CA2157781A1 - Azeotrope-like compositions of 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane and 1,1-difluoroethane - Google Patents
Azeotrope-like compositions of 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane and 1,1-difluoroethaneInfo
- Publication number
- CA2157781A1 CA2157781A1 CA002157781A CA2157781A CA2157781A1 CA 2157781 A1 CA2157781 A1 CA 2157781A1 CA 002157781 A CA002157781 A CA 002157781A CA 2157781 A CA2157781 A CA 2157781A CA 2157781 A1 CA2157781 A1 CA 2157781A1
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- Prior art keywords
- azeotrope
- composition
- heptafluoropropane
- difluoroethane
- compositions
- Prior art date
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- Abandoned
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K3/00—Materials not provided for elsewhere
- C09K3/30—Materials not provided for elsewhere for aerosols
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
- C08J9/04—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent
- C08J9/12—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent by a physical blowing agent
- C08J9/14—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent by a physical blowing agent organic
- C08J9/143—Halogen containing compounds
- C08J9/144—Halogen containing compounds containing carbon, halogen and hydrogen only
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
- C09K5/02—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used
- C09K5/04—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa
- C09K5/041—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems
- C09K5/044—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems comprising halogenated compounds
- C09K5/045—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems comprising halogenated compounds containing only fluorine as halogen
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2207/00—Foams characterised by their intended use
- C08J2207/04—Aerosol, e.g. polyurethane foam spray
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
- C09K2205/22—All components of a mixture being fluoro compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
- C09K2205/32—The mixture being azeotropic
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Porous Articles, And Recovery And Treatment Of Waste Products (AREA)
- Detergent Compositions (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Fire-Extinguishing Compositions (AREA)
Abstract
Azeotrope-like compositions of 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane and 1,1-difluoroethane useful as aerosol propellants and blowing agents for plastic foams, heat transfer media, fire suppression agents, gaseous dielectrics or blowing agents for plastic foams.
Description
~ WO94/21745 21~ 7 7 81 PCT~S94/02~
AzEorRopE-LIKE C~MPOSI~I~NS ~F
l,l,l,Z,3,3,3-1~EPTAFLUOXOPRO~ANE
AND 1,l-DIFLUOROET~ E
CROSS-R~.~R~CE TO R~T.~l'ED APPLICATION
This application is a continuation-in-part of my prior co-pending patent application Serial No. 07/858,240 filed March 26, l9g2.
B~CK~ROUND OF TH~ lNV~NTION
Field of the Inven~ion:
l'he present invention relates to azeotrope-like compositions of l,l,l,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane and l,l-difluoroethane. These mixtures have no efect on stratospheric ozone and are useful as refrigerants for heating and cooling applications. l'hese mixtures may also be employed as aerosol propellants, heat transfer media, fire suppression agents, gaseous dielectrics or blowing agents for plastic foams.
Description of the Prior Art:
A number of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) have gained widespread use in refrigeration applications owing to ~heir unique combination of physical and chemical properties.
However, due to their implication in the destruction of stratospheric ozone, the production and use of CFCs is currently ~eing severely restricted, and the use of these agents will be completely banned in the near future. This will require the replacement of these agents by refrigerants containing neither chlorine nor bromine and which have no effect on stratospheric ozone. One such zero ozone depleting compound which has been proposed is l,l-difluoroethane, (refrigerant Rl52a), which has been shown to provide 4 to 10%
WO94/21745 PCT~S94/02~ ~
2ls7~8l _ increases in efficiency compared to dichlorodifluoromet}lane (rerigerant R12), as discussed in Kuijpers, et al., in "CFCs: Time of Transition," ASHRAE, Atlanta,~Ga, 1989, p.
175. A major drawback of this compound however is its lligh fla~nability.
The use of azeotropic mixtures as refrigerants is know in the art, and is discussed for example in R.C. ~owning, "Fluorocarbon Refrigerants Handbook," Prentice-Hall, 1988 and R.J. ~ossat, "Principles of Refrigeration," 2nd edition, Wiley, 1981. Azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions do not fractionate upon boiling or evaporation. This behavior is desirable when employing vapor compression equipment for refrigeration, since no fractionation will occur UpOII
evaporation and condensation. Such fractionation can result in undesirable refrigerant distribution and also adversely affect the cooling or heating ability of the system.
Non-azeotropic refrigerant mixtures (NARMs) are known in the art, see, e.g., U.S. Patent 4,303,536, but have not found widespread use. Since the NARMs fractionate during the refrigeration cycle, their use may require certain equipIllent changes.
