CA2105990A1 - Maize resistant to aryloxyphenoxyalkanecarboxylic acid herbicides - Google Patents
Maize resistant to aryloxyphenoxyalkanecarboxylic acid herbicidesInfo
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- CA2105990A1 CA2105990A1 CA002105990A CA2105990A CA2105990A1 CA 2105990 A1 CA2105990 A1 CA 2105990A1 CA 002105990 A CA002105990 A CA 002105990A CA 2105990 A CA2105990 A CA 2105990A CA 2105990 A1 CA2105990 A1 CA 2105990A1
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
- A01N43/72—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with nitrogen atoms and oxygen or sulfur atoms as ring hetero atoms
- A01N43/74—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with nitrogen atoms and oxygen or sulfur atoms as ring hetero atoms five-membered rings with one nitrogen atom and either one oxygen atom or one sulfur atom in positions 1,3
- A01N43/76—1,3-Oxazoles; Hydrogenated 1,3-oxazoles
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
- A01H5/00—Angiosperms, i.e. flowering plants, characterised by their plant parts; Angiosperms characterised otherwise than by their botanic taxonomy
- A01H5/10—Seeds
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
- A01H4/00—Plant reproduction by tissue culture techniques ; Tissue culture techniques therefor
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
- A01H6/00—Angiosperms, i.e. flowering plants, characterised by their botanic taxonomy
- A01H6/46—Gramineae or Poaceae, e.g. ryegrass, rice, wheat or maize
- A01H6/4684—Zea mays [maize]
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N39/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing aryloxy- or arylthio-aliphatic or cycloaliphatic compounds, containing the group or, e.g. phenoxyethylamine, phenylthio-acetonitrile, phenoxyacetone
- A01N39/02—Aryloxy-carboxylic acids; Derivatives thereof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
- A01N43/34—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
- A01N43/40—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom six-membered rings
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
- A01N43/48—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with two nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- A01N43/60—1,4-Diazines; Hydrogenated 1,4-diazines
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- C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
- C12N5/04—Plant cells or tissues
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- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
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- C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
- C12N9/93—Ligases (6)
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Abstract
(57) Abstract By selection for their resistance against aryloxy-phenoxy-alkane carboxylic acid herbicides, herbicide-resistant maize cell lines, calluses and plants regenerated therefrom may be obtained, that reliably transmit the herbicide resistance to their progeny.
Description
210~99 ~ `
wo 92/16101 PCT¦EP92/00506 FILE, UN~N THiS AM~NDED
Description l~E~ TRANSLATION
Maize resistant to aryloxyphenoxyalkanecarboxylic acid herbicides Aryloxyphenoxyalkanecarboxylic acid herbicide~ ~which are also to be understood as meaning heteroaryloxyphenoxy-alkanecarboxylic acid derivatives) are effective grass herbicides. A representative of this class of active sub~tances which i8 to be mentioned hereinafter is fenoxaprop-ethyl ("FOPE"), which is to be understood as meaning the biologically active D-isomer as well as the racemate. They act on plants from the family of the Poaceae (Gramineae), since only this plant family have a specific form of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) which can be inhibited by micromolar concentrations of FOPE. Remaining terreetrial plants have ACC types whose ~ensitivity to this clas~ of active substances is 100 to 1000 times lower.
Since FOPE and other aryloxyphenoxyalkanecarboxylic acid herbicides are taken up via the aerial part6 of the plant~, but are rapidly inactivated in the 80il, these herbicides are suitable for controlling grasses post-emergence.
"
; The crop plant maize (Zea mays) is particularly ~ensitive ; to FOPE. This is why these compounds cannot be used for 2s controlling grass weeds in maize fields.
~; It has been found that in areas where FOPE ha~ been applied repeatedly, forms arise spontaneously in popu-~; iations of wild grasses ;hich are resistant to this class of herbicide. Since such mutations occur only at a rate `~ ~ 30 of approximately 10-9 to 10-9, a corre~ponding search for mutants in maize fie~d~ would be of little promise even - i if maize were not so highly sensitive to FOPE.
:
~ Surprisingly, it has now been found that maize cells can .
- : . .. - . .-' , ' , ' ' ' ' ~ ' ' ' ' . ' ' ' , ' ' ' , " ' 21~990 be selected which are resistant to FOPE and which can be grown on to give resistant plants which, in turn, pass on thi~ resistance property in a stable manner.
Cell lines which are ~uitable for selection are known (for example from Morocz et al., Theor. Appl. Genet. ~o (1990) 721-726) or have been propo6ed in European Patent Applications 90 111 945.3 and 90 111 946.1. With effect from September 30, 1990, a s,uitable cell line was depo-sited at the Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen ~German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures] in compliance with the provi~ion of the Budapest treaty, Deposit No. DSM 6009.
To obtain resistant cell lines, the cells are cultured in auxin-free media in the presence of FOPE concentrations which kill more than 90% of the cell~. The cells can be cultured in such media for as long as desired, for example easily over 10 transfers and more. Synthetic auxins, such as 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, p-chloro-phenoxyacetic acid, 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid (dicamba) antagonize the effect of FOPE if the latter ie employed in sublethal concentrations. Selection experiments using FOPE in the concentration range of up to 105 M in the presence of synthetic auxins were un~uccessful. This is why auxin-autotrophic maize cell lines were used.
It is characteristic of auxin-autotrophic cell lines that they can, in the form of an embryogenic culture, be subcultured on phytohormone-free cell culture media for : a~ long a~ desired, for example for two to three years.
Auxin autotrophic calli were subcultured in each case every 3 to 4 weeks over 15 transfers and more, and mutants were found by stepwise increase of the FOPE
concentration. The~e FOPE-tolerant mutants can be sub-cultured over 10 tran~fers and more on FOPE-containing, auxin-free medium. Under selective conditions, i.e. in the presence of 10-~ M FOPE, the embryogenic calli . ;
`` 21059~0 ~ 3 -spontaneously give rise to plants which can be grown on to give fertile maize plants.
Flowering regenerated plants are, on the one hand, selfed and, on the other hand, pollen from the regenerated plants i9 used for pollinating inbred lines. The mature seeds are sown, and the Fl generation seedlings are treated with FOPE when they have reached the 2- to 4-leaf stage. A considerable number of selected plants survive even at concentrations of up to 200 g of active substance per ha (g of a.i./ha).
The regenerated maize plants can be treated with FOPE at rates of up to 200 g of a.i./ha; it i9 preferred to employ betwéen 20 and 150 g, in particular between 30 and 90 g, of a.i.tha. These amounts apply to the biologically active D-isomer of fenoxaprop-ethyl. Maize plants accor-ding to the invention are preferably selected using the optically active isomer, but suitable amounts of the racemate can also be employed.
