CA2109635A1 - Method of and system for accessing distributed resources on isdn - Google Patents

Abstract

An implementation of an ISDN router (100) enables computers interconnected to each other and to the ISDN to share resources by issuing operating system commands. One computer can access a storage disk or other resource of another computer distributed at any terminal location on the ISDN. Each disk on the Network has a unique name by which it is accessed. The configuration of the Network and number of computers distributed on it are transparent to each user. To improve bandwidth utilization of the ISDN line while sharing terminal resources, a B-channel allocation algorithm (180, 182, 184, 186) executed by routers (100) between the terminals and the ISDN line dynamically allocates bandwidth by monitoring (176) traffic at each destination queue and in response allocating (172) or deallocating (172) virtual B-channels (172, 174).
Bandwidth utilization is optimized by packaging data packets into trains that are transmitted to the destination when the train is completed and upon satisfaction of other conditions. Each train undergoes data compression by execution of a suitable compression algorithm.

Description

WO92/21186 PCT/US91/0~1~

210g63~

Method of and S~stem for Accessina Distributed Resources on ISDN

Technical Field The invention relates generally to Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDN), and more particularly, to accessing from one computer data and applications resident at other computers distributed on an ISDN.

Backaround Art Small computers such as 'personal computers ordinarily operate as a stand alone device, carrying out information processing based on programming and data stored locally on a floppy or hard disk or in emiconductor memory media. Data can be transferred among computers digitally by cables connected to input-output ports of the computers or to commercial telephone lines or other physical media following digital-to-analog conversion by modems. Computers also can be interconnected in a local area network (LAN), ~sharing common resources such as data bases, files and programming, and peripheral devices, e.g., printers.
Accessing from one computer a resource of another computer on a common network is not done --transparently", i.e., a computer having a desired resource must be accessed before the resource ~ sssociated with it is accessed. The user accordingly -~ 25 must have knowledge of the location of the resource on the Network.
For example, referring to Figure l, a plurality of terminals T are coupled through modems M to a network.

Each terminal T comprises a personal computer PC and an optional telephone unit TEL to enable the user to carry out voice communications with other terminals on the A ,'~
line. The computers PC, which are controlled by a common operating system, such as MS-D0S, contain data, -applications and peripheral devices, hereinafter collectively called ~resources~', that are accessible through operating system commands. An example is a floppy or hard disk drive unit DS residing at each computer PC.
Assume that a local com~uter contains two disk drive units DSA and DSB, a floppy disk drive and a hard - disk drive. To copy all data stored on disk drive unit DSA to drive unit DSB, the operating system command in lS MS-DOS is:

copy DSA:*.* DSB:

Conventionally, the operating system enables multiple resources to be accessed by a computer.
However, no sharing of resources among different ;~
computers is possible unless the computers are programmed to operate as ~master-slave~ units. Remote access software, such as ~pcANYWHERE~, by Dynamic Microprocessor Associates, Inc., is an example of commercially available software for this purpose.
Resource sharing requires each computer on the Network to be loaded with, and executing, the remote accesses software.
Files can be transferred between computers using conventional file transfer software, such as "SMARTCOM", by Hayes Microcomputing, but file transfer requires operator attendance at each terminal.

3 21 ~ g ~3~:~

The present invention is directed to a router that pro~ides resource sharing among computers standing alone or residing in local area networks LANs without operator attendance at the "slave~' terminal.
S Communications between computers is transparent, enabling the user to access distributed resources without knowledge of the locations of the resources on the Ne~work.
The invention is carried out in the environment of ISDN. ISDN is a relatively newly developed and emerging field of telecommunications which integrates computer and communications technologies to provide, worldwide, a common, all-digital network. This is based, in part, on standardizing the structure of digital protocols developed by the International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT).
Despite implementation of multiple networks within national boundaries, from a user's point of view there is a single, uniformly accessible, worldwide network capable of handling a broad range of telephone, data and other conventional and enhanced services. The invention, carried out on the ISDN, will enable terminal resources to be shared globally.
A complete description of the architecture of ISDN
is beyond the scope of this specification. For details, and for an extensive bibliography of references of ISDN, see Stallings, ISDN: An Introduction, MacMillan Publishing Company, 1989.
Copending application Serial No. , to Gagliardi et al., entitled "Dynamic Channel Allocation Method and System for Integrated Services Digital Network," filed by the assignee of this invention, provides a background discussion of ISDN features that W~92/211~ PCT/US91/0~15 -;~

210963~
are germane to the present invention, and is incorporated herein by reference.
To establish communications between a host and the ISDN, an interface, or "relay~, must be implemented to accomplish gateway functions, translating protocols used on dissimilar networks. A relay of a type termed a "bridge" forms interconnections at the data-link layer of the OSI Reference Model. A "router" functions at the network layer, and a "gateway handles higher-level protocols.
An ISDN router, designated by R in Figure 2, operates entirely in the digital domain, carrving out all necessary protocol conversion between the host network and ISDN. Details of the router R are given in copending application Serial No. , to Gagliardi et al., entitled "ISDN Interfacing of Personal Computers,' filed by the common assignee on even date herewith and incorporated herein by reference.
Copending application Serial No. , to Gagliardi et al., entitled "ISDN Interfacing of Local Area Networks," filed on even date herewith and assigned to the common assignee, describes a router supporting interconnections among hosts on the ISDN to 2S form a "virtual" LAN. A local area network, or LAN, provides a cluster of interconnected hosts (computers), or nodes, on a medium. Each node can communicate with every other node; the Network requires no central node or computer.
Figure 3 depicts utilization of one type of router described in the aforementioned copending application (LAN connector) for interconnecting a number of hosts to form a virtual B-channel LAN. A variation, shown in Fig. 4, provides ISDN routers R to interconnect to LANs WO92/21186 PCT/US91/0361~
210~S3 ~

of a common type or of different types. In Fig. 5, a remote host H is connected to a pair of hosts residing on a LAN through first and second routers at the host and LAN branches of the ISDN. The host side router Rl is of a type described in the copending application entitled "ISDN Interfacing of Personal Computers." The LAN side router R2 in Fig. 5 is of a type described in the copending application entitled ~ISDN Interfacing of Local Area Networks.'l Copending application Serial No. , to Gagliardi, entitled "Dynamic Channel Allocation Method and System for Integrated Service Digital Network", describes an ISDN router that dynamically allocates bandwidth by monitoring traffic at each destination queue and in response allocates or deallocates Yirtual B-channels. Bandwidth utilization is optimized by packaging data packets into trains that are transmitted to the destination when the train is completed and upon satisfaction of other conditions. Each train undergoes data compression by execution of a suitable compression algorithm.
Relays exist for allowing communication to an ISDN
line. For example, U.S.P. 4,885,739 describes a message trahsport network at a central office, including gateways connected to a transport node controller or transport interchange supervisor to enable communication between internal processors. U.S.P.
4,821,265 describes a nodal architecture for a communication network including multiple processors for each node to carry out a Data Link Layer process on a D-channel message received through a bridge (termed a "gateway" in the patent). Howe~er, no prior art is known to enable ISDN users to share terminal resources, WO92/21186 PCT/US91~03615 such as data storage disks, transparently from any terminal on the Network.

