CA2146130C - Antifouling coating composition and method - Google Patents
Antifouling coating composition and method Download PDFInfo
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- CA2146130C CA2146130C CA002146130A CA2146130A CA2146130C CA 2146130 C CA2146130 C CA 2146130C CA 002146130 A CA002146130 A CA 002146130A CA 2146130 A CA2146130 A CA 2146130A CA 2146130 C CA2146130 C CA 2146130C
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N35/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having two bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. aldehyde radical
- A01N35/06—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having two bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. aldehyde radical containing keto or thioketo groups as part of a ring, e.g. cyclohexanone, quinone; Derivatives thereof, e.g. ketals
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
- A01N43/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- A01N43/04—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom
- A01N43/06—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom five-membered rings
- A01N43/08—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom five-membered rings with oxygen as the ring hetero atom
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
- A01N43/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- A01N43/04—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom
- A01N43/06—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom five-membered rings
- A01N43/12—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom five-membered rings condensed with a carbocyclic ring
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
- A01N43/90—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having two or more relevant hetero rings, condensed among themselves or with a common carbocyclic ring system
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/50—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by addition or application of a germicide or by oligodynamic treatment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
- C09D5/16—Antifouling paints; Underwater paints
- C09D5/1606—Antifouling paints; Underwater paints characterised by the anti-fouling agent
- C09D5/1612—Non-macromolecular compounds
- C09D5/1625—Non-macromolecular compounds organic
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Plant Pathology (AREA)
- Dentistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Paints Or Removers (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
- Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
Abstract
Certain compounds are disclosed as being useful as marine or fresh water anti-foulant compounds to be used in protective carrier compositions such as film forming polymer to protect fish nets, boats, pilings, and piers. The compounds are selected from those of formulae (l, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9).
Description
4'V0 94/08904 Antifouling Coating Composition and Method BACKGROUND OF THE 11~1VENZ'ION
This invention relates generally to protection of underwater surfaces from fouling by aquatic organisms. This invention was made with government support awarded by the C)ffice of Naval Research under contract No. N00014-86-K-0261.
The government has certain rights in the invention.
DESCRIPITON OF THE PRIOR ART
In marine, brackish, and freshwater environments, organisms collect, settle, attach, and grow on submerged structures. Organisms which do so can include algae, and aquatic: animals, such as tunicates, hydroids, bivalves, bryozoans, polychaete worms, sponges, and barnacles. Submerged structures can include the underwater surfaces of ships, docks and piers, pilings, fish nets, heat exchangers, dams, piping structures, such as intake screens, and cooling towers. The presence of these organisms, known as the "fouling" of a structure, can be harmful in many respects. They can add to the weight of the structure, hamper its hydrodynamics, reduce its operating efficiency, increase susceptibility to corrosion, and degrade or even fracture the structure.
The common method of controlling the attachment of fouling organisms is by protecting the structure to be protected with a paint or coating which contains an antifouling agent. Exemplary antifouling coatings and paints are described in U.S. Patent No. 4596,724 to Lane, U.S. Patent No. 4,410,642 to Layton, and U.S.
Patent No. 4,788,302 to Costlow. Application of a coating of this type inhibits the attachment, or "settling", of the organism, by either disabling the organism or providing it with an unattractive environment upon which to settle.
Of the fouling organisms noted above, barnacles have proven to be among the most difficult to control. Typically, commercsal antifouling coatings and paints include a toxic metal-containing compound such as tri-n-butyl tin (TBT), or cuprous oxide, which leaches from the coating. Although these compounds exhibit moderate success in inhibiting barnacle settlement, they degrade slowly in marine environments, and therefore are ecologically harmful In fact, TBT is sufficiently toxic that its release rate is limited by legislat;on in some countries.
Some experimental non-toxic compounds have been tested with limited success in barnacle settlement inhibition. See, e.g., Gerhart et al., J. Chem.
Ecol.
14:1905-1917 (1988), which discloses the use of pukalide, epoxypukalide, and an extract produced by the octocoral Leptogorgia airgulata, to inhibit barnacle settlement, and Sears et al., J. Chem. Ecol. 16:791-799 (1990), which discloses the use of ethyl acetate extracts of the sponge Lissodendoryx isodictylais to inhibit settlement.
Japanese Patent Disclosure No. 54-44018A of April 7,1979 (Patent Application No. '~2-109110 of September' 10, 1977), discloses gamma-methylenebutenolide lactone and alkyl gamma-methylenebutenolide lactone derivatives having the general structure R
C O O
Rz wherein Rl and R2 are hydrogen or saturated or unsaturated alkyl groups of 1-8 carbon atoms. The compounds are natural products from terrestrial plants.
SLTMMARY OF THE nVVENTION
In view of the foregoing, it is an object of the present invention to provide an antifouling composition which is effective in inhibiting the settlement of fouling organisms on an underwater surface.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an antifouling paint or coating composition which is effective in protecting underwater structures Erom fouling by barnacles, and other aquatic organisms.
A further object is to provide structures which are effectively protected against fouling by aquatic organisms.
These and other objects are accomplished by the present invention which in one aspect comprises a composition for use as a marine or freshwater antifoulant comprising a protective carrier component functioning to release antifouling agent and, as an antifouling agent, at least one compound selected from the group consisting of ~3 R2 R3 ~C O O
w /
R~ ~O R4 I
(1) (2) ~~4~~30 O O O
RII O
(3) ~ (4) (5) CH3 ~ H
O
O
O
w (7) O
R ~~2 O
1! 1 RI 9 120 ~3 (8) (g) wherein Rl~ R2, R3, and R4 are independently selected from -C(O)R5;
C(O)OR6, (C1-Cg)allcyl, phenyl, phenyl substituted with (C1-C4)alkyl, (C1-C4)alkoxy, (C2_Cg)alkenyl, (C2-Cg)alkynyl, halogen, and hydrogen, provided that at least one of R1, R2~ R3, and R4 is not hydrogen;
wherein R5 is R6 or NR7Rg;
wherein R6 is (C1-Cg)alkyl, (C2-Cg)alkenyl, (C2_Cg)alkynyl, phenyl, phenyl substituted with (C1-C4)alkyl, (Cl_C4)alkoxy, or halogen;
wherein R7 and Rg are independently selected from hydrogen or R6;
wherein R9, R10. R11. R12. R13. R14. R15. R16. R17. R18. R19. R20. and R21 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and (C1-C10) alkyl; and wherein R22, R23 and R24 are each independently selected from hydrogen, (C1-C3) alkyl groups, (C1-C3) alkoxy groups, halogens, and hydroxyl groups.
A second aspect of the present invention comprises a method of protecting a marine or freshwater structure against fouling by marine or freshwater fouling 2~.~~~.3~
This invention relates generally to protection of underwater surfaces from fouling by aquatic organisms. This invention was made with government support awarded by the C)ffice of Naval Research under contract No. N00014-86-K-0261.
The government has certain rights in the invention.
DESCRIPITON OF THE PRIOR ART
In marine, brackish, and freshwater environments, organisms collect, settle, attach, and grow on submerged structures. Organisms which do so can include algae, and aquatic: animals, such as tunicates, hydroids, bivalves, bryozoans, polychaete worms, sponges, and barnacles. Submerged structures can include the underwater surfaces of ships, docks and piers, pilings, fish nets, heat exchangers, dams, piping structures, such as intake screens, and cooling towers. The presence of these organisms, known as the "fouling" of a structure, can be harmful in many respects. They can add to the weight of the structure, hamper its hydrodynamics, reduce its operating efficiency, increase susceptibility to corrosion, and degrade or even fracture the structure.
The common method of controlling the attachment of fouling organisms is by protecting the structure to be protected with a paint or coating which contains an antifouling agent. Exemplary antifouling coatings and paints are described in U.S. Patent No. 4596,724 to Lane, U.S. Patent No. 4,410,642 to Layton, and U.S.
