CA2127039A1 - Aqualene - Google Patents
AqualeneInfo
- Publication number
- CA2127039A1 CA2127039A1 CA002127039A CA2127039A CA2127039A1 CA 2127039 A1 CA2127039 A1 CA 2127039A1 CA 002127039 A CA002127039 A CA 002127039A CA 2127039 A CA2127039 A CA 2127039A CA 2127039 A1 CA2127039 A1 CA 2127039A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- dry
- elastomer
- probe
- testing
- couplant
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
- H04R1/00—Details of transducers, loudspeakers or microphones
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/22—Details, e.g. general constructional or apparatus details
- G01N29/223—Supports, positioning or alignment in fixed situation
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/22—Details, e.g. general constructional or apparatus details
- G01N29/28—Details, e.g. general constructional or apparatus details providing acoustic coupling, e.g. water
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
- G10K—SOUND-PRODUCING DEVICES; METHODS OR DEVICES FOR PROTECTING AGAINST, OR FOR DAMPING, NOISE OR OTHER ACOUSTIC WAVES IN GENERAL; ACOUSTICS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G10K11/00—Methods or devices for transmitting, conducting or directing sound in general; Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general
- G10K11/02—Mechanical acoustic impedances; Impedance matching, e.g. by horns; Acoustic resonators
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
- G01N2291/04—Wave modes and trajectories
- G01N2291/044—Internal reflections (echoes), e.g. on walls or defects
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
- G01N2291/10—Number of transducers
- G01N2291/102—Number of transducers one emitter, one receiver
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Multimedia (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)
- Ultra Sonic Daignosis Equipment (AREA)
Abstract
Physical properties have been investigated for an elastomer designed specifically for ultrasonic inspection applications. Unlike dry couplants normally used as an integral part of ultrasonic probes, this elastomer can be applied independently of the probe. Acoustic impedance of the new material is very nearly the same as water and its attenuation coefficient is lower than all other documented elastomers and many plastics. Applications for nondestructive testing include, flexible couplant pads, low reverberation dry contact testing of thin wall material and low velocity delay lines.
Description
AqualeneTM
Ultrasonic Properties of a Low Attenuation Dry Couplant Elastomer Background Acoustic properties of rubbers and plastics are not well covered in NDT literature.
A few references exist 1, 2, 3 but of the thousands of substances now available in this area, relatively few are of practical use in ultrasonic testing.
High ~ttçn--~tion and dispersion, intrinsic in many ofthese materials, no doubt accounts for the main limitations of these products in ultrasonics. Plastics, with the exception of Lucite, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and polystyrene, have been ignored for NDT applications. Several varieties of rubbers exist but few are suitable for NDT applications. Most rubbers are forrnl-l~ted using a variety of blending agents and can be relatively non-homogenous even on a macroscopic scale (particularly noticeable with butyl rubber). The relatively large attenuations of a few plastics and rubbers are listed in Tables 1 and 2.
Two of the plastics listed in Table 1, acrylic and polystyrene, are pl erel I edmaterial for contact transducer wedges. These provide several functions in contact testing; a fixed stand-offfor thickness testing, fixed angles of incidence for ~ngn11~ted longitu~lin~l and SV shear wave testing as well as a means of protecting the tran~ducer face from wear, scoring and sometimes ovellleaLing. A thin film of water, oil, paste or grease is placed between the standard plastic wedge to f~çilit~te coupling to the test piece. The inconvenience of this fluid for most contact applications of ultrasonic testing is tolerated. However, there are occasions when the intervening fluid is neither tolerable nor practical. Porous materials such as concrete or refractory material would too readily absorb fluids, and greases may be too messy. One of the solutions to this dilemma is the use ofso called "dry couplant".
Ginzel Brothers & ~soei~t~s Ltd. Dry Couplant Elastomer 212 7 0 3 9 AqualeneTM
Two more common reference values:
Att~n~l~tion in water at SMHz is about 0.0055 dB/mm, Att~n-l~tion in forged chrome-nickel steel is on the order of 0.1 dB/mm (from Selfridge4 and ASNT Handbook5).
Table 1 Typical Attenuation values of Some Plastics Material~ Attenuaffon ~(dB/mm~
ABS 1.11 Acrylic (Plexiglas) 1.24 Acrylic (safety glazing) 0.64 Delrin 3.03 Nylon(black) 1.60 Polystyrene 0.18 PolyVinylChloride 1.12 Styrene Butadiene 2.43 Values from Selfridge, IEEE 1985.