Disclosure of the Invention Accordingly, one object of the invention is to control access to resources distributed on an ISDN.
Another obje~t is to enable a user at one terminal to con~rol transparently resources distri~uted among other terminals on an ISDN.
A further object is to enable a user at one personal computer to access transparently a resource of another personal computer on the ISDN.
A further object is to enable a user at one terminal of an ISDN to access a data storage disk of another terminal of the ISDN using operating system 1~ commands.
Another object is to enable one computer, that either stands alone or is a node of a LTA, to access transparently a resource, such as a storage disk, of another computer.
Still another object is to provide an ISDN router enabling one computer, that either stands alone or is a node of a LTA, to access transparently a resource, such as a storage disk, of another computer via the ISDN.
Another object is to provide an ISDN routex enabling one computer, that either stands alone or is a node of a LTA, to access a resource, such as a storage dis~, of another computer using operating system commands.
A further object of the invention is to implement efficient bandwidth utilization while carrying out communications between computers on the ISDN to achieve the foregoing objects.

WOg2/21186 PCT/US91/O~15 7 2 1 09 63~ï

The above and other obje~ts are satisfied in accordance with o~e aspect of the invention by a network comprising a plurality of computers having a common operating system, means for interfacing the s computers to a common ISDN line and means for transmitting an operating system command on the ISDN
line, globally to all of the computers.
Preferably, the computers incorporate resources, such as data storage disks, each having a unique name, and the operating system command transmitted globally on the ISDN line accesses by name a resource associated with one of the computers. Access to any resource available on the ISDN line is transparent to the user.
In accordance with another aspect of the lS invention, a network comprises a LTA of computers having a common operating system, a computer remote from the LTA and having the common operating system, and means for interfacing the remote computer and the LTA to a common ISDN line. Any operating system command by the remote computer is transmitted on the ISDN line globally to all of the computers in the LTA.
In accordance with still another aspect of the invention, resources available at any te~.inal are shared among terminals of multiple LTAs distributed on the ISDN. In a preferred embodiment, a network includes a first local area network LANl comprising computers having a common operating system, a second local area network LAN2 of computers remote from the first LAN and having the common operating system, and means for interfacing the first and second local area networks to a common ISDN line. Operating system commands on the ISDN line from one computer in the first LAN are transmitted globally to all other computers in the W O 92/21186 PC~r/US91/0361~

first and second local area networks to share terminal resources.
A further aspect of the invention involves improving bandwidth utilization of the ISDN line while sharing terminal resources. A B-channel allocation `
algorithm executed by routers between the terminals and the ISDN line dynamically allocates bandwidth by moni~oring traffic at each destination queue and in response allocating or de,allocating virtual B-channels.
Bandwidth utilization is optimized by packaging data packets into trains that are transmitted to the destination when the train is completed and upon satisfaction of other conditions. Each train undergoes data compression by execution of a suitable compression algorithm. '' Still other objects and advantages of the present invention will become readily apparent to those skilled in this art from the following detailed description, wherein only the preferred embodiment of the invention are shown and described, simply by way of illustration of the best mode contemplated of carrying out the invention. As will be realized, the invention is capable of other and different embodiments, and its several details are capable of modifications in various -o~vious respects, all without departing from the invention. Accordingly, the drawing and description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature, and not as restrictive.

Brief Descri~tion of Drawin~s Figure 1 is a diagram of a network of computer sharing a network in a conventional manner.

21 09 G3;~

Figure 2 is a symbolic diagram of a network implementing routers described in a copending application to interface computers to the ISDN.
Figure 3 is a symbolic diagram showing 5interconnection of multiple hosts through ISDN routers to form a virtual network, described in a copending application.
Figure 4 is a symbol~c diagram showing interconnection of LANs through ISDN routers described 10in another copending application.`
Figure 5 is a symbolic diagram showing interconnection of a remote host to an existing LAN
through ISDN routers.
Figure 6 is a diagram depicting resource sharing 15on an ISDN line in accordance with a broad aspect of the invention.
Figure 7 is a simplified block diagram showing the hardware architecture of an ISDN router implementing resource sharing in the manner shown in Figure 6.
20Figure 8 is a diagram of software architecture incorporated in the system master card of Figure 7.
Figure 9 is a diagram of software architecture shown in one embodiment of a LAN line card of Figure 7.
Figure 10 is a diagram showing software 25architecture incorporated in an ISDN line card depicted in Figure 7.
Figure ll is a diagram of software architecture incorporated in the S~LC line card shown in Figure 7.
Figure 12 is a diagram showing mapping of software 30to hardware components within the ISDN router.
Figure 13(a)-(b) depict examples of terminal resource sharing on the ISDN carried out in accordance with the invention.

WO92/21186 PCT/US91/0~15 2109635 lO --Figure l4 is a flow chart of algorithms for carrying out LTA bandwidth allocation in accordance with an aspect of the invention.
Figure 15 is a flow chart of algorithms for selecting between LTA and STA channel allocation.
Figure 16 is a flow chart of channel processes responding to decisions made by both the LTA and STA
cAannel allocation algorithms.
Figure l7 is a diagram showing development of a virtual B-channei and its components.
Figure 18 is a diagram of components for carrving ou_ LTA channel a~loc~tion in accordance with anothe~
aspect of the invention.
Figure 19 is a flow chart describing assembly an~
l~ compression of packet trains for transmission to a new B-channel.
~ igure 20 is a flow chart showing reception, decompression and resequencing of packets.
Figures 21a and 21b are diagrams respectively of a `
packet and a data frame.
Figure 22 depicts a train of packets in accordance with a further aspect of the invention. -.

