CA2167620A1 - Bolus for supplying biologically beneficial substances to ruminant animals - Google Patents
Bolus for supplying biologically beneficial substances to ruminant animalsInfo
- Publication number
- CA2167620A1 CA2167620A1 CA 2167620 CA2167620A CA2167620A1 CA 2167620 A1 CA2167620 A1 CA 2167620A1 CA 2167620 CA2167620 CA 2167620 CA 2167620 A CA2167620 A CA 2167620A CA 2167620 A1 CA2167620 A1 CA 2167620A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- bolus
- beneficial
- mould
- particulate
- substance
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Landscapes
- Fodder In General (AREA)
- Feed For Specific Animals (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
A bolus for supplying a biologically beneficial substance to a ruminant animal, wherein the beneficial substance, in the form of a relatively high density particulate such as copper oxide, is incorporated in a bolus-shaped block of a solid, non-toxic binding substance such as salt or sugar which in use dissolves relatively rapidly in the ruminant stomach.
Description
Bolus for Supplving Biologically Beneficial Substances to Ruminant Animals This invention relates to a bolus for supplying biologically beneficial substances, such as trace elements, to ruminant animals such as cattle, sheep, goats and deer.
Particulate materials of high density, for example rods or filaments of oxidisedcopper, are a~minict~red by mouth to n-min~nt ~nim~l~ for the purpose of nutritional supplementation or medicinal treatment, more especially for thè
treatment of trace element deficiencies.
Such orally ~dmini~t~red high density particulate material is employed because particles of approp,iate size and density lodge for prolonged periods in the nlmin~nt stomachs. Slow solution of the active substance, e.g. trace element or trace elements, takes place. The duration for which the active substance remainseffective can extend to several months and, for example, up to one year in the case of a copper oxide particulate.
Oral atlministration of these high density particulate materials is especially suitable for ruminant animals gra~ed extensively, handled in r~uently and not receiving supplementary feeding.
Material such as particulate copper oxide rods or filaments is normallya(lminict~red in the form of individual doses. The applopliate dose is commonly contained within a capsule of gelatin, which dissolves rapidly in the ruminant stomach. The filled gelatin capsule is of high relative density, usually 2 or more, which prevents it from being regurgitated. The gelatin typically dissolves within ahout 15 minutes, when in contacl with the aqueous contents of the rumen or reticulum, and the released par~icles, heing of-hign density, tend to sink to the hottom of whichever part of the ruminant stomach they are in. The particulate character and weight of the beneficial material causes very delayed passage through the parts of the ~ stomach, lasting up to several months, thus giving prolonged effective treatment from a single administered dose.
Exissting boluses are relatively expensive, mainly due to the high cost of the gelatin capsules when compared with the cost of the material to be administered.
The present invention therefore has as a principal object to provide an alternative and less expensive bolus for administration to rumin~nt ~nim~
According to the invention there is provided a bolus comprising a dose of a relatively high density particulate of a substance beneficial to a nlmin~nt animal, ca}Tied by a bolus-shaped block of a solid, non-toxic binding substance which will dissolve relatively rapidly in the rumin~nt stomach.
Suitable binding substances are, for example, sugar, salt such as rock salt or cellulose/gum or gelatin mixtures. Powdered salt is a preferred binding substance.
The block of the binding substance is preferahly formed, as hy moulding, into a cylindrical shape, rounded at least at one end in order to facilitate passage through the gullet of the animal.
As stated, it is essential that the binding substance be one which dissolves relatively rapidly in the rllmin~nt stomach. The dissolving period, and t~s release of the particulate material, should occur within seven days, preferably less than one day, more preferably less than two hours, and ideally within between five and sixty minutes. The binding suhstance is selected accordingly.
2 ~ 67620 -Examples of particulate materials which may be carried by the hinding substance forming the bolus are particulate copper oxide, preferably in the form of rods or filaments, and elemental zinc. The relative density and size of the particulate are such as to ensure prolonged residence in the ruminant stomach, i.e. residence for a period of not less than one month of a useful proportion of the administered dose.
