CA2132573A1 - Method and apparatus for measuring water velocities and discharges in rivers and the like - Google Patents
Method and apparatus for measuring water velocities and discharges in rivers and the likeInfo
- Publication number
- CA2132573A1 CA2132573A1 CA002132573A CA2132573A CA2132573A1 CA 2132573 A1 CA2132573 A1 CA 2132573A1 CA 002132573 A CA002132573 A CA 002132573A CA 2132573 A CA2132573 A CA 2132573A CA 2132573 A1 CA2132573 A1 CA 2132573A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- water
- path
- transducer
- signal
- velocity
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01P—MEASURING LINEAR OR ANGULAR SPEED, ACCELERATION, DECELERATION, OR SHOCK; INDICATING PRESENCE, ABSENCE, OR DIRECTION, OF MOVEMENT
- G01P5/00—Measuring speed of fluids, e.g. of air stream; Measuring speed of bodies relative to fluids, e.g. of ship, of aircraft
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01F—MEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
- G01F1/00—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow
- G01F1/002—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow wherein the flow is in an open channel
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01F—MEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
- G01F1/00—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow
- G01F1/66—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow by measuring frequency, phase shift or propagation time of electromagnetic or other waves, e.g. using ultrasonic flowmeters
- G01F1/667—Arrangements of transducers for ultrasonic flowmeters; Circuits for operating ultrasonic flowmeters
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01P—MEASURING LINEAR OR ANGULAR SPEED, ACCELERATION, DECELERATION, OR SHOCK; INDICATING PRESENCE, ABSENCE, OR DIRECTION, OF MOVEMENT
- G01P5/00—Measuring speed of fluids, e.g. of air stream; Measuring speed of bodies relative to fluids, e.g. of ship, of aircraft
- G01P5/18—Measuring speed of fluids, e.g. of air stream; Measuring speed of bodies relative to fluids, e.g. of ship, of aircraft by measuring the time taken to traverse a fixed distance
- G01P5/22—Measuring speed of fluids, e.g. of air stream; Measuring speed of bodies relative to fluids, e.g. of ship, of aircraft by measuring the time taken to traverse a fixed distance using auto-correlation or cross-correlation detection means
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01P—MEASURING LINEAR OR ANGULAR SPEED, ACCELERATION, DECELERATION, OR SHOCK; INDICATING PRESENCE, ABSENCE, OR DIRECTION, OF MOVEMENT
- G01P5/00—Measuring speed of fluids, e.g. of air stream; Measuring speed of bodies relative to fluids, e.g. of ship, of aircraft
- G01P5/24—Measuring speed of fluids, e.g. of air stream; Measuring speed of bodies relative to fluids, e.g. of ship, of aircraft by measuring the direct influence of the streaming fluid on the properties of a detecting acoustical wave
- G01P5/245—Measuring speed of fluids, e.g. of air stream; Measuring speed of bodies relative to fluids, e.g. of ship, of aircraft by measuring the direct influence of the streaming fluid on the properties of a detecting acoustical wave by measuring transit time of acoustical waves
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S15/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of acoustic waves, e.g. sonar systems
- G01S15/02—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of acoustic waves, e.g. sonar systems using reflection of acoustic waves
- G01S15/50—Systems of measurement, based on relative movement of the target
- G01S15/58—Velocity or trajectory determination systems; Sense-of-movement determination systems
- G01S15/60—Velocity or trajectory determination systems; Sense-of-movement determination systems wherein the transmitter and receiver are mounted on the moving object, e.g. for determining ground speed, drift angle, ground track
Abstract
An improved method of measuring the flow velocity of water bodies, characterised in that, in addition to a principal direct path along which acoustic signals are propagated across and through the direction of flow of water, an auxiliary indirect path for acoustic signals is utilised comprising two segments of an acoustic signal reflected at a water-air or water-ice boundary of said body of water.
Description
213257~
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR MEASURING WATER VELOCITIES
AND DISCHARGES IN RIVERS AND THE LIKE
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to flowmeters, and particularly to acoustic flowmeters. More particularly still, it relates to acoustic flowmeters based on the measurement of propagation times across the whole river, and which are suitable for measuring the average flow velocity in rivers, or the like bodies of water, in which the water level varies, and also under ice.
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR MEASURING WATER VELOCITIES
AND DISCHARGES IN RIVERS AND THE LIKE
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to flowmeters, and particularly to acoustic flowmeters. More particularly still, it relates to acoustic flowmeters based on the measurement of propagation times across the whole river, and which are suitable for measuring the average flow velocity in rivers, or the like bodies of water, in which the water level varies, and also under ice.
2. Prior Art of the Invention Supersonic flow meters are being used successfully to determine the flow velocity of water volume in rivers and canals. The mean velocity of water in the reference plane of the acoustic path is determined by mea~uring the propagation times of acoustic pulses in opposite directions. In order to determine the mean velocity for the entire flow cross-section, a correction factor (k) must be applied. k depends on the position of the acoustic transducers, the flow cross-section profile, the relative heights of the acoustic path, and the bottom roughness. It is known that if the acoustic path is located about 40% above the bottom, then the correction factor becomes independent of the bottom roughness and equal to unity. 40% above bottom is therefore a preferred depth of installation. However, as the water level rises, and the relative installation level above ground falls to 20% or less, the effects of the bottom contour become more significant and the uncertainty in the value of the proper correction factor k increases. The latter may be estimated by computation using uncertain assumptions about bottom contour variations upstream as well as about river width, which is not satisfactory.
The problem is further aggravated in winter, when k is also influenced by the surface contour of the ice cover, and more uncertain assumptions about the same must be made in order to determine the new k. Errors in flow velocity determination may, therefore, reach or exceed 40% in winter, because the logarithmic vertical velocity distributions, which are stable in the summer with good accuracy, are no longer stable in the winter under ice.
In order to mitigate the above mentioned deficiencies, it has been suggested that acoustic flowmeters be stacked vertically to measure at several planes, thereby apprehending the different vertical distribution of flow under ice. Such an arrangement is also likely to improve accuracy in the summer. Practical experience, however, shows that the complexity of such installation is significant, and that also as a result the susceptibility to failure is increased, the complexity of apparatus increases proportionately with the number of planes, while the improvement in accuracy remains marginal.
A further problem with multi-level installations is that a top level installation close to the ice layer (for an accurate assessment of the vertical velocity distribution) is incompatible with other theoretical requirements, for in order to avoid multi-path echoes, it is necessary to measure at minimum depth, which grows as the acoustic path length does. Thus, the top installation is constrained downwardly from above, while the bottom installation is constrained upwardly from below. These constraints sometimes cause both top and bottom installations to coincide, which means there is no room for multi-level measurement. A novel solution is therefore indicated.
The use of acoustic energy to measure flow velocity is the subject of three United States patents of general interest.
Unites States patent 3,633,415 granted January 11, 1972 to Lu is entitled Flowmeter. It teaches how flow velocity is measured in any direction in the plane by placing transducers at the corners of a triangle in the plane and measuring time differences of travel of acoustic energy between transducers.
United States patent 3,861,211 granted January 21, 1975 to Dewan is entitled Ultra-Low Flow Velocity ~urrent Meter. This invention relates to the use of an acoustic signal to determine current velocity of water. The device makes use of a centrally single positioned transducer with four equispaced receivers equidistant from the transducer. A carrier frequency with two different modulator frequencies is directed to the transducers and the receivers receive the tran~mitted pulses through the water current. The velocity of the water is determined by measuring the phase angle of the different signals that pass through the water and which are received by the receivers. The different signals permits one to determine the velocity of the water.
2132~7~
_ 5 In United States patent 3,949,605 granted April 13, 1975 to Stallworth et al., both acoustic and electrical signals are used to measure flow in large bodies of water by comparing the delay between acoustic and electrical propagation.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a solution to the problem of the prior art, which avoids multi-level installations by operating a single level installation in two modes.
