CA2146208A1 - Polymerisation process - Google Patents
Polymerisation processInfo
- Publication number
- CA2146208A1 CA2146208A1 CA002146208A CA2146208A CA2146208A1 CA 2146208 A1 CA2146208 A1 CA 2146208A1 CA 002146208 A CA002146208 A CA 002146208A CA 2146208 A CA2146208 A CA 2146208A CA 2146208 A1 CA2146208 A1 CA 2146208A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- molecular weight
- comonomer
- mid
- copolymers
- level
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title abstract 2
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 abstract 3
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 abstract 2
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 abstract 2
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000002902 bimodal effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- MIILMDFFARLWKZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L dichlorozirconium;1,2,3,4,5-pentamethylcyclopentane Chemical group [Cl-].[Cl-].CC1=C(C)C(C)=C(C)C1(C)[Zr+2]C1(C)C(C)=C(C)C(C)=C1C MIILMDFFARLWKZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000004711 α-olefin Substances 0.000 abstract 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F210/00—Copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
- C08F210/16—Copolymers of ethene with alpha-alkenes, e.g. EP rubbers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F10/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F4/00—Polymerisation catalysts
- C08F4/42—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors
- C08F4/44—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides
- C08F4/60—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides together with refractory metals, iron group metals, platinum group metals, manganese, rhenium technetium or compounds thereof
- C08F4/62—Refractory metals or compounds thereof
- C08F4/64—Titanium, zirconium, hafnium or compounds thereof
- C08F4/659—Component covered by group C08F4/64 containing a transition metal-carbon bond
- C08F4/65904—Component covered by group C08F4/64 containing a transition metal-carbon bond in combination with another component of C08F4/64
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F4/00—Polymerisation catalysts
- C08F4/42—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors
- C08F4/44—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides
- C08F4/60—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides together with refractory metals, iron group metals, platinum group metals, manganese, rhenium technetium or compounds thereof
- C08F4/62—Refractory metals or compounds thereof
- C08F4/64—Titanium, zirconium, hafnium or compounds thereof
- C08F4/659—Component covered by group C08F4/64 containing a transition metal-carbon bond
- C08F4/65912—Component covered by group C08F4/64 containing a transition metal-carbon bond in combination with an organoaluminium compound
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F4/00—Polymerisation catalysts
- C08F4/42—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors
- C08F4/44—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides
- C08F4/60—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides together with refractory metals, iron group metals, platinum group metals, manganese, rhenium technetium or compounds thereof
- C08F4/62—Refractory metals or compounds thereof
- C08F4/64—Titanium, zirconium, hafnium or compounds thereof
- C08F4/659—Component covered by group C08F4/64 containing a transition metal-carbon bond
- C08F4/65916—Component covered by group C08F4/64 containing a transition metal-carbon bond supported on a carrier, e.g. silica, MgCl2, polymer
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F4/00—Polymerisation catalysts
- C08F4/42—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors
- C08F4/44—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides
- C08F4/60—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides together with refractory metals, iron group metals, platinum group metals, manganese, rhenium technetium or compounds thereof
- C08F4/62—Refractory metals or compounds thereof
- C08F4/64—Titanium, zirconium, hafnium or compounds thereof
- C08F4/659—Component covered by group C08F4/64 containing a transition metal-carbon bond
- C08F4/6592—Component covered by group C08F4/64 containing a transition metal-carbon bond containing at least one cyclopentadienyl ring, condensed or not, e.g. an indenyl or a fluorenyl ring
- C08F4/65922—Component covered by group C08F4/64 containing a transition metal-carbon bond containing at least one cyclopentadienyl ring, condensed or not, e.g. an indenyl or a fluorenyl ring containing at least two cyclopentadienyl rings, fused or not
- C08F4/65925—Component covered by group C08F4/64 containing a transition metal-carbon bond containing at least one cyclopentadienyl ring, condensed or not, e.g. an indenyl or a fluorenyl ring containing at least two cyclopentadienyl rings, fused or not two cyclopentadienyl rings being mutually non-bridged
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S526/00—Synthetic resins or natural rubbers -- part of the class 520 series
- Y10S526/901—Monomer polymerized in vapor state in presence of transition metal containing catalyst
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S526/00—Synthetic resins or natural rubbers -- part of the class 520 series
- Y10S526/943—Polymerization with metallocene catalysts
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Transition And Organic Metals Composition Catalysts For Addition Polymerization (AREA)
- Macromolecular Compounds Obtained By Forming Nitrogen-Containing Linkages In General (AREA)
- Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
Abstract
A process for preparing bimodal molecular weight distribution copolymers of ethylene with alpha-olefins having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, said copolymers having: - (a) a comonomer distribution wherein the comonomer level at the mid-position of the low molecular weight component is <3 times the level at the mid-position of the high molecular weight component, and (b) a total average comonomer content in the range 0.5-20 short chain branches (SCB)/1000 C atoms characterised in that said process is carried out in the presence of a supported multisite catalyst. The multisite catalyst comprises a metallocene complex and a Ziegler catalyst. The metallocene complex for example is bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) zirconium dichloride.