According to a further optional feature of the invention, the bolus is coated with a non-sticky coating which, after administration of the bolus, is removed by solution or abrasion. One suitable coating material is caster sugar, applied forexample in a coating pan. Other possible coating materials are thinly applied shellac, for example applied as shellac emulsion, and a wax such as Carnauba Wax, which may also be applied as an emulsion.
According to a still further feature of the invention, the above-described bolus for ~dministration of particulate material such as copper oxide or zinc, is combinedinto a double bolus with a bolus of a resin material, preferably a rosin, which incorporates at least one different biologically (pharmaceutically or medicinally) beneficial substance for a ruminant animal. Examples of such different biologically beneficial substances are selenium compounds, cobalt compounds, iodine compounds, m~ng~nese or compounds thereof, zinc compounds such as zinc oxide for control of fungal toxicoses, vitamins, lipids, amino-acids and medicaments such as anthelmintics.
The double bolus may be produced in a variety of ways, for example by moulding the sugar or like bolus formed of a dissolving binding substance around the rosin bolus, or vice versa, by fixing the two boluses together end to end with a soluble or dissembling binding tape, or fixing the two boluses end to end in a cardboardor like disintegrating or dissolving connecting tube.
According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of producing a bo]us for supplying a hiologically heneficial suhstance to a ruminant animal, according to which a mould, having a bolus-shaped chamber and reservoir space, is filled with a meltable powder capable of forming a binding substance and a dose of a relatively high density particulate of a material beneficial to a ruminant animal, the mould is heated, with the reservoir above the bolus chamber, to meltthe powder and enable the melted powder and the beneficial material to fall and condense into the bolus chamber with limited protrusion into the neck, the mouldis cooled to allow the melted powder to solidify into a solid block of binding substance carrying the beneficial particulate material, the mould is opened to enable the moulded bolus to be extracted, and the moulded bolus is trimmed of any protrusion.
According to still another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of producing the bolus, especially in the case where powdered salt is employed as the binding substance, according to which the binding suhstance is moulded with a dose of a relatively high density particulate of a material, for example copper oxide filaments or needles, beneficial to a ruminant animal, the mixture heing wetted by a relatively small quantity of water or an aqueous solution of a non-toxic solvent, the mixture is compressed into a mould having a bolus shaped moulding chamber, the mould is heated to drive off the water, and the bolus is extracted from the mould aRer cooling.
Preferably, the bolus chamber is cylindrical with a rounded end.
Preferably, in the first method, the mould is loaded first with powder for forming the binding substance, then with the particulate of beneficial material, and optionally then with further powder for forming the hinding substance.
When the mould is heated and the powder for forming the binding suhstance melts -and condenses into the bolus chamber, the relatively heavy particulate of heneficial material tends to sink into the melted powder, thereby to form a holus having the particulate beneficial material embedded therein, especially in a central region of the length of the bolus.
Boluses and methods of production thereof in accordance with the invention are now further described by way of example.
Example 1 15 g of granulated sugar and 20 g of copper oxide particles, in the form of rodsor fil~mçnts of approximately 0.5 mm diameter and 2 to 5 mm in 1ength, were placed in a split silicon rubber mould having a holus chamber connected through a short neck to an overhead reservoir chamber. 10 g of sugar were first loaded into the mould, followed by the copper oxide particles, followed by 5 g of sugarat the top. The sugar used may be sucrose, lactose, glucose or fructose, for example, or a crude mixture such as molasses may alternatively be employed.
After shaking or vibrabon, the filled mould was placed in a fan oven, at 155 degrees C, for a period of 2l/2 hours.
The constituents of the mould settled into the bolus chamber with melting of thesugar, with a small protrusion upstanding at the neck. The mould was subse4uently slowly cooled, and the bolus extracted and trimmed.
The resultant bolus, of cylindrical shape with moulded ends (resulting from the shape of the bolus chamber) constituted a solid block of binding material (re-solidified sugar) in which the copper particles were emhedded, mainly in a central region of the length of the bolus.
As an optional step, a surface coating of Carnauha Wax was applied by repetitivespraying.
