CA2152155C - Dental alloy of high gold content - Google Patents
Dental alloy of high gold content Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2152155C CA2152155C CA002152155A CA2152155A CA2152155C CA 2152155 C CA2152155 C CA 2152155C CA 002152155 A CA002152155 A CA 002152155A CA 2152155 A CA2152155 A CA 2152155A CA 2152155 C CA2152155 C CA 2152155C
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- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- alloy
- alloys
- gold
- dental
- titanium
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- Expired - Fee Related
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C5/00—Alloys based on noble metals
- C22C5/02—Alloys based on gold
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K6/00—Preparations for dentistry
- A61K6/80—Preparations for artificial teeth, for filling teeth or for capping teeth
- A61K6/84—Preparations for artificial teeth, for filling teeth or for capping teeth comprising metals or alloys
- A61K6/844—Noble metals
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- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (AREA)
- Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Dental Preparations (AREA)
Abstract
The new dental alloy of high gold content which is particularly suited for facing with ceramic consists of from 91 to 99.4 % of gold, from 0.5 to 3 % of titanium and/or tantalum, from 0 to 5 % of silver and from 0 to 1 % of at least one of iridium, rhodium, ruthenium, platinum, palladium, osmium, tungsten, iron, molybdenum, niobium and rhenium, the percentages indicated being by weight.
This dental alloy is extremely biologically compatible and can be used in the conventional technique and in the burning-on technique as well so that it may be employed as a universal gold alloy which fulfils the standards ISO 1562 and ISO 9693 and, respectively, DIN 13927.
This dental alloy is extremely biologically compatible and can be used in the conventional technique and in the burning-on technique as well so that it may be employed as a universal gold alloy which fulfils the standards ISO 1562 and ISO 9693 and, respectively, DIN 13927.
Description
Dental alloy of high gold content Background of the Invention The present invention belongs to the field of dental art and is related to a new and useful dental alloy having a high gold content and a golden yellow colour, and which is destined and appropriate for the facing with commercially available dental ceramic com-pounds and for the manufacture of dental prosthesis parts as well which remain unfaced or are to be faced with synthetic or other materials.
Noble metal dental alloys having a high gold con-tent are widely spread for the use in metallic, solid-ly fastened dentures such as crowns, bridges etc., in-ter alia because of their good biological compatibili-ty and high corrosion resistance in the mouth milieu.
Furthermore, they are technically easy to process.
Silver and copper containing gold casting alloys are successfully used since a long time in restorative dentistry. In the conventional alloys, the high mecha-nical resistance required for these materials when un-faced parts or parts to be faced with synthetic mate-rials are to be made, is adjusted through the silver to copper ratio.
In view of optimal aesthetics of solidly fastened dental reconstructions, especially in the visible re-gion, an at least partial facing of a metallic base by a ceramic compound has proven to be particularly ap-propriate since the advantages of the ceramics, namely hardness, aesthetics and outstanding biological compa-T:\KG\TEXTE\UEBERSET\25448E.SE(ST/DM/s 01.06.95) _2152155 tibility, can optimally be combined in this material composite with the advantages of the metallic materi-al, namely tensile strength and better precision of fit.
The use of a ceramic facing requires special pro-perties of the alloy. Thus, the melting interval of the alloy should markedly be higher than the baking temperature of the ceramics which is about 980 °C, and the alloy must furthermore present a sufficient burn-ing stability so that the metallic base to be faced remains dimensionally stable during the burning or baking operation.
In order to guarantee a durable adhesion between alloy and ceramics, no tensile stress should build up during the manufacture process. This is achieved, in an already known manner, by selecting the thermal ex-pansion coefficient of the alloy slightly higher than that of the ceramics. During the cooling process, a compressive strain is produced in the ceramic coating due to the somewhat higher shrinking alloy.
The requirements cited above have resulted in the development of special alloys called burn-on alloys which form an own class besides the conventional gold casting alloys and which are standardized by the stan-dards ISO 9693 and DIN 13927.