In the first, principal mode, the principal acoustic signal path is direct and crosses the flow direction at an angle of approximately between 5 and 60 , with the acoustic transducers place about 20% to 40% above the bottom. In addition to the principal, direct, path, an auxiliary composite path is also utilized. The auxiliary measurement path uses the same transducers as are used for the principal path, but is composed of the two straight paths comprising the total internal reflection path of the acoustic signal at the water-air or water-ice boundary.
Thus, according to the present invention, a broad aspect thereof is the improvement of the method of measuring the flow velocity of water bodies characterised in that, 2132~73 in addition to a principal direct path along which acoustic signals are propagated across and through the direction of flow of water, an auxiliary indirect path for acoustic signals is utilised comprising two segments of an acoustic signal reflected at a water-air or water-ice boundary of said body of water.
While it is of course possible to utilise two separate acoustic transducers for the auxiliary path, this is generally not necessary, since the acoustic transducers are not too narrowly directional such that the use of an auxiliary pair becomes necessary.
The use of only one pair of transducers in fact has distinct advantages: first, it is economically the optimum solution, but more importantly, it allows prediction of the arrival time of the reflected signal with better precision, because only one distance between transducer, the path length, is involved.
The velocities obtained from the propagation times along the principal and the auxiliary paths are divided and the obtained ratio permits determination of the equivalent bottom roughness in the summer and, assuming the letter remains constant in winter, the equivalent roughness of the ice-water boundary in the winter.
The installation depth of 40% corresponds often to 20%
or less at high water level or 50% at low water level, 50% is the position at which an acoustic flowmeter could work at minimum water level. The acoustic energy components reflected by the surface and by the bottom then have the same delay and the delay must be at least 1.5 wavelengths in order to allow discrimination from the direct signal. It is then not possible to use the auxiliary path as described, because the signals of the path reflected by the surface and those reflected by the bottom arrive at the same time and cannot be distinguished from each other.
Fortunately, this does not represent a significant limitation to the utilization of the present invention, since in every body of water there are high water phases during which the low water level is significantly exceeded, often several times per year. It is then easy to conduct a measurement via the auxiliary path, but moreover such measurement is particularly desirable, first because at such high water phases it is highly probable that the river flow roughness is significantly altered by the increased water flow velocity, and second, because the k-factor deviates significantly from unity.
21~2573 In the present invention the preferred transducer depth is between 10% and 40% average above the bottom, because then the pulses through the auxiliary path reflected by the surface are delayed sufficiently as compared with the direct principal path pulses and those reflected at the bottom. Therefore, three pulses arrive in sequence at the receiving transducer. The first pulse coming through the direct path, the second (sometimes more than one appearing as a group reflected from different boulders) coming through the reflection off the bottom contour, and the third and last (single) pulse coming via the auxiliary path reflected by the water-air or water-ice boundary.
The three pulses are influenced differently by the flow velocity, because all use different parts of the vertical distribution profile in ~he river cross-section. Therefore, all three pulses carry different information, and it is an object of the invention to extract this information and decipher the un~nown parameters which govern the flow in the river.
Changes of the velocity distribution near the surface are sensed better through the auxiliary path than through the direct path. It is for this reason that the ratio of the flow velocity measured by means of the _ 9 auxiliary path to that measured with the direct path is a direct measure of both the bottom roughness in summer as well as the ice roughness in winter.
In naturally flowing streams, also in those where free flow is obstructed by water backup, the width is often much larger than the depth. In such cases the friction of the banks can be ignored as compared to the friction of the bottom, BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The preferred embodiment of the present invention will now be described in detail in conjunction with the annexed drawings, in which:
Figure 1 is a plan view of the arrange:ment according to the present invention for measuring the flow velocity of river water;
Figure 2 is a front elevation of the arrangement shown in Figure 1 as seen from the river bank;
Figure 3 shows typical vertical distribution profiles of the velocity in the summer;
2132~73 Figure 4 shows similar conditions but with ice cover;
Figure 5 is a schematic diagram of the apparatus of the present invention;
Figure 6 illustrates the observed propagation times relative to each other; and Figure 7a and 7b shows a high-level flowchart for controlling the apparatus of Figure 5.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIME~T
1. Theoretical Considerations It was found empirically that not only in rough pipes and artificial conduits, but also in natural streams at any place along the vertical, the logarithmic law of velocity distribution (1) holds.
u(y) = v* (A + 5.75 lg y/ks') (1) u(y) = flow at the height y v* = average shear stress velocity y = vertical distance from the bottom ks' = equivalent sand roughness in cm A = Roughness constant according to 213257~
Nikoradse = 8.50 The ratio y/ks' can be interpreted as admittance, which is decreased in winter by "connecting" the admittance of the ice friction parallel:
u(y) = v* (A + 5.75 lg y ) (2) ; ks' + keis y h - Y
If the water depth h and the height of the acoustic path yl between the acoustic transducers is about the same over the width of the river, then the two velocities-along the direct path and along the reflected path - can be calculated.
Along the direct path according to equation (2):
ul(yl~ = v* (A + 5.75 lg yl ) (3) ks' + keis yl h - yl with yl = average height of the acoustic direct path above the bottom.
Along the reflected path the velocity must be found by integration starting from the height of the acoustic transducer up to the surface:
2132~7~
Y = h u2(y2) = v* (A + 5.75 lg y ) dy (4) h - yl ks' + keis y h - Y
Y = yl Forming the ratio u1/u2 will eliminate the still unknown shear stress velocity v* and it remains equation (5) with the measurable ratio ul/u2 on the left side and a term with the bottom roughness and the ice roughness on the right side. In the summer, keis is known to be O
and the only variable left is ks'. In the winter~ a time with low velocities, the bottom roughness is supposed to be the same as in the summer and the summer value is still valid. Then keis is the only variable.
(A + 5.75 lg yl ks' + keis yl ul/u2(ks',keis) = h - yl (5) Y~= h 1 (A + 5.75 l~ Y ) dy h - yl ks'+keis y ~ h - Y
Y = yl Equation (5) can be solved by trial and error, most straightforward by applying a procedure known as the Newton approximation method and by handling the integral as a finite sum. Ks' in the summer and keis in the winter will be varied by the microprocessor in the flowmeter according to the invention until it fits the measured ratio ul/u2.
The given time when to keep keis = O or when to keep ks' constant can be determined by the acoustic flowmeter.
The velocity of sound C is found by dividing the known (constant) path length by the measured propagation time.
In fresh water the velocity of sound is also a reliable indicator of the temperature. If the temperature drops below O degrees centigrade with no major changes of the velocity ~which means the bottom roughness remains stable) it is most likely that ice buildup takes place.
A similar, but different pattern can be identified in the spring, when the ice will break up.
As soon as the equivalent average bottom roughness and the ice roughness in the winter is known, the shear stress velocity can be derived using equation (3).
The average velocity in the whole cross-section is found by using the following integral:
m(ks,keis,hl = vl (A + 5.75 lg Y !dy(6) h ks' + keis y h - Y
The integral is again solved pragmatically by numerically adding a finite sum.
The wanted discharge is finally calculated by applying the well-known equation (7):
Q = Vm A(h) l7) with Q = discharge [m3/s]
Vm = calculated average velocity according to elu.(G) A(h) = cross-section area as a function of water level h The acoustic flowmeter determines the average velocity V
of the water and the velocity of sound along the acoustic path by solving the following equations V = ( 1 - 1 ) Sp + dC t (~) T12 T21 2cos@ dt C = ( 1 + 1 ) _ + _ t (6) T12 T21 2 dt with T12 = propagation time transducer 1 to transducer 2 T21 = propagation time transducer 2 to transducer 1 Sp = programmed pathlength which must be identical with the real pathlength @ = angle of acoustic path to the mainstream -dC/dt = change of velocity of sound with time dV/dt = change of velocity of sound with time t = time between transmitting in either direction As equation (5) shows there is a mutual interference between C and V, if one or both change drastically.