The ACC gene can be isolated from the mutants according ~0 to the invention and characterized in a manner known per se. Mutated genes, which encode FOPE-tolerant ACC, can be used for the transformation of other plant cells.
It is furthermore possible to combine FOPE tolerance in maize with resistance to other herbicides. To this end, for example, transgenic cell lines are use~ which contain a resistance gene for the non-selective herbicide phos-phinothricin, glufosinate or bialaphos. Such genes are disclojsed, for example, in EP-A 0,257,S42, 0,275,957, 0,297,618 or from DE-A 3,701,623 or DE-B 3,825,507. When ~uitable cell lines are grown, phosphinothricin tolerance ~an be employed as an additional marker.
Otper tran~genlc plants according to the invention may contain toxin gene~, for example genes encoding the ~-endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis, or genes for : . ., : ~ - , . . .
. . :. : . :. . : , ..... :, ... .. . .
... . , , .: .. .. .. . . .
.. , . . : - '.: . :.. : . . .
wo 92/16101 PCT¦EP92/00506 FILE, UN~N THiS AM~NDED
Description l~E~ TRANSLATION
Maize resistant to aryloxyphenoxyalkanecarboxylic acid herbicides Aryloxyphenoxyalkanecarboxylic acid herbicide~ ~which are also to be understood as meaning heteroaryloxyphenoxy-alkanecarboxylic acid derivatives) are effective grass herbicides. A representative of this class of active sub~tances which i8 to be mentioned hereinafter is fenoxaprop-ethyl ("FOPE"), which is to be understood as meaning the biologically active D-isomer as well as the racemate. They act on plants from the family of the Poaceae (Gramineae), since only this plant family have a specific form of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) which can be inhibited by micromolar concentrations of FOPE. Remaining terreetrial plants have ACC types whose ~ensitivity to this clas~ of active substances is 100 to 1000 times lower.
Since FOPE and other aryloxyphenoxyalkanecarboxylic acid herbicides are taken up via the aerial part6 of the plant~, but are rapidly inactivated in the 80il, these herbicides are suitable for controlling grasses post-emergence.
"
; The crop plant maize (Zea mays) is particularly ~ensitive ; to FOPE. This is why these compounds cannot be used for 2s controlling grass weeds in maize fields.
~; It has been found that in areas where FOPE ha~ been applied repeatedly, forms arise spontaneously in popu-~; iations of wild grasses ;hich are resistant to this class of herbicide. Since such mutations occur only at a rate `~ ~ 30 of approximately 10-9 to 10-9, a corre~ponding search for mutants in maize fie~d~ would be of little promise even - i if maize were not so highly sensitive to FOPE.
:
~ Surprisingly, it has now been found that maize cells can .
- : . .. - . .-' , ' , ' ' ' ' ~ ' ' ' ' . ' ' ' , ' ' ' , " ' 21~990 be selected which are resistant to FOPE and which can be grown on to give resistant plants which, in turn, pass on thi~ resistance property in a stable manner.
Cell lines which are ~uitable for selection are known (for example from Morocz et al., Theor. Appl. Genet. ~o (1990) 721-726) or have been propo6ed in European Patent Applications 90 111 945.3 and 90 111 946.1. With effect from September 30, 1990, a s,uitable cell line was depo-sited at the Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen ~German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures] in compliance with the provi~ion of the Budapest treaty, Deposit No. DSM 6009.
To obtain resistant cell lines, the cells are cultured in auxin-free media in the presence of FOPE concentrations which kill more than 90% of the cell~. The cells can be cultured in such media for as long as desired, for example easily over 10 transfers and more. Synthetic auxins, such as 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, p-chloro-phenoxyacetic acid, 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid (dicamba) antagonize the effect of FOPE if the latter ie employed in sublethal concentrations. Selection experiments using FOPE in the concentration range of up to 105 M in the presence of synthetic auxins were un~uccessful. This is why auxin-autotrophic maize cell lines were used.
It is characteristic of auxin-autotrophic cell lines that they can, in the form of an embryogenic culture, be subcultured on phytohormone-free cell culture media for : a~ long a~ desired, for example for two to three years.
Auxin autotrophic calli were subcultured in each case every 3 to 4 weeks over 15 transfers and more, and mutants were found by stepwise increase of the FOPE
concentration. The~e FOPE-tolerant mutants can be sub-cultured over 10 tran~fers and more on FOPE-containing, auxin-free medium. Under selective conditions, i.e. in the presence of 10-~ M FOPE, the embryogenic calli . ;
`` 21059~0 ~ 3 -spontaneously give rise to plants which can be grown on to give fertile maize plants.
Flowering regenerated plants are, on the one hand, selfed and, on the other hand, pollen from the regenerated plants i9 used for pollinating inbred lines. The mature seeds are sown, and the Fl generation seedlings are treated with FOPE when they have reached the 2- to 4-leaf stage. A considerable number of selected plants survive even at concentrations of up to 200 g of active substance per ha (g of a.i./ha).
The regenerated maize plants can be treated with FOPE at rates of up to 200 g of a.i./ha; it i9 preferred to employ betwéen 20 and 150 g, in particular between 30 and 90 g, of a.i.tha. These amounts apply to the biologically active D-isomer of fenoxaprop-ethyl. Maize plants accor-ding to the invention are preferably selected using the optically active isomer, but suitable amounts of the racemate can also be employed.
The ACC gene can be isolated from the mutants according ~0 to the invention and characterized in a manner known per se. Mutated genes, which encode FOPE-tolerant ACC, can be used for the transformation of other plant cells.
It is furthermore possible to combine FOPE tolerance in maize with resistance to other herbicides. To this end, for example, transgenic cell lines are use~ which contain a resistance gene for the non-selective herbicide phos-phinothricin, glufosinate or bialaphos. Such genes are disclojsed, for example, in EP-A 0,257,S42, 0,275,957, 0,297,618 or from DE-A 3,701,623 or DE-B 3,825,507. When ~uitable cell lines are grown, phosphinothricin tolerance ~an be employed as an additional marker.
Otper tran~genlc plants according to the invention may contain toxin gene~, for example genes encoding the ~-endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis, or genes for : . ., : ~ - , . . .
. . :. : . :. . : , ..... :, ... .. . .
... . , , .: .. .. .. . . .
.. , . . : - '.: . :.. : . . .
- 2 1 ~ c) ~ 9 0 chitinases or glucanase~, or other selectable marker genes, for example genes for resistance to glyphosate or sulfonylureas.
