AEMOLEFTQBMNLQ-BKBMJHBISA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000004676 glycans Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001282 polysaccharide Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000005017 polysaccharide Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001413 alkali metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920005646 polycarboxylate Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000388 Polyphosphate Polymers 0.000 claims 3
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 150000007942 carboxylates Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 20
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 14
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 11
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 8
- 235000019640 taste Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 5
- NWUYHJFMYQTDRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-bis(ethenyl)benzene;1-ethenyl-2-ethylbenzene;styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1.CCC1=CC=CC=C1C=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C NWUYHJFMYQTDRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 241000195493 Cryptophyta Species 0.000 description 4
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000010675 chips/crisps Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 235000005911 diet Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000000706 filtrate Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005469 granulation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000003179 granulation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000003456 ion exchange resin Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920003303 ion-exchange polymer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 235000014347 soups Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 4
- 241000282320 Panthera leo Species 0.000 description 3
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000037213 diet Effects 0.000 description 3
- 210000003608 fece Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 3
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000006187 pill Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 3
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920002873 Polyethylenimine Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010871 livestock manure Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000019643 salty taste Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ca+2] UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 206010013786 Dry skin Diseases 0.000 description 1
- NPYPAHLBTDXSSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium ion Chemical compound [K+] NPYPAHLBTDXSSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000002595 Solanum tuberosum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000061456 Solanum tuberosum Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000282887 Suidae Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001110 calcium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011148 calcium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910001628 calcium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003729 cation exchange resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002301 cellulose acetate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000378 dietary effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000016253 exhaustion Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 235000012041 food component Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000005417 food ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000037406 food intake Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000014109 instant soup Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- KWWHDNLMGLRNRN-NKWVEPMBSA-N linatine Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCC(=O)NN1CCC[C@@H]1C(O)=O KWWHDNLMGLRNRN-NKWVEPMBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108010064842 linatine Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 159000000003 magnesium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000012054 meals Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000013372 meat Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000000116 mitigating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005615 natural polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920006284 nylon film Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002085 persistent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000002467 phosphate group Chemical group [H]OP(=O)(O[H])O[*] 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019684 potato crisps Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000012015 potatoes Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000144977 poultry Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000028327 secretion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005029 sieve analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002994 synthetic fiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000012209 synthetic fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001059 synthetic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- DVKJHBMWWAPEIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N toluene 2,4-diisocyanate Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(N=C=O)C=C1N=C=O DVKJHBMWWAPEIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000032258 transport Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2/00—Processes or devices for granulating materials, e.g. fertilisers in general; Rendering particulate materials free flowing in general, e.g. making them hydrophobic
- B01J2/02—Processes or devices for granulating materials, e.g. fertilisers in general; Rendering particulate materials free flowing in general, e.g. making them hydrophobic by dividing the liquid material into drops, e.g. by spraying, and solidifying the drops
- B01J2/06—Processes or devices for granulating materials, e.g. fertilisers in general; Rendering particulate materials free flowing in general, e.g. making them hydrophobic by dividing the liquid material into drops, e.g. by spraying, and solidifying the drops in a liquid medium
- B01J2/08—Gelation of a colloidal solution
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L27/00—Spices; Flavouring agents or condiments; Artificial sweetening agents; Table salts; Dietetic salt substitutes; Preparation or treatment thereof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L27/00—Spices; Flavouring agents or condiments; Artificial sweetening agents; Table salts; Dietetic salt substitutes; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L27/40—Table salts; Dietetic salt substitutes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L27/00—Spices; Flavouring agents or condiments; Artificial sweetening agents; Table salts; Dietetic salt substitutes; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L27/70—Fixation, conservation, or encapsulation of flavouring agents
- A23L27/72—Encapsulation
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L29/00—Foods or foodstuffs containing additives; Preparation or treatment thereof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
- A23L33/16—Inorganic salts, minerals or trace elements
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23P—SHAPING OR WORKING OF FOODSTUFFS, NOT FULLY COVERED BY A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS
- A23P10/00—Shaping or working of foodstuffs characterised by the products
- A23P10/30—Encapsulation of particles, e.g. foodstuff additives
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
- A61K9/50—Microcapsules having a gas, liquid or semi-solid filling; Solid microparticles or pellets surrounded by a distinct coating layer, e.g. coated microspheres, coated drug crystals
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
- A61K9/50—Microcapsules having a gas, liquid or semi-solid filling; Solid microparticles or pellets surrounded by a distinct coating layer, e.g. coated microspheres, coated drug crystals
- A61K9/5005—Wall or coating material
- A61K9/5021—Organic macromolecular compounds
- A61K9/5026—Organic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyvinyl pyrrolidone, poly(meth)acrylates
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
- A61K9/50—Microcapsules having a gas, liquid or semi-solid filling; Solid microparticles or pellets surrounded by a distinct coating layer, e.g. coated microspheres, coated drug crystals
- A61K9/5005—Wall or coating material
- A61K9/5021—Organic macromolecular compounds
- A61K9/5036—Polysaccharides, e.g. gums, alginate; Cyclodextrin
- A61K9/5042—Cellulose; Cellulose derivatives, e.g. phthalate or acetate succinate esters of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
- A61K9/5047—Cellulose ethers containing no ester groups, e.g. hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J13/00—Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
- B01J13/02—Making microcapsules or microballoons
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
- A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs
Abstract
The present invention relates to particles for binding monovalent cations, in particular microcapsules, comprising a) a nucleus containing a cation exchanging material and applied thereon; b) a coating comprising a membrane being permeable for monovalent cations, m particular sodium, potassium, ammonium and hydrogen ions, wherein said membrane is essentially not disintegrated during passage through the intestinal tract of humans or animals. The invention further relates to the use of such particles for preparing monovalent cations containing foodstuff and/or monovalent cations containing food additives destined to be consumed by humans or animals or for preparing pharmaceutical compositions.
