CA2173137A1

CA2173137A1 - Detergent compositions

Info

Publication number: CA2173137A1
Application number: CA 2173137
Authority: CA
Inventors: Peter Robert Garrett; Dennis Giles
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Unilever PLC
Priority date: 1994-03-31
Filing date: 1995-03-16
Publication date: 1995-10-12
Also published as: ES2119405T3; EP0753048A1; DE69503489D1; EP0753048B1; WO1995027034A1; AU1894695A; IN184051B; DE69503489T2

Abstract

A detergent composition suitable for washing fabrics is in the form of a stable oil-in-water microemulsion and comprises an organic surfactant system, wholly or predominantly consisting of short-chain ethoxylated nonionic surfactant having an average alkyl chain length of less than C12 and containing a substantial amount of C10 material, a non-aqueous solvent such as hexadecane, and optionally a water-soluble detergency builder. The composition can be used both for pre-wash treatment and as a main wash detergent.

Description

~, 2173137 O9~/27034 PCT~5/~90 T~CHNIC~T, FT~r,n The present invention relates to ~ ergent comp~sitions containing a surfactant and a solvent in the form of an oil-in-water microemulsion.

R~CKGROUND AND PRIOR A~T

Li~uid detergent and cleaning compositions in the form of microemulsions, both oil-in-water and water-in-oi~, have been disclosed in the prior art.
EP 137 616A (Procter & Gamble) discloses liquid detergent compositions prepared from conventional detersive surfactants and other conventional detergent ingredie~ts, plus a grease-cutting solvent. The compositions contain fatty acids or soaps (5-50 wt%) as detergency builders and are formulated as stable oil-in-water microemulsions. The preferred surfactant systems comprise sulphonate or s~lphate type anionic surfactants with minor amounts of ethoxylated nonionic surfactants such as Cl4l5 alcohol ethoxylate~ ~7EO).
Detergency builders may be present in amounts of 0.5-1~ wt%, citrates being preferred.

EP 164 467A (Procter ~ Gamble) discloses laundry detergents and hard surface cleaners comprising oil-~n-water microemulsions, containing alkylbenzene and olefin so~vents, plus surfactants and substantial amounts of fatty acid soap.
The compositions may contain ethoxylated nonionic surfactants, for example, Cl4l5 alcohol ethoxylate (7E~.
Compositions containing sodium citrate as builder are disclosed. ~ -C3580PCl 2 ~ 73 ~ 3 7

- 2 -In "Evaluation of Textile Detergent Efficiency of Microemulsions in Systems of Water, Nonionic Surfactant and Hydrocarbon at Low Temperature", J Dispersf on Science and Technology, 6(5), 523-537 (1985), Marcel Dekker Inc, C
Solans, J Garcia Dominguez and S E Friberg describe the use of such microemulsions for washing under conditions of minimum mechanical energy and at low temperatures. The systems studied contain CL7 alkyl ethoxylate (4EO) nonionic surfactant, water and hexadecane, and optionally small amounts of cosurfactant (sodium dodecyl sulphate), or electrolyte (sodium tripolyphosphate or sodium citrate).

GB 2 194 547A (Colgate-Palmolive) discloses a clear single-phase liquid pre-spotting composition in the form of a microemulsion (oil-in-water or water-in-oil), solution or gel, comprising 10-70 wt% alkane (solvent), 4-60 wt%
nonionic surfactant, optional cosurfactants and/or cosolvents, and 1-80 wt% water. It is suggested that builders such as sodium sesquicarbonate might be included, preferably at levels of 5 wt% and above. Unbuilt water-in-oil microemulsions are specifically disclosed which contain the short-chain nonionic surfactant Neodol 91-6 alone or in conjunction with a longer-chain (Cl4ls) ethoxylated nonionic surfactant.
CA 2 013 431A (Pennzoil Products Company) discloses unbuilt microemulsion cleaners for engine cleaning and degreasing, containing solvents and nonionic surfactants.

GB 2 259 518A (Shell) discloses unbuilt microemulsion cleaning compositions for use in seawater, containing anionic and nonionic surfactants, aromatic hydrocarbon and water.