In order to achieve the above discussed required properties of burn-on alloys, the elements platinum and/or palladium have been added by alloying to the alloys for metal-ceramic on the base of gold. Fur-thermore, other metals than noble ones are added by T:\KG\TEXTE\UEBERSET\25448E.SE(ST/DM/s 01.06.95) _2152155 alloying in order to improve the strength of the al-loy, such as copper, indium, gallium, tin and/or zinc.
The alloy strength could basically be improved by add-ing higher proportions of silver and copper; however, this possibility cannot be used because of undesired reactions of such alloys with the ceramic and of a too high oxidation of the alloy.
In particular, additions of palladium, but also of platinum lead to a sensible reduction of the de-sired yellow colour of the alloy which is felt by the patient as aesthetically agreeable and desirable.
Recently, some non-noble metals used in the noble metal alloys have been suspected to cause troubles and pathological reactions in some patients. Reference is especially made to indium which is contained in nearly all burn-on alloys; see the article of J. Wirz: "Scha-digung des Paradontes durch zahnarztliche Werkstoffe"
(Damage of the paradontium by dentistry materials), zahnarztliche Welt 102, 146 (1993). Palladium too is suspected to provoke toxic or allergic reactions if it is contained in higher proportions in the noble metal alloy and is therefore able to be liberated by corro-sion. Furthermore, the need for a universally applic-able dental alloy becomes more and more relevant, i.e.
an alloy which is suitable both for conventional den-tal prostheses which remain unfaced or are faced with synthetic material, respectively, and for the techni-que of metal-ceramic. Such alloys have the advantage of excluding the danger of forming a galvanic element due to the use of different alloys in the mouth cavi-ty, accompanied by corrosion processes. Recently, such universal alloys are promoted which, however, are T:\KG\TEXTE\UEBERSET\25448E.SE(ST/DM/s 01.06.95) on the base of Au-Ag-Pt-Cu with the addition of the non-noble metals indium and zinc. These alloys pre-sent the shortcomings that they are relatively suscep-tible to corrosion, in particular due to the surface oxides formed during burning which are not necessarily covered by ceramic in the region of the crown edges and are therefore accessible to saliva and its corro-sive action. Furthermore, a special, low melting ce-ramic is required for this alloy and which, dependent on the manufacturing method, presents a higher corro-sion rate than the known higher melting facing cera-mics.
In addition,, alloys of high gold content gene-rally present a bad high temperature creeping resis-tance so that metallic, long span bridge structures are generally deformed during the burning process and loose their fitting precision. Therefore, long brid-ges that are to be faced with ceramic must be made from alloys having a higher palladium content, but they do no longer have the desired old gold colour appreciated by the patient, and they present the biological drawbacks mentioned above.
On the other hand, the non-noble metals titanium and tantalum have proven to be strongly biologically compatible materials in dentistry. For example, im-plants of titanium will heal in the bone without any defense reaction due to the superficial formation of titanium oxide which is very corrosion resistant and inert, and allergic reactions on this material are occurring extremely seldom, if at all. Therefore, these metals are to be considered from a clinical and T:\KG\TEXTE\UEBERSET\25448E.SE(ST/DM/s 01.06.95) _2152155 biological sight as ideal alloy partners for gold which is known to be extremely corrosion stable too.
Titanium containing dental alloys of high gold content which are suited for the facing with ceramics have already become known from the patent literature.
DE-A-2,302,837 discloses a titanium alloy of high gold content which further contains a relative high propor-tion of platinum or a metal of the platinum group as well as palladium which may provoke, as already des-cribed above, allergic reactions. Furthermore, the succeeding application published under DE-A-2,357,552 describes a titanium alloy of high gold content which also contains an element of the platinum group, but no quantitative indications can be found.
In addition, titanium alloys of high gold content for the use in jewelry have become known, for example from EP-A-0,190,648. These ornamental alloys must respond to other criteria than those of dental alloys, and compositions of ornamental alloys that are dis-closed cannot be transferred automatically, see above, to dental alloys.
Summarv of the Invention Based upon this prior art, it is a first and ma-jor object of the present invention to provide new and useful dental alloys which not only present an out-standing biological compatibility but also can be used in a universal manner.