The art is continually seeking new fluorocarbon based azeotrope-like mixtures which offer alternatives for refrigeration and heat pump applications and are efficient, nontoxic, non ozone depleting and nonflammable. As pointed out previously, although efficiency gains are observed employing l,l-di1uoroethane, its high fla~nability is a serious liability to its practical use.
Computer-based models have su~stantiated that hydrofluorocarbons such as 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane (HFC227ea) and l,l-difluoroethane (HFC1~2a) have no effect on stratospheric ozone, i.e., their ozone depletion potential (ODP) is zero.
Tlle use of clllorofluorocarbons (CFCs) as blowing agents is well known in the art, but these materials are to be ~ WO94/21745 21 S 7 7 81 PCT~S94/02~
ul~imately banned due to their role in tlle destruc~ion of stratospheric ozone. It is also taught in the art that hydrochlorofluorocarbons (~ICFCs), for example r 2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane (CF3CEIC12), are useful in foam blowing applications, see, e.g., I.R. Shanklarld, Int. J. Refrig., 1~, 113 (199U). However, since the llCFCs are characterized by nonzero ozone depletion potentials, ~heir use will also be restricted and likely banned in the future.
It is also well known in the art to employ chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) as aerosol propellants, see, e.g., R.J. ~odson, in R.E. Banks, ec., "Organofluorine Cllemicals and their Industrial Applications," Horwood, 1979, p. 79.
The ultimate ban of these materials due to their role in the destruction of the stratospheric ozone creates, however, a need for environmentally acceptable, nontoxic, nonflammable alternatives.
It is accordingly an object of this invention to provide novel azeotrope-like compositions based on 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane and l,l-difluoroetha}le which are nonflammable, nontoxic, chemically stable, and present no adverse threat to stratospheric ozone. Another object of the invention is to provide novel environmentally acceptable refrigerants which are useful in cooling and heating applications. A further object of the invention is to provide environmentally acceptable, non-toxic, nonflammable aerosol propellants and foam blowing agents. Other objects of the invention will become apparent from the following description.
WO94/21745 PCT~S94/02~40 ~5~
~SCRIrTION OF T~IE rREFERRED ~BODIMENTS
In accordance Witll the invention, novel azeotrope-like compositions have been discovered comprising l,l,l,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane and l,l-difluoroethane. The azeotrope-like compositions comprise from about 55 to about 95 weight percent l,l,l,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane and from about 5 to about 45 weight percent l,l-difluoroethane. These compositions have a boiling pOiIIt of about -l9.0C at l a~m.
These compositions are azeotrope-like because tlle composition of said mixtures does not substantially change upon evaporation or condensation.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, SUCll azeotrope-like compositions comprise from about 60 to about 90 weight percent l,l,l,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane and from abou~ l0 to about 40 weight percent l,l-difluoroetllane. The compound l,l,l,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane is known in the art and has been shown to be an efficient fire suppression agent, see, e.g., M. Robin, "Large Scale Testing of Halon A1ternatives," l99l International CFC and ~alon Alternatives Con~erence, Baltimore, MD, ~ecember 3-5, l99l. Hence, non-flamma~le azeotrope-like mixtures are readily obtained by combining l,l,l,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane with l,l-difluoroethane.
l'he term "azeotropP-like" is used herein for mixtures of the inven~ion because in tlle claimed proportions tlle compositions of l,l,l,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane and l,l-difluoroethane are constant boiliny or essentially constant boiling. Furthermore, no or essentially no fractionation occurs upon evaporating or condensing the mixtures.
One me~hod ~or de~ermining whe~her a candidate mixture is azeotrope-like is to determine whether the boiling point versus composition curve passes through an extremum, see, e.g., W. Swietoslawski, "Azeotropy and Polyazeotropy,"
~ WO94/2174S PCT~S94/02~
E~ergamon, 1963, and J.M. Smith and H.C. Van Ness, J "Introduction to Chemical Enyineering Thermodynamics,"
McGraw-Hill, 1987.
Alternatively, one can determine whether a candidate 5 mixture is azeotrope-like by determining whether the vapor pressure versus composition curve passes througll an extremum, see, e.g., M. McLinden and G. Morrison, NBS Technical Note 1226, National Bureau of Standards, p. 96, 1986, Smith and Van Ness, Q cit., and U.S. Patent 4,978,467.
10 Azeotrope-like mixtures which possess a maximum in the vapor pressure versus composition curve will exhibit a minimum in tlle boiling point versus composition curve.
One of tile characteristics of an azeotrope-like mixture is that there is a range of compositions containing th~ same 15 components in varying proportions which are azeotrope-like.