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB9406855.8 | 1994-04-07 | ||
GB9406855A GB9406855D0 (en) | 1994-04-07 | 1994-04-07 | Polymerisation process |
GB9417364.8 | 1994-08-26 | ||
GB9417364A GB9417364D0 (en) | 1994-08-26 | 1994-08-26 | Polymers and process for their preparation |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CA2146208A1 true CA2146208A1 (en) | 1995-10-08 |
CA2146208C CA2146208C (en) | 2007-06-19 |
Family
ID=26304652
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CA002146208A Expired - Lifetime CA2146208C (en) | 1994-04-07 | 1995-04-03 | Polymerisation process |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6410659B1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP0676418B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP3816553B2 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE194993T1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2146208C (en) |
DE (1) | DE69518104T2 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2150529T3 (en) |
Families Citing this family (45)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
IT1282364B1 (en) * | 1996-01-16 | 1998-03-20 | Enichem Spa | SUPPORTED METALLOCENIC CATALYST FOR THE (CO) POLYMERIZATION OF ALPHA-OLEFINS |
IT1282635B1 (en) * | 1996-02-16 | 1998-03-31 | Enichem Elastomers | VANADIUM CATALYTIC COMPONENT AND ITS USE IN THE PREPARATION OF EP (D) M |
DE19622481A1 (en) | 1996-06-05 | 1997-12-11 | Hoechst Ag | Supported catalyst system, process for its preparation and its use for the polymerization of olefins |
WO2000012565A1 (en) | 1998-08-26 | 2000-03-09 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Highly active supported catalyst compositions |
GB9917851D0 (en) * | 1999-07-29 | 1999-09-29 | Borealis As | Process |
US6548442B1 (en) * | 1999-12-03 | 2003-04-15 | Phillips Petroleum Company | Organometal compound catalyst |
US6399531B1 (en) | 1999-12-28 | 2002-06-04 | Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Technology Corporation | Hybrid ziegler-natta and cycloalkadienyl catalysts for the production of polyolefins |
US6444605B1 (en) | 1999-12-28 | 2002-09-03 | Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Technology Corporation | Mixed metal alkoxide and cycloalkadienyl catalysts for the production of polyolefins |
MY131000A (en) * | 2001-03-16 | 2007-07-31 | Dow Global Technologies Inc | High melt strength polymers and method of making same |
WO2002090393A1 (en) * | 2001-05-07 | 2002-11-14 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Polyethylene resins |
JP4020862B2 (en) * | 2001-07-19 | 2007-12-12 | ユニベーション・テクノロジーズ・エルエルシー | Mixed metallocene catalyst system containing comonomer minor incorporation catalyst and comonomer major incorporation catalyst |
CN101062959A (en) * | 2001-11-30 | 2007-10-31 | 尤尼威蒂恩技术有限责任公司 | Method of making mixed ziegler-natta/metallocece catalysts |
BR0214576A (en) * | 2001-11-30 | 2004-11-03 | Exxonmobil Chem Patents Inc | Highly active bimetallic catalysts |
US6916892B2 (en) * | 2001-12-03 | 2005-07-12 | Fina Technology, Inc. | Method for transitioning between Ziegler-Natta and metallocene catalysts in a bulk loop reactor for the production of polypropylene |
US7166553B2 (en) | 2002-05-06 | 2007-01-23 | Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Technology Corporation | Mixed catalyst compositions for the production of polyolefins |
CN1284805C (en) * | 2002-06-03 | 2006-11-15 | 尤尼威蒂恩技术有限责任公司 | Solid, particulated, spray dried, heterogenous catalyst composition |
US6911508B2 (en) * | 2003-06-05 | 2005-06-28 | Univation Technologies, Llc | Class of metallocenes and method of producing polyethylene |