A.~ L~S~EET

C3580PC1 2 ~ 73 ~ 3 7 DEFINITION OF THE IMVEMTIOM

The present invention provides a fabric washing detergent composition comprising an organic surfactant system and a non-aqueous solvent which together with water form a stable oil-in-water microemulsion, the composition comprising:

(i) from 2 to 40 wt% of an organic surfactant system comprising:

(a) 50-100 wt% of ethoxylated alcohol nonionic surfactant having an average alkyl chain length of less than Cl~ and a content of Cl~ material (based on the alcohol) of at least 45 wt%;

(b) optionally up to 50 wt% of co-surfactant other than ethoxylated alcohol nonionic surfactant, (ii) from 0.5 to 55 wt% of non-aqueous solvent, (lii) from 0.1 to 5 wt% of water-saluble detergency builder selected from sodium tripolyphosphate and polymeric detergency builders, (iv) water and optional minor ingredients to 100 wt%, The present inventors have now discovered that built detergent compositions in oil-in-water microemulsion form, formulated with specific nonionic surfactants having short alkyl chains and specific builders, are capable of sufficiently rapid cleaning and stain removal to render them useful as pretreatment products as well as main wash products.
A~E~3~ ~SHEET

os~/27034 PCT~95/oo~o Rapidity of cleaning effect is of critical importance for a pretreatment product which is required to work w~thin a short time period. The present invention enables detergent compositions to be formulated which are highly effective main wash products and yet wh;ch also offer a potent pretreatment facility.

The compositions are also suitable for use in machine washing employing automatic dosing systems, for example, as described and claimed in US 4 489 455 (Procter ~ Gam~
This patent describes and claims apparatus and process for washing textiles based on utilising strictly limited o~
controlled ~uantities of an aqueous wash liquor, ransi~g from (at least) just enough to be distributed evenly a~
completely over the whole wash load, to (at most) about five times the dry weight of the washload.

In the compositions of the invention, which are preferably liquid, the ethoxylated nonionic surfactant and the solvent are so chosen, and are present in amounts such that, together with water, they form a stable oil-in-water microemulsion in which the solvent is within the micelles of the surfactant.

The ethoxvlated nonionic surfactant The ethoxylated nonionic surfactant has an average alkyl chain length which is less than 12 carbon atom~
Preferably the average alkyl chain length is within the range of from 9 to 11 carbon atoms, and most preferably the average alkyl chain length is about C10.

The ethoxylated nonionic surfactant is also characterised by a high content of C10 material: at least 45 wt%, preferably at least 50 wt% and most preferably at least 70 wt% (all based on the alcohol).
.~

2~73137 ~NO 9~/27034 PCT/EP95/00~0 The remainder of the ethoxylated nonionic surfactant may be of predominantly shorter or longer chain length, but advantageously the total content of C10 and shorter-chain material is at least 60 wt%, and more preferably at least 75 wt~ (all based OIl 'he alcohol).

Suitable materials are the Novel (Trade Mark) 1012 series ex Vista, which are narrow-range-ethoxylated materials consisting mainly of C1O ch~- ns, available in various average degrees of ethoxylation. The chain length distribution of these materials ~based on the alcohol) is typically C1O 84 + 4%, Cl2 8.5 + 2~, Cl4 6.5 + 2%.

A class of broader-range-ethoxylated materials suitable for use in the invention is the Dobanol (Trade Mark) 91 series ex Shell, which consist mainly of C9, C1O and Cll chains. The chain length distribution of these materials (based on the alcohol) is typically Cg 18%, C1O 50%, Cll 32%.

Other short chain nonionic surfactants are described in detail in WO 94 11~87A (Unilever). These include the Lialet (Trade Mark) 91 series ex Enichem, the Synperonic (Trade Mark) 91 series ex ICI, and a C1O Inbentin (Trade Mark) material ex Kolb.
Commercial ethoxylated nonionic surfactants are generally mixtures containing a spread of chain lengths about an average value. If desired, a mixture of two or more commercial materials may be used provided that the overall average chain length of all nonionic surfactant present is less than Cl2 and provided that sufficient C10 material is present in the overall mixture.