Noble metal dental alloys having a high gold con-tent are widely spread for the use in metallic, solid-ly fastened dentures such as crowns, bridges etc., in-ter alia because of their good biological compatibili-ty and high corrosion resistance in the mouth milieu.
Furthermore, they are technically easy to process.
Silver and copper containing gold casting alloys are successfully used since a long time in restorative dentistry. In the conventional alloys, the high mecha-nical resistance required for these materials when un-faced parts or parts to be faced with synthetic mate-rials are to be made, is adjusted through the silver to copper ratio.
In view of optimal aesthetics of solidly fastened dental reconstructions, especially in the visible re-gion, an at least partial facing of a metallic base by a ceramic compound has proven to be particularly ap-propriate since the advantages of the ceramics, namely hardness, aesthetics and outstanding biological compa-T:\KG\TEXTE\UEBERSET\25448E.SE(ST/DM/s 01.06.95) _2152155 tibility, can optimally be combined in this material composite with the advantages of the metallic materi-al, namely tensile strength and better precision of fit.
The use of a ceramic facing requires special pro-perties of the alloy. Thus, the melting interval of the alloy should markedly be higher than the baking temperature of the ceramics which is about 980 °C, and the alloy must furthermore present a sufficient burn-ing stability so that the metallic base to be faced remains dimensionally stable during the burning or baking operation.
In order to guarantee a durable adhesion between alloy and ceramics, no tensile stress should build up during the manufacture process. This is achieved, in an already known manner, by selecting the thermal ex-pansion coefficient of the alloy slightly higher than that of the ceramics. During the cooling process, a compressive strain is produced in the ceramic coating due to the somewhat higher shrinking alloy.
The requirements cited above have resulted in the development of special alloys called burn-on alloys which form an own class besides the conventional gold casting alloys and which are standardized by the stan-dards ISO 9693 and DIN 13927.
In order to achieve the above discussed required properties of burn-on alloys, the elements platinum and/or palladium have been added by alloying to the alloys for metal-ceramic on the base of gold. Fur-thermore, other metals than noble ones are added by T:\KG\TEXTE\UEBERSET\25448E.SE(ST/DM/s 01.06.95) _2152155 alloying in order to improve the strength of the al-loy, such as copper, indium, gallium, tin and/or zinc.
The alloy strength could basically be improved by add-ing higher proportions of silver and copper; however, this possibility cannot be used because of undesired reactions of such alloys with the ceramic and of a too high oxidation of the alloy.
In particular, additions of palladium, but also of platinum lead to a sensible reduction of the de-sired yellow colour of the alloy which is felt by the patient as aesthetically agreeable and desirable.
Recently, some non-noble metals used in the noble metal alloys have been suspected to cause troubles and pathological reactions in some patients. Reference is especially made to indium which is contained in nearly all burn-on alloys; see the article of J. Wirz: "Scha-digung des Paradontes durch zahnarztliche Werkstoffe"
(Damage of the paradontium by dentistry materials), zahnarztliche Welt 102, 146 (1993). Palladium too is suspected to provoke toxic or allergic reactions if it is contained in higher proportions in the noble metal alloy and is therefore able to be liberated by corro-sion. Furthermore, the need for a universally applic-able dental alloy becomes more and more relevant, i.e.
an alloy which is suitable both for conventional den-tal prostheses which remain unfaced or are faced with synthetic material, respectively, and for the techni-que of metal-ceramic. Such alloys have the advantage of excluding the danger of forming a galvanic element due to the use of different alloys in the mouth cavi-ty, accompanied by corrosion processes. Recently, such universal alloys are promoted which, however, are T:\KG\TEXTE\UEBERSET\25448E.SE(ST/DM/s 01.06.95) on the base of Au-Ag-Pt-Cu with the addition of the non-noble metals indium and zinc. These alloys pre-sent the shortcomings that they are relatively suscep-tible to corrosion, in particular due to the surface oxides formed during burning which are not necessarily covered by ceramic in the region of the crown edges and are therefore accessible to saliva and its corro-sive action. Furthermore, a special, low melting ce-ramic is required for this alloy and which, dependent on the manufacturing method, presents a higher corro-sion rate than the known higher melting facing cera-mics.