BEST MODE FOR PRACTICING THE INVENTION
Ov:erview The invention provides user transparent sharing of terminal resources through the ISDN. Resources at any terminal on the ISDN are identified by unique names.
~or example, each hard disk associated with every`
computer on the ISDN is assigned a uniaue volume name.
The hard disk can be accessed from any computer on the ~.

WO92/21186 PCT/US91/0~15 ll 21~

ISDN line using an operating system command identifying the disk by volume name. The location of the disk on the Network is inconsequential to the user; hence, access to the disk by the user is "transparent". "
For example, assume that a disk containing data of interest resides with a computer at a remote location on the ISDN line. The disk of interest is assigned the unique ~olume name ABCDE, and the disk of the local computer is assigned the volume name s. The content of this disk can be copied to disk B of the local computer by applying globally to the ISDN line the following operating system command:
copy ABCDE~ *.* B:

As shown in Fig. 6, the above command is applied ;~
to all terminals on the ISDN. The content only of disk A3CDE will be transferred from that disk at the corresponding remote computer through the ISDN to disk B of the local computer from which the command was '~
executed.
Of particular importance to the process is the quality of '~transparency" to the user of the local c~mputer. That is, the user at the local-computer has no prior knowledge of the location of the computer containing the desired resource; he can access the resource from any location in t,h,e world subscribing to -~ the ISDN service and implementing the present invention, based only on the resource name and knowledge by the user of operating system commands.
How this capability is implemented is described in -~ 30 detail hereinafter.

-:

2 1 0 9 6 3 5 12 PCT/US91/0~15 2. Network Architecture Referring to Figure 7, an ISDN gateway 100, in accordance with the invention, comprises four hardware elements 102, 104, 106, 108 interconnected by a common bus 110. The elements 102-108 preferably comprise individual circuit cards, although some or all of the elements may be incorporated in a single circuit board.
The board or boards preferably reside within a personal computer but alternatively may reside outside the computer.
Element 102 is a system master which implements infrequent user functions, such as configuration mana~ement and connection requests. The system master 102 furthermore functions as a standard computing platform, emulating an IBM compatible PC or other computer standard.
LAN line card 104 implements firmware and hardware for specific IEEE 802 physical and data link protocol together with software carrying out host filtering.
Different LAN line cards with corresponding protocols will be re~uired for other LAN connections, e.g., 802.5 Token Ring and 802.3 Ethernet.
ISDN line card 106 comprises firmware and hardware implementing the ISDN physical, data link layer (LAPD), and the D-channel layer 3 protocol, and the physical layer of the B-channel. Software incorporated in the ISDN line card 106 implements train protocol and B-channel allocation algorithms as well as data -compression algorithms to support a virtual broad band capability of the router, described in the copending application entitled "Dynamic Channel Allocation Method and System for Inteqrated Services Digital Network, incorporated herein by reference.

WO92/21186 PCT/US91/0~15 13 2 1 ~

SDLC line card 108 includes firmware and hardware to implement the SNA physical and data link (SDLC) layers. This card is optional to the Network.
The contents of elements 102-108 are described in more detail below with reference to Figures 8-12.
Hardware and software incorporating important aspects of the invention are integrated in ISDN line card 106.

3. Software Architecture The software architecture of system master element 102, shown in Figure 8, is configured with three layers of software underlying the system master 102(b) in a stack. The underlying layers comprise call request management, configuration management and monitoring layer 102(b), as well as layers 102(c), 102(d) for implementing a computing platform.
In Figure S, the software architecture of one embodiment of a LAN line card (LLC) 104 for 802.S Token Ring comprises a functional layer 104(a) together with a layer 104(b) comprising a host filter, receiving and selectî~ely processing pac~ets addressed to the host, as well as underlying layers 104(c), 104(d) implementing the specific IEEE 802 physical and data link protocol (802.5) for Token Ring.
In Figure 10, the sof~tware architecture of the ISDN line card 106 comprises a functional layer 106(a), together with underlying layers 106(b)-106(f) for carrying out the requirements of the OSI Reference Model layers associated with the ISDN. Theæe layers include a communication mode adapter at layer 106(b~
and protocol services at layer 106(c). Layer 106d (IIM) carries out router peer protocol and executing buffer allocation algorithms to be described in detail later. The peer protocols, applied on B-channels used W O 92/21186 PC~r/US91/03615 2109635 14 ~y the router to implement train pac~ing, compression and error handling, is also described later. Figure 11 depicts the software architecture of the SDLC line card implementing the SNA physical and data link layers for s carrying out inter-networking among hosts.
Mapping of software architecture shown in ~igures 8-ll to hardware` components of Figure 7 is symbolized in Figure 12. Details are given in the copending application entitled "Dynamic Channel Allocation Method and System for Integrated Services Digital Network.

4. Terminal Resource Sharin~ ExamPles Referring to Figure 13(a), a network comprises a LAN of computers PC having a common operating system, and a computer PC1 remote from the LAN and having the common operating system. A relay Rl of a type disclosed in the copending app~ication entitled "ISDN Interfacing of Personal Computers" performs gateway functions between the remote computer PCl and the ISDN, and another relay R2 of a type disclosed in the copending application entitled "ISD~ Interfacing of Local Area Networks,'` gateways the LAN to the common ISDN line.
Any operating system command by the remote computer PCl is t~ansmitted on the ISDN line globally to all of the computers PC in the LAN. For example, as shown in Fig.
2~ 13~a), the user of remote computer PCl applies to the ISDN an operating system command to copy the content of hard disk ABCDE of computer PC4 on LAN to disk B of the remote computer. The operating system command undergoes protocol conversion and transfer by router Rl to the ISDN. The ISDN message then undergoes another protocol conversion and transfex to the LAN by router R2, where the command is routed to computer PC4 and disk ABCDE.
The designated content of disk ABCDE is now read and lS 2 1 0~ 63'~