Description
- ~ 77466 _ WO 9S/14531 PCTn~L93/o0252 pprtirl~c fnr b~n-1inv mnnnvP1~nt rnt;nnc. ,c~ o~ 5..rh ~Prtirl~c AR
w~ll nc methn-lc for qrnvf~nvin~ Pn.l remnvin~ Sn-~i Pnll/or ~otnqq~..m The present invention relates to particles for binding mono-valent cations, which particles are generally in the form of micro-capsules .
In several situations it is desired to lower the amounts of monovalent cations being present in products ~cuch as foodstuff or food additives destinated to be consumed by humans or animals. E.g.
in EP-EI-0150574 it is stated that it is well-known that one of the contributory factors to 1,",_. Lel~aion and some other diseases is the excessive ingestion of salt, i.e. sodium chloride. This makes circumvention/prevention of sodium in foods a most important and effective dietetic care for patients suffering from I~YI~ L~:,~lon or renal troubles and those who wish to prevent these diseases. So far these people have been forced to take an -nrnl nt~ prescribed diet of ~n extremely low salty taste. The sodium content of certain food-stuffs can also be reduced by adding a ~cnl ~nntin~ agent such as an ion exchange resin to the food prior to consumption. This method also results in a low salty taste. Another method for the medical treatment of such a patient is to administrate the patient, preferably after consumption of sodium, a ri~CAl innting agent capable of absorbing an excess of sodium ions which may be an acidic ion ex-change resin or a weakly acidic ion exchange resin in the potassium form or in the hydrogen form with the object of removing or mitigating the adverse influences caused by the sodium ions when the patient takes an ordinary meal rnnfn~nin~ salt in order to give it an acceptable taste. These ion exchange resins are of course inherently not edible and extremely ~nrAlntnhl~ for the patients, but also toxic since the resin binds bivalent ions and also other essential compounds. Accordingly, it has been eagerly desired to develop a A..qnl ~nntin~ agent which in itself is a food ingredient of good rnlntnhility and not harmful to humans and animals.
The invention of EP-~-0150574 relates to the use of marine algae as ~l~cn1 inntin~ agents. These materials should, however, be used in rel~tively large amounts. For instance, for each g of sodium 2~ 77~66 chloride an amount of at least about 20 g of marine algae is needed.
The algae materi~l is viscous and bulky since it will be saturated with water, several fold in weight compared to its own weight.
FuLL~ vLe, the marine algae product is not a reliable ;~c~linAtine agent in view of lacking stability in the digestive tract. A further disadvantage is that salt will be instantaneously absorbed, which has an adverse effect on the taste. FuL Lll~ Le bivalent cations will be bound and removed from the body which might lead to mineral exhaus tion ( depletion ) .
A method for reducing the salt content of foodstuff solutions and s~lcr~nc;nnc is described in CH-003158. In this document an ion exchange resin is present in a permeable sachet, made of natural or synthetic fiber sheet, filter paper, porous plastics or perforated metal sheet. Preferably the exchange resin contains calcium, potassium or ammonium ions and the sachet is only half-filled. These sachets are used for reducing the sodium content of soups in special diets. It will be clear that the taste effect of sodium chloride is lost before the soups are consumed.
It is an ob~ect of the present invention to provide a material or composltlon capable of efficiently binding monovalent cations such as sodium ions without the disadvantages of the known materials as discussed in the above.
Additional ob~ects, advantages and novel features of the present invention are set forth in the description that follows, and in part will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon exami-nation of the following description or may be leQrnt by practice of the invention.
To achieve the foregoing ob~ect and in a~ dc~l~e with the pur-pose of the present invention, as embodied and broadly described herein, there is provided a material consisting of particles for binding monovalent cations, in particular microcapsules, comprising a) a nucleus containing a cation ,,Y,h~ne;nLr material and applied thereon b) a coating comprising a membrane being permeable for monovalent cations, in particular sodium, potassium, ammonium and hydrogen ions, wherein said membrane is essentially not disintegrated during ~ W095/14531 2 1 7~466 PCT~L93/00252 passage through the intestinal tract of humans or animals.
The particles according to the invention are a sare means to sbsorb from the human body specific amounts of sodium in order to allow the consumption of sodium in the diet. In one r ' mmnt a specific amount of sodium is absorbed by the microcapsules and removed from the body. In another: ' ' m~.nt a specific amount of sodium is absorbed while the same amount of added sodium is present in the foodstuff. In this way an overdosis of the cation mYrhAngine material can never be administered.
A surprising advantage of this invention is that the sodium concentration in several parts of the intestinal tract is relatively high (100 mM and higher) so that a strong driving force for the ex-change is present. This concentration is (much) higher than the sodium ~ull~ellLL~ Lion in most foods. The bivalent ion cu..~llLL~.Llon and the K~ ~u--~.lL-c,Lions being relatively low.