The following (C~-C4) alkyl, (C2-C4)alkenyl and (C3-C~) -alkynyl aryloxyphenoxyal~anecarboxylate herbicides can also be employed for selecting resistant maize cell lines:
Al) Phenoxyphenoxy- and benzyloxyphenoxyalkanecarboxylic acid derivatives, for example methyl 2-(4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy)propionate (diclofop-methyl), methyl 2-(4-(4-bromo-2-chlorophenoxy)phenoxy)propionate (see DE-A-2,601,548), methyl 2-(4-(4-bromo-2-fluorophenoxy)phenoxy)propionate (~ee US-A-4,808,750), methyl 2-(4-(2-chloro-4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)phenoxy)-propionate ~see DE-A-2,433,067), me,thyl 2-(4-(2-fluoro-4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)phenoxy)-propionate (see US-A-4,80B,750), methyl 2-(4-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)phenoxy)propionate (see DE-A-2,417,487), ethyl 4-(4-(4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)phenoxy)pent-2-enoate, methyl 2-~4-(4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)phenoxy)propionate (~ee DE-A-2,433,067), A2) "Mononuclear" heteroaryloxyphenoxyalkanecarboxylic acid deri~atives, for example ethyl 2-(4-(3,5-dichloropyridyl-2-oxy)phenoxy)propionate ~see EP-A-2,925), propargyl 2-(4-(3,5-dichloropyridyl-2-oxy)phenoxy)-propionate (EP-A-3,114), methyl 2-(4-(3-chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-2-pyridyloxy)-phenoxypropionate (see EP-A-3,890), ethyl 2-(4-(3-chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-2-pyridyloxy)-phenoxy)propionate (see EP-A-3,890), propargyl 2-(4-(5-chloro-3-fluoro-2-pyridyloxy)phenoxy)-- - - -: -: . :
- ~:
' ' . . . .
210~9~
propionate (EP-A-191,736), butyl 2-(4-(5-trifluoromethyl-2-pyridyloxy)phenoxy-propionate (fluazifop-butyl; fusilade-butyl), A3) ~Binuclear~ heteroaryloxyphenoxyalkanecarboxylic acid derivatives, for example methyl and ethyl 2-(4-(6-chloro-2-quinoxalyloxy)-phenoxy)propionate (quizalofop-methyl and -ethyl), methyl 2-(4-(6-fluoro-2-quinoxalyloxy)phenoxy)propionate (see J. Pest. Sci. Vol. 10, 61 (1985)), methyl and 2-isopropylideneaminooxyethyl 2-(4-(6-chloro-2-quinolyloxy)phenoxy)propionate (propaquizafop and it~
ester), ethyl 2-(4-(6-chlorobenzoxazol-2-yloxy)phenoxy)propionate (fenoxaprop-ethyl) and ethyl 2-(4-(6-chlorobenzothiazol-2-yloxy)phenoxy-propionate (see DE-A-2,640,730)).
The auxin-autotrophic cell lines are also particularly suitable for the selection of mutants which are obtained using other ACC-inhibitors, namely cyclohexanedione-herbicides, in particular sethoxydim, tralkoxydim, cycloxydim, alloxydim and clethoxydim.
The fact that maize plants can be obtained which are re~istant to conventional concentrations of sethoxydim has been published by Parker et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad.
Sci. Vol. a7, pp. 7175-7179). These plants also display a certain cross-resistance to low concentrations of haloxyfop. ~owever, the maize~plants produced according to the invention are resistant to higher concentrations of aryloxyphenoxyalkanecarboxylic acid herbicides, as 30, they are required for use in practice. Thus, the maize plants according to the invention allow the selective control of monocotyledon weeds (grass weeds) in maize using aryloxyphenoxyalkanecarboxylic acid derivatives (including heteroaryloxyphenoxyalkanecarboxylic acid derivatives), either alone or in combination with each other.
: . . .
, , , . . .. -, ~ . : : ..
2~990 The invention also relates to the use of maize plants which are treated with a combination of aryloxyphenoxy-carboxylic acid herbicides and herbicides against dicoty-ledon weeds. Thi~ i~ because it was possible, surpris-ingly, to identify components for mixtures for aryloxy-phenoxyalkanecarboxylic acid herbicides which are not only tolerated by the regenerated maize plants, but whose herbicidal activity is simultaneously improved.
Thus, the combination of the herbicides results in syner-gistic effects. Using such mixtures means substantialeconomical, but also ecological, advantages.
Synergism is to be understood as meaning a mutually reinforcing effect of two or even more substances. In the , present case, the combined use of two herbicides allows the application rate of the herbicides to be reduced while still achieving the same herbicidal activity, or, using the same application rates of the herbicides allows a higher activity to be achieved than to be expected on the ba~is of the individually employed active substances.
By using such synergistic effects, it is possible to considerably reduce the application rates of the com-ponent~ involved in the mixture, and a broad range of mono- and dicotyledon weeds can be controlled in one operation. The reduced application rates apply in parti-cular to the ACC-inhibitors, but also to the components in the mixtures with regard to effectiveness against dicotyledon weeds.
Particularly interesting from amongst the aryloxyph~noxy-alkanecarboxylic acid herbicides are the following 3~ herbicides: fenoxaprop-ethyl, haloxyfop-methyl, quizalofop-ethyl, fluazifop-butyl.
The following herbicide~ display synergi~tic activity when used as a component in mixtures for the additional control of broad-leaf weeds;
: , . , . - , . : . .
. . ,;. ,, ~ ,. :. -... . ~
., . .. .: , . . :
... . , : , 210~99~
Primisulfuron, thifensulfuron, nicosulfuron, DPX-E 9636, amidosulfuron, pyridylsulfonylureas, as described in German Patent Applications P 4,000,503.8 and P 4,030,577.5, in particular 3-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)-1-13-(N-methyl-N-methylsulfonylamino-2-pyridyl-sulfonyl]urea, an alkoxyphenoxysulfonylurea, as described in EP-A-0,342,569, furthèrmore NC 319 (EP 2~2,613) and other sulfonylureas, as well as mixtures of various abovementioned sulfonylureas with each other, ~uch as, for example, a mixture of nicosulfuron and DPX-E 9636.
Other herbicides which have the same, or a similar, mechanism of action as the above sulfonylureas, namely imidazolinones, such as, for example, imazethapyr, imaza-quin, imazapyr (each of which can be employed in maize together with a safener), also display a synergistic increase in activity when employed together with ACC
inhibitors.