Patent No. 4,788,302 to Costlow. Application of a coating of this type inhibits the attachment, or "settling", of the organism, by either disabling the organism or providing it with an unattractive environment upon which to settle.
Of the fouling organisms noted above, barnacles have proven to be among the most difficult to control. Typically, commercsal antifouling coatings and paints include a toxic metal-containing compound such as tri-n-butyl tin (TBT), or cuprous oxide, which leaches from the coating. Although these compounds exhibit moderate success in inhibiting barnacle settlement, they degrade slowly in marine environments, and therefore are ecologically harmful In fact, TBT is sufficiently toxic that its release rate is limited by legislat;on in some countries.
Some experimental non-toxic compounds have been tested with limited success in barnacle settlement inhibition. See, e.g., Gerhart et al., J. Chem.
Ecol.
14:1905-1917 (1988), which discloses the use of pukalide, epoxypukalide, and an extract produced by the octocoral Leptogorgia airgulata, to inhibit barnacle settlement, and Sears et al., J. Chem. Ecol. 16:791-799 (1990), which discloses the use of ethyl acetate extracts of the sponge Lissodendoryx isodictylais to inhibit settlement.
Japanese Patent Disclosure No. 54-44018A of April 7,1979 (Patent Application No. '~2-109110 of September' 10, 1977), discloses gamma-methylenebutenolide lactone and alkyl gamma-methylenebutenolide lactone derivatives having the general structure R
C O O
Rz wherein Rl and R2 are hydrogen or saturated or unsaturated alkyl groups of 1-8 carbon atoms. The compounds are natural products from terrestrial plants.
SLTMMARY OF THE nVVENTION
In view of the foregoing, it is an object of the present invention to provide an antifouling composition which is effective in inhibiting the settlement of fouling organisms on an underwater surface.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an antifouling paint or coating composition which is effective in protecting underwater structures Erom fouling by barnacles, and other aquatic organisms.
A further object is to provide structures which are effectively protected against fouling by aquatic organisms.
These and other objects are accomplished by the present invention which in one aspect comprises a composition for use as a marine or freshwater antifoulant comprising a protective carrier component functioning to release antifouling agent and, as an antifouling agent, at least one compound selected from the group consisting of ~3 R2 R3 ~C O O
w /
R~ ~O R4 I
(1) (2) ~~4~~30 O O O
RII O
(3) ~ (4) (5) CH3 ~ H
O
O
O
w (7) O
R ~~2 O
1! 1 RI 9 120 ~3 (8) (g) wherein Rl~ R2, R3, and R4 are independently selected from -C(O)R5;
C(O)OR6, (C1-Cg)allcyl, phenyl, phenyl substituted with (C1-C4)alkyl, (C1-C4)alkoxy, (C2_Cg)alkenyl, (C2-Cg)alkynyl, halogen, and hydrogen, provided that at least one of R1, R2~ R3, and R4 is not hydrogen;
wherein R5 is R6 or NR7Rg;
wherein R6 is (C1-Cg)alkyl, (C2-Cg)alkenyl, (C2_Cg)alkynyl, phenyl, phenyl substituted with (C1-C4)alkyl, (Cl_C4)alkoxy, or halogen;
wherein R7 and Rg are independently selected from hydrogen or R6;
wherein R9, R10. R11. R12. R13. R14. R15. R16. R17. R18. R19. R20. and R21 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and (C1-C10) alkyl; and wherein R22, R23 and R24 are each independently selected from hydrogen, (C1-C3) alkyl groups, (C1-C3) alkoxy groups, halogens, and hydroxyl groups.
A second aspect of the present invention comprises a method of protecting a marine or freshwater structure against fouling by marine or freshwater fouling 2~.~~~.3~
4 . PG'T/US93/09762 organisms comprising applying at least one of the aforementioned compounds on and/or into said structure.
Another invention is a marine or freshwater structure protected against fouling organisms wherein said protection is afforded by at least one of the aforementioned compounds having been applied on and/or into said structure.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figure 1 is a graph plotting settlement rate of untreated controls as a function of larval density. The least squares regression equation for the data is Y
= 47.4 (log X) - 41.3, where Y represents settlement rate and X represents larval density.
Figure 2 is a graph plotting settlement rate of treated samples as a function of larval density. The least squares regression equation for the data is Y = -51.7 (log X) + 118.6, where Y represents settlement rate and X represents larval density).
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is directed to controlling the attachment of unwanted organisms to submerged surfaces by contacting the organisms with one or more compounds having antifouling activity selected from the group consisting of those of formulae (1) through (9).
It has been discovered that such compounds inhibit the settlement of fouling organisms, particularly barnacles. As used herein, "settlement" refers to the attachment of aquatic organisms to an underwater structure. Contacting an organism with a compound of the invention in the area adjacent a submerged surface prevents the settling of the organism on that submerged surface.
In the practice of the method of the present invention, the antifouling compound may be contacted to the organism by coating the object to be protected with a coating containing the antifouling compound, which then releases the compound into the aquatic environment immediately adjacent the external surfaces of the article, by including the antifouling compound within material formed into an aquatic article which then releases the compound, by releasing the compound directly into the aquatic environment surrounding the protected object, or by any other method wherein the compound contacts the organism prior to its attachment to the surface. As used herein, the term "contacting"
means that an amount of antifouling compound sufficient to inhibit settlement of the organism on the surface of interest physically contacts the organism, whether by direct external contact, inhalation, respiration, digestion, inhibition, or any other process.
Preferred compounds are selected from the group consisting of 2 ethylfuran; 2-methylfuran; methyl-2-furanoate; ethyl-3-furoate; 2-furyl-n-pentyl WO 94/08904 ~ ~ ~ PGT/US93/09762 ketone; 2-acetylfuran; khellin; y decalactone; a-angelica lactone; a-santorun;
a-methylene-~butyrolactone; coumaranone; alantolactone; and 3-methyl-2-cyclohexene-1-one.
The amount of compound to be used in the method will vary depending on 5 a number of factors, including the identity of the antifouling compound, the identity of the organism to be inhibited, and the mode of contact. In addition, the rate at which the compound is released into the surrounding aquatic environment can be a major factor in determining both the effectiveness of the method and the duration of protection. If the compound is released too rapidly, it will be exhausted quickly, and the coating must be re-applied for the surface to be protected. If, on the other hand, the release rate of the antifouling compound is too slow, the concentration of the compound in the aquatic environment immediately surrounding the surface to be protected may be insufficient to inhibit settlement. Preferably, the antifouling compound is released into the environment adjacent the protected surface at the rate of between about 0.0001 and 1000 g/cm2-hr, and more preferably is released at a rate of between about 0 01 and g/cm2-hr. Compositions of the invention preferably comprise one or more compounds of the invention in a concentration of about 0.01 weight percent to about 50 weight percent based on said composition, more preferably in a concentration of about 0.1 to 20 weight percent based on said composition.
The organisms against which a surface can be protected by the present method can be any organism which can attach to a submerged surface. Exemplary organisms include algae, including members of the phyla Chlorophyll and, fungi, microbes, tunicates, including members of the class Ascidiancea, such as Ciona intestinalis, Diplosoma listerianium, and BotryiIus sclosseri, members of the class Hydrozoa, including Clava squamata, Hydractinia echinata, Obelia geniculata, and Tubularia larnyx, bivalves, including Mytilus edulis, Crassostrea virginica, Ostrea edulis, Ostrea chilensia, and Lasaea rubra, bryozoans, including Ectra pilosa, Bugula neritinia, and Bozverbankia gracilis, polychaete worms, including Hydroides norvegica, sponges, and members of the class Cirripedia (barnacles), such as Balanus amphitrite, Lepas anatifera, Balanus balanus, Balanus balanoides, Balanus hameri, Balanus crenatus, Balanus improvisus, Balanus galeatus, and Balanus eburneus.
Organisms of the genus Balanus are particularly frequent foulers of aquatic structures. Specific fouling organisms to which this invention is especially directed include barnacles, zebra mussels, algae, bacteria, diatoms, hydroids, bryzoa, ascidians, tube worms, and asiatic clams.