; Because C is in the order of 1000 times larger than V a stochastic change of C will cause noise in the measured V value. To reduce this error the pulses should be transmitted at the same time. Unfortunately, this would require two separate transmitters and receivers.
As described later, the proposed flowmeter will use a time offset between the transmitter pulses for each direction which is small compared to the fluctuation of the water surface but large enough to discriminate the signal coming from transducer 1 from those coming from transducer 2 but using the same digitally gain controlled receiver.
For the composite path similar equations hold, but with slightly higher propagation times due to the longer path length:
Vr = ( 1 - 1 ) Spr (7) T12r T21r 2cos@
2132.~7~
Cr = ( 1 + 1 ) Spr (8) T12r T21r 2 with T12r = propagation time transd. l-surface-transd. 2 T21r = propagation time transd. 2-surface-transd. 1 Spr = pathlength transd.l-surface-transd.2 ; @ = angle of acoustic path to mainstream The relative water level above the transducers can be calculated using the measured propagation times:
Wrel = Hl + H2 mit (9) with Hl = P~ T12r2 - T122 - (10) H2 = P/T21r2 - T212 (11) The error increases with larger pathlength because ray bending due to temperature layers becomes more serious.
In this case separate measurement with an upward looking vertical transducer will provide the relative water level Wrel more reliable.
The auxiliary composite pathlength is calculated with 2132~73 equation (9) and the known direct pathlength Sp:
Spr = ¦Sp2 + 4Wrel2 (12) The auxiliary path length is required to solve equations (7) and (8) and to determine the effective cross-section area A by interpolating a stored array with the cross-section A(h) as function of the water level h, A(h) =
f(h).
The purpose of this invention is to create an acoustic flowmeter which can handle the above mentioned propagation time measurements with high accuracy and which can solve the complete set of above mentioned equations.
The average velocities along the direct path and along the auxiliary path are measured sequentially: first the direct pulse in one direction and a delayed time later, while the first pulse is still under way to the opposite transducer, the opposite transducer is fired in the opposite direction. Then, second, the reflected pulse is measured by setting the time window that late that the direct pulse and the bottom reflected pulse will be blocked and only the pulse reflected at the surface will be detected.
213257~
~ 18 The signals running the direct way has been observed to be very stable in terms of propagation time and amplitude, only affected by the velocity of sound, velocity of the water and the attenuation of the medium.
The signals of the auxiliary path are additionally affected by the conditions of the reflecting surface;
the surface can be smooth, rough or even swell modulated, depending on the direction and the strength of the wind. This will change the acoustic conditions from second to second, even changing the position, when the reflection occurs. The propagation time as well as the reflection coefficient will be modulated by waves.
It is most important that both pulses, running along the auxiliary path in opposite directions, will find almost identical conditions at the reflecting boundary to avoid jumping from one reflection point to another.
The probability for such dramatic event obviously will diminish with increasing simultaneousness of both pulse reflections. This definitely calls for the time coincidence of both transducers to be fired.
Another intention of this invention is to solve the 2132 j73 problem in the most economical way. Transmission at the same time would require to receive the opposite signals at the same time. Therefore two equal receivers would be needed. This is not only expensive but additional problems will arise.
Bandlimited receivers have a certain group propagation time. Both receivers must have the same time delays to meet the accuracy requirements of the acoustic flowmeter and with two receivers additional calibration would be-necessary. The invention solves the problem by firing the two transducers shortly one after another with a digital preprogrammed time delay. The delay is long enough to distinguish both groups of signals running in opposite directions, even when received only with one receiver, but short enough to provide simultaneous conditions for the reflection. After having received the first group coming from one direction the receiver is switched with a wideband switch to the opposite direction. This switch does not introduce any phase shift between the two directions and the group propagation time is kept within the tolerance of a few nanoseconds.
2. Structure and Operation 213257~
-When referring to the drawing figures in the following description, the designation numerals 1 - 54a,b are defined as follows:
1 Transducer 1.
2 Transducer 2.
The problem is further aggravated in winter, when k is also influenced by the surface contour of the ice cover, and more uncertain assumptions about the same must be made in order to determine the new k. Errors in flow velocity determination may, therefore, reach or exceed 40% in winter, because the logarithmic vertical velocity distributions, which are stable in the summer with good accuracy, are no longer stable in the winter under ice.
In order to mitigate the above mentioned deficiencies, it has been suggested that acoustic flowmeters be stacked vertically to measure at several planes, thereby apprehending the different vertical distribution of flow under ice. Such an arrangement is also likely to improve accuracy in the summer. Practical experience, however, shows that the complexity of such installation is significant, and that also as a result the susceptibility to failure is increased, the complexity of apparatus increases proportionately with the number of planes, while the improvement in accuracy remains marginal.
A further problem with multi-level installations is that a top level installation close to the ice layer (for an accurate assessment of the vertical velocity distribution) is incompatible with other theoretical requirements, for in order to avoid multi-path echoes, it is necessary to measure at minimum depth, which grows as the acoustic path length does. Thus, the top installation is constrained downwardly from above, while the bottom installation is constrained upwardly from below. These constraints sometimes cause both top and bottom installations to coincide, which means there is no room for multi-level measurement. A novel solution is therefore indicated.
The use of acoustic energy to measure flow velocity is the subject of three United States patents of general interest.
Unites States patent 3,633,415 granted January 11, 1972 to Lu is entitled Flowmeter. It teaches how flow velocity is measured in any direction in the plane by placing transducers at the corners of a triangle in the plane and measuring time differences of travel of acoustic energy between transducers.
United States patent 3,861,211 granted January 21, 1975 to Dewan is entitled Ultra-Low Flow Velocity ~urrent Meter. This invention relates to the use of an acoustic signal to determine current velocity of water. The device makes use of a centrally single positioned transducer with four equispaced receivers equidistant from the transducer. A carrier frequency with two different modulator frequencies is directed to the transducers and the receivers receive the tran~mitted pulses through the water current. The velocity of the water is determined by measuring the phase angle of the different signals that pass through the water and which are received by the receivers. The different signals permits one to determine the velocity of the water.
2132~7~
_ 5 In United States patent 3,949,605 granted April 13, 1975 to Stallworth et al., both acoustic and electrical signals are used to measure flow in large bodies of water by comparing the delay between acoustic and electrical propagation.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a solution to the problem of the prior art, which avoids multi-level installations by operating a single level installation in two modes.
In the first, principal mode, the principal acoustic signal path is direct and crosses the flow direction at an angle of approximately between 5 and 60 , with the acoustic transducers place about 20% to 40% above the bottom. In addition to the principal, direct, path, an auxiliary composite path is also utilized. The auxiliary measurement path uses the same transducers as are used for the principal path, but is composed of the two straight paths comprising the total internal reflection path of the acoustic signal at the water-air or water-ice boundary.
Thus, according to the present invention, a broad aspect thereof is the improvement of the method of measuring the flow velocity of water bodies characterised in that, 2132~73 in addition to a principal direct path along which acoustic signals are propagated across and through the direction of flow of water, an auxiliary indirect path for acoustic signals is utilised comprising two segments of an acoustic signal reflected at a water-air or water-ice boundary of said body of water.
While it is of course possible to utilise two separate acoustic transducers for the auxiliary path, this is generally not necessary, since the acoustic transducers are not too narrowly directional such that the use of an auxiliary pair becomes necessary.
The use of only one pair of transducers in fact has distinct advantages: first, it is economically the optimum solution, but more importantly, it allows prediction of the arrival time of the reflected signal with better precision, because only one distance between transducer, the path length, is involved.
The velocities obtained from the propagation times along the principal and the auxiliary paths are divided and the obtained ratio permits determination of the equivalent bottom roughness in the summer and, assuming the letter remains constant in winter, the equivalent roughness of the ice-water boundary in the winter.