Other herbicides which, like ~ulfonylureas and imidazoli-nones, are inhibitors of the enzyme acetolactate synthase (ALS) are also suitable, for example substituted pyrimi-" dines and triazines, herbicidal ~ulfonamides, such as flumetsulam (Cordes, R.C. et al., Abstr. Meet. Weed Sci.
Soc. Am. 31, 10, 1991), or other related compounds and mixtures of euch active substances with each other.
A series of other herbicides which are employed for controlling weeds in maize, but display different mecha-nisms of action, also showed a synergistic increase in activity when used together with fenoxaprop-ethyl or with other ACC inhibitors:
ICI-051: (2-12-chloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)be,nzoyl]-1,3-cyclohexanedione, atrazine, cyanazine and terbuthylazine, clopyralid, pyridate, bromoxynil, pendimethalin, dicamba.
The hérbi~ides are generally u~ed at application rates of between 0.01 and 2 kg/ha, i.e. the total amount of active -- , .
-' ' . ' ~ ~' 210~9~0 .
sulbstance combination to be used is approximately 0.05 to 2 kg/ha. The application rate required can vary as a function of the external conditions, such as temperature and humidity, inter alia, that is preferably between 0.05 and 1 kg/ha. The ratios of t~e components can vary within wide limit~. A quantitative ratio of between 1:20 and 20:1 is preferably selected.
These synergistic effects are achieved not only in the case of mixtures with fenoxaprop-ethyl, but also when other ACC inhibitors are used, for example the cyclo-hexanediones. A combination of the active substances is t~o be understood as meaning that the herbicidal active substances are applied together or one after the other, at an interval of a few day~, in the form of a so-called split application. In each case the weeds respond with an increased sensitivity, 80 that lower application rates allow a very good control effect.
In the ollowing examples, the invention will ~e illus-trated in greater detail without being restricted thereto. Percentages relate to the weight, unless other-wise specified.
1st Example : Selection of FOPE-tolerant embryogenic maize cell cultures Maize plants from inbred lines B 73 and LH 82 were pollinated with pollen from genotype HE 89, which is capable of regeneration (Morocz et al., Theor. Appl.
Genet. 80 [1990) 721-726 loc. cit.). 12 to 14 days after pol~ination, immature embryos were dissected from the seeds under sterile conditions and grown on hormone-free N6 culture medium (Chu et al., Sci. Sin. 18 (1975) 659-668) containing 9~ of sucrose, the embryo axis being in contact with the medium. Within 3 to 4 weeks, embryo-genic callu~ waQ formed on approximately 25% of the embryos, 1.0 to 2.0 mm in size, and this embryogenic callus could be subcultured on hormone-free medium. After , .. .. :.. .,. . . . , : . - .. ,: : . , ,.... .: -., .. :::. . . -210~9~0 g 3 to 4 subcultures, the selection of FOPE-tolerant mutants wa~ started using the callus lines which were distinguished by vigorous growth and reproducible diffe-rentiation of somatic embryos on the hormone-free medium.
Alternatively, callus lines were cultured, with 3 to 4 transfers, on N6 medium containing 1 mg/l of 2,4-di-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4D). The callus sectors con~isting of undifferentiated cells were used for subculturing. From these callus sectors, suspension cultures could be induced which were cultured in liquid N6 medium containing 0.5 mg/l of 2,4D and transferred weekly to fresh medium.
Tissue was taken from both callus cultures and suspension cultures and incubated for 4 to 6 weeks on hormone-free N6 medium in the presence of 1-3 x 1 o-6 M FOPE. Under these conditions, up to approximately 95 ~ of the cells and cell cluster~ were killed The surviying cell clusters were grown on on hormone-free N6 medium containing 3 x 10-6 M FOPE, by means of 2 passes. Per tran~fer, the cell~ remained on the selection medium for 4 to 6 weeks.
Subclones growing equally well under these conditions as wild-type cells on FOPE-free medium were grown on on hormone-free N6 medium containing 1 x 105 M FOPE.
After a further 4 to 6 weeks, those clones which con-tinued to grow on this selection medium without signifi-cant loss of vitality were transferred to a medium containing 3 x 105 M FOPE and, during the following subculturing, transferred to hormone-free N6 medium containing 1 x 10-~ M active sub3tance. Higher active sub~tance concentrations did not improve the selection effect further since the active substance crystallize~ in , the medium at a concentration of as little as 3 x 10-5 M.
.: .. ; . . . - , ~' .. ,:: . . . ~
21~99~
Example 2: Regeneration of FOPE-tolerant plants Plants which have been regenerated from those mutated clones which grew in the presence of 1 x 10-~ N FOPE in hormone-free N6 medium for 3 to 10 transfere without reduced vitality, differentiating plants fro~ somatic embryos in the process, were transferred into soil and grown in a controlled-environment cabinet at 30,000 to 40,000 Lux, a daytime temperature of 23 i 1C and a night-time temperature of 16 ~ 1C, with an illumination period of 14 houre. When the plants have developed 4 to 5 leaves, they are sprayed with 30 g of FOPE per ha. The plants survived this treatment without significant damage, while control plants were killed by the herbicide at this dosage rate.
Th~ flowering regenerated plants were, on the one hand, selfed and, on the other hand, their pollen wa~ ueed for pollinating inbred lines, such as, for example, B 73, LH 51, LH 82, LH 119, KW 1292, KW 5361, RA 129B or RA 3080. The mature seeds were sown, and the Fl gene-20~ ration seedlinge treated with FOPE when they had reachedthe 2- to 4-leaf stage. The resulte are giYen in Table l.
. .. . , ,, . .-. ..... , , - . , ,: :
,~ . ~: . . . .....
. : . . - -,: .. '. . . .. , . , . , . . :
2~0599~
Table 1: Treatment of regenerated plants and progeny with FOPE (* und. = undamaged) Plants Number , FOPE treatment 15 g of 30 9 of 60 9 o~
a.i./ha a.i./ha a.i./ha dead dead dead plantstund.* plants/und.* plants/und.*
Regen. 20 20 plants of unselected controls Regen. 10 - 10 plants of resistant callus Progeny from 60 5 15 7 13 8 12 self-pollin-ation (3X20) F,-progeny 48 8 8 10 6 7 9 from crosses ~3X16) Commercial 48 16 - 16 - 16 variety Felix : ~ Example 3: Haloxyfop-tolerant maize Resi'stant maize cell lines were obtained by the process described in Examples 1 and 2 and examined for resistance to haloxyfop. It was found that cell lines according to the invention tolerate a markedly higher dosage rate than the maize cell lines known from the prior art (see Parker et al.)..
, . . ~ . .. . ., . . ..... .. .. ... . .. . - . .