US7932196B2 (en) | 2003-08-22 | 2011-04-26 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Microporous stretch thinned film/nonwoven laminates and limited use or disposable product applications |
US7321015B2 (en) * | 2004-12-07 | 2008-01-22 | Nova Chemicals (International) S.A. | Adjusting polymer characteristics through process control |
BRPI0620542A2 (en) | 2005-11-23 | 2011-11-16 | Dow Global Technologies Inc | copolymer comprising interpolymerized ethylene with at least one c3-10 (alpha) -olefin and polymer blend |
US7595364B2 (en) * | 2005-12-07 | 2009-09-29 | Univation Technologies, Llc | High density polyethylene |
US7754834B2 (en) | 2007-04-12 | 2010-07-13 | Univation Technologies, Llc | Bulk density promoting agents in a gas-phase polymerization process to achieve a bulk particle density |
WO2011087520A1 (en) | 2009-12-22 | 2011-07-21 | Univation Technologies, Llc | Catalyst systems having a tailored hydrogen response |
KR100976666B1 (en) * | 2008-07-21 | 2010-08-18 | 대림산업 주식회사 | Catalysts for polymerizing olefins and the method of producing polyolefin polymers by using the same |
BRPI1010927A2 (en) | 2009-05-14 | 2016-04-05 | Univation Tech Llc | mixed metal catalyst systems that have a tailored hydrogen response. |
EP2591017B1 (en) | 2010-07-06 | 2015-09-09 | Ticona GmbH | Process for producing high molecular weight polyethylene |
CN102959144A (en) | 2010-07-06 | 2013-03-06 | 提克纳有限公司 | High molecular weight polyethylene fibers and membranes, production and use thereof |
BR112012032745A2 (en) | 2010-07-06 | 2016-11-08 | Ticona Gmbh | process for producing high molecular weight polyethylene |
US9212234B2 (en) | 2010-07-06 | 2015-12-15 | Ticona Gmbh | Process for producing high molecular weight polyethylene |
KR101331556B1 (en) | 2012-03-30 | 2013-11-20 | 대림산업 주식회사 | Multimodal polyolefin resin and article prepared with the same |
KR101437509B1 (en) | 2012-12-03 | 2014-09-03 | 대림산업 주식회사 | Catalyst composition for preparing multimodal polyolefin resin having superior moldability and mechanical properties and polymerization method using the same |
DE102014009466A1 (en) * | 2014-06-30 | 2015-12-31 | Sig Technology Ag | Sheet-like composite with a mPolyolefinschicht with reduced antioxidant content, especially for food packaging |
WO2016171810A1 (en) | 2015-04-20 | 2016-10-27 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Supported catalyst systems and processes for use thereof |
KR101800866B1 (en) | 2016-04-26 | 2017-12-21 | 대림산업 주식회사 | Multimodal polyolefin resin with high melt strength and article prepared with the same |
WO2018151903A1 (en) | 2017-02-20 | 2018-08-23 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Supported catalyst systems and processes for use thereof |
US10723819B2 (en) | 2017-02-20 | 2020-07-28 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents, Inc. | Supported catalyst systems and processes for use thereof |
CN111108130B (en) | 2017-08-04 | 2022-06-28 | 埃克森美孚化学专利公司 | Has the advantages ofcontaining-CH2-SiMe3Hybrid catalysts of partially unbridged hafnocenes |
US10844150B2 (en) | 2017-08-04 | 2020-11-24 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Mixed catalysts with 2,6-bis(imino)pyridyl iron complexes and bridged hafnocenes |
US10703838B2 (en) | 2017-10-31 | 2020-07-07 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Mixed catalyst systems with four metallocenes on a single support |
WO2019108977A1 (en) | 2017-12-01 | 2019-06-06 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Catalyst systems and polymerization processes for using the same |
US10926250B2 (en) | 2017-12-01 | 2021-02-23 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Catalyst systems and polymerization processes for using the same |