transferred, via PC4, LAN, ISDN, and PCl, to disk B, undergoing necessary protocol conversions by routers Rl and R2.
In Figure 13(b), a network includes a LANl S comprising computers PCl-^3 having a common operatin~
system, and a LAN2 of computers PC4-6 remote from the first LAN and having the common operating system. A
relay R2 of a type disclosed in the copending application entitled "ISDN Interfacing of Local Area Networks, gateways the first local area network LANl to the common ISDN line and another like relay R2 gateways the ISDN to the second local area network LAN2. Operating system commands on the ISDN line from one computer PCl in LANl are transmitted globally to all other computers in the first and second LANs to share terminal resources.
For example, as shown in Fig. 13(b), the user of a local computer PCl applies to LANl an operating system command to copy the content of hard disk ABCDE of computer PC4 on LAN2 to disk B of the local computer.
The operating system command identifies the volume name of disk ABCDE, not the location of the disk in on the Network. The operating system command on LANl undergoes protocol conversion and transfer by router R2 to the ISDN. The ISDN message then undergoes another protocol conversion and transfer to LAN2 by router R2, where the command is routed to computer PC4 and disk ABCDE. The designated content of disk ABCDE is now read and transferred, via PC4, LAN2, ISDN, LANl and PCl, to disk B, undergoing necessary LAN2-ISDN and ISDN-LANl protocol conversions by routers R2.
Although two LANs are depicted as being connected to the ISDN in the example of Figure 13(b), the number of LANs in practice is arbitrary. Because the operating WO92/21186 PCT/US9l/0~15 system command is applied globally to all computers on all LANs connected to the ISDN and provided with routers Rl and R2, resource sharing is transparent to the user. ;

5. D~namic Bandwidth Allocation A further aspect of the invention involves improving bandwidth utilization of the ISDN line while sharing terminal resources. A B-channel allocation algorithm executed by routers between the terminals and the ISDN line dynamically allocates bandwidth by monitoring traffic at each destination queue and in response allocating or deallocating virtual B-channels.
Bandwidth utilization is optimized by packaging data packets into trains that are transmitted to the destination when the train is completed and upon satisfaction of other conditions. Each train undergoes data compression by execution of suitable compression and conrrection a~gorithms.
More specifically, B-channel allocation, implemented by an allocation algorithm to maximize utilization of the channels, minimizes response times and the probability of losing data packets due to buffer overf}ow. The channel allocation algorithm, residing within the B-channel manager of IIM 116 2~ (~igure 12), includes commands to establish user-level connections to destinations and to send and receiye data. Data passed to the IIM 116 is queued in destination ~ueues. The channel allocation algorithm monitors the status of the destination queues, and dynamically allocates ISDN channel bandwidth to these queues. The, following definitions support the channel allocation algorithm.

6 PCT/USg1/03615 17 2109~3~

A "destination , which is a connection at the router level, typically coincides with a physical router. If peer protocol is compatible, all user-level connections of various types, such as virtual S circuit, modem connections, LAN, packets, etc., can multiplex within the same router connection. If the peer routers are incompatible, multiple router-level connections to a single physical gateway are necessary.
Associated with each destination is a ~Idestination -lOqueue", denoted as Q(d), consisting of a pool of buffers. The pool of buffers for destination d comprises the messages destined for d. The number of buffers in Q(d) is denoted as b(d); it is assumed that B-channels output from or input to a buffer in 15parallel, with each buffer having a fixed maximum size.
A number of B-channels currently allocated tO a destination B is denoted as B(d). If a queue Q(d) becomes too long relative to the number of channels allocated to d, an extra channel is allocated. On the 20other hand, if Q(d) is relatively short compared to the size of B(d), some channels are released. If no buffers are available for accumulation of a new train at a destination d, a "buffer fault" is created.
~ Events that define the length of a packet train ; 25trigger the invocation of the buffer allocation algorithm. These events comprise packet arrivals at ISDN line card 106 for transmission to the public ; network. There are four conditions that must be considered:
30l. If a destination d is known, and Q(d) contains an "open" buffer, that is, a buffer that is not filled to the maximum length, the packet is accumulated into the train.

210963~ ~-2. If the destination d is known, but no ~open~
buffer is available in Q(d), a new buffer is created and a new train is started.
3. If the destination d is known, but an ''openl~
S buffer is about to fill up, the packet is accumulated in the current open buffer. Thereafter, the buffer is closed to seal the train.
4. If destination d is unknown, a new buffer pool is started for a new train.
10The channel allocation algorithm, in accordance with the invention, operates asynchronously to the buffer allocation algorithm described previously. As - one important aspect of the invention, the channel allocation algorithm is partitioned into two lS components, long term allocation and short term allocation.

6. Lona Term Channel Allocation Long term allocation LTA monitors the recent historical track pattern to and from a destination, and decides upon the bandwidth and types of channels to be allocated to that destination. A short term allocation STA monitors the current size of the destination queues and the aging constraints of these queues, and decides whether to deviate, temporarily, from decisions of the long term allocation algorithm. This enables response to situations that are not well-handled by long term ;allocation, e.g., situations arising due to a temporary or sudden surge of traffic to certain destinations not predicted based on the long term allocation algorithm.
Decisions on bandwidth allocation produced by the long term and short term allocation algorithms preferably are stored in memory, and are carried out at W O 92/21186 PC~r/US91/03615 19 2109~3 ~

convenient intervals by ISDN channel processes to be described later.
Channel allocation is described with reference to B-channels, although similar allocation can be carried out for D-channels as well. In general, B-channels can be used in a circuit switched mode or in a packet switched mode. The circuit switched mode preferably is used only to transmit data between low-traffic destinations in view of the relatively high set-up tear down overhead required. The packet switched mode is preferable for transmission to destinations with a low-traffic rate if there is a moderate response time requirement. For destinations that require higher traffic rate or have more stringent response time requirements, use of B-channels in the circuit switched mode is preferable. For destinations that do not have high traffic rate but have very stringent response time requirements, the B-channels should be dedicated in the circuit switched mode and deliberately underutilized.
The LTA algorithm i5 sun~arized in the flow chart of ~igure 14. The traffic rate R at each destination is monitored by a software flowmeter, which may be a counter of data quantity arriving at the destination queue within a particular interval of time. Each software flowmeter is polled at fixed intervals (w)~
The flowmeter is read, then reset, and the reading is used ~y the LTA to determine how many B-channels are to be allocated to that destination.
One embodiment of a LTA algorithm, in accordance with the invention, is as follows. Referring to Figure 14, step 150 reads a traffic rate R for a destination d, wherein R is defined as follows.