The holus was tested by placing it in water at 37 degrees C and shaking gently on a planetary shaker. The bolus was found to disintegrate, by solution of the binding material, within 15 minutes, releasing the copper oxide particles.
It has been found possible to combine the above-described bolus of dissolving binding material with a resin, most preferably a rosin, bolus, in which the rosin acts as a binding substance in which a different biologically beneficial substance is uniform]y dispersed. In use, the rosin bolus remains in the alimentary tract over a long period, the beneficial substance being slowly released by leaching over this long period.
The double bolus may be produced by moulding the sugar or equivalent bolus around the rosin bolus, or vice versa, or by fixing the two single boluses end to end using a dissolving tape or a cardboard connecting tube.
Example 2 25 g of copper rods or filaments as previously referred to are mixed with ~ g powdered salt, 0.2 g cereal flour, 0.1 g pectin and 2 g gum arabic, together with 4 ml water as a wetting agent. The wet mixture is tamped into a mould having a bolus shaped moulding chamber. The mould is then heated to drive off water and the resultant solid bolus extracted after cooling.
Example 3 The same method as Example 2 is employed, but with a mixture comprising 25 g copper particulate, 12 g powdered salt, 0.2 g cereal flour, 0.1 g p ectin and 4 ml water.
Examr)le 4 The same method as Examples 2 and 3 is employed, but with a mixture comprising 25 g copper particulate, 4 g powdered salt, 0.2 g cereal flour, 0.1 gpectin, and 4 ml water.
In general, in the second method exemplified by Examples 2 to 4, it is preferredto employ a ratio by weight of binding material, salt and starch for example, tocopper needles, in the range 3:1 to 1:10, preferably 2:1 to 1:6, mixed with '~2 to 20 ml, preferably 3 to 10 ml water or any aqueous solution of a non-toxic solution, preferably saturated, of a solute such as magnesium sulphate, cobalt chloride, sodium chloride, sodium silicate or potassium iodide.
Instead of employing salt and starch as the binding substance, the starch can bereplaced by microcrystalline cellulose, agar-agar, a gum such as xanthan, pectinor cereal flour, or any combination thereof with or without the starch, as typified by the examples.
Assuming the use of powdered salt and starch, the amount of salt used for a bolus to carry 25 g copper particulate is between I g and 10 g, preferably 2 g and 6 g, whilst the amount of starch used is in the range I g to 20 g, preferably 3 g to 10 g-It has also been possible to prepare the sugar-based bolus of Example 1 by the second method, using a small quantity of saturated sugar solution as a wetting agent.
Particulate materials of high density, for example rods or filaments of oxidisedcopper, are a~minict~red by mouth to n-min~nt ~nim~l~ for the purpose of nutritional supplementation or medicinal treatment, more especially for thè
treatment of trace element deficiencies.
Such orally ~dmini~t~red high density particulate material is employed because particles of approp,iate size and density lodge for prolonged periods in the nlmin~nt stomachs. Slow solution of the active substance, e.g. trace element or trace elements, takes place. The duration for which the active substance remainseffective can extend to several months and, for example, up to one year in the case of a copper oxide particulate.
Oral atlministration of these high density particulate materials is especially suitable for ruminant animals gra~ed extensively, handled in r~uently and not receiving supplementary feeding.
Material such as particulate copper oxide rods or filaments is normallya(lminict~red in the form of individual doses. The applopliate dose is commonly contained within a capsule of gelatin, which dissolves rapidly in the ruminant stomach. The filled gelatin capsule is of high relative density, usually 2 or more, which prevents it from being regurgitated. The gelatin typically dissolves within ahout 15 minutes, when in contacl with the aqueous contents of the rumen or reticulum, and the released par~icles, heing of-hign density, tend to sink to the hottom of whichever part of the ruminant stomach they are in. The particulate character and weight of the beneficial material causes very delayed passage through the parts of the ~ stomach, lasting up to several months, thus giving prolonged effective treatment from a single administered dose.
Exissting boluses are relatively expensive, mainly due to the high cost of the gelatin capsules when compared with the cost of the material to be administered.