The installation depth of 40% corresponds often to 20%
or less at high water level or 50% at low water level, 50% is the position at which an acoustic flowmeter could work at minimum water level. The acoustic energy components reflected by the surface and by the bottom then have the same delay and the delay must be at least 1.5 wavelengths in order to allow discrimination from the direct signal. It is then not possible to use the auxiliary path as described, because the signals of the path reflected by the surface and those reflected by the bottom arrive at the same time and cannot be distinguished from each other.
Fortunately, this does not represent a significant limitation to the utilization of the present invention, since in every body of water there are high water phases during which the low water level is significantly exceeded, often several times per year. It is then easy to conduct a measurement via the auxiliary path, but moreover such measurement is particularly desirable, first because at such high water phases it is highly probable that the river flow roughness is significantly altered by the increased water flow velocity, and second, because the k-factor deviates significantly from unity.
21~2573 In the present invention the preferred transducer depth is between 10% and 40% average above the bottom, because then the pulses through the auxiliary path reflected by the surface are delayed sufficiently as compared with the direct principal path pulses and those reflected at the bottom. Therefore, three pulses arrive in sequence at the receiving transducer. The first pulse coming through the direct path, the second (sometimes more than one appearing as a group reflected from different boulders) coming through the reflection off the bottom contour, and the third and last (single) pulse coming via the auxiliary path reflected by the water-air or water-ice boundary.
The three pulses are influenced differently by the flow velocity, because all use different parts of the vertical distribution profile in ~he river cross-section. Therefore, all three pulses carry different information, and it is an object of the invention to extract this information and decipher the un~nown parameters which govern the flow in the river.
Changes of the velocity distribution near the surface are sensed better through the auxiliary path than through the direct path. It is for this reason that the ratio of the flow velocity measured by means of the _ 9 auxiliary path to that measured with the direct path is a direct measure of both the bottom roughness in summer as well as the ice roughness in winter.
In naturally flowing streams, also in those where free flow is obstructed by water backup, the width is often much larger than the depth. In such cases the friction of the banks can be ignored as compared to the friction of the bottom, BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The preferred embodiment of the present invention will now be described in detail in conjunction with the annexed drawings, in which:
Figure 1 is a plan view of the arrange:ment according to the present invention for measuring the flow velocity of river water;
Figure 2 is a front elevation of the arrangement shown in Figure 1 as seen from the river bank;
Figure 3 shows typical vertical distribution profiles of the velocity in the summer;
2132~73 Figure 4 shows similar conditions but with ice cover;
Figure 5 is a schematic diagram of the apparatus of the present invention;
Figure 6 illustrates the observed propagation times relative to each other; and Figure 7a and 7b shows a high-level flowchart for controlling the apparatus of Figure 5.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIME~T
1. Theoretical Considerations It was found empirically that not only in rough pipes and artificial conduits, but also in natural streams at any place along the vertical, the logarithmic law of velocity distribution (1) holds.
u(y) = v* (A + 5.75 lg y/ks') (1) u(y) = flow at the height y v* = average shear stress velocity y = vertical distance from the bottom ks' = equivalent sand roughness in cm A = Roughness constant according to 213257~
Nikoradse = 8.50 The ratio y/ks' can be interpreted as admittance, which is decreased in winter by "connecting" the admittance of the ice friction parallel:
u(y) = v* (A + 5.75 lg y ) (2) ; ks' + keis y h - Y
If the water depth h and the height of the acoustic path yl between the acoustic transducers is about the same over the width of the river, then the two velocities-along the direct path and along the reflected path - can be calculated.
Along the direct path according to equation (2):
ul(yl~ = v* (A + 5.75 lg yl ) (3) ks' + keis yl h - yl with yl = average height of the acoustic direct path above the bottom.
Along the reflected path the velocity must be found by integration starting from the height of the acoustic transducer up to the surface:
2132~7~
Y = h u2(y2) = v* (A + 5.75 lg y ) dy (4) h - yl ks' + keis y h - Y
Y = yl Forming the ratio u1/u2 will eliminate the still unknown shear stress velocity v* and it remains equation (5) with the measurable ratio ul/u2 on the left side and a term with the bottom roughness and the ice roughness on the right side. In the summer, keis is known to be O
and the only variable left is ks'. In the winter~ a time with low velocities, the bottom roughness is supposed to be the same as in the summer and the summer value is still valid. Then keis is the only variable.
(A + 5.75 lg yl ks' + keis yl ul/u2(ks',keis) = h - yl (5) Y~= h 1 (A + 5.75 l~ Y ) dy h - yl ks'+keis y ~ h - Y
Y = yl Equation (5) can be solved by trial and error, most straightforward by applying a procedure known as the Newton approximation method and by handling the integral as a finite sum. Ks' in the summer and keis in the winter will be varied by the microprocessor in the flowmeter according to the invention until it fits the measured ratio ul/u2.
The given time when to keep keis = O or when to keep ks' constant can be determined by the acoustic flowmeter.
The velocity of sound C is found by dividing the known (constant) path length by the measured propagation time.
In fresh water the velocity of sound is also a reliable indicator of the temperature. If the temperature drops below O degrees centigrade with no major changes of the velocity ~which means the bottom roughness remains stable) it is most likely that ice buildup takes place.
A similar, but different pattern can be identified in the spring, when the ice will break up.
As soon as the equivalent average bottom roughness and the ice roughness in the winter is known, the shear stress velocity can be derived using equation (3).
The average velocity in the whole cross-section is found by using the following integral:
m(ks,keis,hl = vl (A + 5.75 lg Y !dy(6) h ks' + keis y h - Y
The integral is again solved pragmatically by numerically adding a finite sum.
The wanted discharge is finally calculated by applying the well-known equation (7):
Q = Vm A(h) l7) with Q = discharge [m3/s]
Vm = calculated average velocity according to elu.(G) A(h) = cross-section area as a function of water level h The acoustic flowmeter determines the average velocity V
of the water and the velocity of sound along the acoustic path by solving the following equations V = ( 1 - 1 ) Sp + dC t (~) T12 T21 2cos@ dt C = ( 1 + 1 ) _ + _ t (6) T12 T21 2 dt with T12 = propagation time transducer 1 to transducer 2 T21 = propagation time transducer 2 to transducer 1 Sp = programmed pathlength which must be identical with the real pathlength @ = angle of acoustic path to the mainstream -dC/dt = change of velocity of sound with time dV/dt = change of velocity of sound with time t = time between transmitting in either direction As equation (5) shows there is a mutual interference between C and V, if one or both change drastically.
; Because C is in the order of 1000 times larger than V a stochastic change of C will cause noise in the measured V value. To reduce this error the pulses should be transmitted at the same time. Unfortunately, this would require two separate transmitters and receivers.
As described later, the proposed flowmeter will use a time offset between the transmitter pulses for each direction which is small compared to the fluctuation of the water surface but large enough to discriminate the signal coming from transducer 1 from those coming from transducer 2 but using the same digitally gain controlled receiver.
For the composite path similar equations hold, but with slightly higher propagation times due to the longer path length:
Vr = ( 1 - 1 ) Spr (7) T12r T21r 2cos@
2132.~7~
Cr = ( 1 + 1 ) Spr (8) T12r T21r 2 with T12r = propagation time transd. l-surface-transd. 2 T21r = propagation time transd. 2-surface-transd. 1 Spr = pathlength transd.l-surface-transd.2 ; @ = angle of acoustic path to mainstream The relative water level above the transducers can be calculated using the measured propagation times:
Wrel = Hl + H2 mit (9) with Hl = P~ T12r2 - T122 - (10) H2 = P/T21r2 - T212 (11) The error increases with larger pathlength because ray bending due to temperature layers becomes more serious.
In this case separate measurement with an upward looking vertical transducer will provide the relative water level Wrel more reliable.
The auxiliary composite pathlength is calculated with 2132~73 equation (9) and the known direct pathlength Sp:
Spr = ¦Sp2 + 4Wrel2 (12) The auxiliary path length is required to solve equations (7) and (8) and to determine the effective cross-section area A by interpolating a stored array with the cross-section A(h) as function of the water level h, A(h) =
f(h).