Table 2 Typical Attenuation ' lalues of Some Rubbers ~Materia~ At~tenuation (dB/mm) Dow Silastic Rubber (45 2.34 Durometer) Dow Silastic Rubber 3.37 (70 Durometer) Ecogel 1265 3.34 Polyurethane 4.61 Thermoplastic Urethane 3.20 Values from Selfridge, IEEE 1985 The wheel probe 6, described by Krautkramer, is a typical example of dry coupling. A simpler adaptation is to place a soft rubber or plastic pad under the probe as described by Szilard 7. Lynnworth8 described early attempts of this technique, made in 1961, using neoprene rubber. Applying some pressure to the probe permits the intervening material to deform slightly and adapt to the surface irregularities on the test object. Dry couplants to date have seen use where frequencies are low as in concrete and wood testing where they can be as low as 40kHz. Such low frequencies ensure losses in the rubber are negligible. When metals are tested the situation changes. Test frequencies are more typically 1 to 2 MHz and in addition to the appreciable ~ttçr~ tion in the dry coupling medium, reverberations that occur at the interfaces in the pulse-echo mode tend to increase the dead zone.
Ginzel Brothers & Assoriqtes Ltd. Dry Couplant Elastomer 212 7 0 3 9 AqualeneTM
Testing using ho~ onlally polarized (SH) shear waves is another application where dry pressure coupling is used. Normally SH shear wave coupling is achieved usinga non-Newtonian viscous fluid (such as honey), however moderately high pressures on smooth hard surfaces can facilitate passage of sufficient energy for test measurelllellls without the use of a coupling fluid. Unfortunately the pressures involved for this mode of dry coupling could cause damage to fragile test pieces.
Szilard recommended as much as 150MPa in his applications.
Jones et al 9 used two di~l enl dry coupling materials in their measurement of elasticity of ceramics. One was a proprietary material and the other was a latexrubber (surgical glove material)l . In both cases the dry coupling material wasvery thin, in the order of 0.3 mm. Roberts 1l utilized a thin film of an unidentified plastic that he vacuum wrapped over his ceramic test pieces to provide intim~te contact. As a thin film the plastic's ~ttenu~tive properties were negligible.
A review of the literature indicates that no dry couplant is actually available on the market. The items mentioned above are either laboratory tools for expelil-lenlalpurposes, proprietary and not marketed, or the material is part of those transducers marketed as "dry couplant transducers". Dry couplant transducers have a thin layer of polymer bonded to the face of the probe. The advantage of some of theseis not always clear. An SH dry couplant transducer was colllpal ed to a standardtype SH tr~nsducer and simple 'finger pressure' on both provided no significant signal amplitude di~erellce when they were placed on a metal surface. 12 Development and Properties of the Polymer In 1992, with the intent of developing a true dry couplant independent of tr~n~ducers, the authors began development of an elastomer that can be used likea typical delay-line or an intervening layer of water but without the inconvenience of the fluid. The material was designed specifically with ultrasonic applications in mind therefore coupling and attenuation factors were considered in its formulation.
A direct coll-palison of ~ttenu~tions in several rubbers was made using a transmit-receive setup in water. Norm~li7.ing the water value to OdB 6 mm thick samples were inserted at right angles to the beam. Resl11t~nt reductions in signal height are shown in Table 3.
T~ble 3 ~ .tenua .- 1 o 'Elaston ers Relative -o Wat~r ~VVater ~ Ac ualer e~ EDP~: ~ ~ Buna ~ ~ ~ Viton r~ itrile Neo ~r~n Signal Drop 0 5 36 42 50 51 51 (dB) Ginzel Brothers & Associates Ltd. Dry Couplant Elastomer 2127~39 AqualeneTM
-The material is based on a blend of isomers of a branched homopolymer. A
controlled amount of cross-linking under high temperature and pressure has resulted in a structure that achieves the optimal co~pro~ise between attenuationand flexibility that is usually lacking in other dry coupling elastomers. As a result of the controlled cross-linking, the range of temperatures over which the polymer exists in the so-called rubbery statel3 is extended. Proper selection of the cross-link initiator has also allowed the e"l~pment of a long chain alcohol. This tends to enhance acoustic ~ s~";l~nce.