The present invention therefore has as a principal object to provide an alternative and less expensive bolus for administration to rumin~nt ~nim~
According to the invention there is provided a bolus comprising a dose of a relatively high density particulate of a substance beneficial to a nlmin~nt animal, ca}Tied by a bolus-shaped block of a solid, non-toxic binding substance which will dissolve relatively rapidly in the rumin~nt stomach.
Suitable binding substances are, for example, sugar, salt such as rock salt or cellulose/gum or gelatin mixtures. Powdered salt is a preferred binding substance.
The block of the binding substance is preferahly formed, as hy moulding, into a cylindrical shape, rounded at least at one end in order to facilitate passage through the gullet of the animal.
As stated, it is essential that the binding substance be one which dissolves relatively rapidly in the rllmin~nt stomach. The dissolving period, and t~s release of the particulate material, should occur within seven days, preferably less than one day, more preferably less than two hours, and ideally within between five and sixty minutes. The binding suhstance is selected accordingly.
2 ~ 67620 -Examples of particulate materials which may be carried by the hinding substance forming the bolus are particulate copper oxide, preferably in the form of rods or filaments, and elemental zinc. The relative density and size of the particulate are such as to ensure prolonged residence in the ruminant stomach, i.e. residence for a period of not less than one month of a useful proportion of the administered dose.
According to a further optional feature of the invention, the bolus is coated with a non-sticky coating which, after administration of the bolus, is removed by solution or abrasion. One suitable coating material is caster sugar, applied forexample in a coating pan. Other possible coating materials are thinly applied shellac, for example applied as shellac emulsion, and a wax such as Carnauba Wax, which may also be applied as an emulsion.
According to a still further feature of the invention, the above-described bolus for ~dministration of particulate material such as copper oxide or zinc, is combinedinto a double bolus with a bolus of a resin material, preferably a rosin, which incorporates at least one different biologically (pharmaceutically or medicinally) beneficial substance for a ruminant animal. Examples of such different biologically beneficial substances are selenium compounds, cobalt compounds, iodine compounds, m~ng~nese or compounds thereof, zinc compounds such as zinc oxide for control of fungal toxicoses, vitamins, lipids, amino-acids and medicaments such as anthelmintics.
The double bolus may be produced in a variety of ways, for example by moulding the sugar or like bolus formed of a dissolving binding substance around the rosin bolus, or vice versa, by fixing the two boluses together end to end with a soluble or dissembling binding tape, or fixing the two boluses end to end in a cardboardor like disintegrating or dissolving connecting tube.
According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of producing a bo]us for supplying a hiologically heneficial suhstance to a ruminant animal, according to which a mould, having a bolus-shaped chamber and reservoir space, is filled with a meltable powder capable of forming a binding substance and a dose of a relatively high density particulate of a material beneficial to a ruminant animal, the mould is heated, with the reservoir above the bolus chamber, to meltthe powder and enable the melted powder and the beneficial material to fall and condense into the bolus chamber with limited protrusion into the neck, the mouldis cooled to allow the melted powder to solidify into a solid block of binding substance carrying the beneficial particulate material, the mould is opened to enable the moulded bolus to be extracted, and the moulded bolus is trimmed of any protrusion.
According to still another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of producing the bolus, especially in the case where powdered salt is employed as the binding substance, according to which the binding suhstance is moulded with a dose of a relatively high density particulate of a material, for example copper oxide filaments or needles, beneficial to a ruminant animal, the mixture heing wetted by a relatively small quantity of water or an aqueous solution of a non-toxic solvent, the mixture is compressed into a mould having a bolus shaped moulding chamber, the mould is heated to drive off the water, and the bolus is extracted from the mould aRer cooling.
Preferably, the bolus chamber is cylindrical with a rounded end.
Preferably, in the first method, the mould is loaded first with powder for forming the binding substance, then with the particulate of beneficial material, and optionally then with further powder for forming the hinding substance.
When the mould is heated and the powder for forming the binding suhstance melts -and condenses into the bolus chamber, the relatively heavy particulate of heneficial material tends to sink into the melted powder, thereby to form a holus having the particulate beneficial material embedded therein, especially in a central region of the length of the bolus.