In addition,, alloys of high gold content gene-rally present a bad high temperature creeping resis-tance so that metallic, long span bridge structures are generally deformed during the burning process and loose their fitting precision. Therefore, long brid-ges that are to be faced with ceramic must be made from alloys having a higher palladium content, but they do no longer have the desired old gold colour appreciated by the patient, and they present the biological drawbacks mentioned above.
On the other hand, the non-noble metals titanium and tantalum have proven to be strongly biologically compatible materials in dentistry. For example, im-plants of titanium will heal in the bone without any defense reaction due to the superficial formation of titanium oxide which is very corrosion resistant and inert, and allergic reactions on this material are occurring extremely seldom, if at all. Therefore, these metals are to be considered from a clinical and T:\KG\TEXTE\UEBERSET\25448E.SE(ST/DM/s 01.06.95) _2152155 biological sight as ideal alloy partners for gold which is known to be extremely corrosion stable too.
Titanium containing dental alloys of high gold content which are suited for the facing with ceramics have already become known from the patent literature.
DE-A-2,302,837 discloses a titanium alloy of high gold content which further contains a relative high propor-tion of platinum or a metal of the platinum group as well as palladium which may provoke, as already des-cribed above, allergic reactions. Furthermore, the succeeding application published under DE-A-2,357,552 describes a titanium alloy of high gold content which also contains an element of the platinum group, but no quantitative indications can be found.
In addition, titanium alloys of high gold content for the use in jewelry have become known, for example from EP-A-0,190,648. These ornamental alloys must respond to other criteria than those of dental alloys, and compositions of ornamental alloys that are dis-closed cannot be transferred automatically, see above, to dental alloys.
Summarv of the Invention Based upon this prior art, it is a first and ma-jor object of the present invention to provide new and useful dental alloys which not only present an out-standing biological compatibility but also can be used in a universal manner.
T:\KG\TEXTE\UEBERSET\25448E.SE(ST/DM/s 01.06.95) There is another object of the invention to pro-vide dental alloys which fulfil the standards ISO 1562 and ISO 9693 as well as DIN 13927.
A further object of the invention is to provide dental alloys having a high gold content which pre-sent, in spite of other metals alloyed thereto, the pleasant and most desired yellow colour of genuine gold.
All these objects are attained by the high gold content dental alloys of the invention which comprise, on a weight basis, 91 to 99.4 % of gold, 0.5 to 3 % of at least one metal selected from titanium and tanta-lum, 0 to 5 % of silver, and 0 to 1 % of at least one element selected from the group comprising iridium, rhodium, ruthenium, platinum, osmium, tungsten, iron, molybdenum, niobium and rhenium.
An alloy which is particularly suited for the intended purposes of this invention comprises 97.5 to 98.5 % of gold, 1.4 to 2.4 % of titanium and 0.05 to 0.15 % of iridium.
Detailed Description of the Invention Tests have shown that an alloy composed of 91 to 99.4 % of gold, 0.5 to 3 % of titanium and/or tanta-lum, 0 to 5 % of silver and 0 to 1 % of iridium, rho-dium, ruthenium, platinum, palladium, osmium, tung-sten, iron, molybdenum, niobium and/or rhenium, sur-prisingly presents universal properties and can there-fore also be used in conventional techniques; the al-loy fulfils the requirements of the standards ISO 1652 T:\KG\TEXTE\UEBERSET\25448E.SE(ST/DM/s 01.06.95) _2152155 and ISO 9693 and of DIN 13927 as well. Since gold as well as titanium are extremely biologically compati-ble, an alloy of these two components is extremely biologically compatible too and is furthermore very attractive from an aesthetical viewpoint since the titanium or the tantalum, respectively, do not sen sibly influence the golden colour. Furthermore, this alloy only contains a very small proportion of non noble metals so that it does not loose its corrosion stability.