In general an ion ~Yrh~n~inf~ material will be mnr~r5~ tPt9 in an ion specific membrane resulting in the particles of the invention. These particles will absorb sodium ions on passage through the intestinal tract and the sodium loaded particles will s~hqeql~ntly be removed from the body simultaneously with the faeces. It is preferred that bivalent cations or higher valent cat-ions are far less efficiently removed by the particles of the invention. ~r~nceql~mntly~ according to an aspect of the present invention the membrane is also almost not permeable for di- or higher valent cations, the r~ Atirn rate of monovalent cations being greater than that of bi- or higher valent cations, preferably at least 20 times greater, in particular at least 10 times greater.
In practice the amount of bivalent and higher cations removed from the body is at least a 100-fold less than the monovalent ions.
The cation ~Yrh~n~in~ material being present in the particles of the invention comprises all types of ion F~Yrhnn~i n~ polymers such as synthetic and natural polymers, food grade and non-food grade materials, strongly charged and weakly charged, biodegradable and persistent, fast as well as slowly absorbing monomers as well as polymers. Preferably the cation ~Yrh~neing material has been selected from the group consisting of polycarboxylates, poly-r~lmlnF.t~.c, polyacrylates, polyacrylatn _u l~ins~t~c and polyphos-Wo 95/14531 4 PCr/NL93/00252 phates having ion ~Yrhnng;n~ capacity such ns poly~ c nnntn;n;nf~ 3-lOOO phosphate units per molecule, which poly~ A~
may be soluble in water or not, (modified) polysaccharides, (modified) cellulose, (modified) starch, (modified) pectine, (modified) alginate, s~llrhnnnte~l polyvinylstyrenes such as Dowex lôôôO, Dowex 50 X ô, Dowex ô505, Dowex !ISC-l, Amberlite 200, Amber-lite CG-120, Amberlite IRP-69.
It is preferred that the cation ~Yrhnn~;ne material is in the monovalent ion form and contains alkali metal ions such as K', ~-, NH4 and Na~. If the cation ~Y~hAn~;n~ material is in a higher valent form, e.g. the Ca-' form, it will be difficult to have an efficient exchange of ions through a membrane which will be more permeable for monovalent cations than for bi- or higher valent cations. The Ca-' and Mg-- that will be absorbed by the particles of this invention can be . -Pt.'CI by the packing of (minute) amounts of Ca ~/Mg'- on the outside of the particles.
As mentioned in the above the particles of the present invention are preferably in the form of microcapsules, which will generally have a diameter in the range of O.OOl-lO mm, preferably of O.Ol-lO mm, and more preferably of O.l-l mm.
According to a further: ' ''m-~nt of the present invention the outer surface of the coating of the particles can be treated with a surface-active substance (surfactant), in general a phycinlne;nnlly acceptable detergent. By such a detergent the particles do not stick together so that it can be applied better to various foodstuffs.
The particles of the present invention may comprise all thinkable - ~nnt;nnq of a hard or a soft nucleus (granule) with a hard or a soft coating.
Prior to their use the particles of the invention may be treated with bivalent metal ions such as Ca'- or Mg-- (i.e. in a solution of a calcium and/or magnesium salt) in order to inactivate "leaking" particles. By such a measure the leak particles are "loaded" with bivalent ions and will be inactive in the intestinal tract of humans and animals.
The particles of the invention may also be used for removing sodium ions from foodstuff including food additives just before consumption or, if desired, before packaging of the foodstuff.
~ WO 95/14531 2 1 7 7 4 6 G PCT~L93/00252 The particles of the invention may also be used as "table top"
salt. In a specific ~ mont the p~rticles of the invention are mixed with sodium chloride resulting in a table top salt which has the taste of salt but not the dis6.1val.t6"_3 of sodium ions in the body. With such a table top salt all kinds of foodstuffs such as soup, fried potatoes and meat can be seasoned safely.
It should be noted that the particles of the invention can also be used succesfully in fodder for animals, not only for lowering Na-, but also K- which is e . g . required in fodders for pigs and poultry to lower the water secretion. Manures with significantly lower water contents are desired in order to lower transPOrt, storage and treatment costs of (excess) manure.
The particles of the invention can also be used in or as IJ~ I irnl compositions for lowering monovalent cation levels, in particular sodium and potassium ion levels in humans and animals respectively .
The invention also relates to a Qethod for scavenging sodium and/or potassium and/or ammonium ions in the intestinal tract of humans and animals.
The invention also relates to a method removing sodium and/or potassium and/or ammonium ions from products ~rnntAin~ne such cat-ions, for instance foodstuffs or food additives, wherein the fore-going particles are added to said products, in the case of food products prior to consumption thereof.
The invention also relates to a method for keeping a natural salty Na' taste, in nntinn with a low Na- administration by the qnr1i~atinn of particles or microcapsules as defined in the above.
The invention also comprises the ~ rnl use of the particles of the invention, for instance in the form of pills or tablets. It will be evident that such pills or tablets may have various diameters, e . g . in the range of 5-50 mm . In such a use a pill having a diameter of e.g. 25 mm m~y be dissolved in water prior to 8~ 10~in~ it.
The invention also relates to a method for scavenging sodiu_ and/or potassium and/or ammonion ions from solutions in which other cations are present.
The in ntion is further illustrated in the following examples.