It is well known to those skilled in the art that an azeotrope of two compounds represents a unique interaction but with a variable composition depending on the temperature and/or pressure. For example, to those skilled in the art it 20 is un~erstood that the boiling point and composition of an azeotrope will vary with pressure.
Accordingly, another way to define an azeotrope-like mixture within the meaning of this invention is to state that such mixtures exhibit vapor pressures within about +/- 5 ps~a (35 kPa) at 70F (21C) of the most preferred compositions disclosed herein (about 65 psia at 70F (21C)).
As a further alternative, another way to define an azeotrope-like mixture wit~lin tlle meaning of this invention is that given by Bivens (Fluorocarbon Mixtures as CFC
Alternatives, 200th ACS National Meeting, Washington, DC, August 18, 1990). As defined by Bivens, "near-azeotropes"
are those ~lixtures for which the dew point/bubble point delta T is less than or equal to 5C. lt is to be understood that the terms "near azeotropes" and "azeotrope-like mixtures" are interchangeable in describing such systems. 'l'lle mixtures of WO94/21745 PCT~S94/02~ ~
~S~7~ -6-the present invention are azeotrope-like because for all compositions, the bubble point/dew point delta T is less than 5C.
The inventive composi~ions are useful in a variety of applications. ln one process embodiment of tlle inventioll, tlle azeotrope-like compositions oE the invention may be used, in the presence of a suitable lubricant if required, in a method for producing refrigeration which comprises condensing a refrigerant comprising the azeotropic-like compositions and thereafter evaporating the refrigerant in the vicinity of the body to be cooled. In another process embodiment of the invention, the azeotrope-like compositions of the invention may be used, in the presence of a suitable lubricant if required, in a method for producing heating wllicll utilizes condellsing a refrigerant comprising the azeotropic-like compositions in the vicinity of the body to be heated, and thereafter evaporating the refrigerant. As will also ~e readily appreciated by those skilled in the art, the azeotrope-like compositions of the invention are also useful in foam blowing and aerosol propellant applications.
It should be understood that the present compositions may include additional, non-interfering components so as to form new azeotrope-like compositions. Any such compositions are considered to be witllin the scope of tlle present invention.
The present invention is more fully illustrated by the following examples, which are to be understood as exemplary only, and non-limiting.
E~XAMPLE 1 This example demonstrates the inertion oE HFC-152a by HE?C-227ea. Tlle concentration of E~FC-227ea required to inert HFC-152a was measured in an 8.0 L explosion sphere, consisting of two 304 stainless hemispheres welded on stainless steel flanges, and equipped with instrurllentation allowing the monitoring of pressure and ternperature as a _ WO94/21745 PCT~S94/02~
~unction of time. A mixture of IIFC-152a and air and ~he desired concentration of the inerting agent ~FC-227ea were introduced into the sphere employing partial pressures to 7 determine tlle volumes of agent, fuel and air. The mixture 5 was then sub,jected to a DC spark of 70 J ignition energy, located in the center of the sphere. Mixtures producing an overpressure of greater than or equal to 1.0 psia following activation of the spark are considered 1ammable, and mix~ures producing an overpressure of less thall 1.0 psia are 10 considered nonflammable. By examining a series of mixtures of varying ratios of air/fuel/HFC-227ea, the concentratioll of HFC-227ea required to inert all combinations of the HFC-152a and air can be determined. The flammability measurements indicate that only 8.7% by volume of HFC-227ea is required to 15 render all combinations of HFC-152a and air nonflammab]e.
The flammability diagram determined from the experimental data is shown in FIG. 1 for the HFC-227ea/HFC-152a~air system. A straight line drawn from the origin and not crossing into the flammable region gives the minimum ratio of 20 ~IFC-227ea to HFC-152a required ~o provide a nonElammable mixture. It is found that mixtures of ~FC-227ea and HFC-152a may contain up to approximately 25 weight percent of HFC-152a and remain nonflammable.
This exampl2 demonstrates the azeotrope-like nature of HFC-227ea/HFC-152a mixtures. Vapor pressure data for 80:20 and 30:70 by weight mixtures of HFC-227ea and HFC-152a are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
WO94/21745 PCT~S94/029 21S~ 8-TABLE 1: VAPOR PRESSURE OF A 80:20 BY WEIGIIT MIXTURE OF
HFC-227ea AND HFC-152a Temperature (F) rressure (Dsia~
10.0 ]9.7 5 20.0 2~.7 30.0 30.7 40.0 37.6 5~.0 46.0 U.0 55.5 1070,0 66.0 ~0.0 78.5 90.0 92.3 100.0 108.0 TABLE 2: VAPOR PRESSURE OF A 30:70 BY WEIGHT MIXTURE OF
15HFC-227ea and HFC-152a.