In addition to the compounds of the invention, the composition can comprise additional antifouling agents which may act in combination or synergistically; said additional antifouling agent can be, for example:
manganesE
Another invention is a marine or freshwater structure protected against fouling organisms wherein said protection is afforded by at least one of the aforementioned compounds having been applied on and/or into said structure.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figure 1 is a graph plotting settlement rate of untreated controls as a function of larval density. The least squares regression equation for the data is Y
= 47.4 (log X) - 41.3, where Y represents settlement rate and X represents larval density.
Figure 2 is a graph plotting settlement rate of treated samples as a function of larval density. The least squares regression equation for the data is Y = -51.7 (log X) + 118.6, where Y represents settlement rate and X represents larval density).
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is directed to controlling the attachment of unwanted organisms to submerged surfaces by contacting the organisms with one or more compounds having antifouling activity selected from the group consisting of those of formulae (1) through (9).
It has been discovered that such compounds inhibit the settlement of fouling organisms, particularly barnacles. As used herein, "settlement" refers to the attachment of aquatic organisms to an underwater structure. Contacting an organism with a compound of the invention in the area adjacent a submerged surface prevents the settling of the organism on that submerged surface.
In the practice of the method of the present invention, the antifouling compound may be contacted to the organism by coating the object to be protected with a coating containing the antifouling compound, which then releases the compound into the aquatic environment immediately adjacent the external surfaces of the article, by including the antifouling compound within material formed into an aquatic article which then releases the compound, by releasing the compound directly into the aquatic environment surrounding the protected object, or by any other method wherein the compound contacts the organism prior to its attachment to the surface. As used herein, the term "contacting"
means that an amount of antifouling compound sufficient to inhibit settlement of the organism on the surface of interest physically contacts the organism, whether by direct external contact, inhalation, respiration, digestion, inhibition, or any other process.
Preferred compounds are selected from the group consisting of 2 ethylfuran; 2-methylfuran; methyl-2-furanoate; ethyl-3-furoate; 2-furyl-n-pentyl WO 94/08904 ~ ~ ~ PGT/US93/09762 ketone; 2-acetylfuran; khellin; y decalactone; a-angelica lactone; a-santorun;
a-methylene-~butyrolactone; coumaranone; alantolactone; and 3-methyl-2-cyclohexene-1-one.
The amount of compound to be used in the method will vary depending on 5 a number of factors, including the identity of the antifouling compound, the identity of the organism to be inhibited, and the mode of contact. In addition, the rate at which the compound is released into the surrounding aquatic environment can be a major factor in determining both the effectiveness of the method and the duration of protection. If the compound is released too rapidly, it will be exhausted quickly, and the coating must be re-applied for the surface to be protected. If, on the other hand, the release rate of the antifouling compound is too slow, the concentration of the compound in the aquatic environment immediately surrounding the surface to be protected may be insufficient to inhibit settlement. Preferably, the antifouling compound is released into the environment adjacent the protected surface at the rate of between about 0.0001 and 1000 g/cm2-hr, and more preferably is released at a rate of between about 0 01 and g/cm2-hr. Compositions of the invention preferably comprise one or more compounds of the invention in a concentration of about 0.01 weight percent to about 50 weight percent based on said composition, more preferably in a concentration of about 0.1 to 20 weight percent based on said composition.
The organisms against which a surface can be protected by the present method can be any organism which can attach to a submerged surface. Exemplary organisms include algae, including members of the phyla Chlorophyll and, fungi, microbes, tunicates, including members of the class Ascidiancea, such as Ciona intestinalis, Diplosoma listerianium, and BotryiIus sclosseri, members of the class Hydrozoa, including Clava squamata, Hydractinia echinata, Obelia geniculata, and Tubularia larnyx, bivalves, including Mytilus edulis, Crassostrea virginica, Ostrea edulis, Ostrea chilensia, and Lasaea rubra, bryozoans, including Ectra pilosa, Bugula neritinia, and Bozverbankia gracilis, polychaete worms, including Hydroides norvegica, sponges, and members of the class Cirripedia (barnacles), such as Balanus amphitrite, Lepas anatifera, Balanus balanus, Balanus balanoides, Balanus hameri, Balanus crenatus, Balanus improvisus, Balanus galeatus, and Balanus eburneus.
Organisms of the genus Balanus are particularly frequent foulers of aquatic structures. Specific fouling organisms to which this invention is especially directed include barnacles, zebra mussels, algae, bacteria, diatoms, hydroids, bryzoa, ascidians, tube worms, and asiatic clams.
In addition to the compounds of the invention, the composition can comprise additional antifouling agents which may act in combination or synergistically; said additional antifouling agent can be, for example:
manganesE
ethylene bisdithiocarbamate; a coordination product of zinc ion and manganese ethylene bisdithiocarbamate; zinc ethylene bisdithiocarbamate; zinc dimethyl dithiocarbamate; 2, 4, 5, 6-tetrachloroisophthalonitrile; 2-methylthio-4-t-butylamino-6-cyclopropylamino-s-triazine; 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea; N-(fluorodichloromethylthio)-phthalimide; N,N-dimethyl-N'-phenyl-(N-fluorodichloromethylthio)-sulfamide; tetramethylthiuram disulfide; 2, 4, 6-trichlorophenyl maleimide; zinc 2-pyridinthiol-1-oxide; copper thiocyanate; Cu-10% Ni alloy solid solution; and 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one.
The protective carrier component functioning to release antifouling agent can be a film-forming component, an elastomeric component, vulcanized rubber, or a cementitious component. The protective carrier component can be any component or combination of components which is applied easily to the surface to be protected, adheres to the submerged surface to be protected, and permits the release of the antifouling compound into the water immediately surrounding the coated surface. Different components will be preferred depending on the material comprising the underwater surface, the operation requirements of the surface, the configuration of the surface, and the antifouling compound. Exemplary film-forming components include polymer resin solutions. Exemplary polymer resins include unsaturated polyester resins formed from (a) unsaturated acids and anhydrides, such as malefic anhydride, fumaric and, and itaconic acid; (b) saturated acids and anhydrides, such as phthalic anhydride, isophthalic anhydride, terephthalic anhydride, tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, tetrahalophthalic anhydrides, chlorendic acid, adipic acid, and sebacic acid;
(c) glycols, such as ethylene glycol,1,2 propylene glycol, dibromoneopentyl glycol, Dianol 33~, and Dianol 22~; and (d) vinyl monomers, such as styrene, vinyl toluene, chlorostyrene, bromostyrene, methylinethacrylate, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate. Other suitable resins include vinyl ester-, vinyl acetate-, and vinyl chloride-based resins, elastomeric components, vulcanized rubbers, and urethane-based resins. The cementitious compounds are used to protect certain types of underwater structures, as are the elastomeric materials and vulcanized rubber.
The percentage of the antifouling compound of the invention in the coating required for proper release of the compound into the aquatic environment surrounding the surface to be protected will vary depending on the identify of the antifouling compound, the identity of the film-forming component of the coating and other additives present in the coating which may affect release rate. As described above, the release rate of the antifouling compomd can be a major factor in determining both the effectiveness of the method and the duration of protection. It is preferred that the coating be released into the surrounding water at a rate of between about 0.0001 and 1,000 ~.g/cm2-hr; more preferably, the compound comprises between about 0.01 and 100 ~.g/cm2--hr. Preferably, the antifouling compound comprises between about 0.001 and 80 percent of the coating by weight, and more preferably comprises between 0.01 and 20 percent of the coating.
Those skilled in this art will appreciate that a coating of the present invention can comprise any number of forms, including a paint, a gelcoat, or varnish, and the :like. The coating can include components in addition to the antifouling coatisig and film-forming component which confer a desirable property, such as hardness, strength, rigidity, reduced drag, impermeability, or water resistance.