WO 95/14531 2 ~ ~ 7 4 6 6 6 PCTIN!L93/00252 iExample 1 Granulation and coating of K~;pol~ Le In a fluidized bed spray granulator (Glatt, model WSG 15, Fa W
Glatt, Hattingen, Germany) the air velocity is regulated by inlet and exit dampers to keep constant relative bed expansion of the order of magnitude of 1. 6 cu. ~ ,u.,d~ng to an air velocity of about 1 m/sec during mixing and the last part of the drying phase. The drying was controled by measuring the difference in; c.Lu-~
between the product and the wet bulb and t~rm1n~tP~l at a product i eLLUL~ of about 5 C above the wet bulb i ILuLt: of the drying sir.
Particle size of more than 90% of the total weight of the pOly~ Oa~ Le was between 20 and 100 micrometers. After about 15 minutes mixing and heating of the starting material (15 kg of poly-phosphate Sigma P-8635 ) the spraying of binder solution was started .
The outlet humidity quickly increased to a maximum after which it dropped slightly and was constant during the rest of the spraying time. The granules were cooled by evaporation of the moisture from the surface and when this was saturated by the binder solution the product i clLuLe remained at the wet bulb I ~.LuL~ which depends on the t ~LUL~ and humidity of the drying air. The binder solution was ~LbuAJ ~Ll~y~ nc~ (7Ll, Hercules) at a cu,.~ LLcLlon Or 3%. The nrrl ~ntinn rate was 150 ml per minute.
Granulation was carried out for 30 minutes. After granulation the i ~LuLe of the inlet air was raised to increase the rate of dry-ing. The desired inlet air . ~LUL~ during granulation phase was 40 C and during drying phase 60 C.
Granule size distribution was determined by sieve analysis with a rotating sieve shaker (Retsch, model 330). The granules had an average particle size of 290 micrometer in diameter.
The pol~ oa~/llc~Lc: particles are coated using a fluidized bed coating method, better known as the 'Wurster' method. In contra~;t to granulators, a Wurster column is ~ Lc.~L~uized by the positioning of the spray nozzle at the base of the coating chamber, and spraying of the coating occurs cocurrent wi~h the gas stream.
The apparatus consists of a vertical, somewhat conical column.
A gas (preferably nitrogen) is introduced at the base or constricted 21 77~56 WO 95/14531 PCr/NL93/002~2 part of the column at a velocity high enough to suspend the particles. Cocurrent wlth the gas stream, a solution of cellulose acetate dissolved in acetone is introduced using a spray nozzle. The gas velocity in the flared part of the column is greatly decreased, 80 the particles cannot be supported in this region and they fall outward and downward into the constricted region where they are again lifted by the gas flow. When the coating has reached the desired thickness, the polymer flow through the spray nozzle is shut down and the gas flow continues until the particles are sufficiently dry. The air flow is cut off and the coated product falls to the bottom of the apparatus for cnllPrt~nn.
Example 2 Coating of Dowex 50X8 by interfacial polymerisation.
The cation exchange resin Dowex 50X8 preequilebrated in a 1 molar KCl solution for 3 hours, is soaked in an agueous solution of polyethyleneimine(PEI) for 1 minute. After soaking the resin, the LII~L~lL is removed and the slurry is injected with a syringe into a 0.5% solution of Toluene 2,4-Diisocyanate(TDI) in hexane. At the surface of the resin a poly~ m ~nn reaction takes place resultingin a nylon film. The particles can be heat cured at 115 C
for 10 minutes.
40g of the dried particles is stirred in a 100 ml portion of an aqueous solution that is 100 mM NaCl, 10 mM KCl and 2 mM CaCl2 for various periods of time. After this time the particles are filtered off and the cvl-~ LL~Lion of the metal ions are analysed in each of the filtrate.
WO 95/14531 2 1 7 7 ~ 6 6 8 PCT/NL93/00252 nn-lhatinn time Ion concentration (mM) in the filtrate (minutes) Na K Ca 98 15 2.0 ~1 21 2. 1 83 31 1.9 120 68 44 2 . 0 240 43 72 1 . 9 480 11 103 1.8 The capacity of the particles was determined in a similar way by stirring different amounts of coated particles during 480 Linutes in a solution that is of the same concentration as mentioned above.
The c~,L~G ~,v..~lng filtrates are analysed for their sodium concen-15 tration.
coated particles (g) Na ~.I11Cel~ I.lon (mM) E xample 3 Application in food Various amounts of coated particles from example 2 are mixed with the standard salt and taste ingredients that are used to enhance the taste of potato crisps. lO0 gram portions of crisps are baked in oil and then powdered with the mixtures that have different ratios of the coated particles and NaCl. The particles stick almost all to the crisps at the time the oil is not yet absorbed by the Wo 95114531 ~ ~ 77 ~ PcT~3Jno2s2 crisp. The NaCl that is powdered on a portion of 100 gram is 1.0gram .