Temperature (F~ Pressure (Dsia) 40.0 43.3 50.0 52.4 60.0 62.7 2070.0 74.6 80.~ 88.1 90.0 103.5 100.0 121.1 Both sets of data were employed to determine the Carnahan-Starling-DeSantis (CSD) binary interaction coefficient for the mixtures. As described in NBS Technical Note 1226, the CSD binary interaction coefficient allows the calculation of accurate physical and thermodynamic properties for mixtures of fluorinated compounds such as I~FC-152a and HFC-227ea. The CSD equation of state accurately describes the physical and thermodynamic properties of fluorocarbons, and their mixtures, and also accurately represents the zeotropic or azeotropic nature of such mixtures. From the vapor pressure data, the binary interaction coefficient was determined following the procedure described by Morrison and McLinden ill NBS Techllical Note 1226. The binary interaction coefficient was found to be -0.014, and to be independent of the composition of tlle mixture. The phase (Pxy) diagram for ~ WO94/2174S PCT~S94/02~
g the system l~FC-227ea/~FC-152a is shown in FIG. 2; ill this figure the upper line is the bubble line (saturated liquid), and ~he lower line is the dew line (saturated vapor). It is seen from FIG. 2 that the dew point-but~ble point delta T is less than 5C for all compositions. Hence, mixtures of I~FC-227ea and HFC-152a are seen to be azeotrope-like over the entire composition range. As an exarnple, an 80:20 by weight mixture of HFC-227ea and HFC-152a is seen from FIG. 2 to be charac~erized by a bubble point/dew point delta T of 0.7C.
This example demonstrates the nonflammability of the mixtures. The 80:20 by weight mixture of HFC-227ea and HFC-152a described in Example 2 was tested for flammability in the following fashion. The sample cylinder was placed on a concrete pad and the valve to the cylin~er opened slightly to allow the escape of the sample. For a leakage percent from 0 to 100%, the leaking vapor stream could not be ignited with a flame source held approximately 0.5 to 3.0 inches from the location of the leak. A similar test with pure HF~-152a resulted in the ignition of the leaking HFC-152a gas stream to produce a self-propagating 1ame; the gas stream continued to burn on its own after removal of the flame source.
The foregoing formulations of Examples 1 and 2 aLe used as propellants, heat transfer media, fire suppression agents, gaseous dielectrics and as blowing agents in conventional fas~ion, and suitable results are obtained.
Having described the inve~tion in detail and by reference to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be apparent that modifications and variations are possible without departing from the scope of the invention defined in the appended claims.
AzEorRopE-LIKE C~MPOSI~I~NS ~F
l,l,l,Z,3,3,3-1~EPTAFLUOXOPRO~ANE
AND 1,l-DIFLUOROET~ E
CROSS-R~.~R~CE TO R~T.~l'ED APPLICATION
This application is a continuation-in-part of my prior co-pending patent application Serial No. 07/858,240 filed March 26, l9g2.
B~CK~ROUND OF TH~ lNV~NTION
Field of the Inven~ion:
l'he present invention relates to azeotrope-like compositions of l,l,l,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane and l,l-difluoroethane. These mixtures have no efect on stratospheric ozone and are useful as refrigerants for heating and cooling applications. l'hese mixtures may also be employed as aerosol propellants, heat transfer media, fire suppression agents, gaseous dielectrics or blowing agents for plastic foams.
Description of the Prior Art:
A number of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) have gained widespread use in refrigeration applications owing to ~heir unique combination of physical and chemical properties.
However, due to their implication in the destruction of stratospheric ozone, the production and use of CFCs is currently ~eing severely restricted, and the use of these agents will be completely banned in the near future. This will require the replacement of these agents by refrigerants containing neither chlorine nor bromine and which have no effect on stratospheric ozone. One such zero ozone depleting compound which has been proposed is l,l-difluoroethane, (refrigerant Rl52a), which has been shown to provide 4 to 10%
WO94/21745 PCT~S94/02~ ~
2ls7~8l _ increases in efficiency compared to dichlorodifluoromet}lane (rerigerant R12), as discussed in Kuijpers, et al., in "CFCs: Time of Transition," ASHRAE, Atlanta,~Ga, 1989, p.