The present invention encompasses any article which contains a surface coated with a coating containing at least one of the aforementioned compounds.
Those articles which are particularly suitable for protection with the coating are those. which, either intentionally or inadvertently, are submerged for a least the I5 duration required for an organism to settle on a submerged object. Coated articles can comprise any material to which aquatic organisms are known to attach, such as metal, wood, con~ete, polymer, and stone. Exemplary articles which may require antifouling protection include boats and boat hulls, fish nets, recreational equipment, such as surfboards, jet skis, and water skis, piers and pilings, buoys, offshore oil rigging equipment, and decorative or functional stone formations.
The composition of the invention c:an be a cementitious composition which includes at least one of said antifouling compounds and a cementitious matrix.
Such a composition is suitable for use in submerged structures, such as piers, pilings, and offshore oil rigging equipment and scaffolding, upon which fouling organisms tend to settle. Exemplary cementitious matrix compositions include portland cement and calcium aluminate based compositions. As those skilled in this art will appreciate, the cementitious matrix should be able to release the antifouling compound, and the antifouling compound must be present in sufficient concentration that the release rate of the compound into the surrounding aquatic environment inhibits settling of organisms on the submerged surface of an article formed from the composition.
The invention is now desczibed in more detail in the following examples which are provided to more completely disclose the information to those skilled in this art, but should not be considered as limiting the invention.
The protective carrier component functioning to release antifouling agent can be a film-forming component, an elastomeric component, vulcanized rubber, or a cementitious component. The protective carrier component can be any component or combination of components which is applied easily to the surface to be protected, adheres to the submerged surface to be protected, and permits the release of the antifouling compound into the water immediately surrounding the coated surface. Different components will be preferred depending on the material comprising the underwater surface, the operation requirements of the surface, the configuration of the surface, and the antifouling compound. Exemplary film-forming components include polymer resin solutions. Exemplary polymer resins include unsaturated polyester resins formed from (a) unsaturated acids and anhydrides, such as malefic anhydride, fumaric and, and itaconic acid; (b) saturated acids and anhydrides, such as phthalic anhydride, isophthalic anhydride, terephthalic anhydride, tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, tetrahalophthalic anhydrides, chlorendic acid, adipic acid, and sebacic acid;
(c) glycols, such as ethylene glycol,1,2 propylene glycol, dibromoneopentyl glycol, Dianol 33~, and Dianol 22~; and (d) vinyl monomers, such as styrene, vinyl toluene, chlorostyrene, bromostyrene, methylinethacrylate, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate. Other suitable resins include vinyl ester-, vinyl acetate-, and vinyl chloride-based resins, elastomeric components, vulcanized rubbers, and urethane-based resins. The cementitious compounds are used to protect certain types of underwater structures, as are the elastomeric materials and vulcanized rubber.
The percentage of the antifouling compound of the invention in the coating required for proper release of the compound into the aquatic environment surrounding the surface to be protected will vary depending on the identify of the antifouling compound, the identity of the film-forming component of the coating and other additives present in the coating which may affect release rate. As described above, the release rate of the antifouling compomd can be a major factor in determining both the effectiveness of the method and the duration of protection. It is preferred that the coating be released into the surrounding water at a rate of between about 0.0001 and 1,000 ~.g/cm2-hr; more preferably, the compound comprises between about 0.01 and 100 ~.g/cm2--hr. Preferably, the antifouling compound comprises between about 0.001 and 80 percent of the coating by weight, and more preferably comprises between 0.01 and 20 percent of the coating.
Those skilled in this art will appreciate that a coating of the present invention can comprise any number of forms, including a paint, a gelcoat, or varnish, and the :like. The coating can include components in addition to the antifouling coatisig and film-forming component which confer a desirable property, such as hardness, strength, rigidity, reduced drag, impermeability, or water resistance.
The present invention encompasses any article which contains a surface coated with a coating containing at least one of the aforementioned compounds.
Those articles which are particularly suitable for protection with the coating are those. which, either intentionally or inadvertently, are submerged for a least the I5 duration required for an organism to settle on a submerged object. Coated articles can comprise any material to which aquatic organisms are known to attach, such as metal, wood, con~ete, polymer, and stone. Exemplary articles which may require antifouling protection include boats and boat hulls, fish nets, recreational equipment, such as surfboards, jet skis, and water skis, piers and pilings, buoys, offshore oil rigging equipment, and decorative or functional stone formations.
The composition of the invention c:an be a cementitious composition which includes at least one of said antifouling compounds and a cementitious matrix.
Such a composition is suitable for use in submerged structures, such as piers, pilings, and offshore oil rigging equipment and scaffolding, upon which fouling organisms tend to settle. Exemplary cementitious matrix compositions include portland cement and calcium aluminate based compositions. As those skilled in this art will appreciate, the cementitious matrix should be able to release the antifouling compound, and the antifouling compound must be present in sufficient concentration that the release rate of the compound into the surrounding aquatic environment inhibits settling of organisms on the submerged surface of an article formed from the composition.
The invention is now desczibed in more detail in the following examples which are provided to more completely disclose the information to those skilled in this art, but should not be considered as limiting the invention.
EXAMPLES
Collection and Culture of Experimental Specimens Adult individuals of the acorn barnacle Balanus amphitrite Darwin were collected from the Duke University Marine Laboratory seawall in Beaufort, North Carolina. Collected specimens were crushed, and the nauplius stage larvae released therefrom were cultured to cyprid stage for cyprid-stage assays according to the methods of Rittschof et al., 1. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 82:131-(1984).
Settlement As_ sT for Cvpr~ id-Stake Larvae Settlement assays were performed as previously described by Rittschof et al. J. Chem. Ecol.11: 551-563 (1985). Three-day old cyprid larvae were used.
All compounds were tested for their ability to inhibit settlement by cyprid larvae of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite. Larvae were added to 50 x 9 mm polystyrene Petri dishes containing 5 ml of aged seawater that had been passed through a 100 kDa cut-off filter and varying levels of test compound. Controls consisted of barnacle larvae and filtered seawater added to the dishes without test compound. Dishes were then incubated for 20-24 hrs at 28° C with light for approximately 15 hours and in darkness for approximately 9 hours. The dishes were then removed from the incubator, examined under a dissecting microscope to determine whether larvae were living or dead. Larvae were then killed by addition of several drops of 10% formalin solution. Settlement rate was quantified as number of larvae that had attached to the dish surface, expressed as a percentage of total larvae in the dish. Experiments were performed in duplicate.
The lower the percent settlement, the more efficacious the test compound.
Ethyl-3-furoate (9.63 N.l) was diluted to 20 ml with seawater. Aliquots of this stock solution were added to separate dishes containing seawater to provide the concentrations shown in Table 1. The larvae were added and the test conducted as described above.
Control of Barnacle Settlement with Ethyl-3-furoate Concentration % Settlement 0 (Control) 53 500 ~.g/ml 0 50 ~.g/ml 11 5 ~.g/ml 18 500 ng/ml 52 WO 94/08904 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ PCT/US93/09762 Methyl-2-furoate (8.48 ~.l) was diluted to 20 ml with seawater. Aliquots of this stock solution were added to separate dishes containing seawater to provide the concentrations shown in Table 2. The larvae were added and the test condu~aed as described above.
Control of Barnacle Settlement with Methyl-2-furoate Concentration % Settlement 0 (Control) 53 500 ~.g/ml 2 50 ~.g/ml 46 5 ~.g/ml 53 2-Ethylfuran (6.94 ~.1) was diluted to 20 ml with seawater. Aliquots of this stock solution were added to separate dishes containing seawater to provide the concentrations shown in Table 3. The larvae were added and the test conducted as described above.
Control of Barnacle Settlement with 2-Eth, lfuran Concentration % Settlement 0 (Control) 53 500 ~.g/ml 41 50 ~tg/ml 54 2-Methylfuran (10.98 ~.1) was diluted to 20 ml with seawater. Aliquots of tlus stock solution were added to separate dishes containing seawater to provide the concentrations shown in Table 4. The larvae were added and the test conducted as described above.