Since it is an elastomer, the dry couplant affords flexibility to accommodate rough surfaces. Its upper useful te",pe~ re is above 200 C allowing for elastomeric flexibility over a wide range oftel,lpe,~ res. Attenll~tion is relatively low for an elastomer and it can llans"~il frequencies over 25 MHz in the longitu~lin~l modeand easily pass SMHz SH shear mode. With such low ~tt~nll~tion~ thicknesses of several centimeters can be used between the probe and test piece. This can ensure operation in the far field of the sound beam and also provides added insulation from hot or cold surfaces. Ability to use greater thicknesses of the elastomer for increased delayline, also elimin~tes the reverberations that cause the appreciable dead-zones associated with thin polymeric materials typically used on ultrasonicwheel probes and the so-called dry-couplant transducers. This has obvious application in the testing of thin walled materials or when near surface resolution is required.
Most acoustic properties of this elastomer were established using through tr~n~mi~sion techniques as the acoustic impedance of the elastomer is nearly identical to water. Placing the sample in front of a probe operated in the pulse-echo mode in water would render the material acoustically im~isible.
A further advantage of the polymer is its appeal ance. Being essentially clear and colourless, probe placement on a mat made of this elastomer allows the operator to see where the beam enters the test piece without constantly moving the mat.
When used as a mat the dry couplant is like a delayline or a fixed sollndpath inimmersion testing. For rough cast surfaces the mat-metal interface can be wettedand the probe-mat interface also wetted. This allows easy relative probe motion over the rough metal surface as the probe can be manipulated on the smooth mat surface without loss of coupling. This probe motion over the rough surface is not possible using delaylines which are affixed to the probe.
Microscopic ex~min~tion of the surface of the elastomer indicates it is relatively unaffected by most organic liquids and aqueous solutions of moderately concel~ ted acids and alkalis at room te~pel~l~re.
As a result of the water-like acoustic properties, the authors have called the elastomer Aqualene TM.
Ginzel Brothers & Associates Ltd. Dry Couplant Elastomer Page S
AqualeneTM
w Table 5 FFT: Signal Analysis PeakFrequency (MHz) 8.730 6.349 Lower Frequency -6dB (MHz) 3.968 3.175 Upper Frequency -6dB (MHz) 15.071 11.111 Centre Frequency -6dB (MHz) 9.524 7.143 Bandwidth (%) 116.67 111.11 Pulse Width -6dB (~sec) 0.08 0.12 In addition to the authors' proposed use as a dry couplant, this material also holds potential for acousto-optical vi~ ion experiments. Effects of stresses and strain can be del-lon~ ed for both colllplessional and transverse modes.
Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the Institute for Polymer Research at the University of Waterloo for the use of facilities and assistance in the development of the formulation for this material. They would also like to acknowledge the advice and encouragement from Mr. A. Allen.
Aqualene is a trade mark of Ginzel Brothers & Associates Ltd..
Material is patent pending Ginzel Brothers & Associates Ltd. Dry Couplant Elastomer 2127039 AqualeneTM
References 1. van Krevelen, W., Properties of Polymers, Elsevier Publishing, 1990 2. Automation Industries, Condensed Rerelence Series for Ultrasonic Nondestructive Testing, vol. 2, Velocity Tables, Automation Industries Inc.
Sperry Products Division.
Ultrasonic Properties of a Low Attenuation Dry Couplant Elastomer Background Acoustic properties of rubbers and plastics are not well covered in NDT literature.
A few references exist 1, 2, 3 but of the thousands of substances now available in this area, relatively few are of practical use in ultrasonic testing.
High ~ttçn--~tion and dispersion, intrinsic in many ofthese materials, no doubt accounts for the main limitations of these products in ultrasonics. Plastics, with the exception of Lucite, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and polystyrene, have been ignored for NDT applications. Several varieties of rubbers exist but few are suitable for NDT applications. Most rubbers are forrnl-l~ted using a variety of blending agents and can be relatively non-homogenous even on a macroscopic scale (particularly noticeable with butyl rubber). The relatively large attenuations of a few plastics and rubbers are listed in Tables 1 and 2.
Two of the plastics listed in Table 1, acrylic and polystyrene, are pl erel I edmaterial for contact transducer wedges. These provide several functions in contact testing; a fixed stand-offfor thickness testing, fixed angles of incidence for ~ngn11~ted longitu~lin~l and SV shear wave testing as well as a means of protecting the tran~ducer face from wear, scoring and sometimes ovellleaLing. A thin film of water, oil, paste or grease is placed between the standard plastic wedge to f~çilit~te coupling to the test piece. The inconvenience of this fluid for most contact applications of ultrasonic testing is tolerated. However, there are occasions when the intervening fluid is neither tolerable nor practical. Porous materials such as concrete or refractory material would too readily absorb fluids, and greases may be too messy. One of the solutions to this dilemma is the use ofso called "dry couplant".