r = Max {v_in (d, t-w, t)/w, v_out (d, t-w, t)/w}, WO92/21186 PCT/US91/0~15 2 10 9 63S ~ ~X~ 20 where t is the time when the meter is read, v_in(d, t-w, t) is the accumulated input traffic volume for destination d between time t and t-w, and v_out(d, t-w, t ) is that for the output queue.
In step 152, an integer x, that is greater than or equal to zero, is found such that:
x * hbw_cs < r s (x~l) * hbw_cs and xB channels in circuit switched mode are allocated ~-to destination d, where hbw_cs is the achievable bandwidth once set up for a circuit switched mode B-channel. This number in practice is close to 64Kbs.
Assuming that residual = r - x * hbw_cs, step 154 determines whether residual is greater than mbw_cs, where mbw_cs is the minimum utilization of a circuit switched B-channel, or whether the response time is more stringent than moderate (step lS6). The term "moderate" is defined to be the response time that can be offered by a packet switched channel. If either condition is true, than one more B-channel is allocated to destination d (step 158). `
On the other hand, if 0 ~ residual ~ mbw_cs and the response time requirement is moderate or more relaxed than moderate, and traffic is suitable for packet switched channels, a fraction of a packet switched channel is allocated to destination d, wherein the fraction f is determined as follows.

ebw_ps = effective bandwidth of a packet switched channeI.

In step 160, if destination d is not reachable ~y packet switched channels, or the packet is not of a nature that is suitably transmitted through packet switched channels, and the response time requirement is very relaxed (step 162), then a fraction of a circuit WO92/21186 PCT/US91/0~15 21 ~
~clOgC3~) ~

switched mode channel is allocated to destination d (step 164). The fraction in this example is determined by the size of the residual. The notation used in the a~ove algorithm is as follows.

x, f: decision variables t, r, residual: state variables ebw ps, hbw_cw: ISDN performance profile mbw_cs, w: algorithm control parameters response time requirements for ~acket transmission:
tight: ' 260ms moderate: between z seconds and 260ms very relaxed: '= z seconds.

In addition, the algorithm is sensitive to the transmission delay of packet switched channels and the ISDN call set-up and tear down times for circuit switched mode. The former is used to derive a boundary between moderate and tight response times. The latter is used to calculate the response times o~tainable for time-shared fractional allocation of B-channels in circuit switched modes, which in turn determines the value of z which defines the boundary between moderate and very relaxed response time requirements. The basic logic of the algorithm remains unchanged under different performance profiles.
An important algorithm control parameter is the ~meter window" w, which is selected such that the algorithm is sufficiently sensitive to short-term fluctuation in traffic intensity ~ut is not too sensitive. If w is too small, a very short-termed surge in traffic may result in too many B-channels WO92/21186 PCT/USs1/0~15 - ~ 22 21~g63~
allocated and therefore will incur a high set-up tear down overhead. If w is too large, the algorithm may not be responsive enough to a short term search, resulting in a fast destination queue build-up. An excessive amount of buffer space may be consumed and ~
response time may be degraded. --To attenuate sensitivity, a method using weighted averaging of traffic in multiple windows i5 provided.
If a window system w with three windows wl, w2 and w3 is used, with weights wtl, wt2 and wt3, where the sum of wtl - wt3 is unity, traffic rate r can be equated to R(d, t, w,) computed as follows:
. .
R(d, w, t) - v(d, t-wl, t) / wl * wtl ; + v(d, t-wl-w2, t-w1) / w2 *wt2 + v(d, t-wl-w2-w3, t-wl-w2) l w3 ~ wt3 ~

With this generalization, to allow the algorithm ~-- to be more sensitive to short term fluctuation and less to the long term pattern, wtl should be increased and wt3 decreased, and vice versa. Multiple counters are maintsined for each destination queue using this strategy.

7. Short Term Channel Allocator The~LTA algorithm functions well in cases where there~are sufficient B-channels available and decisions ~, -:
made by the LTA are feasible. This means that the ~total number of B-channels allocated by the LTA is smaller than the total number of B-channels subscribed, and sufficiently smaller such that the probability that an incoming call request finds all channels busy is very small, and further that the recent past history in fact represents a good basis for allocation. When such WOg2/211~ PCT/US91/03615 23 . 210963~

conditions are not met, the STA algorithm must be implemented.
In general, STA makes decisions which override, temporarily, decisions made by LTA. Channel processes, S described hereinafter, implement decisions made by LTA
under normal circumstances. When a B-channel is just ~freed" from servicing an input and output buffer, the B-channel process checks to see if a decision has been mnde to deallocate channels from the destination d.
If so, it deallocates itself and finds a new destination for which a decision has been made by LTA
to have additional channels allocated. However, when unusual conditions are detected, such as a destination queue being ignored for too long, or a B-channel process encountering an empty destination queue, self-adjustment may be performed by the B-channel process to execute decisions rendered by STA. Two examples to which STA responds are ~1) if any buffer in the :: destination queue d is found to exceed an age limit, or :~ 20 (2)~ if the following quantity exceeds a relative queue :~ size limit:

\ T (d / k :- :
k (3) ~ 8~d ::- 30 ; Where:
T (d ) = size of kth train for k i the ith destination : ~ 8 (d ) = no. of B-channels i assigned to the ith ~: 35 destinstion The above relationship is satisfied when the quantity ~; of data in all trains to a particular destination .
, WO92/21186 PCT/US91/0~15 2109`6,~ 24 exceeds the number of B-channels asxigned to that destination.
Logic implementing execution of the STA is shown in figure 15, wherein step 170 waits until a B-channel S is freed from servicing in the input buffer and the output buffer, and then waits for an STA condition, such as the two conditions previously described, to be detected (step 172). LTA is implemented in step 174 unless the STA condition is detected. In response to an STA condition, STA channel allocation is carried out in step 176, and the process continues.