Boluses and methods of production thereof in accordance with the invention are now further described by way of example.
Example 1 15 g of granulated sugar and 20 g of copper oxide particles, in the form of rodsor fil~mçnts of approximately 0.5 mm diameter and 2 to 5 mm in 1ength, were placed in a split silicon rubber mould having a holus chamber connected through a short neck to an overhead reservoir chamber. 10 g of sugar were first loaded into the mould, followed by the copper oxide particles, followed by 5 g of sugarat the top. The sugar used may be sucrose, lactose, glucose or fructose, for example, or a crude mixture such as molasses may alternatively be employed.
After shaking or vibrabon, the filled mould was placed in a fan oven, at 155 degrees C, for a period of 2l/2 hours.
The constituents of the mould settled into the bolus chamber with melting of thesugar, with a small protrusion upstanding at the neck. The mould was subse4uently slowly cooled, and the bolus extracted and trimmed.
The resultant bolus, of cylindrical shape with moulded ends (resulting from the shape of the bolus chamber) constituted a solid block of binding material (re-solidified sugar) in which the copper particles were emhedded, mainly in a central region of the length of the bolus.
As an optional step, a surface coating of Carnauha Wax was applied by repetitivespraying.
The holus was tested by placing it in water at 37 degrees C and shaking gently on a planetary shaker. The bolus was found to disintegrate, by solution of the binding material, within 15 minutes, releasing the copper oxide particles.
It has been found possible to combine the above-described bolus of dissolving binding material with a resin, most preferably a rosin, bolus, in which the rosin acts as a binding substance in which a different biologically beneficial substance is uniform]y dispersed. In use, the rosin bolus remains in the alimentary tract over a long period, the beneficial substance being slowly released by leaching over this long period.
The double bolus may be produced by moulding the sugar or equivalent bolus around the rosin bolus, or vice versa, or by fixing the two single boluses end to end using a dissolving tape or a cardboard connecting tube.
Example 2 25 g of copper rods or filaments as previously referred to are mixed with ~ g powdered salt, 0.2 g cereal flour, 0.1 g pectin and 2 g gum arabic, together with 4 ml water as a wetting agent. The wet mixture is tamped into a mould having a bolus shaped moulding chamber. The mould is then heated to drive off water and the resultant solid bolus extracted after cooling.
Example 3 The same method as Example 2 is employed, but with a mixture comprising 25 g copper particulate, 12 g powdered salt, 0.2 g cereal flour, 0.1 g p ectin and 4 ml water.
Examr)le 4 The same method as Examples 2 and 3 is employed, but with a mixture comprising 25 g copper particulate, 4 g powdered salt, 0.2 g cereal flour, 0.1 gpectin, and 4 ml water.
In general, in the second method exemplified by Examples 2 to 4, it is preferredto employ a ratio by weight of binding material, salt and starch for example, tocopper needles, in the range 3:1 to 1:10, preferably 2:1 to 1:6, mixed with '~2 to 20 ml, preferably 3 to 10 ml water or any aqueous solution of a non-toxic solution, preferably saturated, of a solute such as magnesium sulphate, cobalt chloride, sodium chloride, sodium silicate or potassium iodide.
Instead of employing salt and starch as the binding substance, the starch can bereplaced by microcrystalline cellulose, agar-agar, a gum such as xanthan, pectinor cereal flour, or any combination thereof with or without the starch, as typified by the examples.
Assuming the use of powdered salt and starch, the amount of salt used for a bolus to carry 25 g copper particulate is between I g and 10 g, preferably 2 g and 6 g, whilst the amount of starch used is in the range I g to 20 g, preferably 3 g to 10 g-It has also been possible to prepare the sugar-based bolus of Example 1 by the second method, using a small quantity of saturated sugar solution as a wetting agent.
Claims (10)
1. A bolus for supplying a biologically beneficial substance to a ruminant animal, comprising a bolus-shaped block of a solid, non-toxic binding substance which will dissolve relatively rapidly in the ruminant stomach and in which a dose of a relatively high density particulate of the beneficial substance is incorporated.