Ginzel Brothers & ~soei~t~s Ltd. Dry Couplant Elastomer 212 7 0 3 9 AqualeneTM
Two more common reference values:
Att~n~l~tion in water at SMHz is about 0.0055 dB/mm, Att~n-l~tion in forged chrome-nickel steel is on the order of 0.1 dB/mm (from Selfridge4 and ASNT Handbook5).
Table 1 Typical Attenuation values of Some Plastics Material~ Attenuaffon ~(dB/mm~
ABS 1.11 Acrylic (Plexiglas) 1.24 Acrylic (safety glazing) 0.64 Delrin 3.03 Nylon(black) 1.60 Polystyrene 0.18 PolyVinylChloride 1.12 Styrene Butadiene 2.43 Values from Selfridge, IEEE 1985.
Table 2 Typical Attenuation ' lalues of Some Rubbers ~Materia~ At~tenuation (dB/mm) Dow Silastic Rubber (45 2.34 Durometer) Dow Silastic Rubber 3.37 (70 Durometer) Ecogel 1265 3.34 Polyurethane 4.61 Thermoplastic Urethane 3.20 Values from Selfridge, IEEE 1985 The wheel probe 6, described by Krautkramer, is a typical example of dry coupling. A simpler adaptation is to place a soft rubber or plastic pad under the probe as described by Szilard 7. Lynnworth8 described early attempts of this technique, made in 1961, using neoprene rubber. Applying some pressure to the probe permits the intervening material to deform slightly and adapt to the surface irregularities on the test object. Dry couplants to date have seen use where frequencies are low as in concrete and wood testing where they can be as low as 40kHz. Such low frequencies ensure losses in the rubber are negligible. When metals are tested the situation changes. Test frequencies are more typically 1 to 2 MHz and in addition to the appreciable ~ttçr~ tion in the dry coupling medium, reverberations that occur at the interfaces in the pulse-echo mode tend to increase the dead zone.
Ginzel Brothers & Assoriqtes Ltd. Dry Couplant Elastomer 212 7 0 3 9 AqualeneTM
Testing using ho~ onlally polarized (SH) shear waves is another application where dry pressure coupling is used. Normally SH shear wave coupling is achieved usinga non-Newtonian viscous fluid (such as honey), however moderately high pressures on smooth hard surfaces can facilitate passage of sufficient energy for test measurelllellls without the use of a coupling fluid. Unfortunately the pressures involved for this mode of dry coupling could cause damage to fragile test pieces.
Szilard recommended as much as 150MPa in his applications.
Jones et al 9 used two di~l enl dry coupling materials in their measurement of elasticity of ceramics. One was a proprietary material and the other was a latexrubber (surgical glove material)l . In both cases the dry coupling material wasvery thin, in the order of 0.3 mm. Roberts 1l utilized a thin film of an unidentified plastic that he vacuum wrapped over his ceramic test pieces to provide intim~te contact. As a thin film the plastic's ~ttenu~tive properties were negligible.
A review of the literature indicates that no dry couplant is actually available on the market. The items mentioned above are either laboratory tools for expelil-lenlalpurposes, proprietary and not marketed, or the material is part of those transducers marketed as "dry couplant transducers". Dry couplant transducers have a thin layer of polymer bonded to the face of the probe. The advantage of some of theseis not always clear. An SH dry couplant transducer was colllpal ed to a standardtype SH tr~nsducer and simple 'finger pressure' on both provided no significant signal amplitude di~erellce when they were placed on a metal surface. 12 Development and Properties of the Polymer In 1992, with the intent of developing a true dry couplant independent of tr~n~ducers, the authors began development of an elastomer that can be used likea typical delay-line or an intervening layer of water but without the inconvenience of the fluid. The material was designed specifically with ultrasonic applications in mind therefore coupling and attenuation factors were considered in its formulation.
A direct coll-palison of ~ttenu~tions in several rubbers was made using a transmit-receive setup in water. Norm~li7.ing the water value to OdB 6 mm thick samples were inserted at right angles to the beam. Resl11t~nt reductions in signal height are shown in Table 3.