8. B-Channel Processes An important aspect of the invention involves the B-channel processes which respond to decisions made by both the LTA and STA. Referring to Figure 16, channel process invocation is triggered in response to end of train transmission on any B-channel for input or output traffic. There are three different cases for reallocating a recently freed B-channel to release an emptied buffer to a free buffer pool:
l. The first part of the channel process algorithm at 180 prevents locking out trains associated with low traffic rate destinations, or locking out incoming call requests. Executing lockout prevention at the first part of the algorithm eliminates possibility of lockout. Since this part of the algorithm tends to disturb stable allocations of B-channels to high intensity traffic streams, probability of invocation preferably is modulated inversely to the number of B-channels assigned to the destination associated with the just freed B-channel.
The probability of invocation is higher if the B-channel is allocated fractionally to a high number of WO92/21186 PCT/US91/0~15 i l distinct destinations. Probability of invocation is lower if more B-channels have been allocated to the same destination. In other words, the higher the traffic rate for a destination d, the lower the S probability of causing a ~wild~ deallocation of one of its B-channels to handle of locked out trains.
Sealed trains are time stamped. A check is made by STA over the entire buffer pool for all destinations to see if there are trains whase age exceeds a predetermined age limit. If any are found, absence of B-channels allocated to their destinations are checked to confirm that trains are truly locked out. If such a flag is found, the just freed ~-channel is associated to all respective destinations, originating fractional allocations of B-channels, the oldest locked out train ;~ is selected and transmitted. A condition wherein the agè limit is set at a sufficiently high level, and if overall traffic does not exceed the capacity of the gateway is very rare. This condition must be rare to avoid thrashing in the allocation of B-channels, and must be handled as the first priority decision to avoid bloc~ing trains associated with very low packet rates.
;2. If any complete train is waiting f or a transmission to the same destination, in step 182 of ~the~ flow chart, the B-channel is re-used to transmit ~$t~ Giving priority to the~same destination re-use of ; the~8-ch~nnel minimizes~ ISDN call overhead.
3.~ ~If no complete train is waiting for transmission toward the same destination, step 184, two ~subc~-es are considered. ~ In the first subcase, the ust fr-ed B-channel is fractionally allocated to n de-tinations. The remaining n-l destinations are checked for waiting trains, and if one is found the channel is assiqned to it for transmittal. This allows :

~2 109 635 26 PCT/US91/03615 . ~ ,, .

maintenance of lstable~l pools of low traffic rate destinations. If none are found, the following second subcase is executed. If no complete train is waiting for destination d sub_i, Flag_Queue_Size is checked, and if set, a new destination d_sub_j is computed as the one which contains the largest relative queue size.
Thereafter, the channel process remains with decisions made by LTA.

9. Data Com~ression Another aspect of the invention provides data compression of packet trains, such as implementation of algorithms based on run-length encoding and Huffman encoding, and variations of Lempel-Ziv algorithms.
Run-length encoding refers to replacement of sequences of identical source elements by a triple consisting of a special code indicating a "run" of elements, a count of the run length and the repeated element. Huffman encoding translates fixed-sized source elements into variable-sized codes, where the size of the output code and bits is approximately the logarithm of the probability of the source element. For some kinds of data, the probabilities of elements are well known and fixed translation tables are available. In more general cases, where the distribution of source elements is not known, a translation table can be computed for a sum block of input data, and transferred ;~
alang with the ~data to allow decompression. This requires two passes over the input during compression;
table size must be significantly smaller than the data blocks.
The Lempel-Ziv algorithms convert variable-sized input elements, or strings, into fixed-sized codes.
Allowing long input se~uences gives the possibility for .

WO92/21186 ~. PCT/US91/03615 210963~

higher co~pression ratios than are possible with fixed-size source element algorithms, such as Huf fman encoding. The Lempel-Ziv algorithms are adaptive in that translation tables are built dynamically to reflect characteristics of the input, but require only a single pass during encoding. Decompression can be performed by dynamically building the same translation tables as were used during compression, using information implicit in the encoded data stream such as whether a particular code has ~een encountered.
The typical ranges of compression ratios of a compression algorithm selected to compress packet trains vary from unity for certain kinds of inherently random data such as floating point data or previously compressed data, to eight for some data bases containing large amounts of r~dundant or null data.
The average compression ratios over mixed input types depends on the chosen samples, but ratios of between two and four for fairly large samples of mixed input 20 found on real computer systems are comman; two is proposed as an example in the preferred embodiment.
~ rror detection and correction, as a surrounding protocol on compressed data to allow non-delivery of corrupted blocks, is required since any errors lead to catastrophic corruption of the rest of the packet train. ISDN error rates appear to be similar to LAN
- error rates. No additional error handling mechanisms are required above those that already exist in LAN
software. The D-channel has built-in error protection by virtue of using the HDLC protocol which includes error detection, packet sequencing and re-transmission.
In accordance with an aspect of the invention, shown in Figure 18, a controller 170 comprises a virtual B Allocator/Resource Manager 172 which opens a 21.0 9 6 ~.5. 28 PCT/US91/03615 . , . : ~ .

virtual s-channel with control attributes in table I, below, from the B-channel pool as requested. Manager 172 also assigns a virtual B processor 174 implemented -~
from among a plurality of such processors, and handles related supporting global resources. The virtual B
processors 174 at run time or initialization time provide the service of transparent addition and deletion of new or existing component channels in its virtual B-channel based on virtual B attributes. The processors 174 further provide transparent multiplexing of client data. Virtual B-channel monitor 176 carries out traffic and error monitoring of all virtual ~-channels. Data traffic ~flow and allocation, day allocation and replacement of channels to dynamically alter ~andwidth are performed by the monitor 176.
Call set-up/disconnect processor 178 sets up and disconnects protocol on the D-channel. Processor 178 interfaces to B-channel hardware to transform the B-channel call set-up or disconnect, and interfaces with the virtual 8 processors 174, resource manager 172 and client. HDLC/LAPD links 180 provide the variable links for clients, and are optional.
Component channels allocated for a virtual B-channel have the following four defined states:
activated, deactivated, transien~ and steady. In the deactivated state, data transfer is for~idden although control protocol exchange is not. Component channels allocated or joined are initially in the deactivated state~ A channel, deactivated for a sender immediately following the deactive_b command, described later, is queued for transmission. For a receiver, a channel is deactivated immediately after the command is received.
Only a bi-directionally deactivated channel is removed and physically disconnected from the virtual channel of which it was a member.
In the activated state, both data and control protocol transfer are permitted. A channel is activated to a sender only after acknowledgement of the active _b command transmitted is received. For a receiver, a channel is activated immediately after this command is received.
The transient state is defined by guarding periods before acknowledgements are received from the far-end.
A virtual channel is transi,~ent when any component channels are transient. No data can be sent over a channel in the transient state.
A component channel is in the steady state if it is not in the transient state, that is, if it is activated or deactivated. A virtual channel is in the steady state if all its components are in the steady state.
A virtual B-channel is operative in two multiplexing modes, restricted mode and forced load-balancing mode. In the restricted mode,, data received for transmission is sequentially distributed, one packet at a time, in~a round-robin fashion over the steady activated component channels; deactivated channels are skipped. The f ar-end virtual 8 processor 174 receives and recovers data in the same round-robin sequence. In the load-balancing mode of operation, the distribution for transmissions over the channels follows a protocol of most-empty-channel-first for transmission. The receiver recovers it by the global sequence numbers by scanning, comparing and carrying out trace-back time-out presentation. During either distribution process, active_b commands, described below, are sent in-line on the deactivated component WO92/21186 PCT/US91/0~15 21096~5 30 .. .., . ~. ~; .