Control of Barnacle Settlement with 2-Methvlfuran Concentration % Settlement 0 (Control) 53 5 50 ~.g/ml 39 5 ~.g/mI 61 2-Acetylfuran (9.11N.1) was diluted to 20 ml with seawater. Aliquots of this 10 stock solution were added to separate dishes containing seawater to provide the concentrations shown in Table 5. The larvae were added and the test conducted as described above.
Control of Barnacle Settlement with 2-Acetvlfuran Concentration % Settlement 0 (Control) 53 500 ~.g/ml 54 2-Furyl-n-pentyl ketone (0.909 ~t.l) was diluted to 20 ml with seawater.
Aliquots of tlus stock solution were added to separate dishes containing seawater to provide the concentrations shown in Table 6. The larvae were added and the test conducted as described above.
Control of Barnacle Settlement with 2-Fur,~pe~ ketone Concentration % Settlement 0 (Control) 42 500 ~,g/ml 0 50 ~.g/ml 1 5 ~,g/ml 2 500 ng/ml 14 ' 50 ng/ml 26 5 ng/ml 20 ' 500 ng/ml 22 2-Furyl-n-pentyl ketone (0.909 ~,1) 2-ethylfuran (6.94 ~.1) and 2-acetylfuran (9.11 ~,1) were each diluted to 20 ml with seawater. Aliquots of these stock solutions were added to separate dishes containing seawater to provide the respective test substances in concentrations of 500 ~.g/ml. The larvae were added and the test conducted as described above. These data are presented in Table 7.
Control of Barnacle Settlement with Furan Compounds at 500 ~, ml Compound % Settlement Control 61 2-Furyl-n-pentyl ketone 0 2-Ethylfuran 34 2-Acetylfuran 41 A number of lactones were tested for control of barnade settlement. All lactones were tested at a concentration of 3 x 10-6 M in dishes containing seawater. The larvae were added and the test conducted as described above.
These data are presented in Table 8.
Control of Barnacle Settlement with Lactones Compound % Settlement Control 35 'y undecalactone 0 8-undecalactone 40 E-caprolactone 41 8-dodecanolactone 38 'y octanolactone 39 'y decalactone 3 y valerolactone 26 , EXAMPLE 9 Solutions of a-methylene-'y butyrolactone were prepared in seawater at the concentrations shown in the table below. Five ml of each solution were added to duplicate dishes. The larvae were then added to the dishes and the test conducted as described above. These data are presented in Table 9.
Collection and Culture of Experimental Specimens Adult individuals of the acorn barnacle Balanus amphitrite Darwin were collected from the Duke University Marine Laboratory seawall in Beaufort, North Carolina. Collected specimens were crushed, and the nauplius stage larvae released therefrom were cultured to cyprid stage for cyprid-stage assays according to the methods of Rittschof et al., 1. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 82:131-(1984).
Settlement As_ sT for Cvpr~ id-Stake Larvae Settlement assays were performed as previously described by Rittschof et al. J. Chem. Ecol.11: 551-563 (1985). Three-day old cyprid larvae were used.
All compounds were tested for their ability to inhibit settlement by cyprid larvae of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite. Larvae were added to 50 x 9 mm polystyrene Petri dishes containing 5 ml of aged seawater that had been passed through a 100 kDa cut-off filter and varying levels of test compound. Controls consisted of barnacle larvae and filtered seawater added to the dishes without test compound. Dishes were then incubated for 20-24 hrs at 28° C with light for approximately 15 hours and in darkness for approximately 9 hours. The dishes were then removed from the incubator, examined under a dissecting microscope to determine whether larvae were living or dead. Larvae were then killed by addition of several drops of 10% formalin solution. Settlement rate was quantified as number of larvae that had attached to the dish surface, expressed as a percentage of total larvae in the dish. Experiments were performed in duplicate.
The lower the percent settlement, the more efficacious the test compound.
Ethyl-3-furoate (9.63 N.l) was diluted to 20 ml with seawater. Aliquots of this stock solution were added to separate dishes containing seawater to provide the concentrations shown in Table 1. The larvae were added and the test conducted as described above.
Control of Barnacle Settlement with Ethyl-3-furoate Concentration % Settlement 0 (Control) 53 500 ~.g/ml 0 50 ~.g/ml 11 5 ~.g/ml 18 500 ng/ml 52 WO 94/08904 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ PCT/US93/09762 Methyl-2-furoate (8.48 ~.l) was diluted to 20 ml with seawater. Aliquots of this stock solution were added to separate dishes containing seawater to provide the concentrations shown in Table 2. The larvae were added and the test condu~aed as described above.
Control of Barnacle Settlement with Methyl-2-furoate Concentration % Settlement 0 (Control) 53 500 ~.g/ml 2 50 ~.g/ml 46 5 ~.g/ml 53 2-Ethylfuran (6.94 ~.1) was diluted to 20 ml with seawater. Aliquots of this stock solution were added to separate dishes containing seawater to provide the concentrations shown in Table 3. The larvae were added and the test conducted as described above.
Control of Barnacle Settlement with 2-Eth, lfuran Concentration % Settlement 0 (Control) 53 500 ~.g/ml 41 50 ~tg/ml 54 2-Methylfuran (10.98 ~.1) was diluted to 20 ml with seawater. Aliquots of tlus stock solution were added to separate dishes containing seawater to provide the concentrations shown in Table 4. The larvae were added and the test conducted as described above.
Control of Barnacle Settlement with 2-Methvlfuran Concentration % Settlement 0 (Control) 53 5 50 ~.g/ml 39 5 ~.g/mI 61 2-Acetylfuran (9.11N.1) was diluted to 20 ml with seawater. Aliquots of this 10 stock solution were added to separate dishes containing seawater to provide the concentrations shown in Table 5. The larvae were added and the test conducted as described above.
Control of Barnacle Settlement with 2-Acetvlfuran Concentration % Settlement 0 (Control) 53 500 ~.g/ml 54 2-Furyl-n-pentyl ketone (0.909 ~t.l) was diluted to 20 ml with seawater.
Aliquots of tlus stock solution were added to separate dishes containing seawater to provide the concentrations shown in Table 6. The larvae were added and the test conducted as described above.
Control of Barnacle Settlement with 2-Fur,~pe~ ketone Concentration % Settlement 0 (Control) 42 500 ~,g/ml 0 50 ~.g/ml 1 5 ~,g/ml 2 500 ng/ml 14 ' 50 ng/ml 26 5 ng/ml 20 ' 500 ng/ml 22 2-Furyl-n-pentyl ketone (0.909 ~,1) 2-ethylfuran (6.94 ~.1) and 2-acetylfuran (9.11 ~,1) were each diluted to 20 ml with seawater. Aliquots of these stock solutions were added to separate dishes containing seawater to provide the respective test substances in concentrations of 500 ~.g/ml. The larvae were added and the test conducted as described above. These data are presented in Table 7.
Control of Barnacle Settlement with Furan Compounds at 500 ~, ml Compound % Settlement Control 61 2-Furyl-n-pentyl ketone 0 2-Ethylfuran 34 2-Acetylfuran 41 A number of lactones were tested for control of barnade settlement. All lactones were tested at a concentration of 3 x 10-6 M in dishes containing seawater. The larvae were added and the test conducted as described above.
These data are presented in Table 8.
Control of Barnacle Settlement with Lactones Compound % Settlement Control 35 'y undecalactone 0 8-undecalactone 40 E-caprolactone 41 8-dodecanolactone 38 'y octanolactone 39 'y decalactone 3 y valerolactone 26 , EXAMPLE 9 Solutions of a-methylene-'y butyrolactone were prepared in seawater at the concentrations shown in the table below. Five ml of each solution were added to duplicate dishes. The larvae were then added to the dishes and the test conducted as described above. These data are presented in Table 9.
