CA2171981C

CA2171981C - Ester fluids with high temperature stability

Info

Publication number: CA2171981C
Application number: CA002171981A
Authority: CA
Inventors: Andrew Gene Horodysky; Liwen Wei; Ross Allen Kremer
Original assignee: ExxonMobil Oil Corp
Current assignee: ExxonMobil Oil Corp
Priority date: 1992-12-18
Filing date: 1994-08-15
Publication date: 2003-11-04
Anticipated expiration: 2014-08-15
Also published as: AU7953394A; AU678864B2; JPH09504336A; JP3786423B2; EP0723575A4; WO1996005277A1; EP0723575A1; CA2171981A1

Abstract

An ester-containing reaction product of a carbonyl compound, preferably an acyl halide and a thiodiphenol has high temperature antioxidant properties. The reaction product is useful as a synthetic lubricant base fluid or as an antioxidant additive when used in minor amounts of 0.01 to 10 wt.% in a mineral oil or hydrocracked oil lubricant base fluid. The reaction product can also be used in a fuel.

Description

ESq~E~ FLUIDS WITH HIGH TEMPERATURE STABII-ITY

The invention relates to esters of sulfur-containing mono or polyhydroxy-derived aromatics which exhibit high temperature oxidative stability and antiwear characteristics. The ester can be used as a lubricant basestock, a blending stock, or as an additive in a lubricant basestock.
Oxidation of a lubricating fluid can occur during ordinary, as well as severe, conditions of use. Oxidation causes the properties and the chemical structure of the fluid to change dramatically, leading to bearing corrosion, piston ring sticking, lacquer and sludge formation and excessive fluid viscosity. Current commercial synthetic lubricant base fluids are not suitable for high temperature engine operation, they tend to degrade under rigorous thermal/oxidative conditions. Because of this, they have an operating ceiling of about 200 to 250C, in the presence of antioxidants. While future engine temperatures increase to boost engine operating efficiency, new classes of base fluids need to be developed. Fluids such as polyphenyl ethers or perfluoro hydrocarbon fluids are useful at high temperatures, they are expensive and their lubricating properties are limited, particularly at low temperatures, having a pour point range of about 10-15C which is not suitable for most lubricant uses. The common practice of the art utilizes an antioxidant to reduce the rate of oxidation of the lubricating oil and thereby improve the apparent thermal/oxidative stability.
Direct frictional contact between relatively moving surfaces even in the presence of a lubricant can cause wear of the surfaces. The elimination of wear is an ideal goal which is approached by blending the lubricating media with additives which can reduce the wear. The most suitable antiwear additives are those that help to create and maintain a persistent film of lubricant even under severe conditions such as high temperatures which thin the W096/05277 PCT~S94/09345 ~\7 ~q~ -2- ~

lubricant film and extreme pressures which squeeze the lubricant film away from the contacting surfaces. Wear is most serious in internal combustion engines, diesel engines and gasoline engines in which metal parts are exposed to sliding, rolling and other types of forceful, frictional mechanical contact. Specific areas of wear occur in the gears, particularly hypoid gears which are under high loads, piston rings and cylinders and bearings such as ball, sleeve and roller bearings.
Sulfur-containing derivatives, such as 4,4-thiodiphenol, are known to provide beneficial additive properties such as antioxidancy, antiwear and an ability to lubricate under extreme pressure conditions in lubricant applications. A concern, however, is that they are known to degrade upon exposure to high temperatures, i.e., over about 50F, during engine operation leading to engine corrosion and deposit formation.
Thiophenol-derived reaction products have been considered to solve these problems. For example, transition/alkali metal complexes of thiobis(alkylphenols) are described in U.S. Patent No. 4,211,663 for their antioxidant performance in lubricating oils. However, for environmental and economic reasons it is desirable to avoid the use of metals in lubricant additives.
Thus, various non-metal derivatives have been developed. Borated diol-phenol sulfides are described in U.S. Patent No. 4,906,390 for their friction and corrosion reducing properties in lubricants. U.S. Patent No.
4,440,655 describes lubricant additives made by using a thiodiphenol in a Mannich reaction. U.S. Patent No.
4,460,486 describes a polyoxyalkylene compound derived from 4,4'-thiodiphenol useful as fiber and rubber lubricant additives having antioxidant properties. Derivatives of phenolic thioacetals as lubricant additives having antioxidant properties are described in U.S. Patent No.
4,305,832.