The average degree of ethoxylation may suitably range from 2 to 8, and preferably from 2 to 6, in order to give optimum HLB (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance) values corresponding to optimum oily soil detergency.

woss/27034 6 PcT~Pss/oosso The HLB value sultably ranges from 8 to 14, preferably from 8 to 12.5, and more preferably from 9 to 10.

l~e o~tional cosurf~ct~nt If desired, a cosurfactant which is not an ethoxylated alcohol may be present, provided that at least 50 wt% of the surfactant system is constituted by ethoxylated nonionic surfactant. The co-surfactant may be, for example, a nonionic surfactant other than an ethoxylated alcohol, or an anionic sulphate or sulphonate type detergent, such as alkylbenzene sulphonate or primary alcohol sulphate. It is generally preferred that the surfactant system should contain not more than 40 wt% of anionic surfactant.

The surfactant system as a whole constitutes from 2 to 40 wt% of the composition, preferably from 5 to 40 wt%, more preferably from 5 to 30 wt% and advantageously from 5 to 25 wt%, of the composition.

The non-~aueous solvent The non~aaueous solvent, which constitutes from 0.5 to 55 wt%, preferably from 0.5 to 20 wt%, of the composition, may be any solvent valuable in the removal of oily soil which exhibits a sufficiently low interfacial tension towards the ethoxylated nonionic surfactant to form a stable oil-in-water microemulsion.

The solvent may range from wholly non-polar paraffinic materials, for example, alkanes, to more polar materials such as esters. Preferred solvents are Cl2l6 alkanes, for example, dodecane, tetradecane and hexadecane, hexadecane being especially preferred.

~ C3580PCl 2~ 73137 When the solvent is an alkane, the optimum amount present depends on the chain length. For hexadecane, from 0.5 to 20 wt%, preferably from 5 to 15 wt% and more preferably from 7.5 to 15 wt%, is suitable; for tetradecane, 15 to 30 wt% is preferred, and for dodecane, 25 to 55 wt% is preferred.

The weight ratio of non-aqueous solvent (alkane) to ethoxylated nonionic surfactant is also dependent on chain length. For hexadecane, it lies suitably within the range of from 0.5:1 to 2:1, and is advantageously about 1:1.

The deteraencY builder It has been found that the detergency of the microemulsion system, as compared to the detergency of the same amount of surfactant alone, is significantly increased if there is also present a detergency builder selected from sodium tripolyphosphate and polymeric detergency builders.
` The amount of builder that can be incorporated without destabilising the microemulsion is not, however, unlimited.
Suitably, the builder may be present in an amount of from 0.1 to 5 wt~, preferably from 0.2 to 3 wt~, more preferably from 0.5 to 3 wt%.

Preferred polymeric builders for use in the present invention are polymeric polycarboxylate builders, for example, acrylic, maleic and itaconic acid polymers.

AME~ S~EET

~ C358GPC1 2 ~ 7~ 1 37 Polymers that may be used include polyacrylates, acrylic/maleic copolymers such as Sokalan (Trade Mark) CP5 and CP7 ex BASF, and the polyvinyl acetate/polyitaconic acid polymers described and claimed in WO 93 23444A
(Unllever). These polymers are highly weight-effective builders which can be used in amounts that give significant building without destabilising the microemulsion.

The invention is further illustrated by the following non-limiting Examples, in which parts and percentages are by weight unless otherwise stated.

~XAMPLES

Deteraencv assessment Oily soil detergencies were assessed by measuring the percentage removal of radio-labelled model soils by means of a scintillation counter.

Soiled cloths (5 cm x 5 cm squares of knitted polyester) carrying a mixture of radiolabelled triolein and radiolabelled palmitic acid were prepared as follows.
Each cloth was soaked in 0.18 ml of a toluene solution containing 3.33 g 95% triolein (radiolabelled) and 1.67 g 99~ palmitic acid (radiolabelled) per 100 ml. The cloths were than allowed to equilibrate for 3 hours.