Control of Barnacle Settlement with ~-Methylene-y butvrolactone Concentration _% Settlement 0 (Control) 62 500 ~.g/ml 0 50 ~.g/ml 0 5 ~tg/ml 36 500 ng/ml 58 50 ng/ml 62 5 ng/ml 61 A second test was performed with a-methylene-'y butyrolactone. A series of solutions of a-methyleneJy butyrolactone in seawater at concentrations ranging from 500 ~.g/ml to 50 ng/mI were prepared. Aliquots of these solutions were taken and added to duplicate dishes. The actual concentrations tested appear in the table below. The larvae were then added to the dishes and the test conducted as described above. These data are presented in Table 10.
Control of Barnacle Settlement with a-Meth lay Butvrolactone Concentration ~% Settlement 0 (Control) 66 500 ~,g/ml 5 50 ~g/ml 29 5 ~g/ml 47 500 ng/ml 53 50 ng/ml 49 Solutions of a-angelica lactone were prepared in seawater at the concentrations shown in the table below. Five ml of each solution were added to duplicate dishes. The larvae were then added to the dishes and the test conducted as described above. These data are presented in Table 11.
Control of Barnacle Settlement with a-Meth lay Butvrolactone Concentration ~% Settlement 0 (Control) 66 500 ~,g/ml 5 50 ~g/ml 29 5 ~g/ml 47 500 ng/ml 53 50 ng/ml 49 Solutions of a-angelica lactone were prepared in seawater at the concentrations shown in the table below. Five ml of each solution were added to duplicate dishes. The larvae were then added to the dishes and the test conducted as described above. These data are presented in Table 11.
Control of Barnacle Settlement with a-An elica lactone Concentration _% Settlement 0 (Control) 62 500 ~tg/ml 0 50 ~.g/ml 39 P 5 ~.g/ml 54 500 ng/ml 60 50 ng/ml 65 5 ng/ml 62 A second test was performed with a-angelica lactone. A series of solutions of a-angelica lactone in seawater at concentrations ranging from 500 ~g/ml to ng/ml were prepared. Aliquots of these solutions were taken and added to duplicate dishes. The actual concentrations tested appear in the table below.
The larvae were then added to the dishes and the test conducted as described above.
These data are presented in Table 12.
Control of Barnacle Settlement with ,~-An eg lica lactone Concentration _% Settlement 0 (Control) 66 500 ~,g/ml 0 50 ~.g/ml 3 5 ~.g/ml 33 500 ng/ml 33 50 ng/ml 53 5 ng/ml 41 A solution of 2-coumaranone (25 ~.g in 50 ml of filtered, aged seawater) was prepared. Aliquots of this solution were taken and added to duplicate dishes to provide the nominal concentrations shown in the table below. The larvae were then added to the dishes and the test conducted as described above. These data are presented in Table 13.
~.~~~13~ ~ !
The larvae were then added to the dishes and the test conducted as described above.
These data are presented in Table 12.
Control of Barnacle Settlement with ,~-An eg lica lactone Concentration _% Settlement 0 (Control) 66 500 ~,g/ml 0 50 ~.g/ml 3 5 ~.g/ml 33 500 ng/ml 33 50 ng/ml 53 5 ng/ml 41 A solution of 2-coumaranone (25 ~.g in 50 ml of filtered, aged seawater) was prepared. Aliquots of this solution were taken and added to duplicate dishes to provide the nominal concentrations shown in the table below. The larvae were then added to the dishes and the test conducted as described above. These data are presented in Table 13.
~.~~~13~ ~ !
Control of Barnacle Settlement with 2-Coumaranone Concentration _% Settlement 0 (Control) 58 500 ~.g/ml 0 50 ~.g/ml 5 ~.g/ml 51 ' 500 ng/ml 59 50 ng/ml 61 5 ng/ml 54 A series of solutions of 'y decalactone in seawater at concentrations ranging from 500 ~.g/ml to 5 pg/ml were prepared. Aliquots of these solutions were taken and added to duplicate dishes. The actual concentrations tested appear in the table below. The larvae were then added to the dishes and the test conducted as described above. These data are presented in Table 14.
Control of Barnacle Settlement with y Decalactone Concentration _% Settlement 0 (Control) 66 500 ltg/ml 0 50 ~.g/ml 1 5 ~.g/ml 25 500 ng/ml 8 50 ng/ml 25 5 ng/ml 32 500 pg/ml 44 50 pg/ml 52 5 pg/ml 45 A series of solutions of y valerolactone in seawater at concentrations ranging from 500 ~g/ml to 500 pg/ml were prepared. Aliquots of these solutions were taken and added to duplicate dishes. The actual concentrations tested appear in the table below. The larvae were then added to the dishes and the test conducted as described above. These data are presented in Table 15.
Control of Barnade Settlement with ~Valerolactone Concentration % Settlement 0 (Control) 66 5 500 ~.g/ml 52 50 ~g/ml 37 5 ~g/ml 42 500 ng/ml 48 50 ng/ml 42 10 5 ng/ml 43 500 pg/ml 55 Toxicity assays were conducted by adding nauplius stage larvae to 50 x 5 15 mm polystyrene Petri dishes or glass vials containing 5 ml of 100 kDa filtered seawater. Experimental dishes received doses of 'y decalactone, a-angelica lactone, a-methylene-~butyrolactone, a-santorun and alantolactone. Dishes or vials receiving no test compound served as controls. The dishes or vials were incubated at 28° C with a 15:9 light:dark cycle. After incubation, the dishes or vials were exarnined under a dissecting microscope to determine whether the larvae were alive or dead. Larvae which did not respond to an emission of visible light were considered dead. The number of living and dead larvae were then counted.
Probit analysis was used to obtain concentrations corresponding to half-maximal inhibition (EC50 values). These data are summarized in Table 16.
Lactone Half maximal Inhibition Values Comuound EC_~0 Y decalactone 4 ng/ml (plastic) a-angelica lactone 70 ~,g/ml (plastic) a-methylene-~-butyrolactone 6 ~.g/ml (plastic) a-methylene-~butyrolactone 40 ~.g/ml (glass]
a-santorun 14 ~.g/ml (glass) alantolactone 500 ng/ml (glass) Settlement Assay Procedure Laboratory experiments were performed with day 3 cyprid larvae of the acorn barnacle Balanus amphitrite cultured as described in Rittschof et al., j. Exp.
Marine Biol. ~ Ecol. 82:131-146 (1984). Settlement experiments were performed using polystyrene dishes as described in Rittschof et al., J. Chem.
Ecol.11:551-563 WO 94/08904 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ PCT/US93/09762 (1985) and in Sears et al., j. Chem. Ecol. 16:791-799 (1990). Larvae were added to polystyrene dishes containing 5 ml of aged seawater that had been passed through a 100 kilo-Dalton cut-off filter and varying levels of 3-methyl-2-cyclohexene-1-one.
Controls consisted of barnacle larvae and filtered seawater added to polystyrene dishes without 3-methyl-2-cyclohexene-1-one. After addition of larvae, the dishes were incubated for 20 to 24 hours at 28°C on a 15:9 light:dark cycle.
The dishes were then removed from the incubator, examined under a dissecting microscope to determine if larvae were living (moving) or dead (not moving). Larvae were then killed by addition of several drops of 10% formalin solution.
Settlement rate was quantified as number of larvae that had attached to the dish surface, expressed as a percentage of total larvae in the dish. Dishes were more than 200 larvae were excluded from subsequent analysis, since extremely high larval densities may ixthibit settlement rates. Linear regressions were performed using percentage settlement as the dependent (Y) variable and log of larval density (larvae per dish) as the independent variable. Each dish was treated as a single replicate.