Furthermore, it has surprisingly been found that alloys having the mentioned composition display a very good high temperature creeping stability. For exam-ple, an alloy having the following composition: 97.5 to 98.5 % of gold, 1.4 to 2.4 % of titanium, and 0.05 to 0.15 % of iridium has a high temperature creeping stability better than all of the noble metal casting alloys used so far in the dental field. For the first time, this alloys allow without problems to face long metallic bridge structures, produced by casting from a golden yellow alloy of a high gold content, with cera-mics. It could be shown that on the addition of more than 1 % of platinum to this alloy, as it has for example been described in DE-A-2,302,837, the high temperature creeping resistance is markedly reduced.
_ 7 T:\KG\TEXTE\UEBERSET\25448E.SE(ST/DM/s 01.06.95)
A further object of the invention is to provide dental alloys having a high gold content which pre-sent, in spite of other metals alloyed thereto, the pleasant and most desired yellow colour of genuine gold.
All these objects are attained by the high gold content dental alloys of the invention which comprise, on a weight basis, 91 to 99.4 % of gold, 0.5 to 3 % of at least one metal selected from titanium and tanta-lum, 0 to 5 % of silver, and 0 to 1 % of at least one element selected from the group comprising iridium, rhodium, ruthenium, platinum, osmium, tungsten, iron, molybdenum, niobium and rhenium.
An alloy which is particularly suited for the intended purposes of this invention comprises 97.5 to 98.5 % of gold, 1.4 to 2.4 % of titanium and 0.05 to 0.15 % of iridium.
Detailed Description of the Invention Tests have shown that an alloy composed of 91 to 99.4 % of gold, 0.5 to 3 % of titanium and/or tanta-lum, 0 to 5 % of silver and 0 to 1 % of iridium, rho-dium, ruthenium, platinum, palladium, osmium, tung-sten, iron, molybdenum, niobium and/or rhenium, sur-prisingly presents universal properties and can there-fore also be used in conventional techniques; the al-loy fulfils the requirements of the standards ISO 1652 T:\KG\TEXTE\UEBERSET\25448E.SE(ST/DM/s 01.06.95) _2152155 and ISO 9693 and of DIN 13927 as well. Since gold as well as titanium are extremely biologically compati-ble, an alloy of these two components is extremely biologically compatible too and is furthermore very attractive from an aesthetical viewpoint since the titanium or the tantalum, respectively, do not sen sibly influence the golden colour. Furthermore, this alloy only contains a very small proportion of non noble metals so that it does not loose its corrosion stability.
Furthermore, it has surprisingly been found that alloys having the mentioned composition display a very good high temperature creeping stability. For exam-ple, an alloy having the following composition: 97.5 to 98.5 % of gold, 1.4 to 2.4 % of titanium, and 0.05 to 0.15 % of iridium has a high temperature creeping stability better than all of the noble metal casting alloys used so far in the dental field. For the first time, this alloys allow without problems to face long metallic bridge structures, produced by casting from a golden yellow alloy of a high gold content, with cera-mics. It could be shown that on the addition of more than 1 % of platinum to this alloy, as it has for example been described in DE-A-2,302,837, the high temperature creeping resistance is markedly reduced.
_ 7 T:\KG\TEXTE\UEBERSET\25448E.SE(ST/DM/s 01.06.95)
Claims (2)
1. A dental alloy of high gold content, charac-terized that it consists of from 91 to 99.4 % of gold, from 0.5 to 3 % of at least one metal selected from titanium and tantalum, from 0 to 5 % of silver, from 0 to 1 % of at least one metal selected from iridium, rhodium, ruthenium, platinum, palladium, osmium, tung-sten, iron, molybdenum, niobium and rhenium, the per-centages given being by weight.