T~ble 3 ~ .tenua .- 1 o 'Elaston ers Relative -o Wat~r ~VVater ~ Ac ualer e~ EDP~: ~ ~ Buna ~ ~ ~ Viton r~ itrile Neo ~r~n Signal Drop 0 5 36 42 50 51 51 (dB) Ginzel Brothers & Associates Ltd. Dry Couplant Elastomer 2127~39 AqualeneTM
-The material is based on a blend of isomers of a branched homopolymer. A
controlled amount of cross-linking under high temperature and pressure has resulted in a structure that achieves the optimal co~pro~ise between attenuationand flexibility that is usually lacking in other dry coupling elastomers. As a result of the controlled cross-linking, the range of temperatures over which the polymer exists in the so-called rubbery statel3 is extended. Proper selection of the cross-link initiator has also allowed the e"l~pment of a long chain alcohol. This tends to enhance acoustic ~ s~";l~nce.
Since it is an elastomer, the dry couplant affords flexibility to accommodate rough surfaces. Its upper useful te",pe~ re is above 200 C allowing for elastomeric flexibility over a wide range oftel,lpe,~ res. Attenll~tion is relatively low for an elastomer and it can llans"~il frequencies over 25 MHz in the longitu~lin~l modeand easily pass SMHz SH shear mode. With such low ~tt~nll~tion~ thicknesses of several centimeters can be used between the probe and test piece. This can ensure operation in the far field of the sound beam and also provides added insulation from hot or cold surfaces. Ability to use greater thicknesses of the elastomer for increased delayline, also elimin~tes the reverberations that cause the appreciable dead-zones associated with thin polymeric materials typically used on ultrasonicwheel probes and the so-called dry-couplant transducers. This has obvious application in the testing of thin walled materials or when near surface resolution is required.
Most acoustic properties of this elastomer were established using through tr~n~mi~sion techniques as the acoustic impedance of the elastomer is nearly identical to water. Placing the sample in front of a probe operated in the pulse-echo mode in water would render the material acoustically im~isible.
A further advantage of the polymer is its appeal ance. Being essentially clear and colourless, probe placement on a mat made of this elastomer allows the operator to see where the beam enters the test piece without constantly moving the mat.
When used as a mat the dry couplant is like a delayline or a fixed sollndpath inimmersion testing. For rough cast surfaces the mat-metal interface can be wettedand the probe-mat interface also wetted. This allows easy relative probe motion over the rough metal surface as the probe can be manipulated on the smooth mat surface without loss of coupling. This probe motion over the rough surface is not possible using delaylines which are affixed to the probe.
Microscopic ex~min~tion of the surface of the elastomer indicates it is relatively unaffected by most organic liquids and aqueous solutions of moderately concel~ ted acids and alkalis at room te~pel~l~re.
As a result of the water-like acoustic properties, the authors have called the elastomer Aqualene TM.
Ginzel Brothers & Associates Ltd. Dry Couplant Elastomer Page S
AqualeneTM
w Table 5 FFT: Signal Analysis PeakFrequency (MHz) 8.730 6.349 Lower Frequency -6dB (MHz) 3.968 3.175 Upper Frequency -6dB (MHz) 15.071 11.111 Centre Frequency -6dB (MHz) 9.524 7.143 Bandwidth (%) 116.67 111.11 Pulse Width -6dB (~sec) 0.08 0.12 In addition to the authors' proposed use as a dry couplant, this material also holds potential for acousto-optical vi~ ion experiments. Effects of stresses and strain can be del-lon~ ed for both colllplessional and transverse modes.
Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the Institute for Polymer Research at the University of Waterloo for the use of facilities and assistance in the development of the formulation for this material. They would also like to acknowledge the advice and encouragement from Mr. A. Allen.
Aqualene is a trade mark of Ginzel Brothers & Associates Ltd..
Material is patent pending Ginzel Brothers & Associates Ltd. Dry Couplant Elastomer 2127039 AqualeneTM
References 1. van Krevelen, W., Properties of Polymers, Elsevier Publishing, 1990 2. Automation Industries, Condensed Rerelence Series for Ultrasonic Nondestructive Testing, vol. 2, Velocity Tables, Automation Industries Inc.
Sperry Products Division.