175. A major drawback of this compound however is its lligh fla~nability.
The use of azeotropic mixtures as refrigerants is know in the art, and is discussed for example in R.C. ~owning, "Fluorocarbon Refrigerants Handbook," Prentice-Hall, 1988 and R.J. ~ossat, "Principles of Refrigeration," 2nd edition, Wiley, 1981. Azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions do not fractionate upon boiling or evaporation. This behavior is desirable when employing vapor compression equipment for refrigeration, since no fractionation will occur UpOII
evaporation and condensation. Such fractionation can result in undesirable refrigerant distribution and also adversely affect the cooling or heating ability of the system.
Non-azeotropic refrigerant mixtures (NARMs) are known in the art, see, e.g., U.S. Patent 4,303,536, but have not found widespread use. Since the NARMs fractionate during the refrigeration cycle, their use may require certain equipIllent changes.
The art is continually seeking new fluorocarbon based azeotrope-like mixtures which offer alternatives for refrigeration and heat pump applications and are efficient, nontoxic, non ozone depleting and nonflammable. As pointed out previously, although efficiency gains are observed employing l,l-di1uoroethane, its high fla~nability is a serious liability to its practical use.
Computer-based models have su~stantiated that hydrofluorocarbons such as 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane (HFC227ea) and l,l-difluoroethane (HFC1~2a) have no effect on stratospheric ozone, i.e., their ozone depletion potential (ODP) is zero.
Tlle use of clllorofluorocarbons (CFCs) as blowing agents is well known in the art, but these materials are to be ~ WO94/21745 21 S 7 7 81 PCT~S94/02~
ul~imately banned due to their role in tlle destruc~ion of stratospheric ozone. It is also taught in the art that hydrochlorofluorocarbons (~ICFCs), for example r 2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane (CF3CEIC12), are useful in foam blowing applications, see, e.g., I.R. Shanklarld, Int. J. Refrig., 1~, 113 (199U). However, since the llCFCs are characterized by nonzero ozone depletion potentials, ~heir use will also be restricted and likely banned in the future.
It is also well known in the art to employ chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) as aerosol propellants, see, e.g., R.J. ~odson, in R.E. Banks, ec., "Organofluorine Cllemicals and their Industrial Applications," Horwood, 1979, p. 79.
The ultimate ban of these materials due to their role in the destruction of the stratospheric ozone creates, however, a need for environmentally acceptable, nontoxic, nonflammable alternatives.
It is accordingly an object of this invention to provide novel azeotrope-like compositions based on 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane and l,l-difluoroetha}le which are nonflammable, nontoxic, chemically stable, and present no adverse threat to stratospheric ozone. Another object of the invention is to provide novel environmentally acceptable refrigerants which are useful in cooling and heating applications. A further object of the invention is to provide environmentally acceptable, non-toxic, nonflammable aerosol propellants and foam blowing agents. Other objects of the invention will become apparent from the following description.
WO94/21745 PCT~S94/02~40 ~5~
~SCRIrTION OF T~IE rREFERRED ~BODIMENTS
In accordance Witll the invention, novel azeotrope-like compositions have been discovered comprising l,l,l,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane and l,l-difluoroethane. The azeotrope-like compositions comprise from about 55 to about 95 weight percent l,l,l,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane and from about 5 to about 45 weight percent l,l-difluoroethane. These compositions have a boiling pOiIIt of about -l9.0C at l a~m.
These compositions are azeotrope-like because tlle composition of said mixtures does not substantially change upon evaporation or condensation.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, SUCll azeotrope-like compositions comprise from about 60 to about 90 weight percent l,l,l,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane and from abou~ l0 to about 40 weight percent l,l-difluoroetllane. The compound l,l,l,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane is known in the art and has been shown to be an efficient fire suppression agent, see, e.g., M. Robin, "Large Scale Testing of Halon A1ternatives," l99l International CFC and ~alon Alternatives Con~erence, Baltimore, MD, ~ecember 3-5, l99l. Hence, non-flamma~le azeotrope-like mixtures are readily obtained by combining l,l,l,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane with l,l-difluoroethane.
l'he term "azeotropP-like" is used herein for mixtures of the inven~ion because in tlle claimed proportions tlle compositions of l,l,l,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane and l,l-difluoroethane are constant boiliny or essentially constant boiling. Furthermore, no or essentially no fractionation occurs upon evaporating or condensing the mixtures.
One me~hod ~or de~ermining whe~her a candidate mixture is azeotrope-like is to determine whether the boiling point versus composition curve passes through an extremum, see, e.g., W. Swietoslawski, "Azeotropy and Polyazeotropy,"
~ WO94/2174S PCT~S94/02~
E~ergamon, 1963, and J.M. Smith and H.C. Van Ness, J "Introduction to Chemical Enyineering Thermodynamics,"
McGraw-Hill, 1987.