2. The dental alloy of high gold content accord-ing to claim 1, characterized in that it consists of from 97.5 to 98.5 % of gold, from 1.4 to 2.4 % of ti-tanium, and from 0.05 to 0.15 % of iridium.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP94810394.0 | 1994-07-05 | ||
| EP94810394A EP0691123B2 (en) | 1994-07-05 | 1994-07-05 | Dental alloy with a high gold content |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2152155A1 CA2152155A1 (en) | 1996-01-06 |
| CA2152155C true CA2152155C (en) | 2005-08-09 |
Family
ID=8218281
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002152155A Expired - Fee Related CA2152155C (en) | 1994-07-05 | 1995-06-19 | Dental alloy of high gold content |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0691123B2 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPH0867931A (en) |
| KR (1) | KR100335517B1 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2152155C (en) |
| DE (1) | DE59404640D1 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK0691123T4 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2110725T5 (en) |
Families Citing this family (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE4439793C2 (en) * | 1994-11-08 | 2001-05-23 | Degussa | Process for the production of moldings from gold-titanium alloys |
| DE19604827C2 (en) * | 1995-02-25 | 1997-03-06 | Degussa | Use of gold alloys for construction elements in dental technology |
| DK0729740T3 (en) * | 1995-02-25 | 2004-07-26 | Degudent Gmbh | Application of gold alloys to structural elements in dental engineering |
| DE19506681C1 (en) * | 1995-02-25 | 1996-10-02 | Degussa | Castable construction elements for dental technology |
| KR20040047148A (en) * | 2002-11-29 | 2004-06-05 | 주식회사 케이디엠 | Dental Precious Alloy and Method of Making the Same |
| KR20040047143A (en) * | 2002-11-29 | 2004-06-05 | 주식회사 케이디엠 | Dental Precious Alloy for Metal-Ceramic Crown and Method of Making the Same |
| US7279054B2 (en) | 2004-05-14 | 2007-10-09 | The Argen Corporation | Dental prosthesis method and alloys |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE2302837C3 (en) * | 1973-01-20 | 1975-09-11 | Dr. Th. Wieland Scheideanstalt, 7530 Pforzheim | Dental gold alloy |
| DE2357552A1 (en) * | 1973-11-17 | 1975-05-22 | Wieland Fa Dr Th | GOLD ALLOY FOR BURNING ON PORCELAIN FOR DENTAL PURPOSES |
| DE2424575C3 (en) * | 1974-05-21 | 1979-08-30 | Deutsche Gold- Und Silber-Scheideanstalt Vormals Roessler, 6000 Frankfurt | Gold alloy for firing porcelain for dental purposes |
| DE2828304C2 (en) † | 1978-06-28 | 1979-09-27 | Fa. Dr. Th. Wieland, 7530 Pforzheim | Dental precious metal alloy for firing porcelain |
| US4606981A (en) * | 1982-12-02 | 1986-08-19 | Gte Products Corporation | Ductile brazing alloys containing reactive metals |
| NL9200564A (en) * | 1992-03-26 | 1993-10-18 | Elephant Edelmetaal Bv | Dental alloy and dental porcelain for dental purposes. |
| DE4419408C1 (en) † | 1994-06-03 | 1995-07-06 | Wieland Edelmetalle | Gold@ dental alloy contg. titanium and other named hypoallergenic additives |
-
1994
- 1994-07-05 DE DE59404640T patent/DE59404640D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-07-05 ES ES94810394T patent/ES2110725T5/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-07-05 DK DK94810394T patent/DK0691123T4/en active
- 1994-07-05 EP EP94810394A patent/EP0691123B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1995
- 1995-06-19 CA CA002152155A patent/CA2152155C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-06-29 KR KR1019950018025A patent/KR100335517B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-07-04 JP JP7168941A patent/JPH0867931A/en active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CA2152155A1 (en) | 1996-01-06 |
| EP0691123B1 (en) | 1997-11-19 |
| DK0691123T4 (en) | 2001-12-10 |
| KR960003703A (en) | 1996-02-23 |
| DE59404640D1 (en) | 1998-01-02 |
| EP0691123A1 (en) | 1996-01-10 |
| ES2110725T5 (en) | 2002-02-01 |
| JPH0867931A (en) | 1996-03-12 |
| DK0691123T3 (en) | 1998-03-02 |
| ES2110725T3 (en) | 1998-02-16 |
| EP0691123B2 (en) | 2001-09-26 |
| KR100335517B1 (en) | 2002-09-04 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request | ||
| MKLA | Lapsed | ||
| MKLA | Lapsed |
Effective date: 20090619 |