W096/05277 2 1 7 1 9 8 1 PCT~S94/09345 A nucleophilic substitution reaction between alcohols and acylhalides to produce esters is known as described in March Advanced Orqanic ChemistrY, pp. 346-347 (1985).
This invention is more particularly directed to alkyl esters of sulfur-containing mono or poly hydroxy-derived aromatics which exhibit excellent high temperature antioxidant properties. They can be used as an additive or a lubricant basestock, and can be used in engine oils, marine lubricants, aviation, industrial gear, compressor, way, hydraulic, diesel automotive and other lubricant applications. Antiwear and extreme pressure resistant properties, additional antifatigue, detergents, dispersants, corrosion inhibitors, antistaining, emulsive/demulsive, antifoaming, friction reducing and additive solubilizing properties are likely.
The reaction product is made by reacting a phenol sulfide with an alkyl halide. The reaction product has the following general structural formula:
o O
R' C--O ~ (S )x Rl----O--C R"

(R2)z where R' and R" are the same or different hydrocarbon groups containing from 1 to 30 carbon atoms or from 2 to 30 carbon atoms and at least one heteroatom selected from sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen; R1 is a hydrocarbon group or mixture containing from 1 to 30 carbon atoms or an aromatic group containing from 6 to 30 carbon atoms; R2 is a hydrocarbon group containing 1 to 30 carbon atoms or a halogen group; x is an integer ranging from l to 3, preferably 1; and z is an integer ranging from O to 4 and preferably O to 2.
An important feature of the reaction product is that their structural backbone lacks benzylic hydrogens, W096/05277 PCT~S94/09345 9~ ~

therefore preventing thermal/oxidative degradation which renders the compound inherently stable.
Thus, the invention is directed to a lubricative composition having antioxidant properties comprising the reaction product of a carbonyl-containing aliphatic hydrocarbon and a phenol sulfide of the structural formula OII ~ (S )x Rl--OH
(R2) z combined in a mole ratio ranging from about 1 to 2 under esterification conditions to produce a reaction product having the structural formula:

R' - C-O ~ ( )x 1 ~ - R' ( 2)z where R' and R" are the same or different hydrocarbon groups containing from 1 to 30 carbon atoms or from 2 to 30 carbon atoms and at least 1 heteroatom selected from sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen; R1 is a hydrocarbon group or mixture containing from 1 to 30 carbon atoms or an aromatic group containing from 6 to 30 carbon atoms; R2 is a hydrocarbon group containing from 1 to 30 carbon atoms or a halogen group; x is an integer ranging from 1 to 3, preferably l; and z is an integer ranging from 0 to 4 and preferably 0 to 2.
The reaction product of the invention is derived by reacting a phenol sulfide with an aliphatic carboxylic group generating species such as carboxylic acid, anhydrides or acid halides.
The phenol sulfide is characterized by the presence of at least one phenol group and at least one sulfur atom.