2 1 ~
Example 4: Treatment of herbicide-resistant maize plants with synergistic combinations of herbicides FOPE-resistant maize plants obtained by the process described in Examples 1 and 2 were grown in the green-house in pots of diameter 9 cm together with grass weedsand broad-leaf weeds until they had reached the 4-6 leaf stage, when they were treated post-emergence with the herbicides according to the invention. A water volume of 400 l/ha were used, two replications were carried out, and, after 5 weeks, the plants were scored on a percent-age key basis by visually assessing the control effect on the weeds.
The results from various experiments showed unexpected ~ynergistic increases in effects by herbicidal combi-nations which had been applied either concomitantly orone shortly after the other (see Tables 2 and 3).
No damage of any kind wa6 observed on the herbicide-resistant maize plants. Herbicides B4 and B6 was in each case both applied together with an active ~ubstance which acts as a safener.
., , ,, i. ,,, ........... .,,: . . ., ,:
.. .. . . . . .
-- 2l~s~a Table 2: Herbicidal activity against grasses . . - __ ... _ .
Herbicide Dosage rate of . % activity against ¦ . g of AS/ha SEVI DISA PAMI ECCG SOHA ZEMA
I .. __ .. _ Bl 50 98 93 65 98 60 0 _ ...
...... __ .
B4 25 80 90 . 65 95 45 0 " I 12 70 85 40 90 30 0 ..
~ .
¦ B7 250 5 0 0 10 0 0 ' '............. .... ... _ ~ _, . .... .. . . ~' . ~ . . .... ... .. . .. .
- 2~0~9~
.... ~ _ . ,, ~ . , Herbicide Dosage rate of% activity against ¦ g of AS/haSEVI DISA PAMI ECCG SOHA ZEMA
" B8 250 0, 0 0 0 0 0 125 _ 0 0 0 0 _ 0 0 125_ 0 0 0 0 0 0 A + Bl 12 + 12 100 100 100 100 98 0 12 + 25 100 98 95 lO0 80 0 I
A + B2 12 + 12 100 100 100 100 99 0 ' 6 + 12 __ _ 100 99 100 100 75 0 _ A + B3 12 + 12 100 100 100 lO0 100 0 12 + 25 100 100 100 100 100 0 I , A + B4 12 + 12 100 100 100 100 99 0 6 + 6 100 95 95 100 90 0 A + B5 12 + 12 100 100 100 100 100 0 6 + 6 100 98 98 100 100 0 I . . ._._, A + B6 12 + 50 100 100 100 100 100 0 1 6 + 25 100 99 98 100 95 0 ¦ A + B712 + 125 95 90 100 100 95 0 A + B812 + 125 90 95 100 99 90 0 I .
¦ ~ + B912 + 125 95 90 99 99 90 0 . : .. .
. ., . ~ : . , .;. : :.. ,.- ..
. . . , ~. ;~~ . . ; . , ! . . ' _ .
¦ Herbicide Dosage rate of ¦ g of AS/ha ABTH CHAL AMAR POCO AMRE ZEMA
I .. ..
¦ A 50 0 0 0 0 5 0 I _ ..
Bl 50 20 35 20 50 60 0 ¦ B2 12 40 80 70 80 20 0 , 1 6 20 60 40 50 10 0 I B3 . 50 70 80 30 40 40 0 12 _ 40 50 020 _ 15 0 ____ Bg 25 30 80 75 30 60 0 _ _ _ 50 50 30 60 40 7o-- 0 125 ~ 15 85 40 50 30 O
~ . ` . .
: ,,, ~ , : ~ , , . ,, ., ,,, `, ,., ` , .
.. . ,.,.. ,.~:, . `. ` : ` ` -. ~ , , ` `
9 9 ~
. __ __ ~
¦ Herbicide Dosage rate of .
¦ g of AS/h~ A8TH CHAL AMAR POCO AMRE ZEMA
¦ B9 250 90 100 98 80 75 0 I .__ _ ..
¦ A + Bl 12 + 12 40 50 30 60 90 0 1 12 + 25 40 30 30 40 75 0 ¦ A + B2 12 + 12 70 90 80 95 40 0 1 6 + 12 60 80 75 90 40 0 ~:
¦ A + B3 12 + 12 60 70 30 50 30 0 12 + 25 70 80 40 50 40 0 A + B4 12 + 12 50 95 90 90 80 0 6 + 6 30 60 60 90 75 0 A + B5 12 + 12 50 90 95 40 90 0 6 + 6 40 75 50 30 60 0 ll ~... l A + B6 12 ~ 50 70 50 95 70 80 0 6 + 25 50 30 60 40 60 0 A + B7 12 + 125 40 90 50 70 50 0 A + B8 12 + 125 60 80 40 60 40 0 .
A ~ B9 lZ ~ 125 90 90 80 50 60 0 . :......... ., ~ - ;
: . . . . . .. - ~ .
.. ., ;. ; ... . . . ..
210~990 , - 17 -Key for Tables 2 and 3:
SEVI = Setaria viridis (green foxtail) DISA = Digitaria sanguinali (large crab grass) PAMI = Panicum miliaceum (proso millet) ECCG = Echinochloa crus galli (common barnyard grass) SOHA = Sorghum halepense (Johnson grass) ABTH = Abutilon theophrasti (velvetleaf) CHAL = Chenopodium album (pigweed) AMAR = Ambrosia artemisifolia (hogweed) POCO = Polygonum convolvulus (black bindweed) A~RE = Amaranthus retroflexus (red root pigweed) ZEMA = Zea mays (maize) A = Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl B2 = Nicosulfuron B2 = Thifen~ulfuron B3 I Primigulfuron B4 ~ 3-(4,6-Dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)-1-[3-(N-methyl-N-methyl~ulfonylamino)-2-pyridyl~ulfonyl]urea B5 = DPX-9636 B6 , Imazethapyr B7 = Atrazine B8 = Bromoxynil B9 = Dicamba .. : - . . . . . .. . . . .
. : , : ............ . .
- .i.