Each portion of the crisps is soaked in 250 ml of water for 480 minutes, filtered of and the sodium concentration is determined in 5 the filtrate.
ratio particles/NaCl Na concentration ~mM) To a sachet for making instant soup nnntAininF about 12 g dry weight, and .-nntA;nine 2.5 g of NaCl, 2 g of coated particles were added. After mixing 175 ml of boiled water (100 C) i5 poured on the soup ingredients in a glass beaker of 250 ml. After a cooldown at room ~ ,uL~ to 40'C which took about 9 minutes, the l . ~Ul' is kept constant in a water bath.
time(minutes) Na ~ tlIL ~I,ion (mM) 25 Example 4 Tabletop nrrl~rAtinnc 20 grams of the coated particles from examPle 2 are mixed with 10 gram of normal NaCl. Other mixtures are prepared using higher amounts of NaCl. All of these mixtures can be applied as tabletop salt, by pouring the mixtures on food to be consumed ~ust before consumption in amounts that are desired by personal taste.
w~ll nc methn-lc for qrnvf~nvin~ Pn.l remnvin~ Sn-~i Pnll/or ~otnqq~..m The present invention relates to particles for binding mono-valent cations, which particles are generally in the form of micro-capsules .
In several situations it is desired to lower the amounts of monovalent cations being present in products ~cuch as foodstuff or food additives destinated to be consumed by humans or animals. E.g.
in EP-EI-0150574 it is stated that it is well-known that one of the contributory factors to 1,",_. Lel~aion and some other diseases is the excessive ingestion of salt, i.e. sodium chloride. This makes circumvention/prevention of sodium in foods a most important and effective dietetic care for patients suffering from I~YI~ L~:,~lon or renal troubles and those who wish to prevent these diseases. So far these people have been forced to take an -nrnl nt~ prescribed diet of ~n extremely low salty taste. The sodium content of certain food-stuffs can also be reduced by adding a ~cnl ~nntin~ agent such as an ion exchange resin to the food prior to consumption. This method also results in a low salty taste. Another method for the medical treatment of such a patient is to administrate the patient, preferably after consumption of sodium, a ri~CAl innting agent capable of absorbing an excess of sodium ions which may be an acidic ion ex-change resin or a weakly acidic ion exchange resin in the potassium form or in the hydrogen form with the object of removing or mitigating the adverse influences caused by the sodium ions when the patient takes an ordinary meal rnnfn~nin~ salt in order to give it an acceptable taste. These ion exchange resins are of course inherently not edible and extremely ~nrAlntnhl~ for the patients, but also toxic since the resin binds bivalent ions and also other essential compounds. Accordingly, it has been eagerly desired to develop a A..qnl ~nntin~ agent which in itself is a food ingredient of good rnlntnhility and not harmful to humans and animals.
The invention of EP-~-0150574 relates to the use of marine algae as ~l~cn1 inntin~ agents. These materials should, however, be used in rel~tively large amounts. For instance, for each g of sodium 2~ 77~66 chloride an amount of at least about 20 g of marine algae is needed.
The algae materi~l is viscous and bulky since it will be saturated with water, several fold in weight compared to its own weight.
FuLL~ vLe, the marine algae product is not a reliable ;~c~linAtine agent in view of lacking stability in the digestive tract. A further disadvantage is that salt will be instantaneously absorbed, which has an adverse effect on the taste. FuL Lll~ Le bivalent cations will be bound and removed from the body which might lead to mineral exhaus tion ( depletion ) .
A method for reducing the salt content of foodstuff solutions and s~lcr~nc;nnc is described in CH-003158. In this document an ion exchange resin is present in a permeable sachet, made of natural or synthetic fiber sheet, filter paper, porous plastics or perforated metal sheet. Preferably the exchange resin contains calcium, potassium or ammonium ions and the sachet is only half-filled. These sachets are used for reducing the sodium content of soups in special diets. It will be clear that the taste effect of sodium chloride is lost before the soups are consumed.
It is an ob~ect of the present invention to provide a material or composltlon capable of efficiently binding monovalent cations such as sodium ions without the disadvantages of the known materials as discussed in the above.
Additional ob~ects, advantages and novel features of the present invention are set forth in the description that follows, and in part will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon exami-nation of the following description or may be leQrnt by practice of the invention.
To achieve the foregoing ob~ect and in a~ dc~l~e with the pur-pose of the present invention, as embodied and broadly described herein, there is provided a material consisting of particles for binding monovalent cations, in particular microcapsules, comprising a) a nucleus containing a cation ,,Y,h~ne;nLr material and applied thereon b) a coating comprising a membrane being permeable for monovalent cations, in particular sodium, potassium, ammonium and hydrogen ions, wherein said membrane is essentially not disintegrated during ~ W095/14531 2 1 7~466 PCT~L93/00252 passage through the intestinal tract of humans or animals.
The particles according to the invention are a sare means to sbsorb from the human body specific amounts of sodium in order to allow the consumption of sodium in the diet. In one r ' mmnt a specific amount of sodium is absorbed by the microcapsules and removed from the body. In another: ' ' m~.nt a specific amount of sodium is absorbed while the same amount of added sodium is present in the foodstuff. In this way an overdosis of the cation mYrhAngine material can never be administered.
A surprising advantage of this invention is that the sodium concentration in several parts of the intestinal tract is relatively high (100 mM and higher) so that a strong driving force for the ex-change is present. This concentration is (much) higher than the sodium ~ull~ellLL~ Lion in most foods. The bivalent ion cu..~llLL~.Llon and the K~ ~u--~.lL-c,Lions being relatively low.