2~ 71981 W096/05277 PCT~S94/09345 The aromatic of the phenol is considered necessary for purposes of stability and resistence to oxidative degradation while the sulfur atom is considered necessary for high temperature antioxidant and antiwear properties.
The phenol sulfide is represented by the following structural formula:

OII ~ (3 )x Rl--OH
(R2 ) z where Rl is a hydrocarbon group or mixture thereof containing from 1 to 30 carbon atoms, or an aromatic group containing from 6 to 30 carbon atoms, R2 is a hydrocarbon group containing 1 to 30 carbon atoms or a halogen group, i.e. F, C1, Br or I; x is an integer ranging from 1 to 3, and z is an integer ranging from 0 to 4, preferably 1.
When Rl is an alkyl group it can be a linear or branched hydrocarbon such as propyl, butyl, isobutyl or 2-ethylhexyl. Preferably, however, Rl is phenyl or naphthyl which can contain from o to 4, preferably from 0 to 2, nonreactive substituent groups represented by R3. R3 falls within the definition of R2; that is, R3 can be a hydrocarbon group containing from 1 to 30 carbon atoms or a halogen group such as F, Cl, Br, or I. Where it is desirable for the compound to have flame retardent properties, since these compounds can be exposed to high temperatures, at least one group represented by R3 is Br, and this can apply to R2 as well.
The preferred phenols are the thiodiphenols in which R1 is an aromatic group and x=1. Representative examples of suitable thiodiphenols include 4,4-thiodiphenol, structural isomers thereof and commercial mixtures of isomers and oligomers of thiodiphenol.
In general, the thiodiphenols are sulfurized phenols which can be made by any method known to the art. In one W096/0S277 PCT~S94109345 ~ 9 ~ ~ -6-method the phenol is initially reacted with a sulfur halide, such as sulfur monochloride or dichloride in a l:l to 3:l, preferably 3:2, mole ratio. The resulting phenol sulfide may be further reacted with other phenols and sulfur halides to produce a thiophenol oligomer.
To make the reaction product ester of the invention, the phenol sulfide is reacted with a carboxylic group generating species, a carboxylic acid, or anhydride, or acid halide represented by the structural formula:
R'- C- X
Il o where R' is a hydrocarbon group containing from l to 30 carbon atoms, preferably from l to 30 carbon atoms and X is a halogen group, OH, or acyl generating species. A halogen is exemplified by F, Cl, Br and I, preferably X is Cl. R' can be a straight chain or branched hydrocarbon group.
Although for good viscometric properties, R' is preferably Zo a linear hydrocarbon group, and for added oxidative stability some degree of branching is needed. Thus, to satisfy these competing properties, a mixture of linear and branched hydrocarbon groups can be used. Representative examples of appropriate acyl halides include 2-ethylhexanolyl chloride, butyl chloride, pivalic chloride,hexyl chloride, octyl chloride or decyl chloride.
For even greater stability and where good viscometrics are not an overriding property, the reactants can be selected so that the ultimate reaction product is a neoacid; that is, the beta carbon of the carboxylic acid group is connected directly to four other carbon atoms. In this case, the preferred acyl halide is neodecanoyl chloride.
Any synthesis route known in the art can be used to produce the reaction products of the invention. Typically, the acyl halide is added to the phenol sulfide in the presence of a suitable catalyst. When the acyl halide is WO9G/0~277 ~ i 7 ~ q8 1 PCT~S94/09345 used as a base it is usually added to combine with the halogen. Representative examples of suitable bases include KOH, NaOH, K2CO3 or aliphatic amines.
4 Typically, a phase transfer catalyst can be used to facilitate the reaction. Representative examples include quaternary ammonium compounds, or crown ethers, polyglycols, preferably quaternary amine compounds. The quaternary ammonium compound is represented by the structural formula: R4R5R6R7N An , where R4, R5, R6 and R7 are the same or different hydrocarbon containing 1 to 20 carbon atoms and An is an anion such as a halogen, i.e.
fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine, sulfate, nitrate or other common anion. Specific examples of quaternary ammonium compounds are tetrabutylammonium bromide, tetraethylammonium chloride, tetrapentylammonium chloride and dialkly C12 - C13 dimethyl ammonium chloride.
The reactants are combined in mole ratios ranging from 1-2:1 of acyl halide to phenolsulfide, preferably in a mole ratio of 1.5-2:1.