Alternatively, one can determine whether a candidate 5 mixture is azeotrope-like by determining whether the vapor pressure versus composition curve passes througll an extremum, see, e.g., M. McLinden and G. Morrison, NBS Technical Note 1226, National Bureau of Standards, p. 96, 1986, Smith and Van Ness, Q cit., and U.S. Patent 4,978,467.
10 Azeotrope-like mixtures which possess a maximum in the vapor pressure versus composition curve will exhibit a minimum in tlle boiling point versus composition curve.
One of tile characteristics of an azeotrope-like mixture is that there is a range of compositions containing th~ same 15 components in varying proportions which are azeotrope-like.
It is well known to those skilled in the art that an azeotrope of two compounds represents a unique interaction but with a variable composition depending on the temperature and/or pressure. For example, to those skilled in the art it 20 is un~erstood that the boiling point and composition of an azeotrope will vary with pressure.
Accordingly, another way to define an azeotrope-like mixture within the meaning of this invention is to state that such mixtures exhibit vapor pressures within about +/- 5 ps~a (35 kPa) at 70F (21C) of the most preferred compositions disclosed herein (about 65 psia at 70F (21C)).
As a further alternative, another way to define an azeotrope-like mixture wit~lin tlle meaning of this invention is that given by Bivens (Fluorocarbon Mixtures as CFC
Alternatives, 200th ACS National Meeting, Washington, DC, August 18, 1990). As defined by Bivens, "near-azeotropes"
are those ~lixtures for which the dew point/bubble point delta T is less than or equal to 5C. lt is to be understood that the terms "near azeotropes" and "azeotrope-like mixtures" are interchangeable in describing such systems. 'l'lle mixtures of WO94/21745 PCT~S94/02~ ~
~S~7~ -6-the present invention are azeotrope-like because for all compositions, the bubble point/dew point delta T is less than 5C.
The inventive composi~ions are useful in a variety of applications. ln one process embodiment of tlle inventioll, tlle azeotrope-like compositions oE the invention may be used, in the presence of a suitable lubricant if required, in a method for producing refrigeration which comprises condensing a refrigerant comprising the azeotropic-like compositions and thereafter evaporating the refrigerant in the vicinity of the body to be cooled. In another process embodiment of the invention, the azeotrope-like compositions of the invention may be used, in the presence of a suitable lubricant if required, in a method for producing heating wllicll utilizes condellsing a refrigerant comprising the azeotropic-like compositions in the vicinity of the body to be heated, and thereafter evaporating the refrigerant. As will also ~e readily appreciated by those skilled in the art, the azeotrope-like compositions of the invention are also useful in foam blowing and aerosol propellant applications.
It should be understood that the present compositions may include additional, non-interfering components so as to form new azeotrope-like compositions. Any such compositions are considered to be witllin the scope of tlle present invention.
The present invention is more fully illustrated by the following examples, which are to be understood as exemplary only, and non-limiting.
E~XAMPLE 1 This example demonstrates the inertion oE HFC-152a by HE?C-227ea. Tlle concentration of E~FC-227ea required to inert HFC-152a was measured in an 8.0 L explosion sphere, consisting of two 304 stainless hemispheres welded on stainless steel flanges, and equipped with instrurllentation allowing the monitoring of pressure and ternperature as a _ WO94/21745 PCT~S94/02~
~unction of time. A mixture of IIFC-152a and air and ~he desired concentration of the inerting agent ~FC-227ea were introduced into the sphere employing partial pressures to 7 determine tlle volumes of agent, fuel and air. The mixture 5 was then sub,jected to a DC spark of 70 J ignition energy, located in the center of the sphere. Mixtures producing an overpressure of greater than or equal to 1.0 psia following activation of the spark are considered 1ammable, and mix~ures producing an overpressure of less thall 1.0 psia are 10 considered nonflammable. By examining a series of mixtures of varying ratios of air/fuel/HFC-227ea, the concentratioll of HFC-227ea required to inert all combinations of the HFC-152a and air can be determined. The flammability measurements indicate that only 8.7% by volume of HFC-227ea is required to 15 render all combinations of HFC-152a and air nonflammab]e.
The flammability diagram determined from the experimental data is shown in FIG. 1 for the HFC-227ea/HFC-152a~air system. A straight line drawn from the origin and not crossing into the flammable region gives the minimum ratio of 20 ~IFC-227ea to HFC-152a required ~o provide a nonElammable mixture. It is found that mixtures of ~FC-227ea and HFC-152a may contain up to approximately 25 weight percent of HFC-152a and remain nonflammable.