The following (C~-C4) alkyl, (C2-C4)alkenyl and (C3-C~) -alkynyl aryloxyphenoxyal~anecarboxylate herbicides can also be employed for selecting resistant maize cell lines:
Al) Phenoxyphenoxy- and benzyloxyphenoxyalkanecarboxylic acid derivatives, for example methyl 2-(4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy)propionate (diclofop-methyl), methyl 2-(4-(4-bromo-2-chlorophenoxy)phenoxy)propionate (see DE-A-2,601,548), methyl 2-(4-(4-bromo-2-fluorophenoxy)phenoxy)propionate (~ee US-A-4,808,750), methyl 2-(4-(2-chloro-4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)phenoxy)-propionate ~see DE-A-2,433,067), me,thyl 2-(4-(2-fluoro-4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)phenoxy)-propionate (see US-A-4,80B,750), methyl 2-(4-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)phenoxy)propionate (see DE-A-2,417,487), ethyl 4-(4-(4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)phenoxy)pent-2-enoate, methyl 2-~4-(4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)phenoxy)propionate (~ee DE-A-2,433,067), A2) "Mononuclear" heteroaryloxyphenoxyalkanecarboxylic acid deri~atives, for example ethyl 2-(4-(3,5-dichloropyridyl-2-oxy)phenoxy)propionate ~see EP-A-2,925), propargyl 2-(4-(3,5-dichloropyridyl-2-oxy)phenoxy)-propionate (EP-A-3,114), methyl 2-(4-(3-chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-2-pyridyloxy)-phenoxypropionate (see EP-A-3,890), ethyl 2-(4-(3-chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-2-pyridyloxy)-phenoxy)propionate (see EP-A-3,890), propargyl 2-(4-(5-chloro-3-fluoro-2-pyridyloxy)phenoxy)-- - - -: -: . :
- ~:
' ' . . . .
210~9~
propionate (EP-A-191,736), butyl 2-(4-(5-trifluoromethyl-2-pyridyloxy)phenoxy-propionate (fluazifop-butyl; fusilade-butyl), A3) ~Binuclear~ heteroaryloxyphenoxyalkanecarboxylic acid derivatives, for example methyl and ethyl 2-(4-(6-chloro-2-quinoxalyloxy)-phenoxy)propionate (quizalofop-methyl and -ethyl), methyl 2-(4-(6-fluoro-2-quinoxalyloxy)phenoxy)propionate (see J. Pest. Sci. Vol. 10, 61 (1985)), methyl and 2-isopropylideneaminooxyethyl 2-(4-(6-chloro-2-quinolyloxy)phenoxy)propionate (propaquizafop and it~
ester), ethyl 2-(4-(6-chlorobenzoxazol-2-yloxy)phenoxy)propionate (fenoxaprop-ethyl) and ethyl 2-(4-(6-chlorobenzothiazol-2-yloxy)phenoxy-propionate (see DE-A-2,640,730)).
The auxin-autotrophic cell lines are also particularly suitable for the selection of mutants which are obtained using other ACC-inhibitors, namely cyclohexanedione-herbicides, in particular sethoxydim, tralkoxydim, cycloxydim, alloxydim and clethoxydim.
The fact that maize plants can be obtained which are re~istant to conventional concentrations of sethoxydim has been published by Parker et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad.
Sci. Vol. a7, pp. 7175-7179). These plants also display a certain cross-resistance to low concentrations of haloxyfop. ~owever, the maize~plants produced according to the invention are resistant to higher concentrations of aryloxyphenoxyalkanecarboxylic acid herbicides, as 30, they are required for use in practice. Thus, the maize plants according to the invention allow the selective control of monocotyledon weeds (grass weeds) in maize using aryloxyphenoxyalkanecarboxylic acid derivatives (including heteroaryloxyphenoxyalkanecarboxylic acid derivatives), either alone or in combination with each other.
: . . .
, , , . . .. -, ~ . : : ..
2~990 The invention also relates to the use of maize plants which are treated with a combination of aryloxyphenoxy-carboxylic acid herbicides and herbicides against dicoty-ledon weeds. Thi~ i~ because it was possible, surpris-ingly, to identify components for mixtures for aryloxy-phenoxyalkanecarboxylic acid herbicides which are not only tolerated by the regenerated maize plants, but whose herbicidal activity is simultaneously improved.
Thus, the combination of the herbicides results in syner-gistic effects. Using such mixtures means substantialeconomical, but also ecological, advantages.
Synergism is to be understood as meaning a mutually reinforcing effect of two or even more substances. In the , present case, the combined use of two herbicides allows the application rate of the herbicides to be reduced while still achieving the same herbicidal activity, or, using the same application rates of the herbicides allows a higher activity to be achieved than to be expected on the ba~is of the individually employed active substances.
By using such synergistic effects, it is possible to considerably reduce the application rates of the com-ponent~ involved in the mixture, and a broad range of mono- and dicotyledon weeds can be controlled in one operation. The reduced application rates apply in parti-cular to the ACC-inhibitors, but also to the components in the mixtures with regard to effectiveness against dicotyledon weeds.
Particularly interesting from amongst the aryloxyph~noxy-alkanecarboxylic acid herbicides are the following 3~ herbicides: fenoxaprop-ethyl, haloxyfop-methyl, quizalofop-ethyl, fluazifop-butyl.
The following herbicide~ display synergi~tic activity when used as a component in mixtures for the additional control of broad-leaf weeds;
: , . , . - , . : . .
. . ,;. ,, ~ ,. :. -... . ~
., . .. .: , . . :
... . , : , 210~99~
Primisulfuron, thifensulfuron, nicosulfuron, DPX-E 9636, amidosulfuron, pyridylsulfonylureas, as described in German Patent Applications P 4,000,503.8 and P 4,030,577.5, in particular 3-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)-1-13-(N-methyl-N-methylsulfonylamino-2-pyridyl-sulfonyl]urea, an alkoxyphenoxysulfonylurea, as described in EP-A-0,342,569, furthèrmore NC 319 (EP 2~2,613) and other sulfonylureas, as well as mixtures of various abovementioned sulfonylureas with each other, ~uch as, for example, a mixture of nicosulfuron and DPX-E 9636.
Other herbicides which have the same, or a similar, mechanism of action as the above sulfonylureas, namely imidazolinones, such as, for example, imazethapyr, imaza-quin, imazapyr (each of which can be employed in maize together with a safener), also display a synergistic increase in activity when employed together with ACC
inhibitors.
Other herbicides which, like ~ulfonylureas and imidazoli-nones, are inhibitors of the enzyme acetolactate synthase (ALS) are also suitable, for example substituted pyrimi-" dines and triazines, herbicidal ~ulfonamides, such as flumetsulam (Cordes, R.C. et al., Abstr. Meet. Weed Sci.
Soc. Am. 31, 10, 1991), or other related compounds and mixtures of euch active substances with each other.
A series of other herbicides which are employed for controlling weeds in maize, but display different mecha-nisms of action, also showed a synergistic increase in activity when used together with fenoxaprop-ethyl or with other ACC inhibitors:
ICI-051: (2-12-chloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)be,nzoyl]-1,3-cyclohexanedione, atrazine, cyanazine and terbuthylazine, clopyralid, pyridate, bromoxynil, pendimethalin, dicamba.