The reactants are contacted for a period of 1 hour to 30 hours, preferably from 2 hours to 10 hours while continuously stirring the reaction mixture at a reduced temperature and in an inert atmosphere, such as under a nitrogen blanket. The temperature of reaction is maintained in a range of 20C to 250C, preferably from 30C to 100-C. When reaction is complete as indicated by gas chromatography, the reaction mixture is washed with water to facilitate separation of the undesirable materials from the product, such as the catalytic residues. The aqueous wash solution is then separated from the hydrophobic product. The light ends are removed by distillation at 160C under a reduced pressure atmosphere of 7 to 70 kPa (1 to 10 mmHg).
The reaction products of the instant invention can be utiliæed as lubricative basestock materials and in this regard, they can be used in an amount ranging from 50 to W096/oS277 PCT~S94/09345 ?~7~9~
100%, preferably 80 to 99% with additional additive materials consitituting the remaining amount of the total lubricant composition.
They can also be used as a partial fluid replacement in admixture with other fluids at a concentration of from 5-50%.
Alternatively, the reaction products of the invention can be used as an antioxidant or antiwear additive in a non-aqueous lubricant or grease in an amount preferably from 0.01 to 5 wt.% or more preferably from 0.5-3%. The kinds of lubricants likely to benefit from the additive of the instant invention include liquid oils in the form of either a mineral oil, hydrocracked oil, synthetic oil or mixtures thereof. In general, the oils include both paraffinic and naphthenic components. The lubricating oils are of a suitable lubrication viscosity range to comply with engine oil specifications, for example, as set by the SAE, e.g. single grade oils such as 30, 40, 50, 5W, lOW
grade or multigrade oils such as OW-30, 5W-30, lOW-40, lOW-S0, etc. Base oil viscosities may typically range, forexample, from 6 mm2/s (about 45 SSU) at 38C (100F) to 1500 mm2/s (about 6000 SSU) at 38 C (lOO F), and preferably ; from 7.4 to 54 mm2/s (about 50 to 250 SSU) at 99-C (210F).
Viscosity indexes can vary from 95 to 130, or even higher, being preferred.
Where synthetic oils, or synthetic oils employed as a vehicle for a grease are desired in preference to mineral oils, or in mixtures of mineral and synthetic oils, various synthetic oils may be used. Typical synthetic oils include polyisobutylenes, polybutenes, polydecenes and other polyalpha olefin lubricating fluids used in engine oils.
The fluid can be used as an additive in greases, or as the vehicle for greases.
Where the reaction product is utilized as an additive, or as the lubricative base fluid, the lubricating oil W096/05277 2 ¦ 1 I q~ ~ PCT~S94/09345 _9_ compositions can contain other additives generally employed such as corrosion inhibitors, detergents, co-extreme pressure agents, viscosity index improvers, friction reducers, co-antiwear agents, co-antioxidants and the like.
It is expected that the reaction products of the invention would contribute their antioxidant and antiwear properties to a fuel. In this case, the reaction product will be blended with a fuel in amounts ranging from 0.45 kg to 454 kg of additive/159000 1 of fuel (about 1 to 1000 lbs of additive/loo0 Bbl of fuel), preferably from 2.3 to 114 kg of additive/159000 1 of fuel (about 5 to 250 lbs of additive/1000 Bbl of fuel). The fuels contemplated include gasoline and diesel fuels. Specifically, petroleum distillate fuels having an initial boiling point above 24C
(75F) to 57C (about 135F) and an end boiling point from about 121C (250F) to 399C (about 750F). Gasoline base stocks such as a mixture of hydrocarbons boiling in the gasoline boiling range which is from about 32C (90F) to about 177C (350F) are particularly included. This base fuel may consist of straight chain, branched chain or cyclic hydrocarbons: paraffins, cycloparaffins, olefins, aromatic hydrocarbons, or mixtures thereof. The base fuel can be derived from sources such as, straight run naphtha, alkylate, or from catalytically cracked or thermally cracked gasoline or reformate. The composition and octane level of the base fuel are not critical and any conventional motor fuel base can be employed in the practice of this invention.
Other fuel compositions contemplated include distillate fuels and this is not intended to be restricted to straight-run distillate fractions. These distillate fuels can be straight-run distillate fuels, catalytically or thermally cracked, or hydrocracked distillate fuels, or other distillate components. The distillate fuels specifically contemplated are road diesel fuels. These W096/0S277 PCT~S94/09345 ~7~9~