US10851187B2 (en) | 2018-01-31 | 2020-12-01 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Bridged metallocene catalysts with a pendant group 13 element, catalyst systems containing same, processes for making a polymer product using same, and products made from same |
US10865258B2 (en) | 2018-01-31 | 2020-12-15 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Mixed catalyst systems containing bridged metallocenes with a pendant group 13 element, processes for making a polymer product using same, and products made from same |
KR102013170B1 (en) | 2018-04-05 | 2019-08-22 | 대림산업 주식회사 | Polyolefin resin composition and method for preparation thereof |
KR102116476B1 (en) | 2019-01-18 | 2020-05-28 | 대림산업 주식회사 | Catalyst composition for polymerizing polyolefin, method for producing polyolefin, and polyolefin resin |
Family Cites Families (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5124418A (en) * | 1985-11-15 | 1992-06-23 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Supported polymerization catalyst |
US4701432A (en) * | 1985-11-15 | 1987-10-20 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Supported polymerization catalyst |
US5032562A (en) * | 1989-12-27 | 1991-07-16 | Mobil Oil Corporation | Catalyst composition and process for polymerizing polymers having multimodal molecular weight distribution |
US5145818A (en) * | 1989-12-29 | 1992-09-08 | Mitsui Petrochemical Industries, Ltd. | Olefin polymerization catalyst and process for the polymerization of olefins |
FR2659337B1 (en) * | 1990-03-12 | 1992-06-05 | Bp Chemicals Snc | PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF A CATALYST BASED ON ZIRCONIUM, TITANIUM AND / OR VANADIUM SUPPORTED ON MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE, AND USE OF THE CATALYST IN OLEFIN POLYMERIZATION. |
CA2060019A1 (en) * | 1991-03-04 | 1992-09-05 | Phil Marvin Stricklen | Process for producing polyolefins having a bimodal molecular weight distribution |
CA2077744C (en) * | 1991-09-30 | 2003-04-15 | Edwar Shoukri Shamshoum | Homogeneous-heterogeneous catalyst system for polyolefins |
US5182244A (en) * | 1991-12-19 | 1993-01-26 | Phillips Petroleum Company | Transition metal/rare earth catalyst and olefin polymerization process |
PT586168E (en) * | 1992-09-04 | 2000-12-29 | Bp Chem Int Ltd | Catalytic compositions and process for the preparation of oleoresins |
US5332706A (en) * | 1992-12-28 | 1994-07-26 | Mobil Oil Corporation | Process and a catalyst for preventing reactor fouling |
-
1995
- 1995-03-28 DE DE69518104T patent/DE69518104T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-03-28 AT AT95302125T patent/ATE194993T1/en active
- 1995-03-28 ES ES95302125T patent/ES2150529T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-03-28 EP EP95302125A patent/EP0676418B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-04-03 CA CA002146208A patent/CA2146208C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-04-07 JP JP08296195A patent/JP3816553B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1997
- 1997-07-31 US US08/904,236 patent/US6410659B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JPH0841118A (en) | 1996-02-13 |
EP0676418A1 (en) | 1995-10-11 |
EP0676418B1 (en) | 2000-07-26 |
US6410659B1 (en) | 2002-06-25 |
DE69518104T2 (en) | 2000-12-14 |
JP3816553B2 (en) | 2006-08-30 |
DE69518104D1 (en) | 2000-08-31 |
CA2146208C (en) | 2007-06-19 |
ES2150529T3 (en) | 2000-12-01 |
ATE194993T1 (en) | 2000-08-15 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
EEER | Examination request | ||
MKEX | Expiry |
Effective date: 20150407 |