The purpose of this invention is to create an acoustic flowmeter which can handle the above mentioned propagation time measurements with high accuracy and which can solve the complete set of above mentioned equations.
The average velocities along the direct path and along the auxiliary path are measured sequentially: first the direct pulse in one direction and a delayed time later, while the first pulse is still under way to the opposite transducer, the opposite transducer is fired in the opposite direction. Then, second, the reflected pulse is measured by setting the time window that late that the direct pulse and the bottom reflected pulse will be blocked and only the pulse reflected at the surface will be detected.
213257~
~ 18 The signals running the direct way has been observed to be very stable in terms of propagation time and amplitude, only affected by the velocity of sound, velocity of the water and the attenuation of the medium.
The signals of the auxiliary path are additionally affected by the conditions of the reflecting surface;
the surface can be smooth, rough or even swell modulated, depending on the direction and the strength of the wind. This will change the acoustic conditions from second to second, even changing the position, when the reflection occurs. The propagation time as well as the reflection coefficient will be modulated by waves.
It is most important that both pulses, running along the auxiliary path in opposite directions, will find almost identical conditions at the reflecting boundary to avoid jumping from one reflection point to another.
The probability for such dramatic event obviously will diminish with increasing simultaneousness of both pulse reflections. This definitely calls for the time coincidence of both transducers to be fired.
Another intention of this invention is to solve the 2132 j73 problem in the most economical way. Transmission at the same time would require to receive the opposite signals at the same time. Therefore two equal receivers would be needed. This is not only expensive but additional problems will arise.
Bandlimited receivers have a certain group propagation time. Both receivers must have the same time delays to meet the accuracy requirements of the acoustic flowmeter and with two receivers additional calibration would be-necessary. The invention solves the problem by firing the two transducers shortly one after another with a digital preprogrammed time delay. The delay is long enough to distinguish both groups of signals running in opposite directions, even when received only with one receiver, but short enough to provide simultaneous conditions for the reflection. After having received the first group coming from one direction the receiver is switched with a wideband switch to the opposite direction. This switch does not introduce any phase shift between the two directions and the group propagation time is kept within the tolerance of a few nanoseconds.
2. Structure and Operation 213257~
-When referring to the drawing figures in the following description, the designation numerals 1 - 54a,b are defined as follows:
1 Transducer 1.
2 Transducer 2.
3 Direct path.
4 Path with bottom reflection.
S Auxiliary path, upper boundary reflection.
6 Acoustic Flowmeter.
7 Cable to transducer 1.
8 Cable to transducer 2.
9 Vertical velocity distribution, smooth bottom, deep water.
Vertical velocity distribution, rough bottom contour, shallow water.
11 Velocity ul, measured at height yl.
12 Average velocity u'2 measured along the auxiliary path, smooth bottom.
13 Average velocity u''2 measured along the auxiliary path rough bottom.
14 Vertical velocity distribution, smooth bottom, shallow water, ice cover.
Vertical velocity distribution, rough bottom, shallow water, ice cover.
16 Average velocity along the auxiliary path, rough bottom, shallow water, ice cover.
17 Average velocity along the auxiliary path, smooth bottom, deep water, ice cover.
18 Oscillator.
2132~73 19 Timer Unit: 16-Bit free-running counter.
16-Bit Comparator.
21 16-Bit Output Compare Register.
22 Microprocessor.
23 Interrupt lines.
24 Data-Bus.
8-Bit Register, 2 Bit Direction Bits, 6 Bits Gain word.
26 controlled direction switch.
to fire either transmitter 1 or transmitter 2.
27 Control input of direction switch 26 28 Controlled direction switch.
to connect receiver either to transducer 2 or transducer 1 2g Control input of direction switch 28 Transmitter TXl.
31 Transmitter TX2.
32 Digitally gain controlled amplifier.
33 Pulse shaping network to convert analog signal pulse to digital pulse.
The designations for signals sent by transducer 2 are the same as the following designations for transducer 1 but with a "b" subscript instead of an "a" subscript.
34a Shutter enable D-Flipflop with processor controlled Set-input and signal-controlled Clock-input.
34b Shutter enable D-Flipflop with processor controlled Set-input and signal-controlled Clock-input.
Hardware Output OC2 from Compare Register to trigger either transmitter TXl, setting D-Flipflop 34a and opening shutter 39a or transmitter TX2, setting D-flipflop 34b opening the shutter 39b.
36 Hardware Output OC3 from Compare Register to enable the D-input of the D-flipflop 34a. The incoming signal is clocking the flipflop thus closing shutter 39a.
37 Hardware Output OC4 from Compare Register to ; enable the D-input of the D-flipflop 34b. The incoming signal is clocking the flipflop thus closing shutter 39b.
38 HF-clock (about lOOMHZ).
39a Shutter gate, controlled by D-Flipflop 34a.
39b Shutter gate, controlled by D-flipflop 34b.
40a High resolution timer, 32 bit wide.
40b High resolution timer, 32 bit wide.
41a Transmission pulse 1, fired by transducer 1, undelayed.
41b Transmission pulse 2, fired by transducer 2, delayed by tau.
42a Direct signal, sent from transducer 1 appearing at transducer 2.
42b Direct signal, sent delayed from transducer 2 received from transducer 1.
43a Bottom reflected signals appearing at transducer 2.
43b Bottom reflected signals appearing at transducer 1.
44a Surface reflected signal using the auxiliary path and appearing at transducer 2.
44b Surface reflected signal using the auxiliary path and appearing at transducer 1.
4~ Direction bit signal, switching after 2132~7~
-transmission of transducer 1 to prepare for transmission of transducer 2 and reception from transducer 2.
46 Direction bit signal, switching after reception of all signals sent by transducer 1 to prepare reception of signals coming from transducer 2.
47a Time window set by OC3, calculated by ~ompare/Capture Unit, to enable D-flipflop 34a to clock, when first direct signal 47a ; arrives, closing shutter gate 39a.
47b Time window set by OC4, calculated by Compare/Capture Unit, to enable D-flipflop 34b to clock, when second direct signal 47b arrives, closing shutter gate 39b.
48a Time window reset by clearing interrupt OC3.
48b Time window reset by clearing interrupt OC4.
49a Open shutter gate 39a by setting D-flipflop 34a when transmitter TXl fires.
49b Open shutter gate 39b by setting D-flipflop 34b when transmitter TX2 fires.
50a Close shutter gate 39a by clocking D-flipflop 34a with signal 42a.
50b Close shutter gate 39b by clocking D-flipflop 34b with signal 42b.
51a Counting pulses to determine propagation time T12.
5lb Counting pulses to determine propagation time T21.
52a Equivalent to 49a.
52b Equivalent to 49b, 53a This time the window 47a, 48a is delayed (not shown) to catch signal 44a and the shutter gate closes at 53a.
53b This time the window 47b, 48b is delayed (not shown) to catch signal 44b and the shutter gate closes at 53b.
213257~
-54a Counting pulses to determine propagation time Tl2r.
54b Counting pulses to determine propagation time T2lr.
Referring now to figures l and 2, the line connecting transducers 1 and 2 represents the acoustic direct path 3, the path with the signal reflected at the bottom 4, and the path with the signal reflected at the surface 5;
all of which coincide in the plan-view of figure l.
Both the transducers } and 2 are connected to acoustic flowmeter apparatus 6 via cables 7 and 8.
In figure 3, the curve 9 represents the distribution when the ratio h/ks' is large (deep water and smooth bottom), while curve }U shows the distribution when this ratio is small (shallow water and rough bottom). The auxiliary composite path runs from depth hl, which is the transducer position, to the surface h and down to the second transducer again at height hl. The acoustic pulse therefore is influenced by different amplitudes of flow, in case of smooth bottom according to curve 9 and in case of rough bottom according to curve lO all along the way from hl to h and back to hl. ll is the average velocity for a given vertical, the cross-over point of at 40% of the height h, and 12 is the average velocity between hl and h for smooth bottom and 13 is the average velocity between hl and h for rough bottom.