This exampl2 demonstrates the azeotrope-like nature of HFC-227ea/HFC-152a mixtures. Vapor pressure data for 80:20 and 30:70 by weight mixtures of HFC-227ea and HFC-152a are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
WO94/21745 PCT~S94/029 21S~ 8-TABLE 1: VAPOR PRESSURE OF A 80:20 BY WEIGIIT MIXTURE OF
HFC-227ea AND HFC-152a Temperature (F) rressure (Dsia~
10.0 ]9.7 5 20.0 2~.7 30.0 30.7 40.0 37.6 5~.0 46.0 U.0 55.5 1070,0 66.0 ~0.0 78.5 90.0 92.3 100.0 108.0 TABLE 2: VAPOR PRESSURE OF A 30:70 BY WEIGHT MIXTURE OF
15HFC-227ea and HFC-152a.
Temperature (F~ Pressure (Dsia) 40.0 43.3 50.0 52.4 60.0 62.7 2070.0 74.6 80.~ 88.1 90.0 103.5 100.0 121.1 Both sets of data were employed to determine the Carnahan-Starling-DeSantis (CSD) binary interaction coefficient for the mixtures. As described in NBS Technical Note 1226, the CSD binary interaction coefficient allows the calculation of accurate physical and thermodynamic properties for mixtures of fluorinated compounds such as I~FC-152a and HFC-227ea. The CSD equation of state accurately describes the physical and thermodynamic properties of fluorocarbons, and their mixtures, and also accurately represents the zeotropic or azeotropic nature of such mixtures. From the vapor pressure data, the binary interaction coefficient was determined following the procedure described by Morrison and McLinden ill NBS Techllical Note 1226. The binary interaction coefficient was found to be -0.014, and to be independent of the composition of tlle mixture. The phase (Pxy) diagram for ~ WO94/2174S PCT~S94/02~
g the system l~FC-227ea/~FC-152a is shown in FIG. 2; ill this figure the upper line is the bubble line (saturated liquid), and ~he lower line is the dew line (saturated vapor). It is seen from FIG. 2 that the dew point-but~ble point delta T is less than 5C for all compositions. Hence, mixtures of I~FC-227ea and HFC-152a are seen to be azeotrope-like over the entire composition range. As an exarnple, an 80:20 by weight mixture of HFC-227ea and HFC-152a is seen from FIG. 2 to be charac~erized by a bubble point/dew point delta T of 0.7C.
This example demonstrates the nonflammability of the mixtures. The 80:20 by weight mixture of HFC-227ea and HFC-152a described in Example 2 was tested for flammability in the following fashion. The sample cylinder was placed on a concrete pad and the valve to the cylin~er opened slightly to allow the escape of the sample. For a leakage percent from 0 to 100%, the leaking vapor stream could not be ignited with a flame source held approximately 0.5 to 3.0 inches from the location of the leak. A similar test with pure HF~-152a resulted in the ignition of the leaking HFC-152a gas stream to produce a self-propagating 1ame; the gas stream continued to burn on its own after removal of the flame source.
The foregoing formulations of Examples 1 and 2 aLe used as propellants, heat transfer media, fire suppression agents, gaseous dielectrics and as blowing agents in conventional fas~ion, and suitable results are obtained.
Having described the inve~tion in detail and by reference to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be apparent that modifications and variations are possible without departing from the scope of the invention defined in the appended claims.
Claims (13)
1. An azeotrope-like composition consisting essentially of from about 55 to about 95 weight percent 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane and from about 5 to about 45 weight percent 1,1-difluoroethane, said composition having a vapor pressure of about 65 psia at 21°C.
2. The composition of claim 1 and which has a vapor pressure of about 65 psia at 21°C.
3. The composition of claim 1 and which consists of the 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane and the 1,1-difluorethane.
4. The composition of claim 1 and which consists essentially of from about 60 to about 90 weight percent 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane and from about 10 to about 40 weight percent 1,1-difluoroethane.
5. The azeotrope-like composition of claim 1 and adapted for use as a refrigerant.
6. The azeotrope-like composition of claim 1 and adapted for use as a propellant.
7. The azeotrope-like composition of claim 1 and adapted for use as a blowing agent.
8. In a method of refrigeration comprising condensing and evaporating an azeotrope-like composition, the improvement comprising using an azeotrope-like composition consisting essentially of from about 55 to about 95 weight percent 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane and from about 5 to about 45 weight percent 1,1-difluoroethane.