The hérbi~ides are generally u~ed at application rates of between 0.01 and 2 kg/ha, i.e. the total amount of active -- , .
-' ' . ' ~ ~' 210~9~0 .
sulbstance combination to be used is approximately 0.05 to 2 kg/ha. The application rate required can vary as a function of the external conditions, such as temperature and humidity, inter alia, that is preferably between 0.05 and 1 kg/ha. The ratios of t~e components can vary within wide limit~. A quantitative ratio of between 1:20 and 20:1 is preferably selected.
These synergistic effects are achieved not only in the case of mixtures with fenoxaprop-ethyl, but also when other ACC inhibitors are used, for example the cyclo-hexanediones. A combination of the active substances is t~o be understood as meaning that the herbicidal active substances are applied together or one after the other, at an interval of a few day~, in the form of a so-called split application. In each case the weeds respond with an increased sensitivity, 80 that lower application rates allow a very good control effect.
In the ollowing examples, the invention will ~e illus-trated in greater detail without being restricted thereto. Percentages relate to the weight, unless other-wise specified.
1st Example : Selection of FOPE-tolerant embryogenic maize cell cultures Maize plants from inbred lines B 73 and LH 82 were pollinated with pollen from genotype HE 89, which is capable of regeneration (Morocz et al., Theor. Appl.
Genet. 80 [1990) 721-726 loc. cit.). 12 to 14 days after pol~ination, immature embryos were dissected from the seeds under sterile conditions and grown on hormone-free N6 culture medium (Chu et al., Sci. Sin. 18 (1975) 659-668) containing 9~ of sucrose, the embryo axis being in contact with the medium. Within 3 to 4 weeks, embryo-genic callu~ waQ formed on approximately 25% of the embryos, 1.0 to 2.0 mm in size, and this embryogenic callus could be subcultured on hormone-free medium. After , .. .. :.. .,. . . . , : . - .. ,: : . , ,.... .: -., .. :::. . . -210~9~0 g 3 to 4 subcultures, the selection of FOPE-tolerant mutants wa~ started using the callus lines which were distinguished by vigorous growth and reproducible diffe-rentiation of somatic embryos on the hormone-free medium.
Alternatively, callus lines were cultured, with 3 to 4 transfers, on N6 medium containing 1 mg/l of 2,4-di-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4D). The callus sectors con~isting of undifferentiated cells were used for subculturing. From these callus sectors, suspension cultures could be induced which were cultured in liquid N6 medium containing 0.5 mg/l of 2,4D and transferred weekly to fresh medium.
Tissue was taken from both callus cultures and suspension cultures and incubated for 4 to 6 weeks on hormone-free N6 medium in the presence of 1-3 x 1 o-6 M FOPE. Under these conditions, up to approximately 95 ~ of the cells and cell cluster~ were killed The surviying cell clusters were grown on on hormone-free N6 medium containing 3 x 10-6 M FOPE, by means of 2 passes. Per tran~fer, the cell~ remained on the selection medium for 4 to 6 weeks.
Subclones growing equally well under these conditions as wild-type cells on FOPE-free medium were grown on on hormone-free N6 medium containing 1 x 105 M FOPE.
After a further 4 to 6 weeks, those clones which con-tinued to grow on this selection medium without signifi-cant loss of vitality were transferred to a medium containing 3 x 105 M FOPE and, during the following subculturing, transferred to hormone-free N6 medium containing 1 x 10-~ M active sub3tance. Higher active sub~tance concentrations did not improve the selection effect further since the active substance crystallize~ in , the medium at a concentration of as little as 3 x 10-5 M.
.: .. ; . . . - , ~' .. ,:: . . . ~
21~99~
Example 2: Regeneration of FOPE-tolerant plants Plants which have been regenerated from those mutated clones which grew in the presence of 1 x 10-~ N FOPE in hormone-free N6 medium for 3 to 10 transfere without reduced vitality, differentiating plants fro~ somatic embryos in the process, were transferred into soil and grown in a controlled-environment cabinet at 30,000 to 40,000 Lux, a daytime temperature of 23 i 1C and a night-time temperature of 16 ~ 1C, with an illumination period of 14 houre. When the plants have developed 4 to 5 leaves, they are sprayed with 30 g of FOPE per ha. The plants survived this treatment without significant damage, while control plants were killed by the herbicide at this dosage rate.
Th~ flowering regenerated plants were, on the one hand, selfed and, on the other hand, their pollen wa~ ueed for pollinating inbred lines, such as, for example, B 73, LH 51, LH 82, LH 119, KW 1292, KW 5361, RA 129B or RA 3080. The mature seeds were sown, and the Fl gene-20~ ration seedlinge treated with FOPE when they had reachedthe 2- to 4-leaf stage. The resulte are giYen in Table l.
. .. . , ,, . .-. ..... , , - . , ,: :
,~ . ~: . . . .....
. : . . - -,: .. '. . . .. , . , . , . . :
2~0599~
Table 1: Treatment of regenerated plants and progeny with FOPE (* und. = undamaged) Plants Number , FOPE treatment 15 g of 30 9 of 60 9 o~
a.i./ha a.i./ha a.i./ha dead dead dead plantstund.* plants/und.* plants/und.*
Regen. 20 20 plants of unselected controls Regen. 10 - 10 plants of resistant callus Progeny from 60 5 15 7 13 8 12 self-pollin-ation (3X20) F,-progeny 48 8 8 10 6 7 9 from crosses ~3X16) Commercial 48 16 - 16 - 16 variety Felix : ~ Example 3: Haloxyfop-tolerant maize Resi'stant maize cell lines were obtained by the process described in Examples 1 and 2 and examined for resistance to haloxyfop. It was found that cell lines according to the invention tolerate a markedly higher dosage rate than the maize cell lines known from the prior art (see Parker et al.)..
, . . ~ . .. . ., . . ..... .. .. ... . .. . - . .
2 1 ~
Example 4: Treatment of herbicide-resistant maize plants with synergistic combinations of herbicides FOPE-resistant maize plants obtained by the process described in Examples 1 and 2 were grown in the green-house in pots of diameter 9 cm together with grass weedsand broad-leaf weeds until they had reached the 4-6 leaf stage, when they were treated post-emergence with the herbicides according to the invention. A water volume of 400 l/ha were used, two replications were carried out, and, after 5 weeks, the plants were scored on a percent-age key basis by visually assessing the control effect on the weeds.
The results from various experiments showed unexpected ~ynergistic increases in effects by herbicidal combi-nations which had been applied either concomitantly orone shortly after the other (see Tables 2 and 3).