AMENDED SHEET

C3580PC1 . 2 1 73 1 37 Each composition under test was applied to a fabric square at ambient temperature at a level designed to give a liquor to cloth ratio of 1:1. The contact time was varied from 5 to 30 minutes to examine kinetic effects. The cloth was then transferred, using tweezers, to an open bottle containing 15 ml of water (20 French hard) held within a shaker bath maintained at 25C. The cloth was then rinsed for 2 minutes at a 100 rpm setting of the shaker bath (this gave a gentle to and fro motion to the rinse liquor within the bottle).

After rinsing the liquor was sampled with an automatic pipette (3 x 1 ml aliquots). These aliquots were transferred to plastic vials and were then mixed with 10 ml quantities of scintillator solution prior to being counted on a liquid scintillation counter. The counts (disintegrations per minute, "DPMs") were used to calculate the percentage removal for each soil component under each condition examined. Standards were taken during the -initial soiling procedure to give an average figure for theDPMs added in 0.18 ml of soiling solution.

Com~ositions Liquid detergent compositions were prepared to the formulations (in parts by weight) given in the tables that follow. Soil removal (detergency) results are shown after the tables of compositions.
The compositions of Examples ~ to 3 and Comparative Examples A, X, P, D, M, N and H containing a solvent (hexadecane) were in microemulsion form, while the compositions of Comparative Examples B, Y, C, Q, E, F and G, which did not contain a solvent, were not.

rJ~S\~

~0 95/27034 PCT/EP95/00990 The ingredients used may be identified as follows:

Novel (Trade Mark) 1012-52 ex Vista Chemicals: chain length distribution as described previously, 4EO

2Dobanol (Trade Mark) 91-2.5 ex Shell: chain length distribution as described previously, 2.5EO.

These two nonionic surfactants were used together in a weight ratio of 3:1. The combined nonionic surfactant contained about 75 wt% (based on the alcohol) of C10 material, and about 80 wt% (based on the alcohol) of ClO and shorter-chain material. The HLB value was about 9.5.

3Novel (Trade Mark) 1412-4.4EO ex Vista Chemicals:
C12-144.4Eo.

~Sodium tripolyphosphate.

5Ethylenediamine tetracetic acid, tetrasodium salt.

6Copolymer of maleic and acrylic acids, sodium salt:
Sokalan (Trade Mark) CP5 ex BASF.

7Copolymer of polyvinyl acetate and itaconic acid, sodium salt, as described and claimed in WO 93 23444A (Unilever~.

~ C3580PC1 , 21 7~37 Comparative Exam~les A, B, X and Y:
no builder Example A B X Y

Nonionic:
CloEO41 7.5 7 5 CgllEO2.s 2.5 2.5 Cl2 l4Eo4 43 _ 10 . O 10 . O

Hexadecane 10.0 - 10.0 Water (20FH) 80.0 90.0 80.0 90.0 100.O 100.O 100.O 100.0 The soil removal results for Examples A and B
containing short-chain nonionic surfactant were as follows:

Soak/contact time Soil removal ($~
(minutes) Triolein Palmitic acid A B A B

32.0 9.8 28.7 21.2 34.6 11.9 32.6 25.4 33.7 15.0 30.3 31.6 33.8 15.1 31.4 30.4 26.9 14.4 25.6 39.6 AMENDE~ SH~ET

Ivo 95/27034 1 2 PCTIEP95/00990 These results show that, ln the absence of builder, in the removal of triolein the microemulsion gave substantially better soil removal throughout the 30-minute test period.
The microemulsion also offered a significant kinetic ad~ntage over the non-microemulsion system. With palmitic acid, the advantage was kinetic only.

The corresponding results for Comparative Examples X
and Y using longer-chain nonionic surfactant were as ~0 follows:

Soak/contact time Soil removal (~) (minutes) Triolein Palmitic acid X Y X Y

9.4 9.4 29.2 14.2 14.6 9.5 33.1 15.2 19.7 11.3 34.4 20.5 25.5 13.6 37.3 23.5 31.9 17.0 37.8 29.4 On triolein, the microemulsion system X finally gave results comparable with those obtained from microemulsion system 1, but required the full 30 minutes to do so; the use of short-chain nonionic surfactant clearly gives a significant kinetic advantage. The non-microemulsion system Y was poor, comparable to the non-microemulsion system A.