Settlement Assav Results Data were combined for all control dishes (n=65 for combined data set). In the controls, barnacle settlement increased as a linear function of larval density (Figure 1). The least squares regression equation for the data is: Y=47.4 (log X) -41.3, where Y represents settlement rate and X represents larval density. Data also were combined for treatments generated by addition of 3-methyl-2-cyclohexene-1-one at concentrations of 9, 90, and 900 picomolar (n=44 for combined data set). At these concentrations, barnacle settlement decreased as a linear function of barnacle density (Figure 2). The least squares regression equation for this data set is: Y= -51.7 (log X) + 118.6, where Y represents settlement rate and X
represents larval density).
Data also were combined Eor all higher concentrations of 3-methyl-2-cyclohexene-1-one (n=107) for combined data set - data not shown). The regression line for these replicates was not significantly different from that of the untreated controls (regression equation: Y = 48.5 (log X) - 49.1, where Y
represents settlement rate and X represents larval density). The decrease in effectiveness at higher concentrations is not atypical for anti-aggregative pheromones.
While the invention has been described with reference to specific examples and applications, other modifications and uses for the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the following claims.
Control of Barnacle Settlement with y Decalactone Concentration _% Settlement 0 (Control) 66 500 ltg/ml 0 50 ~.g/ml 1 5 ~.g/ml 25 500 ng/ml 8 50 ng/ml 25 5 ng/ml 32 500 pg/ml 44 50 pg/ml 52 5 pg/ml 45 A series of solutions of y valerolactone in seawater at concentrations ranging from 500 ~g/ml to 500 pg/ml were prepared. Aliquots of these solutions were taken and added to duplicate dishes. The actual concentrations tested appear in the table below. The larvae were then added to the dishes and the test conducted as described above. These data are presented in Table 15.
Control of Barnade Settlement with ~Valerolactone Concentration % Settlement 0 (Control) 66 5 500 ~.g/ml 52 50 ~g/ml 37 5 ~g/ml 42 500 ng/ml 48 50 ng/ml 42 10 5 ng/ml 43 500 pg/ml 55 Toxicity assays were conducted by adding nauplius stage larvae to 50 x 5 15 mm polystyrene Petri dishes or glass vials containing 5 ml of 100 kDa filtered seawater. Experimental dishes received doses of 'y decalactone, a-angelica lactone, a-methylene-~butyrolactone, a-santorun and alantolactone. Dishes or vials receiving no test compound served as controls. The dishes or vials were incubated at 28° C with a 15:9 light:dark cycle. After incubation, the dishes or vials were exarnined under a dissecting microscope to determine whether the larvae were alive or dead. Larvae which did not respond to an emission of visible light were considered dead. The number of living and dead larvae were then counted.
Probit analysis was used to obtain concentrations corresponding to half-maximal inhibition (EC50 values). These data are summarized in Table 16.
Lactone Half maximal Inhibition Values Comuound EC_~0 Y decalactone 4 ng/ml (plastic) a-angelica lactone 70 ~,g/ml (plastic) a-methylene-~-butyrolactone 6 ~.g/ml (plastic) a-methylene-~butyrolactone 40 ~.g/ml (glass]
a-santorun 14 ~.g/ml (glass) alantolactone 500 ng/ml (glass) Settlement Assay Procedure Laboratory experiments were performed with day 3 cyprid larvae of the acorn barnacle Balanus amphitrite cultured as described in Rittschof et al., j. Exp.
Marine Biol. ~ Ecol. 82:131-146 (1984). Settlement experiments were performed using polystyrene dishes as described in Rittschof et al., J. Chem.
Ecol.11:551-563 WO 94/08904 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ PCT/US93/09762 (1985) and in Sears et al., j. Chem. Ecol. 16:791-799 (1990). Larvae were added to polystyrene dishes containing 5 ml of aged seawater that had been passed through a 100 kilo-Dalton cut-off filter and varying levels of 3-methyl-2-cyclohexene-1-one.
Controls consisted of barnacle larvae and filtered seawater added to polystyrene dishes without 3-methyl-2-cyclohexene-1-one. After addition of larvae, the dishes were incubated for 20 to 24 hours at 28°C on a 15:9 light:dark cycle.
The dishes were then removed from the incubator, examined under a dissecting microscope to determine if larvae were living (moving) or dead (not moving). Larvae were then killed by addition of several drops of 10% formalin solution.
Settlement rate was quantified as number of larvae that had attached to the dish surface, expressed as a percentage of total larvae in the dish. Dishes were more than 200 larvae were excluded from subsequent analysis, since extremely high larval densities may ixthibit settlement rates. Linear regressions were performed using percentage settlement as the dependent (Y) variable and log of larval density (larvae per dish) as the independent variable. Each dish was treated as a single replicate.
Settlement Assav Results Data were combined for all control dishes (n=65 for combined data set). In the controls, barnacle settlement increased as a linear function of larval density (Figure 1). The least squares regression equation for the data is: Y=47.4 (log X) -41.3, where Y represents settlement rate and X represents larval density. Data also were combined for treatments generated by addition of 3-methyl-2-cyclohexene-1-one at concentrations of 9, 90, and 900 picomolar (n=44 for combined data set). At these concentrations, barnacle settlement decreased as a linear function of barnacle density (Figure 2). The least squares regression equation for this data set is: Y= -51.7 (log X) + 118.6, where Y represents settlement rate and X
represents larval density).
Data also were combined Eor all higher concentrations of 3-methyl-2-cyclohexene-1-one (n=107) for combined data set - data not shown). The regression line for these replicates was not significantly different from that of the untreated controls (regression equation: Y = 48.5 (log X) - 49.1, where Y
represents settlement rate and X represents larval density). The decrease in effectiveness at higher concentrations is not atypical for anti-aggregative pheromones.
While the invention has been described with reference to specific examples and applications, other modifications and uses for the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the following claims.
Claims (13)
1. A marine or freshwater antifoulant composition comprising a material selected from the group consisting of film-forming polymer, cementitious material, elastomeric material, and vulcanized rubber and an amount of an antifouling agent admixed with said material and effective to be released from said material at an antifouling effective level, said antifouling agent selected from .
the group consisting of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of wherein R1, R2, R3, and R4 are independently selected from -C(O)R5;-C(O)OR6, (C1-C8)alkyl, phenyl, phenyl substituted with (C1-C4)alkyl, (C1-C4)alkoxy, (C2-C8)alkenyl, (C2-C8)alkynyl, halogen, and hydrogen, provided that at least one of R1, R2, R3, and R4 is not hydrogen;
wherein R5 is R6 or NR7R8;
wherein R6 is (C1-C8)alkyl, (C2-C8)alkenyl, (C2-C8)alkynyl, phenyl, phenyl substituted with (C1-C4)alkyl, (C1-C4)alkoxy, or halogen;
wherein R7 and R8 are independently selected from hydrogen or R6;
wherein R9, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, R15, R16, R17, R18, R19, R20, and R21 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and (C1-C10) alkyl; and wherein R22, R23 and R24 are each independently selected from hydrogen, (C1-C3) alkyl groups, (C1-C3) alkoxy groups, halogens, and hydroxyl groups.
the group consisting of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of wherein R1, R2, R3, and R4 are independently selected from -C(O)R5;-C(O)OR6, (C1-C8)alkyl, phenyl, phenyl substituted with (C1-C4)alkyl, (C1-C4)alkoxy, (C2-C8)alkenyl, (C2-C8)alkynyl, halogen, and hydrogen, provided that at least one of R1, R2, R3, and R4 is not hydrogen;
wherein R5 is R6 or NR7R8;
wherein R6 is (C1-C8)alkyl, (C2-C8)alkenyl, (C2-C8)alkynyl, phenyl, phenyl substituted with (C1-C4)alkyl, (C1-C4)alkoxy, or halogen;
wherein R7 and R8 are independently selected from hydrogen or R6;
wherein R9, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, R15, R16, R17, R18, R19, R20, and R21 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and (C1-C10) alkyl; and wherein R22, R23 and R24 are each independently selected from hydrogen, (C1-C3) alkyl groups, (C1-C3) alkoxy groups, halogens, and hydroxyl groups.