In general an ion ~Yrh~n~inf~ material will be mnr~r5~ tPt9 in an ion specific membrane resulting in the particles of the invention. These particles will absorb sodium ions on passage through the intestinal tract and the sodium loaded particles will s~hqeql~ntly be removed from the body simultaneously with the faeces. It is preferred that bivalent cations or higher valent cat-ions are far less efficiently removed by the particles of the invention. ~r~nceql~mntly~ according to an aspect of the present invention the membrane is also almost not permeable for di- or higher valent cations, the r~ Atirn rate of monovalent cations being greater than that of bi- or higher valent cations, preferably at least 20 times greater, in particular at least 10 times greater.
In practice the amount of bivalent and higher cations removed from the body is at least a 100-fold less than the monovalent ions.
The cation ~Yrh~n~in~ material being present in the particles of the invention comprises all types of ion F~Yrhnn~i n~ polymers such as synthetic and natural polymers, food grade and non-food grade materials, strongly charged and weakly charged, biodegradable and persistent, fast as well as slowly absorbing monomers as well as polymers. Preferably the cation ~Yrh~neing material has been selected from the group consisting of polycarboxylates, poly-r~lmlnF.t~.c, polyacrylates, polyacrylatn _u l~ins~t~c and polyphos-Wo 95/14531 4 PCr/NL93/00252 phates having ion ~Yrhnng;n~ capacity such ns poly~ c nnntn;n;nf~ 3-lOOO phosphate units per molecule, which poly~ A~
may be soluble in water or not, (modified) polysaccharides, (modified) cellulose, (modified) starch, (modified) pectine, (modified) alginate, s~llrhnnnte~l polyvinylstyrenes such as Dowex lôôôO, Dowex 50 X ô, Dowex ô505, Dowex !ISC-l, Amberlite 200, Amber-lite CG-120, Amberlite IRP-69.
It is preferred that the cation ~Yrhnn~;ne material is in the monovalent ion form and contains alkali metal ions such as K', ~-, NH4 and Na~. If the cation ~Y~hAn~;n~ material is in a higher valent form, e.g. the Ca-' form, it will be difficult to have an efficient exchange of ions through a membrane which will be more permeable for monovalent cations than for bi- or higher valent cations. The Ca-' and Mg-- that will be absorbed by the particles of this invention can be . -Pt.'CI by the packing of (minute) amounts of Ca ~/Mg'- on the outside of the particles.
As mentioned in the above the particles of the present invention are preferably in the form of microcapsules, which will generally have a diameter in the range of O.OOl-lO mm, preferably of O.Ol-lO mm, and more preferably of O.l-l mm.
According to a further: ' ''m-~nt of the present invention the outer surface of the coating of the particles can be treated with a surface-active substance (surfactant), in general a phycinlne;nnlly acceptable detergent. By such a detergent the particles do not stick together so that it can be applied better to various foodstuffs.
The particles of the present invention may comprise all thinkable - ~nnt;nnq of a hard or a soft nucleus (granule) with a hard or a soft coating.
Prior to their use the particles of the invention may be treated with bivalent metal ions such as Ca'- or Mg-- (i.e. in a solution of a calcium and/or magnesium salt) in order to inactivate "leaking" particles. By such a measure the leak particles are "loaded" with bivalent ions and will be inactive in the intestinal tract of humans and animals.
The particles of the invention may also be used for removing sodium ions from foodstuff including food additives just before consumption or, if desired, before packaging of the foodstuff.
~ WO 95/14531 2 1 7 7 4 6 G PCT~L93/00252 The particles of the invention may also be used as "table top"
salt. In a specific ~ mont the p~rticles of the invention are mixed with sodium chloride resulting in a table top salt which has the taste of salt but not the dis6.1val.t6"_3 of sodium ions in the body. With such a table top salt all kinds of foodstuffs such as soup, fried potatoes and meat can be seasoned safely.
It should be noted that the particles of the invention can also be used succesfully in fodder for animals, not only for lowering Na-, but also K- which is e . g . required in fodders for pigs and poultry to lower the water secretion. Manures with significantly lower water contents are desired in order to lower transPOrt, storage and treatment costs of (excess) manure.
The particles of the invention can also be used in or as IJ~ I irnl compositions for lowering monovalent cation levels, in particular sodium and potassium ion levels in humans and animals respectively .
The invention also relates to a Qethod for scavenging sodium and/or potassium and/or ammonium ions in the intestinal tract of humans and animals.
The invention also relates to a method removing sodium and/or potassium and/or ammonium ions from products ~rnntAin~ne such cat-ions, for instance foodstuffs or food additives, wherein the fore-going particles are added to said products, in the case of food products prior to consumption thereof.
The invention also relates to a method for keeping a natural salty Na' taste, in nntinn with a low Na- administration by the qnr1i~atinn of particles or microcapsules as defined in the above.
The invention also comprises the ~ rnl use of the particles of the invention, for instance in the form of pills or tablets. It will be evident that such pills or tablets may have various diameters, e . g . in the range of 5-50 mm . In such a use a pill having a diameter of e.g. 25 mm m~y be dissolved in water prior to 8~ 10~in~ it.
The invention also relates to a method for scavenging sodiu_ and/or potassium and/or ammonion ions from solutions in which other cations are present.
The in ntion is further illustrated in the following examples.