2. A bolus according to claim 1, formed by moulding as a cylindrically shaped block rounded at least at one end.
3. A bolus according to claim 1 or claim 2, in which the binding substance has a dissolving period in the ruminant stomach not exceeding seven days.
4. A bolus according to any of claims 1 to 3, in which the biologically beneficial substance incorporated in the bolus is particulate copper oxide and/or particulate zinc.
5. A bolus according to any of claims 1 to 4, in which the rapidly dissolving binding substance is powdered salt or sugar.
6. A bolus according to any of claims 1 to 5, having in combination therewith a bolus formed of a resin material having a different biologically beneficial substance incorporated therein.
7. A bolus according to claim 6, in which the rapidly dissolving bolus is formedaround the rosin bolus.
8. A bolus according to any of claims 1 to 7, in which the rapidly dissolving bolus is coated with a non-sticky coating which in use is removed by solution orby abrasion.
9. A method of producing the bolus of any of claims 1 to 8, according to which a mould, having a bolus-shaped chamber and a reservoir chamber connected by a neck, is filled with a meltable powder capable of forming a binding substance and a dose of a relatively high density particulate of a material beneficial to a ruminant animal, the mould is heated, with the reservoir above the bolus chamber, to meltthe powder and enable the melted powder and the beneficial material to fall and condense into the bolus chamber with limited protrusion into the neck, the mouldis cooled to allow the melted powder to solidify into a solid block of binding substance carrying the beneficial particulate material, the mould is opened to enable the moulded bolus to be extracted, and the moulded bolus is trimmed of any protrusion.
10. A method of producing the bolus of any of claims 1 to 8, according to which the binding substance is moulded with a dose of a relatively high density particulate of a material, for example copper oxide filaments or needles, beneficial to a ruminant animal, the mixture being wetted by a relatively small quantity ofwater or an aqueous solution of a non-toxic solvent, the mixture is compressed into a mould having a bolus shaped moulding chamber, the mould is heated to drive off the water, and the bolus is extracted from the mould after cooling.
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB9501914.7 | 1995-02-01 | ||
| GBGB9501914.7A GB9501914D0 (en) | 1995-02-01 | 1995-02-01 | Bolus for supplying biologically beneficial substances to ruminant animals |
| GB9520326.1 | 1995-10-05 | ||
| GBGB9520326.1A GB9520326D0 (en) | 1995-10-05 | 1995-10-05 | Bolus for supplying biologically beneficial substances to ruminant animals |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2167620A1 true CA2167620A1 (en) | 1996-08-02 |
Family
ID=26306406
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2167620 Abandoned CA2167620A1 (en) | 1995-02-01 | 1996-01-19 | Bolus for supplying biologically beneficial substances to ruminant animals |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| AR (1) | AR000833A1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU693302B2 (en) |
| BR (1) | BR9600288A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2167620A1 (en) |
| IE (1) | IE80860B1 (en) |
| NZ (1) | NZ280886A (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2023553202A (en) | 2020-12-08 | 2023-12-20 | ルミナント バイオテク コーポレーション リミテッド | Improvements in devices and methods for delivering substances to animals |
-
1996
- 1996-01-16 IE IE960032A patent/IE80860B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-01-19 CA CA 2167620 patent/CA2167620A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1996-01-25 NZ NZ28088696A patent/NZ280886A/en unknown
- 1996-01-29 AU AU42198/96A patent/AU693302B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1996-01-30 AR AR10119996A patent/AR000833A1/en unknown
- 1996-01-31 BR BR9600288A patent/BR9600288A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| IE960032A1 (en) | 1996-08-07 |
| AU4219896A (en) | 1996-08-08 |
| BR9600288A (en) | 1997-12-23 |
| NZ280886A (en) | 1997-01-29 |
| IE80860B1 (en) | 1999-04-21 |
| AR000833A1 (en) | 1997-08-06 |
| AU693302B2 (en) | 1998-06-25 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| FZDE | Dead |