channels. For component channels to be deactivated, deactive_b commands are sent in-line over these channels in place of the data in the sequence. Time-fill SYNC_~B packets may be sent over channels in the restricted mode of operation to avoid ~holes" in the data stream, and further can be used for time control in the load-balancing mode of operation.

l0. Control and Multi~lexinq The following are the command categories and their detailed format with bit defi,~itions. This protocol assumes the use of flow control to be optional, at least to some degree, depending on the implementation and environment. In the restricted mode, this can be controlled by client link level protocol; outstanding transmissions preferably should not result in difference of twenty-six generations or more between the receiving and the far-end transmitting loop. The load-balancing mode has the same format except that all the numbered command category header-bytes described below will be two bytes in length.

* DATA
Ossnnnnn: one byte as header of client~s data for transmit.

* RQST_Bs l0lnnnnn: one byte header of one or multiple control bytes. The first control byte can further specify explicitly whether ,it is global. If it does not specify, it depends on the address bytes which follow.
No address byte for the in-band operation is required, and multiple address bytes imply the in-band line is not explicitly included. The explicit global commands WOg2/21186 PCT/US91/0~15 31 210963-~

have the leftmost bit on, followed by explicitly specified address bytes. If the leftmost two bits are both on, it is a broadcast, and no address ~ytes follow. Multiple bytes are useful for off-band control. At present, only one byte of in-band control is employed. The leftmost third bit is reserved, and the fourth bit is for system control point specification. These are external or internal indicated by E and I respectively as follows. The last four bits define the commands of this category. At present, these are: _ DEACTIv_Bs group: uwxlz, w bit is reserved and u defines two system points.
DEL_Bs - (OXOO , O), an external delete command DEX_Bs - (DEL_Bs ' l), an DEL_Bs, followed by external setup DI~_Bs - (DEL_Bs , OXlO), internally initiated delete command DIX_Bs - (DEX_Bs , OXlO), DIL_Bs, followed by internal setup ACTIV_Bs group: uwxOz, w bit is reserved, u the same -~ as defined above.
ADD_Bs - (OXOO , 2), an external add command.
~; AID_Bs - (ADD_Bs ' OXlO), an internally initiated ADD_Bs , - * SYNC vB
- ~ llOnnnnn: one byte only, used for time-fill and synchronization.

. ~ ~
ll1nnnnn: one byte header, followed by no or multiple optional bytes. This is an acceptance ac~nowledge in reply to a RQST_Bs, and in-band is implied if no other bytes follow.~` Similar to the case in RQST_Bs, the first by which follows can further specify whether it 3S is global. $he leftmost two bits have exactly the same meanings, which describe the scope of the possible further succeeding addrèsæ bytes. The leftmost third bit, if on, turns the whole meaning of the response . .

WO92/21186 PCr/US91/0~15 210963$ 32 into a negative acknowledgement, instead. The last five bits are the same as for RQST_Bs.
* MODE_vB
l000000m: for virtual channel operation and format specification. THis has two members, MODE_rst with m =
0 and MODE lbc with m = l; MODE_rst defines the nnnnn five bit generation number in restricted mode. In the load-balancing mode, it handshakes with MODE_lbc, with thirteen (13) bits global sequence numbers, when opening a virtual B. The attributes of Ta~le I to follow after these headers are optional. The mode negotiation can proceed only when all component channels are in deactivated states, or UNA will be received. if the optional attributes are not acce~ted, UNA will also be received. A REJ will be received if the remote end does not support or will not accept this request. In addition to this role of mode negotiations, MODE_vB resets the generation number or the global sequence number for transmitter and the corresponding variable back to 0 to restart and resets the transmitter and receiver (loop) pointers back to the first component position.
* RR
l00000l0: Informs the far-end receiver that this end is ready.
: ~ *
' l00000ll: Informs the far-end receiver that his end is not reàdy.
* ATTRB_vB
l00000l00: The parameters in Table I follow this for far-end negotiation.
* UA
.
10010000: This unnumbered positive response means acceptance in the mode negotiation. The same MODE_vB
packet will be sent back as bi-direction ~-~ initialization, following the UA. The UA is also used for acknowledgement to flow control commands RR and ~` RNR. It is used for acceptance acknowledgement to ATTR~_yB as well as unnumbered commands.
* UNA

: `
,: , ~:
: `;

WO92/21186 PCT/US91/0~1 l00l0l00: a negative response for refusing, used similarly to UA.
* REJ
l00lll00: as explained in the MODE_vB description.
All these unnumbered are in-band, although MoDE-vs is for glo~al. The ~nnnnn~ is a module 32 correlation generation number, or a zero based global sequence number, assigned to each round of transmissions in restricted mode of operation, or assigned and incremented by one for each ~umbered transmission in the load balanced mode. The "ss~ in the DATA command, which has four values ll, l0, 0l nd ll, is for frame segmentation.
Processing of these commands is independent of lS their arriving timing phase with respect to other channels, once dequeued. The sequence numbers are for data synchronization across the component channels. A
receiver variable "nr", used for synchronization, is incremented by one after each round, or each actual numbered reception. This is a recovery process corresponding to the far-end sender~s sequence number increment for each round, or each data or numbered ccmmand transmission.
Once mode negotiation is done, sequence number comparison is then started. The selected virtual B
processor 174 polls the receiving queue and then s~eps to the next component channel. In restricted mode, if nothing arrives in the queue of an activated channel, the processor stays and waits indefinitely. In the case of NAC implementation, the processor waits indefinitely or steps after a time out period if a trace-back timer has been started, regardless of the channel states. At a deactivated component channel, WO92~21186 PCT/US91/03615 210963~

the processor hunts through all following contiguous deactivated channels for any arrival, and does trace-back get, steps or stays until the trace-back timer expires, if arrival time inversion is found. The time-fill ~YNC_vB commands are to be received over theirpxeceding channels, if no other commands or data are available through these channels. The receptions in load-balancing mode are always in hunting mode, across the full range of component channels. The processor continues looking for the correct sequence num~er for presentation. Trace-back time-out presentation scheme applies in either mode.
Parameters which characterize a virtual B-channel to be opened and used to monitor the channel hereinafter are listed in Table I.