On palmitic acid, however, the longer-chain nonionic surfactant apparently benefited more than the shorter-chain material from microemulsification.

C3580PCl Exam~le 1, Com~arative Exam~les C, P and O:
sodium tri~olY~hos~hate builder Example 1 C P Q

Nonionic:
CloEO4l 7.5 7.5 CgllEO2.s- 2.5 2.5 Cl2-l~E4.4-' ~ 10.0 10.0 Hexadecane 10.0 - 10.0 STP4 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.9 Water (20FH) 80.0 90.0 80.0 90.0 100.8 100.9 100.8 100.9 The soil removal results for Examples 1 and C
containing short-chain nonionic surfactant were as follows:

Soak/contact time Soil removal (%) (minutes) Triolein Palmitic acid 36.2 22.2 49.6 47.3 50.7 26.3 60.1 50.7 58.7 26.9 60.7 50.0 60.8 28.5 63.6 54.7 63.8 26.1 63.5 55.6 AMENDr~ SH,ET

~ C3580PC1 , 2 1 73 1 37 Comparison of these results with those of Comparative Examples A and B shows that both systems performed better in the presence of the highly efficient builder, sodium tripolyphosphate. However, the difference in performance between the microemulsion and the non-microemulsion was substantially increased, very high figures being obtained with the microemulsion. Also, palmitic acid removal was always better with the microemulsion system than with the comparative system.
The corresponding results for Comparative Examples P and Q using longer-chain nonionic surfactant were as follows:

Soak/contact time Soil removal (~) (minutes) Triolein Palmitic acid P Q P Q
7.5 20.8 46.5 37.1 12.3 26.0 51.6 42.0 17.7 31.1 51.7 44.8 22.9 33.1 54.8 49.0 39.5 34.8 55.9 53.8 On triolein, the microemulsion P gave significantly worse results than the microemulsion 1, and was also slow to reach the maximum value. Of the four systems only 1 gave really high values. The non-microemulsion systems Q
and C gave similar results, showing no benefit for the use of short-chain nonionic surfactant in the non-microemulsion system.

On palmitic acid, little difference was observed between the various systems.

~EN~ S~LF~

~ C3580PC1 . 2 1 73 ~ 37 - IS -Com~arative Exam~les D and E: EDTA builder Example D E
Nonionic:
CloEO41 7.5 7 5 CgllEO2.s 2.5 2.5 Hexadecane 10.0 EDTA5 0.8 0.9 Water (20FH) 80.0 90.0 100.8 100.9 Soil removal results were as follows:

Soak/contact time Soil removal (%) (minutes) TrioleinPalmitic acid D E D E

32.0 16.4 44.5 39.7 45.0 17.0 48.7 40.7 45.6 19.3 46.2 45.7 48.4 21.2 47.4 46.2 36.0 18.8 44.3 53.4 These results show a similar pattern to that seen with sodium tripolyphosphate builder, but the benefit was smaller. With palmitic acid, only a kinetic advantage was seen.

AMENDED SHEET

~ C3580PC1 2 1 73 1 37 The following Examples show that much better detergency could be achieved using polymeric builders.

S ~xam~le 2, Com~arative Exam~les F and M:
acrvlate/maleate co~olvmer builder Example 2 F M

10Nonionic:
C1oEO41 7.5 7.5 CgllEO2s 2.5 2.5 C1~-l4EOq. 43 - - 1 0 . O

Hexadecane 10.0 - 10.0 AA/MA6 0.8 0.9 0.8 Water (20FH) 80.0 90.0 80.0 , ---- ~~~~
100.8 100.9 100.8 The soil removal results were as follows:
.

Triolein Palmitic acid 41.4 12.5 6.0 49.4 27.2 39.0 10 53.4 16.5 8.5 54.1 34.3 41.6 15 56.2 17.1 12.6 56.4 36.4 45.6 20 59.8 18.6 18.6 59.8 37.4 49.6 30 58.7 19.2 33.6 62.1 42.7 55.0 These Examples show the benefits of a microemulsion system and of the use of short-chain nonionic surfactant.