3. Selfridge, A.R., IEEE Transactions on Sonics and Ultrasonics, vol. SU 32, No.3, May 1985 4. ASNT, Handbook of Nondestructive Testing, vol. 7 second edition, American Society of Nondestructive Testing, 1989 5. Schlengerman,U., The Kra~llkl~lller-Branson Booklet, Krautkramer GmbH, 6. Krautkramer,J. and Krautkramer,H., Ultrasonic Testing of Materials, third English edition, Springer Verlag, 1983 7. Szilard,J., Ultrasonic Testing, Nonconventional Testing Techniques, John Wiley and Sons, 1982 8. Lynnworth,L., Ultrasonic Measurements for Process Control, Academic Press, 9. Jones,M.P., Blessing,G.V., Robbins,C.R., Materials Evaluation, ASNT, June 10. Blessing,G.V., Personal communication, 1994 11. Roberts,R.A., Material Evaluation, ASNT, May 1988 12. Hotchkiss, F., Personal communication, 1994 13. Allcock,H.R., Lampe,F.W., Contemporary Polymer Chemistry, Prentice Hall, Ginzel Brothers & Associates Ltd. Dry Couplant Elastomer
Claims (3)
1. A clear colourless elastomeric material that transmits ultrasonic waves and permits their coupling into solid test specimens.
2. The material has an attenuation coefficient far lower than all other dry complants presently available so can be used independent of the ultrasonic transducer and in thicknesses of several millimetres instead of the present products that cannot be used inexcess of several microns thickness.
3. Having a breakdown temperature of over 200°C it can be used where many liquid couplants can not.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002127039A CA2127039A1 (en) | 1994-09-01 | 1994-09-01 | Aqualene |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002127039A CA2127039A1 (en) | 1994-09-01 | 1994-09-01 | Aqualene |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2127039A1 true CA2127039A1 (en) | 1996-03-02 |
Family
ID=4153917
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002127039A Abandoned CA2127039A1 (en) | 1994-09-01 | 1994-09-01 | Aqualene |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA2127039A1 (en) |
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP1840534A1 (en) | 2006-03-29 | 2007-10-03 | Alcon, Inc. | Surgical system having a cassette with an acoustic coupling |
| WO2007117781A3 (en) * | 2006-03-29 | 2008-03-20 | Alcon Inc | Non-invasive flow measurement |
| US7735369B2 (en) | 2007-08-22 | 2010-06-15 | The Boeing Company | Immersion ultrasonic test part holder, system and method for nondestructive evaluation |
| US8343100B2 (en) | 2006-03-29 | 2013-01-01 | Novartis Ag | Surgical system having a non-invasive flow sensor |
| US20160266071A1 (en) * | 2013-11-05 | 2016-09-15 | Airbus Group Sas | Item of equipment for ultrasonic non-destructive inspection |
| US10222353B2 (en) | 2015-03-18 | 2019-03-05 | The Boeing Company | Method and assembly for inspecting a partially cured repair patch prior to installation |
| WO2019191587A2 (en) | 2018-03-30 | 2019-10-03 | Labcyte Inc. | Fluid impermeable ultrasonic transducer |
-
1994
- 1994-09-01 CA CA002127039A patent/CA2127039A1/en not_active Abandoned
Cited By (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP1840534A1 (en) | 2006-03-29 | 2007-10-03 | Alcon, Inc. | Surgical system having a cassette with an acoustic coupling |
| WO2007117781A3 (en) * | 2006-03-29 | 2008-03-20 | Alcon Inc | Non-invasive flow measurement |
| US8006570B2 (en) | 2006-03-29 | 2011-08-30 | Alcon, Inc. | Non-invasive flow measurement |
| US8251944B2 (en) | 2006-03-29 | 2012-08-28 | Novartis Ag | Surgical system having a cassette with an acoustic coupling |
| US8343100B2 (en) | 2006-03-29 | 2013-01-01 | Novartis Ag | Surgical system having a non-invasive flow sensor |
| US7735369B2 (en) | 2007-08-22 | 2010-06-15 | The Boeing Company | Immersion ultrasonic test part holder, system and method for nondestructive evaluation |
| US20160266071A1 (en) * | 2013-11-05 | 2016-09-15 | Airbus Group Sas | Item of equipment for ultrasonic non-destructive inspection |
| US10222353B2 (en) | 2015-03-18 | 2019-03-05 | The Boeing Company | Method and assembly for inspecting a partially cured repair patch prior to installation |
| WO2019191587A2 (en) | 2018-03-30 | 2019-10-03 | Labcyte Inc. | Fluid impermeable ultrasonic transducer |
| US11898993B2 (en) | 2018-03-30 | 2024-02-13 | Labcyte, Inc. | Fluid impermeable ultrasonic transducer |
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