WO 95/14531 2 ~ ~ 7 4 6 6 6 PCTIN!L93/00252 iExample 1 Granulation and coating of K~;pol~ Le In a fluidized bed spray granulator (Glatt, model WSG 15, Fa W
Glatt, Hattingen, Germany) the air velocity is regulated by inlet and exit dampers to keep constant relative bed expansion of the order of magnitude of 1. 6 cu. ~ ,u.,d~ng to an air velocity of about 1 m/sec during mixing and the last part of the drying phase. The drying was controled by measuring the difference in; c.Lu-~
between the product and the wet bulb and t~rm1n~tP~l at a product i eLLUL~ of about 5 C above the wet bulb i ILuLt: of the drying sir.
Particle size of more than 90% of the total weight of the pOly~ Oa~ Le was between 20 and 100 micrometers. After about 15 minutes mixing and heating of the starting material (15 kg of poly-phosphate Sigma P-8635 ) the spraying of binder solution was started .
The outlet humidity quickly increased to a maximum after which it dropped slightly and was constant during the rest of the spraying time. The granules were cooled by evaporation of the moisture from the surface and when this was saturated by the binder solution the product i clLuLe remained at the wet bulb I ~.LuL~ which depends on the t ~LUL~ and humidity of the drying air. The binder solution was ~LbuAJ ~Ll~y~ nc~ (7Ll, Hercules) at a cu,.~ LLcLlon Or 3%. The nrrl ~ntinn rate was 150 ml per minute.
Granulation was carried out for 30 minutes. After granulation the i ~LuLe of the inlet air was raised to increase the rate of dry-ing. The desired inlet air . ~LUL~ during granulation phase was 40 C and during drying phase 60 C.
Granule size distribution was determined by sieve analysis with a rotating sieve shaker (Retsch, model 330). The granules had an average particle size of 290 micrometer in diameter.
The pol~ oa~/llc~Lc: particles are coated using a fluidized bed coating method, better known as the 'Wurster' method. In contra~;t to granulators, a Wurster column is ~ Lc.~L~uized by the positioning of the spray nozzle at the base of the coating chamber, and spraying of the coating occurs cocurrent wi~h the gas stream.
The apparatus consists of a vertical, somewhat conical column.
A gas (preferably nitrogen) is introduced at the base or constricted 21 77~56 WO 95/14531 PCr/NL93/002~2 part of the column at a velocity high enough to suspend the particles. Cocurrent wlth the gas stream, a solution of cellulose acetate dissolved in acetone is introduced using a spray nozzle. The gas velocity in the flared part of the column is greatly decreased, 80 the particles cannot be supported in this region and they fall outward and downward into the constricted region where they are again lifted by the gas flow. When the coating has reached the desired thickness, the polymer flow through the spray nozzle is shut down and the gas flow continues until the particles are sufficiently dry. The air flow is cut off and the coated product falls to the bottom of the apparatus for cnllPrt~nn.
Example 2 Coating of Dowex 50X8 by interfacial polymerisation.
The cation exchange resin Dowex 50X8 preequilebrated in a 1 molar KCl solution for 3 hours, is soaked in an agueous solution of polyethyleneimine(PEI) for 1 minute. After soaking the resin, the LII~L~lL is removed and the slurry is injected with a syringe into a 0.5% solution of Toluene 2,4-Diisocyanate(TDI) in hexane. At the surface of the resin a poly~ m ~nn reaction takes place resultingin a nylon film. The particles can be heat cured at 115 C
for 10 minutes.
40g of the dried particles is stirred in a 100 ml portion of an aqueous solution that is 100 mM NaCl, 10 mM KCl and 2 mM CaCl2 for various periods of time. After this time the particles are filtered off and the cvl-~ LL~Lion of the metal ions are analysed in each of the filtrate.
WO 95/14531 2 1 7 7 ~ 6 6 8 PCT/NL93/00252 nn-lhatinn time Ion concentration (mM) in the filtrate (minutes) Na K Ca 98 15 2.0 ~1 21 2. 1 83 31 1.9 120 68 44 2 . 0 240 43 72 1 . 9 480 11 103 1.8 The capacity of the particles was determined in a similar way by stirring different amounts of coated particles during 480 Linutes in a solution that is of the same concentration as mentioned above.
The c~,L~G ~,v..~lng filtrates are analysed for their sodium concen-15 tration.
coated particles (g) Na ~.I11Cel~ I.lon (mM) E xample 3 Application in food Various amounts of coated particles from example 2 are mixed with the standard salt and taste ingredients that are used to enhance the taste of potato crisps. lO0 gram portions of crisps are baked in oil and then powdered with the mixtures that have different ratios of the coated particles and NaCl. The particles stick almost all to the crisps at the time the oil is not yet absorbed by the Wo 95114531 ~ ~ 77 ~ PcT~3Jno2s2 crisp. The NaCl that is powdered on a portion of 100 gram is 1.0gram .
Each portion of the crisps is soaked in 250 ml of water for 480 minutes, filtered of and the sodium concentration is determined in 5 the filtrate.
ratio particles/NaCl Na concentration ~mM) To a sachet for making instant soup nnntAininF about 12 g dry weight, and .-nntA;nine 2.5 g of NaCl, 2 g of coated particles were added. After mixing 175 ml of boiled water (100 C) i5 poured on the soup ingredients in a glass beaker of 250 ml. After a cooldown at room ~ ,uL~ to 40'C which took about 9 minutes, the l . ~Ul' is kept constant in a water bath.
time(minutes) Na ~ tlIL ~I,ion (mM) 25 Example 4 Tabletop nrrl~rAtinnc 20 grams of the coated particles from examPle 2 are mixed with 10 gram of normal NaCl. Other mixtures are prepared using higher amounts of NaCl. All of these mixtures can be applied as tabletop salt, by pouring the mixtures on food to be consumed ~ust before consumption in amounts that are desired by personal taste.