A~E~ Ds~EFT

C3580PC1 2 1 73 ~ 37 ~xam~le 3, Com3arative Exam~les G and N:
~olY(vinvl acetate/itaconate) builder Example 3 G N

Nonionic:
C1oEO41 7.5 7 5 Cg llE02 52 2.5 2.5 C12l~EO4.43 - - 10.0 Hexadecane 10.0 - 10.0 PVA/IA' 0.8 0.9 0.8 ~ater (20FH) 80.0 90.0 80.0 ____ ____ ____ 100.8 100.9 100.8 The soil removal results were as follows:

Triolein Palmitic acid

3 G N 3 G N

32.3 16.0 3.4 52.3 33.9 41.4 45.5 17.9 5.3 61.6 41.4 43.8 50.3 20.7 7.9 63.4 45.3 47.1 58.2 20.213.6 67.0 47.4 49.5 64.3 20.230.1 64.7 48.4 53.8 These Examples show the benefits of a microemulsion system and of the use of short-chain nonionic surfactant.

AMENDE~ SHFEJ

~ C3580PC1 2 i 73 1 37 ~g Com~arative Exam~le H: sodium citrate builder Example H
Nonionic:
CloEO~1 7 5 Cg_ llE2 . 52 2.5 Hexadecane 10.0 Sodium citrate 0.8 Water (20FH) 80.0 100.8 Soil removal results were as follows:

Soak/contact time Soil removal (%) (minutes) TrioleinPalmitic acid 42.0 31.6 41.9 33.0 39.7 35.1 40.8 35.9 38.3 38.9 These results, when compared with Examples 1-3, show some benefit over an unbuilt system, but demonstrate citrate to be a very much less effective builder in these systems than are sodium tripolyphosphate or polymeric builders.

Alf.E~.D SHE~

Claims

1 A fabric washing detergent composition comprising an organic surfactant system and a non-aqueous solvent which together with water form a stable oil-in-water microemulsion, characterised in that the composition comprises:

(i) from 2 to 40 wt% of an organic surfactant system comprising:

(a) 50-100 wt% of ethoxylated alcohol nonionic surfactant having an average alkyl chain length of less than C12 and a content of C10 material (based on the alcohol) of at least 45 wt%;

(b) optionally up to 50 wt% of co-surfactant other than ethoxylated alcohol nonionic surfactant, (ii) from 0.5 to 55 wt% of non-aqueous solvent, (iii) from 0.1 to 5 wt% of a water-soluble detergency builder selected from sodium tripolyphosphate and polymeric detergency builders, (iv) water and optional minor ingredients to 100 wt%.

2 A detergent composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the nonionic surfactant (i)(a) contains at least 70 wt%
(based on the alcohol) of C10 material.

3 A detergent composition as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the nonionic surfactant (i)(a) contains at least 60 wt% (based on the alcohol) of material having a chain length of C10 or less.

4 A detergent composition as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the nonionic surfactant (i)(a) contains at least 75 wt% (based on the alcohol) of material having a chain length of C10 or less.

A detergent composition as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the nonionic surfactant (i)(a) has an HLB
value within the range of from 8 to 12.5.

6 A detergent composition as claimed in claim 5, wherein the nonionic surfactant (i)(a) has an HLB value within the range of from 9 to 10.

7 A detergent composition as claimed in any preceding claim, which comprises from 5 to 40 wt% of the surfactant system (i).

8 A detergent composition as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the non-aqueous solvent (ii) comprises a C12-16 alkane.

9 A detergent composition as claimed in claim 8, wherein the solvent (ii) comprises hexadecane.

A detergent composition as claimed in claim 9, wherein the hexadecane (ii) is present in an amount of from 0.5 to 20 wt%.

11 A detergent composition as claimed in claim 10, wherein the hexadecane (ii) is present in an amount of from 5 to 15 wt%.

12 A detergent composition as claimed in any one of claims 9 to 11,wherein the weight ratio of hexadecane (ii) to nonionic surfactant (i)(a) is within the range of from 0.5:1 to 2:1.

13 A detergent composition as claimed in any preceding claim, which comprises from 0.2 to 3 wt% of the detergency builder (iii).

14 A detergent composition as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the organic surfactant system (i) contains less than 40 wt% of anionic surfactant.