9. The improvement of claim 8 in which the azeotrope-like composition consists of the 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane and the 1,1-difluoroethane.
10. A method of propelling a composition comprising propelling the composition with an azeotrope-like propellant consisting essentially of from about 55 to about 95 weight percent 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane and from about 5 to about 45 weight percent 1,1-difluoroethane, said composition having a vapor pressure of about 65 psia at 21°C.
11. The method of claim 10 in which the azeotrope-like propellant consists essentially of the 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane and the 1,1-difluoroethane.
12. A method of producing plastic foams from a material which comprises foaming the material with an azeotrope-like composition consisting essentially of from about 55 to about 95 weight percent 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane and from about 5 to about 45 weight percent 1,1-difluoroethane, said composition having a vapor pressure of about 65 psia at 21°C.
13. The improvement of claim 12 in which the azeotrope-like composition consists of the 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane and the 1,1-difluoroethane.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US3361693A | 1993-03-19 | 1993-03-19 | |
| US08/033,616 | 1993-03-19 | ||
| PCT/US1994/002940 WO1994021745A1 (en) | 1993-03-19 | 1994-03-18 | Azeotrope-like compositions of 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane and 1,1-difluoroethane |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2157781A1 true CA2157781A1 (en) | 1994-09-29 |
Family
ID=21871434
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002157781A Abandoned CA2157781A1 (en) | 1993-03-19 | 1994-03-18 | Azeotrope-like compositions of 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane and 1,1-difluoroethane |
Country Status (10)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0689572A1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPH08508253A (en) |
| AU (1) | AU6411794A (en) |
| BR (1) | BR9406176A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2157781A1 (en) |
| FI (1) | FI954401A0 (en) |
| NO (1) | NO953675L (en) |
| TW (1) | TW293035B (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1994021745A1 (en) |
| ZA (1) | ZA941898B (en) |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TW283164B (en) * | 1993-09-24 | 1996-08-11 | Du Pont | |
| KR100405189B1 (en) | 2001-02-16 | 2003-11-12 | 한국과학기술연구원 | A composition of Refrigerant Mixtures |
| US6941794B2 (en) | 2002-05-31 | 2005-09-13 | Engineered Support Systems, Inc. | Systems and methods for residue collection |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3905726A1 (en) * | 1989-02-24 | 1990-08-30 | Hoechst Ag | COMPRESSED GAS PACKING AND DRIVING AGENT FOR AEROSOLS |
| US4945119A (en) * | 1989-05-10 | 1990-07-31 | The Dow Chemical Company | Foaming system for rigid urethane and isocyanurate foams |
| JP2847797B2 (en) * | 1989-09-06 | 1999-01-20 | ダイキン工業株式会社 | Working fluid |
| DE69105969T2 (en) * | 1990-04-25 | 1995-05-18 | Du Pont | HALOGEN CARBON MIXTURES. |
| US5182040A (en) * | 1991-03-28 | 1993-01-26 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Azeotropic and azeotrope-like compositions of 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane |
| WO1993005105A1 (en) * | 1991-09-12 | 1993-03-18 | Daikin Industries, Ltd. | Blowing agent composition |
-
1994
- 1994-03-17 ZA ZA941898A patent/ZA941898B/en unknown
- 1994-03-18 TW TW083102426A patent/TW293035B/zh active
- 1994-03-18 EP EP94911644A patent/EP0689572A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1994-03-18 WO PCT/US1994/002940 patent/WO1994021745A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1994-03-18 BR BR9406176A patent/BR9406176A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1994-03-18 CA CA002157781A patent/CA2157781A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1994-03-18 JP JP6521256A patent/JPH08508253A/en active Pending
- 1994-03-18 AU AU64117/94A patent/AU6411794A/en not_active Abandoned
-
1995
- 1995-09-18 NO NO953675A patent/NO953675L/en unknown
- 1995-09-18 FI FI954401A patent/FI954401A0/en not_active Application Discontinuation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0689572A4 (en) | 1995-10-16 |
| AU6411794A (en) | 1994-10-11 |
| NO953675D0 (en) | 1995-09-18 |
| ZA941898B (en) | 1994-10-18 |
| WO1994021745A1 (en) | 1994-09-29 |
| EP0689572A1 (en) | 1996-01-03 |
| JPH08508253A (en) | 1996-09-03 |
| BR9406176A (en) | 1996-01-02 |
| FI954401A (en) | 1995-09-18 |
| TW293035B (en) | 1996-12-11 |
| FI954401A0 (en) | 1995-09-18 |
| NO953675L (en) | 1995-09-18 |
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