21~2~7~
Figure 4 shows conditions similar to those in figure 3, but with ice cover. The acoustic flowmeter measures now either by calculation according to equation (9) or by direct vertical measurement the clear depth under the ice, which is the effective depth for the flow.
Profiles 4 and 15 are the vertical distributions of velocity with different roughness of the bottom. The average velocities measured with the auxiliary path are the velocities u2' 16 and u2" 17.
With reference to Figures 5, 6, 7a and 7b the apparatus and its operation will now be described.
The controlling unit is a Motorola HC16 microprocessor 22, which comprises the following integral and auxiliary components:
(i) A highly stable, phaselock loop type master clock 18 (ii) A 16-Bit free-running counter 1 (iii) A 16-Bit Comparator 20 (iv) A 16-Bit Output Compare Register 21 (v) A Processor Core 22;
(vi) Interrupt-lines 23 from the timer unit 19, 20 to the processor core 22;
The processor is complemented with the following parts:
A Data-Bus 24, connecting the internal and external registers 21, 31, 40 and the memory 41 with the processor 22;
A 8-Bit D-flipflop type register 2~, providing 2 Bits to disable both transmitters or to enable either transmitter TXl 3~ or TX2 31 via direction switch 26 and associated control input 27 and to connect the receiver 32 via direction switch 28 and associated control input 28 with the transducers TD1 l or TD2 2;
The remaining 6 Bits are used to control the gain of the receiver-amplifier 32;
Two transmitters 30 and 31, the first TXl connected to transducer 1 via cable 7 and the second TX2 connected via cable 8 to transducer 2;
2132~73 A pulse shaping network 33, transforming the analog signal into a digital signal;
Two enable D-flipflops 34a,b, with D-inputs controlled by Output Compare lines 36 and 37. They are connected to shutter gates 39a and 39a, to control the pulses counted by the high resolution counters 40a and 40b.
-The D-Flipflops 34a and 34b are set by hardware output OC2 35, from the Compare/Capture Unit 20, controlled by switch 26 when at the same time either T~l 30 or TX2 31 is triggered. The enable flipflops close the corresponding shuttergate, when they get a clock pulse generated by the arriving direct or reflected signal/
The microprocessor 22 calculates when to switch the appropriate direction switches 26 and 28 to control the direction of travel and when to fire transducers 1 or 2;
when to set and when to reset the time windows controlled by the Comparator-output OC3 36 to select the direct signal; or when to set and when to reset the time window to suppress the direct signal and select the signal reflected at the surface instead.
All other circuits which are conventionally used with a microprocessor, such as RAM, EPROM, clock, auxiliary registers, etc. are shown as "SRAM/EPROM".
We now describe the operation of the unit with specific reference to Figures 5, 6, 7a and 7b, which shows the timing and propagation times in relative juxtaposition, and the flowchart of the microprocessor software.
41a is the time of transmission for transducer 1, 4}b the time for transmission of transducer 2. Both transmitters are edgetriggered using the COMPARE/CAPTURE
UNIT of the microprocessor, when the relative timer output OC2 goes from high to low state. The time difference between both pulses is set by software to allow ample time between the first set of signals at transducer 2 and the following set of signals arriving at transducer 1. This time difference will be a couple of hundred microseconds.
The pulses travel across the river in opposite directions and are picked up by transducer 2 at time 42a as direct signal, at time 43a as bottom returns and at 44a as surface reflected signal.
The second pulse transmitted a little later arrives at transducer l at time 42b as direct signal, 43b as bottom returns and at time 44b as surface reflected signal.
_ 29 45 shows the direction bit, causing the transmitter to transmit with transducer 1 and to receive with transducer 2 on high state and with the opposite transducer in low state.
47a and 47b show the action of the enable-flipflops 34a and 34b, which are enabled (allowed to clock when signal arrives) again by the COMPARE/CAPTURE UNIT processor controlled at different possible times:
1. either just before the direct signal at 47a or 47b with automatic reset 48a or 48b, respectively.
2. after the direct signal and the bottom returns have diminished and just before the surface reflected signal arrives (not explicitly shbwn).
When the first transmitter 30 TXl fires 41a, the shutter gate 49a is opened for the counting pulses coming from the clock 38 and which appear as 51a at the output of the shutter gate, which is connected to the high resolution counter 4~a.
The same description holds for the second transmitter 31 TX2, opening shutter gate 49b with counting pulses 51b applying to high resolution counter 40b.
When the direct signals 42a or 42b arrive the processor had already noticed how many times (i) an overflow occurred. With a master clock of 4 MHz each overflow is 16 348 microseconds apart. Then the processor also reads the time comparison register 21, which was set each time when one of both signals has arrived.
By adding "i" times the overflow interval plus the time comparison readings the total propagation times T12 and T21 are calculated.
The timing procedure for the surface reflected signals are precisely the same, except that the D-flipflops are enabled later, leaving the shutter gates open from 52a till 53a, and from 52b till 53b, respectively. The corresponding counting pulses are 54a and 54b, respectively.
The embodiment of the inventions will be explained more by giving two numerical examples.
The acoustic direct path will be 20.000 m long.
To maintain sufficient time delay between the direct path, bottom reflecting path and the auxiliary path with 2132~73 _ 31 the reflection at the surface has to meet certain depth requirements. To obtain a delay of at least 1.5 lamda (wavelength in the water), the minimum depth below and above the acoustic path must be according to Pythagoras with lamda = 0,0075 m and f = 200 kHz (transmitter frequency):
hl = 1.5 lamda P = 0.474 m The minimum depth of the acoustic transducers according to the invention:
h2 = ~ lamda P = 0.866 m or about 2 hl The actual depth is in fact 162 cm and the cross-section area A at the valid depth is 124 m2.
The transducers are mounted 56 cm above the bottom.
The following propagation times have been measured:
T12 = 13,786904 ms T12r = 13,863416 ms T21 = 13,799308 ms T21r = 13,877344 ms The following velocities have been calculated:
ul = 0,652 m/s u2 = 0,728 m/s C = 1450,000 ~,/s Further:
Wrel = Hl + H2 = (1,0549894 + 1,0649935) = 1,05999m Spr = 20,112 m Then:
ul/u2 = 0,896 ks' = 5,5 cm keis = 0,0 (bekannt) v* = 4,6 cm vm = 0,668 m/s A = 123,99 m2 interpolated from array at relative water level Wrel =
1,06 Q = 82,83 m3ls The second example uses similar numbers however with ice cover. The following velocities have been calculated:
ul = 0,625 m/s u2 = 0,614 m/s ul/u2 = 1,0178 ks' = 5,5 cm (known from summer~
keis = 3,0 cm v' = 4,6 cm vm = 0,588 m/s Q = 72,87 m3ls Due to the invention it is possible for the first time to determine the roughness of the bottom and the roughness of the ice. This leads to a significant improvement in the accuracy of the discharge measurement.
33 21~2~7:~
Further, the real effective depth and cross-section area is used for the calculation of the discharge, which allows accurate calculation of the discharge and overcoming existing uncertainties and eliminating elaborate calibration with mechanical current meters.
So far the invention was described with an example using a single path only. To overcome the sensitivity to changes of the direction of the stream often more complex arrangements are used.
Popular configurations are V-configurations with a passive corner reflector on the opposite river bank and X-configurations with the active electronic responders.
The invention can be applied in those configurations as well using the same basic principles as described.
S Auxiliary path, upper boundary reflection.
6 Acoustic Flowmeter.
7 Cable to transducer 1.
8 Cable to transducer 2.
9 Vertical velocity distribution, smooth bottom, deep water.
Vertical velocity distribution, rough bottom contour, shallow water.
11 Velocity ul, measured at height yl.
12 Average velocity u'2 measured along the auxiliary path, smooth bottom.
13 Average velocity u''2 measured along the auxiliary path rough bottom.
14 Vertical velocity distribution, smooth bottom, shallow water, ice cover.
Vertical velocity distribution, rough bottom, shallow water, ice cover.