2. Composition according to claim 1 wherein said compound is present in a concentration of about 0.01 weight percent to about 50 weight percent based on said composition.
3. Composition according to claim 2 wherein said compound is present in a concentration of about 0.1 to 20 weight percent based on said composition.
4. Composition according to claim 1 wherein said compound is selected from the group consisting of 2-furyl-methylketone; 2-ethyl furan; 2-methyl furan;
methyl-2-furanoate; ethyl-3-furoate; 2-furyl-n-pentyl ketone; 2-acetylfuran;
khellin; .gamma.-decalactone; .alpha.-angelica lactone; .alpha.-santonin;
.alpha.-methylene-.gamma.-butyrolactone; coumaranone; alantolactone; and 3-methyl-2-cyclohexene-1-one.
methyl-2-furanoate; ethyl-3-furoate; 2-furyl-n-pentyl ketone; 2-acetylfuran;
khellin; .gamma.-decalactone; .alpha.-angelica lactone; .alpha.-santonin;
.alpha.-methylene-.gamma.-butyrolactone; coumaranone; alantolactone; and 3-methyl-2-cyclohexene-1-one.
5. Composition according to claim 1 further including one or more additional antifouling agents.
6. Composition according to claim 5 wherein said additional antifouling agent is selected from the group consisting of manganese ethylene bisdithiocarbamate; a coordination product of zinc ion and manganese ethylene bisdithiocarbamate; zinc ethylene bisdithiocarbamate; zinc dimethyl dithiocarbamate; 2, 4, 5, 6-tetrachloro-isophthalonitrile; 2-methylthio-4-t-butylamino-6-cyclopropylamino-s-triazine; 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea; N-(fluorodichloromethylthio)-phthalimide; N,N-dimethyl-N'-phenyl-(N-fluorodichloromethylthio)-sulfamide; tetramethylthiuram disulfide; 2, 4, 6-trichlorophenyl maleimide; zinc 2-pyridinthiol-1-oxide; copper thiocyanate; Cu-10% Ni alloy solid solution; and 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one.
7. Method of protecting a structure against fouling by marine or freshwater fouling organisms comprising applying a composition according to claim 1 on and/or into said structure.
8. Method according to claim 7 wherein said marine or freshwater fouling organisms are selected from the group consisting of barnacles, zebra mussels, algae, bacteria, diatoms, hydroids, bryzoa, ascidians, tube worms, and asiatic clams.
9. Method according to claim 7 wherein said organisms are one or more members of the genus Balanus.
10. Method according to claim 7 wherein said compound is used in a composition comprising a film-forming polymeric binder.
11. Marine or freshwater structure protected against fouling organisms wherein said protection is afforded by a method according to claim 7.
12. Marine or freshwater structure according to claim 11 wherein said protection is afforded by a composition comprising a film-forming polymeric binder comprising at least one of said furan compounds having been applied on and/or into said structure.
13. Marine or freshwater structure according to claim 11 wherein said structure is a fish net, boat, piling, or pier, or cooling tower.
Applications Claiming Priority (7)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US07/961,159 | 1992-10-15 | ||
| US07/961,159 US5334389A (en) | 1992-10-15 | 1992-10-15 | Antifouling coating and method for using same |
| US07/964,794 | 1992-10-22 | ||
| US07/964,795 | 1992-10-22 | ||
| US07/964,794 US5248221A (en) | 1992-10-22 | 1992-10-22 | Antifouling coating composition comprising lactone compounds, method for protecting aquatic structures, and articles protected against fouling organisms |
| US07/964,795 US5259701A (en) | 1992-10-22 | 1992-10-22 | Antifouling coating composition comprising furan compounds, method for protecting aquatic structures, and articles protected against fouling organisms |
| PCT/US1993/009762 WO1994008904A1 (en) | 1992-10-15 | 1993-10-13 | Antifouling coating composition and method |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2146130A1 CA2146130A1 (en) | 1994-04-28 |
| CA2146130C true CA2146130C (en) | 2004-06-08 |
Family
ID=27420745
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002146130A Expired - Fee Related CA2146130C (en) | 1992-10-15 | 1993-10-13 | Antifouling coating composition and method |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| KR (1) | KR100314105B1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU5404394A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2146130C (en) |
| SG (1) | SG49287A1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1994008904A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109105371A (en) * | 2018-07-04 | 2019-01-01 | 上海市农业科学院 | A kind of compound pesticide controlling aphid and its preparation and application |
Families Citing this family (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AU688535B2 (en) * | 1994-07-06 | 1998-03-12 | Unisearch Limited | Antifouling compositions |
| AUPM666694A0 (en) * | 1994-07-06 | 1994-07-28 | Unisearch Limited | Natural antifouling compositions |
| DE19534868A1 (en) | 1995-09-20 | 1997-03-27 | Bayer Ag | Benzothiophene-2-carboxamide-S, S-dioxide for use in antifouling |
| JP2001522828A (en) * | 1997-11-07 | 2001-11-20 | ファルマシア・アンド・アップジョン・カンパニー | Oxazolidinone production |
| CN101098692B (en) * | 2004-12-23 | 2012-01-25 | 卡罗琳·范哈夫腾 | Therapeutic compounds isolated form CALOMERIA AMARANTHOIDES |
| US9414590B2 (en) | 2009-03-16 | 2016-08-16 | Marrone Bio Innovations, Inc. | Chemical and biological agents for the control of molluscs |
| CN102404993B (en) * | 2009-04-20 | 2015-08-26 | 马罗内生物创新公司 | For controlling molluscan chemical agent and biology agent |
| US20130225675A1 (en) * | 2010-06-30 | 2013-08-29 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation | Bacterial control of water based fluids during subsurface injection and subsequent residence time in the subterranean formation |
| CN104254611A (en) | 2012-02-28 | 2014-12-31 | 马罗内生物创新公司 | Control of phytopathogenic microorganisms with pseudomonas sp. and substances and compositions derived therefrom |
| US8728754B1 (en) | 2013-01-23 | 2014-05-20 | Marrone Bio Innovations, Inc. | Use of proteins isolated from Pseudomonas to control molluscs |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS5444018A (en) * | 1977-09-10 | 1979-04-07 | Nippon Paint Co Ltd | Repellent for aquatic adhesive life |
| GB2095691A (en) * | 1980-08-15 | 1982-10-06 | Scott Bader Co | Coating compositions |
| US4596724A (en) * | 1984-05-15 | 1986-06-24 | Marine Shield Corp. | Anti-fouling coating composition, process for applying same and coating thereby obtained |
| JPH0699244B2 (en) * | 1985-04-10 | 1994-12-07 | 日本ペイント株式会社 | Fine resin particles with anti-pest properties |
| US4788302A (en) * | 1985-06-14 | 1988-11-29 | Duke University | Anti-fouling compound and method of use |
| EP0337152A1 (en) * | 1988-03-22 | 1989-10-18 | Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft | Furans and lactones from streptomycetes, process for their preparation and their use |
| CA2020826A1 (en) * | 1989-07-11 | 1991-01-12 | Junji Yokoi | Antifouling composition |
-
1993
- 1993-10-13 CA CA002146130A patent/CA2146130C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1993-10-13 KR KR1019950701438A patent/KR100314105B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1993-10-13 WO PCT/US1993/009762 patent/WO1994008904A1/en active Application Filing
- 1993-10-13 SG SG1996008822A patent/SG49287A1/en unknown
- 1993-10-13 AU AU54043/94A patent/AU5404394A/en not_active Abandoned
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109105371A (en) * | 2018-07-04 | 2019-01-01 | 上海市农业科学院 | A kind of compound pesticide controlling aphid and its preparation and application |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CA2146130A1 (en) | 1994-04-28 |
| AU5404394A (en) | 1994-05-09 |
| KR100314105B1 (en) | 2002-02-28 |
| SG49287A1 (en) | 1998-05-18 |
| WO1994008904A1 (en) | 1994-04-28 |
| KR950704197A (en) | 1995-11-17 |
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