diesel fuels boil in the range from 166C (about 330F) to about 399C (750F) with the end point ranging from 227C
(about 440F) to 343OC (about 650), usually the end boiling point is not more than 371C (about 700F).
The fuels can be treated in accordance with well-known commercial methods, such as mercàptan extraction or oxidation, hydrof;nish;ng~ etc.
The fuels may include oxygenate components such as alcohols and/or ethers, for example, hydrocarbon fuels which contain oxygenates in amounts of up to 50% volumes per volume. Typical examples of such oxygenated fuel components are methanol, ethanol and mixtures of methanol and ethanol, diisopropylether (DIPE), isopropanol (IPA), methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE) or tert-amyl-methyl ether (TAME).
The fuel compositions of the instant invention may additionally comprise concentrations of additives which are generally employed in fuel compositions. Thus, fuel compositions made in accordance with the instant invention may additionally contain conventional carburetor detergents, anti-icing additives, co-antiwear additives and co-antioxidants.

ExamPle 1 2-Ethylhexanoyl chloride (326 gram) was added dropwise in four hours to an aqueous mixture containing 4,4' thiodiphenol (or bisphenol sulfide) (218 gram), KOH (150g, 85%), tetrabutylammonium bromide (10 gram), and water (150g) at 30C under nitrogen and an ice bath with stirring. After this, the mixture was stirred at ambient temperature overnight. The resulting mixture was then added to 200 grams of water, and the aqueous phase was separated from the liquid product. The product was washed three times with 100 ml water. The light ends were removed by distillation at 160C under reduced pressure. The product was filtered through alumina (neutral) to give a W096/05277 2 1 7 1 9 8 I PCT~S94/09345 clear and colorless liquid product (390g, 83~ yield). The product was found to have the following properties: KV
@100C of 7.8 mm2/s, KV @ 40C of 68.5 mm2/s and pour point -37C.
The unadditized product of Example l was evaluated by Differential Scanning Calorimetry at 7500 kPa (500 psi) oxygen, 80C 5/min/350C. The induction temperature was measured by the temperature when the base oil began to decay. The products were found to have a more than 20C
higher induction temperature than the alkylated aromatics which had a higher induction temperature than other commercial high performance synthetic hydrocarbon fluids as shown in Table 1. This indicates that the reaction products are useful at higher operating temperatures.
TA~E 1 Differential SCAnni ng Calorimetry Test Result~
Base Fluid Induction Temperature (C) Example 1 248 Alkylated Aromatic 224 Trimethylolpropane-derived lg7 polyol esters Pentaerythritol derived 194 polyol esters Polyalphaolefins 178 The unadditiæed reaction product was tested for its ability to resist oxidative degradation in a catalytic oxidation test. The Catalytic Oxidation Test was conducted at 325F for 40 hours (Table 2). A comparison of the oxidation-inhibiting characteristics of the products of the present invention with other commercial fluids was included in Table 2.
The Catalytic Oxidation test procedure consisted of subjecting a volume of the test lubricant to a stream of W096/OS277 PCT~S94/09345 ~7~9~

air which was bubbled through the test composition at a rate of 5 liters per hour for the specified number of hours and at the specified temperature. Present in the test composition were metals frequently found in engines, namely:
1) 100 cm2 (15.5 square inches) of a sand-blasted iron wire;
2) 5 03 cm2 (0.78 square inches) of a polished copper wire;
3) 5.61 cm2 (0.87 square inches) of a polished aluminum wire; and 4~ 0.69 cm2 (0.107 square inches) of a polished lead surface.
The results of the test were presented in terms of the percent change in kinematic viscosity at 100C (% KV).
Essentially, the small change in KV meant that the lubricant resisted oxidative degradation under high.
temperatures.
The results of the Catalytic Oxidation test are reported in Table 2.