16 Average velocity along the auxiliary path, rough bottom, shallow water, ice cover.
17 Average velocity along the auxiliary path, smooth bottom, deep water, ice cover.
18 Oscillator.
2132~73 19 Timer Unit: 16-Bit free-running counter.
16-Bit Comparator.
21 16-Bit Output Compare Register.
22 Microprocessor.
23 Interrupt lines.
24 Data-Bus.
8-Bit Register, 2 Bit Direction Bits, 6 Bits Gain word.
26 controlled direction switch.
to fire either transmitter 1 or transmitter 2.
27 Control input of direction switch 26 28 Controlled direction switch.
to connect receiver either to transducer 2 or transducer 1 2g Control input of direction switch 28 Transmitter TXl.
31 Transmitter TX2.
32 Digitally gain controlled amplifier.
33 Pulse shaping network to convert analog signal pulse to digital pulse.
The designations for signals sent by transducer 2 are the same as the following designations for transducer 1 but with a "b" subscript instead of an "a" subscript.
34a Shutter enable D-Flipflop with processor controlled Set-input and signal-controlled Clock-input.
34b Shutter enable D-Flipflop with processor controlled Set-input and signal-controlled Clock-input.
Hardware Output OC2 from Compare Register to trigger either transmitter TXl, setting D-Flipflop 34a and opening shutter 39a or transmitter TX2, setting D-flipflop 34b opening the shutter 39b.
36 Hardware Output OC3 from Compare Register to enable the D-input of the D-flipflop 34a. The incoming signal is clocking the flipflop thus closing shutter 39a.
37 Hardware Output OC4 from Compare Register to ; enable the D-input of the D-flipflop 34b. The incoming signal is clocking the flipflop thus closing shutter 39b.
38 HF-clock (about lOOMHZ).
39a Shutter gate, controlled by D-Flipflop 34a.
39b Shutter gate, controlled by D-flipflop 34b.
40a High resolution timer, 32 bit wide.
40b High resolution timer, 32 bit wide.
41a Transmission pulse 1, fired by transducer 1, undelayed.
41b Transmission pulse 2, fired by transducer 2, delayed by tau.
42a Direct signal, sent from transducer 1 appearing at transducer 2.
42b Direct signal, sent delayed from transducer 2 received from transducer 1.
43a Bottom reflected signals appearing at transducer 2.
43b Bottom reflected signals appearing at transducer 1.
44a Surface reflected signal using the auxiliary path and appearing at transducer 2.
44b Surface reflected signal using the auxiliary path and appearing at transducer 1.
4~ Direction bit signal, switching after 2132~7~
-transmission of transducer 1 to prepare for transmission of transducer 2 and reception from transducer 2.
46 Direction bit signal, switching after reception of all signals sent by transducer 1 to prepare reception of signals coming from transducer 2.
47a Time window set by OC3, calculated by ~ompare/Capture Unit, to enable D-flipflop 34a to clock, when first direct signal 47a ; arrives, closing shutter gate 39a.
47b Time window set by OC4, calculated by Compare/Capture Unit, to enable D-flipflop 34b to clock, when second direct signal 47b arrives, closing shutter gate 39b.
48a Time window reset by clearing interrupt OC3.
48b Time window reset by clearing interrupt OC4.
49a Open shutter gate 39a by setting D-flipflop 34a when transmitter TXl fires.
49b Open shutter gate 39b by setting D-flipflop 34b when transmitter TX2 fires.
50a Close shutter gate 39a by clocking D-flipflop 34a with signal 42a.
50b Close shutter gate 39b by clocking D-flipflop 34b with signal 42b.
51a Counting pulses to determine propagation time T12.
5lb Counting pulses to determine propagation time T21.
52a Equivalent to 49a.
52b Equivalent to 49b, 53a This time the window 47a, 48a is delayed (not shown) to catch signal 44a and the shutter gate closes at 53a.
53b This time the window 47b, 48b is delayed (not shown) to catch signal 44b and the shutter gate closes at 53b.
213257~
-54a Counting pulses to determine propagation time Tl2r.
54b Counting pulses to determine propagation time T2lr.
Referring now to figures l and 2, the line connecting transducers 1 and 2 represents the acoustic direct path 3, the path with the signal reflected at the bottom 4, and the path with the signal reflected at the surface 5;
all of which coincide in the plan-view of figure l.
Both the transducers } and 2 are connected to acoustic flowmeter apparatus 6 via cables 7 and 8.
In figure 3, the curve 9 represents the distribution when the ratio h/ks' is large (deep water and smooth bottom), while curve }U shows the distribution when this ratio is small (shallow water and rough bottom). The auxiliary composite path runs from depth hl, which is the transducer position, to the surface h and down to the second transducer again at height hl. The acoustic pulse therefore is influenced by different amplitudes of flow, in case of smooth bottom according to curve 9 and in case of rough bottom according to curve lO all along the way from hl to h and back to hl. ll is the average velocity for a given vertical, the cross-over point of at 40% of the height h, and 12 is the average velocity between hl and h for smooth bottom and 13 is the average velocity between hl and h for rough bottom.
21~2~7~
Figure 4 shows conditions similar to those in figure 3, but with ice cover. The acoustic flowmeter measures now either by calculation according to equation (9) or by direct vertical measurement the clear depth under the ice, which is the effective depth for the flow.
Profiles 4 and 15 are the vertical distributions of velocity with different roughness of the bottom. The average velocities measured with the auxiliary path are the velocities u2' 16 and u2" 17.
With reference to Figures 5, 6, 7a and 7b the apparatus and its operation will now be described.
The controlling unit is a Motorola HC16 microprocessor 22, which comprises the following integral and auxiliary components:
(i) A highly stable, phaselock loop type master clock 18 (ii) A 16-Bit free-running counter 1 (iii) A 16-Bit Comparator 20 (iv) A 16-Bit Output Compare Register 21 (v) A Processor Core 22;
(vi) Interrupt-lines 23 from the timer unit 19, 20 to the processor core 22;
The processor is complemented with the following parts:
A Data-Bus 24, connecting the internal and external registers 21, 31, 40 and the memory 41 with the processor 22;
A 8-Bit D-flipflop type register 2~, providing 2 Bits to disable both transmitters or to enable either transmitter TXl 3~ or TX2 31 via direction switch 26 and associated control input 27 and to connect the receiver 32 via direction switch 28 and associated control input 28 with the transducers TD1 l or TD2 2;
The remaining 6 Bits are used to control the gain of the receiver-amplifier 32;
Two transmitters 30 and 31, the first TXl connected to transducer 1 via cable 7 and the second TX2 connected via cable 8 to transducer 2;
2132~73 A pulse shaping network 33, transforming the analog signal into a digital signal;
Two enable D-flipflops 34a,b, with D-inputs controlled by Output Compare lines 36 and 37. They are connected to shutter gates 39a and 39a, to control the pulses counted by the high resolution counters 40a and 40b.
-The D-Flipflops 34a and 34b are set by hardware output OC2 35, from the Compare/Capture Unit 20, controlled by switch 26 when at the same time either T~l 30 or TX2 31 is triggered. The enable flipflops close the corresponding shuttergate, when they get a clock pulse generated by the arriving direct or reflected signal/
The microprocessor 22 calculates when to switch the appropriate direction switches 26 and 28 to control the direction of travel and when to fire transducers 1 or 2;
when to set and when to reset the time windows controlled by the Comparator-output OC3 36 to select the direct signal; or when to set and when to reset the time window to suppress the direct signal and select the signal reflected at the surface instead.
All other circuits which are conventionally used with a microprocessor, such as RAM, EPROM, clock, auxiliary registers, etc. are shown as "SRAM/EPROM".
We now describe the operation of the unit with specific reference to Figures 5, 6, 7a and 7b, which shows the timing and propagation times in relative juxtaposition, and the flowchart of the microprocessor software.