typedef struct ( long err threshold: /~ one out of err ~hreshold frames ~/
short err action thres: /~ act on contig err action thres */
short err action De = i~ allow deactivation of errored channel ~/
short max band width; /~ max allowed bandwidth */
shor_ hig~ utiI thres; /~ high effective % band width threshold ~/
shor-. high ~usy util thres;/~ one high util out of high busv util~/ -short high act~on_thr~s; ,/~ act on contig hi~h busy uti' tnres ~/
snort high action_permit; /~ allow ~andwidth lncrememt ac_ions short ~in band width; /~ minimum allowed bandwidth ~/
short low util ~hres; /~ low effective % ~andwidth threshold *~
short low ~usy util t~res; ,'~ one low util out of low busv util ~/
shor~ low act on thres; /~ act on contig low ~usy util ~hres ~/
short low act~on Dermit; /~ allow bandwidth decrement ac_ions *~
shorS set UD retry_thres; /~ max contig retry b~ore gi~ing u~ */
shor~ no actlon_thres; /~ no action threshold time ~/
) VB THRESHOLD:
Table I - Virtual 3 C~annel At~-ibutes (in C language representation) ll. Traffic Sensina Sensing of traffic for automatic control of bandwidth is carried out as follows. Assuming that the sampling rate is one sample every two seconds, the maximum bandwidth of the virtual channel opened is set WO92/21186 PCT/US91/0~15 35 .2109635 to be five B-channels, definition of the high_util thres is 75~, of a high_busy_util_thres is 5, the high action_thres is ten and the initial channel opened is one B-channel (64Kbps). As transmission rate increases steadily from an original effective rate of 45Kbps to 55Kbps, a procedure for adding a new line is automatically initiated thirty seconds later. This assumes that the high_action__permit is true. A new element channel is added and the new line utilization will be 42.3~ if traffic is maintained at 55Kbps. An increase in input data rate thus drives up bandwidth growth. If the input data rate continues to increase, the bandwidth eventually will reach five B-channels as a maximum.
When traffic decreases, assuming that the low_util - thres is 30%, and the low_busy_util_thres and low action_thres are five and ten, respectively, no line will be deleted from the virtual B if a pattern of the driving traffic does not have a utilization of less than 30% in any continuous ten seconds or there is no consecutive repeating ten or more times. If the low action_permit is false, no reduction in virtual B-channels is permitted. The attributes of the virtual B
thus define the bandwidth control behavior.
- 25 If line error rate is above a predefined threshold rate for a predetermined period of time, line replacement operations are reduced in addition to bandwidth control.

* * * *

l2. Conclusion The invention provides user transparent sharing of terminal resources distributed on an ISDN in response 21~'963~

to operating system commands issued from any terminal and transmitted globally on the Network. Bandwidth utilization during information transfer between terminals is optimized by carrying out dynamic B-channel allocation in response to traffic directed toeach destination on the Network. Packets of data are transmitted on the Network from each terminal in packet ~trains" rather than as individual packets. The trains are compressed using a suitable compression algorithm.
In this disclosure, there is shown and described only the preferred embodiment of the invention, but, as aforementioned, it is to be understood Ihat the invention is capable of use in various other combinations and environments and is capable of changes l~ or modifications within the scope of the inventive concept as expressed herein.

Claims (10)

Claims

1. A network, comprising:
a plurality of computers having a common operating system;
means for interfacing said computers to a common ISDN line; and means for transmitting on said common ISDN line an operating system command globally to all of said computers.

2. A network, comprising:
a plurality of computers having associated resources and a common operating system;
means for interfacing said computers to a common ISDN line; and means for transmitting on said common ISDN line an operating system command globally to all of said computers for accessing said resources.

3. A network, comprising:
a first local area network comprising a plurality of computers having a common operating system;
a second local area network remote from said first local area network and having said common operating system;
means for interfacing said first and second local area networks to a common ISDN line; and means for transmitting an operating system command on said ISDN line from one computer on said first local area network globally to all other of said computers in said first and second local area networks.

4. A network, comprising:
a local area network comprising a plurality of computers having a common operating system;
a computer remote from said local area network and having said common operating system;
means for interfacing said remote computer and said local area network to a common ISDN line; and means for transmitting an operating system command on said ISDN line from said remote computer globally to all of said computers in said local area network.

5. A network, comprising:
a plurality of computers each having at least one data storage disk;
means for interfacing said computers to a common ISDN line; and means for transmitting on said common ISDN line an operating system command from one of said computers globally to all others of said computers for accessing data storage disks thereof.

6. A network, comprising:
a plurality of computers each having at least one data storage disk having a unique name;
means for interfacing said computers to a common ISDN line; and means for accessing a selected data storage disk fora particular one of said computers by transmitting on said common ISDN line an operating system command including the unique name of said selected disk, from said particular one of said computers globally to all others of said computers.

7. The network of any one of the preceding claims, including means for detecting traffic on said ISDN, and means responsive to said traffic for dynamically allocating B-channels to a predetermined terminal.

8. The network of claim 7, wherein said B-channel allocation means includes means for establishing input and output destination queues corresponding to said terminals;
data flowmeter means for measuring quantity of data arriving at each said input and output destination queue during a particular time interval;
means for polling each said data flowmeter means at fixed intervals;
long term channel allocation means responsive to said polling means for allocating or deallocating transmission channels to a particular destination on said medium depending upon data flow traffic to said destination and particular channel parameters; and short term channel allocation means, overriding said long term channel allocation means in response to predetermined conditions, for allocating or deallocating transmission channels on said medium.

9. The network of claim 8, including means for assembling pluralities of packets into trains, each consisting of a predetermined number of packets, and means for transmitting said trains onto said medium.

10. The network of claim 9, including means for compressing said trains prior to transmission thereof onto said medium.