Catalytic Oxidation Test (163-C t325-F), 40 hr) Base Fluid % KV @ 100~C
Example 1 0.7 Alkylated Aromatics 15.0 Trimethylolpropane-derived 21.0 polyol esters Pentaerythritol-derived esters 120.0 Polyalphaolefins 230.0

Claims

CLAIMS:

1. A lubricative or fuel composition having antioxidant properties comprising a reaction product having the structural formula:

where R' and R" are the same or different hydrocarbon groups containing from 1 to 30 carbon atoms or from 2 to 30 carbon atoms and at least one heteroatom selected from sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen; R1 is a hydrocarbon group containing from 1 to 30 carbon atoms or an aromatic group containing from 6 to 30 carbon atoms; R2 is a hydrocarbon group containing from 1 to 30 carbon atoms or a halogen group; x is an integer ranging from 1 to 3; and z is an integer ranging from 0 to 4.

2. The composition of claim 1 wherein the reaction product is obtained by reacting an acyl-generating compound and a phenol sulfide having the structural formula:

OH- under esterification conditions and in a mole ratio ranging from 1 to 2.

3. The composition of claim 2 in which the acyl-generating compound is an acyl halide, carboxylic acid or acid anhydride.

4. The composition of claim 3 in which the acyl halide is 2-ethylhexanoyl halide.

5. The composition of claim 2 in which the phenol sulfide is thiodiphenol.

6. A lubricant composition comprising a lubricant base fluid or a grease made therefrom and the composition of claim 1.

7. The composition of claim 6 which further comprises an amount of a lubricant basefluid selected from mineral oil or hydrocracked oil or mixture thereof, the lubricant basefluid being combined with the reaction product in an amount ranging from 50 to 99 wt.% based on the entire weight of the composition.

8. A method of making a lubricative composition having antioxidant properties comprising reacting an acyl halide and a phenol sulfide of the structural formula:

in a mole ratio ranging from 1 to 2 under esterification conditions to produce a reaction product having the structural formula:

where R' and R" are the same or different hydrocarbon groups containing from 1 to 30 carbon atoms or from 2 to 30 carbon atoms and at least one heteroatom selected from sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen; R1 is a hydrocarbon group or mixture thereof containing from 1 to 30 carbon atoms or an aromatic group containing from 6 to 30 carbon atoms; R2 is a hydrocarbon group containing 1 to 30 carbon atoms or a halogen group; x is an integer ranging from 1 to 3; and z is an integer ranging from 1 to 4.

9. The method of claim 8 in which the acyl halide is 2-ethylhexanoyl halide.

10. The method of claim 9 in which the acyl halide is 2-ethylhexanoyl bromide.

11. The method of claim 8 in which the acyl halide and the phenol sulfide are reacted in the presence of a quaternary ammonium compound.

12. The method of claim 11 in which the quaternary ammonium compound is tetrabutylammonium bromide.

13. The method of claim 8 in which the phenol sulfide is thiodiphenol.

14. The method of claim 8 in which R1 is phenyl.

15. The method of claim 14 in which R' and R" are each ethylhexyl.

16. A method of lubricating which inhibits lubricant oxidation comprising providing a non-aqueous oil composition having antioxidant properties between relatively moving metal surfaces, the non-aqueous lubricant oil composition comprising a major proportion of a liquid lubricant oil or a grease made therefrom and 0.01 to 5 wt.% of the composition claim 1.

17. The method of claim 16 in which the liquid lubricant oil is selected from a mineral oil or hydrocracked oil or mixture thereof.

18. The method of claim 16 in which R1 is phenyl.

19. The method of claim 18 in which R' and R" are each ethylhexyl.