41a is the time of transmission for transducer 1, 4}b the time for transmission of transducer 2. Both transmitters are edgetriggered using the COMPARE/CAPTURE
UNIT of the microprocessor, when the relative timer output OC2 goes from high to low state. The time difference between both pulses is set by software to allow ample time between the first set of signals at transducer 2 and the following set of signals arriving at transducer 1. This time difference will be a couple of hundred microseconds.
The pulses travel across the river in opposite directions and are picked up by transducer 2 at time 42a as direct signal, at time 43a as bottom returns and at 44a as surface reflected signal.
The second pulse transmitted a little later arrives at transducer l at time 42b as direct signal, 43b as bottom returns and at time 44b as surface reflected signal.
_ 29 45 shows the direction bit, causing the transmitter to transmit with transducer 1 and to receive with transducer 2 on high state and with the opposite transducer in low state.
47a and 47b show the action of the enable-flipflops 34a and 34b, which are enabled (allowed to clock when signal arrives) again by the COMPARE/CAPTURE UNIT processor controlled at different possible times:
1. either just before the direct signal at 47a or 47b with automatic reset 48a or 48b, respectively.
2. after the direct signal and the bottom returns have diminished and just before the surface reflected signal arrives (not explicitly shbwn).
When the first transmitter 30 TXl fires 41a, the shutter gate 49a is opened for the counting pulses coming from the clock 38 and which appear as 51a at the output of the shutter gate, which is connected to the high resolution counter 4~a.
The same description holds for the second transmitter 31 TX2, opening shutter gate 49b with counting pulses 51b applying to high resolution counter 40b.
When the direct signals 42a or 42b arrive the processor had already noticed how many times (i) an overflow occurred. With a master clock of 4 MHz each overflow is 16 348 microseconds apart. Then the processor also reads the time comparison register 21, which was set each time when one of both signals has arrived.
By adding "i" times the overflow interval plus the time comparison readings the total propagation times T12 and T21 are calculated.
The timing procedure for the surface reflected signals are precisely the same, except that the D-flipflops are enabled later, leaving the shutter gates open from 52a till 53a, and from 52b till 53b, respectively. The corresponding counting pulses are 54a and 54b, respectively.
The embodiment of the inventions will be explained more by giving two numerical examples.
The acoustic direct path will be 20.000 m long.
To maintain sufficient time delay between the direct path, bottom reflecting path and the auxiliary path with 2132~73 _ 31 the reflection at the surface has to meet certain depth requirements. To obtain a delay of at least 1.5 lamda (wavelength in the water), the minimum depth below and above the acoustic path must be according to Pythagoras with lamda = 0,0075 m and f = 200 kHz (transmitter frequency):
hl = 1.5 lamda P = 0.474 m The minimum depth of the acoustic transducers according to the invention:
h2 = ~ lamda P = 0.866 m or about 2 hl The actual depth is in fact 162 cm and the cross-section area A at the valid depth is 124 m2.
The transducers are mounted 56 cm above the bottom.
The following propagation times have been measured:
T12 = 13,786904 ms T12r = 13,863416 ms T21 = 13,799308 ms T21r = 13,877344 ms The following velocities have been calculated:
ul = 0,652 m/s u2 = 0,728 m/s C = 1450,000 ~,/s Further:
Wrel = Hl + H2 = (1,0549894 + 1,0649935) = 1,05999m Spr = 20,112 m Then:
ul/u2 = 0,896 ks' = 5,5 cm keis = 0,0 (bekannt) v* = 4,6 cm vm = 0,668 m/s A = 123,99 m2 interpolated from array at relative water level Wrel =
1,06 Q = 82,83 m3ls The second example uses similar numbers however with ice cover. The following velocities have been calculated:
ul = 0,625 m/s u2 = 0,614 m/s ul/u2 = 1,0178 ks' = 5,5 cm (known from summer~
keis = 3,0 cm v' = 4,6 cm vm = 0,588 m/s Q = 72,87 m3ls Due to the invention it is possible for the first time to determine the roughness of the bottom and the roughness of the ice. This leads to a significant improvement in the accuracy of the discharge measurement.
33 21~2~7:~
Further, the real effective depth and cross-section area is used for the calculation of the discharge, which allows accurate calculation of the discharge and overcoming existing uncertainties and eliminating elaborate calibration with mechanical current meters.
So far the invention was described with an example using a single path only. To overcome the sensitivity to changes of the direction of the stream often more complex arrangements are used.
Popular configurations are V-configurations with a passive corner reflector on the opposite river bank and X-configurations with the active electronic responders.
The invention can be applied in those configurations as well using the same basic principles as described.
Claims (7)
1. An improved method for measuring the flow velocity of water bodies, characterized in that, in addition to a principal direct path along which acoustic signals are propagated across and through the direction of flow of water, an auxiliary indirect path for acoustic signals is utilised comprising two segments of an acoustic signal reflected at a water-air or water-ice boundary of said body of water.
2. An improved method for measuring flow velocity of water bodies based on the measurement of transit times of ultrasonic pulses travelling in opposite directions, characterized in that, in addition to a principal path between a first and a second transducer, which runs almost horizontally and with an azimuth single between 5 degree and 50 degree relative to the direction of the main stream, a second path is utilized comprising two segments above said principal path: a first segment from said first transducer to a reflection point at the boundary water-air or water-ice; and a second segment from the reflection point to said second transducer.
3. An improved method for-measuring flow velocity of water bodies according to claim 2, characterized in that the principal path is installed at sufficient depth such that a reflected signal from above arrives later than a reflected signal from below, except when water is lower than a predetermined level.
4. An improved method for measuring flow velocity of water bodies according to claim 3, wherein during a first measuring sequence of ultrasonic pulses only a direct signal is allowed to trigger a signal detector, while in a second measuring sequence only a reflected signal triggers the signal detector.
5. An improved method for measuring flow velocity of water bodies according to claim 4, wherein the approximate arrival time of the reflected signal is pre-calculated from the known mechanical length of the direct path, the measured velocity of sound in the direct path, the measured velocity of the water in the direct path, and the measured height of the water surface above the horizontal transducers; and that during the second measuring sequence the signal detector is enabled shortly before the expected approximate arrival time of the reflected signal.
6. An improved method for measuring flow velocity of water bodies according to claim 5, characterized in that the velocities u1 and u2, measured through the direct path and the reflected path, respectively, are used to solve the following equation for ksm in the summer and for kice in the winter:
u1/u2 =
u1/u2 =
7. An improved method for measuring flow velocity of water bodies according to claim 6, characterized in that the following values are computed:
v* = Vm = Q = Vm A(h)
v* = Vm = Q = Vm A(h)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002132573A CA2132573A1 (en) | 1994-09-21 | 1994-09-21 | Method and apparatus for measuring water velocities and discharges in rivers and the like |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002132573A CA2132573A1 (en) | 1994-09-21 | 1994-09-21 | Method and apparatus for measuring water velocities and discharges in rivers and the like |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2132573A1 true CA2132573A1 (en) | 1996-03-22 |
Family
ID=4154369
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002132573A Abandoned CA2132573A1 (en) | 1994-09-21 | 1994-09-21 | Method and apparatus for measuring water velocities and discharges in rivers and the like |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA2132573A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NL1009847C2 (en) * | 1998-08-12 | 2000-02-15 | Instromet Ultrasonics Bv | Method and device for determining the sludge concentration in a liquid. |
| CN111473823A (en) * | 2020-05-07 | 2020-07-31 | 中国水利水电科学研究院 | Flow element measuring method for flow of river in ice sealing period |
-
1994
- 1994-09-21 CA CA002132573A patent/CA2132573A1/en not_active Abandoned
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NL1009847C2 (en) * | 1998-08-12 | 2000-02-15 | Instromet Ultrasonics Bv | Method and device for determining the sludge concentration in a liquid. |
| CN111473823A (en) * | 2020-05-07 | 2020-07-31 | 中国水利水电科学研究院 | Flow element measuring method for flow of river in ice sealing period |
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