Claims (10)
1. Use of particles, in particular microcapsules, comprising a) a nucleus containing a cation exchanging material and applied thereon b) a coating comprising a membrane being permeable for mono-valent cations, in particular sodium, potassium and hydrogen ions, wherein said membrane is essentially not disintegrated during passage through the intestinal tract of humans or animals, for binding monovalent cations and wherein said membrane is essentially impermeable for bi- or higher valent cations, the permeation rate of monovalent cations being greater than that of bi- or higher valent cations, preferably at least 10 times greater, in particular at least 20 times greater.
2. Use according to claim 1, wherein the cation exchanging material has been selected from the group consisting of poly-carboxylates, polymaleinates, polyacrylates, polyacrylate-co-malei-nates and polyphosphates having ion exchanging capacity such as polyphosphates which may be soluble in water or not, (modified) polysaccharides, (modified) cellulose, (modified) starch, (modified) pectine, (modified) alginate and sulphonated polyvinylstyrenes such as Dowex 18880, Dowex 50 X 8, Dowex 8505, Dowex MSC-1, Amberlite 200, Amberlite CG-120, Amberlite IRP-69.
3. Use according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the cation exchanging material is in the monovalent form and contains alkali metal ions such as K+ and Na+ as well as H+ and NH4+.
4, Use of particles in the form of microcapsules as defined in any of claims 1-3 having a diameter in the range of 0.001-10 mm and preferably of 0.01-10 mm, and more preferably of 0.1-1 mm.
5. Use of particles as defined in any of claims 1-4 for preparing monovalent cations containing foodstuff and/or monovalent cations containing food additives destinated to be consumed by humans or animals or for preparing pharmaceutical compositions.
6. Method for removing sodium and/or potassium ions from products containing such cations such as foodstuff or food additives, wherein particles as defined in any of claims 1-4 are added to said food products, in the case of food products prior to consumption thereof.
7. Particles for binding monovalent cations, in particular microcapsules, comprising a) a nucleus containing a cation exchanging material and applied thereon b) a coating comprising a membrane being permeable for mono-valent cations, in particular sodium, potassium and hydrogen ions, wherein said membrane is essentially not disintegrated during passage through the intestinal tract of humans or animals and wherein said membrane is essentially impermeable for bi- or higher valent cations, the permeation rate of monovalent cations being greater than that of bi- or higher valent cations, preferably at least 10 times greater, in particular at leagt 20 times greater.
8. Particles according to claim 7, wherein the cation exchanging material has been selected from the group consisting of polycarboxylates, polymaleinates, polyacrylates, polyacrylate-co-maleinates and polyphosphates having ion exchanging capacity such as polylphosphates which may be soluble in water or not, (modified) polysaccharides, (modified) celluloge, (modified) starch, (modified) pectine, (modified) alginate and sulphonated polyvinylstyrenes such as Dowex 18880, Dowex 50 X 8, Dowex 8505, Dowex MSC-1, Amberlite 200, Amberlite CG-120, Amberlite IRP-69.
9. Particles according to claim 7 or 8, wherein the cation exchanging material is in the monovalent form and contains alkali metal iong such ag K+ and Na+ as well as H+ and NH4+.
10. Particles in the form of microcapguleg as defined in any of claims 7-9 having a diameter in the range of 0.001-10 mm and preferably of 0.01-10 mm, and more preferably of 0.1-1 mm.
***
***
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002177466A CA2177466A1 (en) | 1993-11-25 | 1993-11-25 | Particles for binding monovalent cations, use of such particles as well as methods for scavenging and removing sodium and/or potassium ions |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002177466A CA2177466A1 (en) | 1993-11-25 | 1993-11-25 | Particles for binding monovalent cations, use of such particles as well as methods for scavenging and removing sodium and/or potassium ions |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2177466A1 true CA2177466A1 (en) | 1995-06-01 |
Family
ID=4158286
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002177466A Abandoned CA2177466A1 (en) | 1993-11-25 | 1993-11-25 | Particles for binding monovalent cations, use of such particles as well as methods for scavenging and removing sodium and/or potassium ions |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA2177466A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US8283338B2 (en) | 2007-11-30 | 2012-10-09 | Kao Corporation | GIP secretion inhibitor |
| US8338389B2 (en) | 2009-06-17 | 2012-12-25 | Kao Corporation | Agent for preventing or ameliorating obesity |
-
1993
- 1993-11-25 CA CA002177466A patent/CA2177466A1/en not_active Abandoned
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US8283338B2 (en) | 2007-11-30 | 2012-10-09 | Kao Corporation | GIP secretion inhibitor |
| US8338389B2 (en) | 2009-06-17 | 2012-12-25 | Kao Corporation | Agent for preventing or ameliorating obesity |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request | ||
| FZDE | Discontinued | ||
| FZDE | Discontinued |
Effective date: 20021125 |