No damage of any kind wa6 observed on the herbicide-resistant maize plants. Herbicides B4 and B6 was in each case both applied together with an active ~ubstance which acts as a safener.
., , ,, i. ,,, ........... .,,: . . ., ,:
.. .. . . . . .
-- 2l~s~a Table 2: Herbicidal activity against grasses . . - __ ... _ .
Herbicide Dosage rate of . % activity against ¦ . g of AS/ha SEVI DISA PAMI ECCG SOHA ZEMA
I .. __ .. _ Bl 50 98 93 65 98 60 0 _ ...
...... __ .
B4 25 80 90 . 65 95 45 0 " I 12 70 85 40 90 30 0 ..
~ .
¦ B7 250 5 0 0 10 0 0 ' '............. .... ... _ ~ _, . .... .. . . ~' . ~ . . .... ... .. . .. .
- 2~0~9~
.... ~ _ . ,, ~ . , Herbicide Dosage rate of% activity against ¦ g of AS/haSEVI DISA PAMI ECCG SOHA ZEMA
" B8 250 0, 0 0 0 0 0 125 _ 0 0 0 0 _ 0 0 125_ 0 0 0 0 0 0 A + Bl 12 + 12 100 100 100 100 98 0 12 + 25 100 98 95 lO0 80 0 I
A + B2 12 + 12 100 100 100 100 99 0 ' 6 + 12 __ _ 100 99 100 100 75 0 _ A + B3 12 + 12 100 100 100 lO0 100 0 12 + 25 100 100 100 100 100 0 I , A + B4 12 + 12 100 100 100 100 99 0 6 + 6 100 95 95 100 90 0 A + B5 12 + 12 100 100 100 100 100 0 6 + 6 100 98 98 100 100 0 I . . ._._, A + B6 12 + 50 100 100 100 100 100 0 1 6 + 25 100 99 98 100 95 0 ¦ A + B712 + 125 95 90 100 100 95 0 A + B812 + 125 90 95 100 99 90 0 I .
¦ ~ + B912 + 125 95 90 99 99 90 0 . : .. .
. ., . ~ : . , .;. : :.. ,.- ..
. . . , ~. ;~~ . . ; . , ! . . ' _ .
¦ Herbicide Dosage rate of ¦ g of AS/ha ABTH CHAL AMAR POCO AMRE ZEMA
I .. ..
¦ A 50 0 0 0 0 5 0 I _ ..
Bl 50 20 35 20 50 60 0 ¦ B2 12 40 80 70 80 20 0 , 1 6 20 60 40 50 10 0 I B3 . 50 70 80 30 40 40 0 12 _ 40 50 020 _ 15 0 ____ Bg 25 30 80 75 30 60 0 _ _ _ 50 50 30 60 40 7o-- 0 125 ~ 15 85 40 50 30 O
~ . ` . .
: ,,, ~ , : ~ , , . ,, ., ,,, `, ,., ` , .
.. . ,.,.. ,.~:, . `. ` : ` ` -. ~ , , ` `
9 9 ~
. __ __ ~
¦ Herbicide Dosage rate of .
¦ g of AS/h~ A8TH CHAL AMAR POCO AMRE ZEMA
¦ B9 250 90 100 98 80 75 0 I .__ _ ..
¦ A + Bl 12 + 12 40 50 30 60 90 0 1 12 + 25 40 30 30 40 75 0 ¦ A + B2 12 + 12 70 90 80 95 40 0 1 6 + 12 60 80 75 90 40 0 ~:
¦ A + B3 12 + 12 60 70 30 50 30 0 12 + 25 70 80 40 50 40 0 A + B4 12 + 12 50 95 90 90 80 0 6 + 6 30 60 60 90 75 0 A + B5 12 + 12 50 90 95 40 90 0 6 + 6 40 75 50 30 60 0 ll ~... l A + B6 12 ~ 50 70 50 95 70 80 0 6 + 25 50 30 60 40 60 0 A + B7 12 + 125 40 90 50 70 50 0 A + B8 12 + 125 60 80 40 60 40 0 .
A ~ B9 lZ ~ 125 90 90 80 50 60 0 . :......... ., ~ - ;
: . . . . . .. - ~ .
.. ., ;. ; ... . . . ..
210~990 , - 17 -Key for Tables 2 and 3:
SEVI = Setaria viridis (green foxtail) DISA = Digitaria sanguinali (large crab grass) PAMI = Panicum miliaceum (proso millet) ECCG = Echinochloa crus galli (common barnyard grass) SOHA = Sorghum halepense (Johnson grass) ABTH = Abutilon theophrasti (velvetleaf) CHAL = Chenopodium album (pigweed) AMAR = Ambrosia artemisifolia (hogweed) POCO = Polygonum convolvulus (black bindweed) A~RE = Amaranthus retroflexus (red root pigweed) ZEMA = Zea mays (maize) A = Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl B2 = Nicosulfuron B2 = Thifen~ulfuron B3 I Primigulfuron B4 ~ 3-(4,6-Dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)-1-[3-(N-methyl-N-methyl~ulfonylamino)-2-pyridyl~ulfonyl]urea B5 = DPX-9636 B6 , Imazethapyr B7 = Atrazine B8 = Bromoxynil B9 = Dicamba .. : - . . . . . .. . . . .
. : , : ............ . .
- .i.
Claims (18)
1. An auxin-autotrophic maize cell, maize protoplast, maize cell culture or maize callus which is resis-tant to aryloxyphenoxyalkanecarboxylic acid herbi-cides and the progeny of such a maize cell.
2. A maize plant regenerated from auxin-autotrophic maize cells, maize protoplasts, maize cell cultures and maize calli as well as progeny thereof which is resistant to conventional application concentrations of aryloxyphenoxyalkanecarboxylic acid herbicides, and the progeny of such a maize plant.
3. A maize cell, maize protoplast, maize cell culture or maize callus as well as progeny thereof as claimed in claim 1 and a plant as claimed in claim 2 which are resistant to a further herbicide.
4. The use of aryloxyphenoxyalkanecarboxylic acid herbicides, alone or in combination with each other, for controlling grasses in cultures of maize plants as claimed in claim 2.
5. A maize plant as claimed in claim 2, wherein fenoxaprop-ethyl is used as the herbicide.
6. A maize plant as claimed in claim 2, which is resis-tant to fenoxaprop-ethyl at application rates of between 20 and 200 g of a.i./ha.
7. A maize plant as claimed in claim 2, which is resis-tant to fenoxaprop-ethyl at application rates of between 30 and 150 g of a.i./ha.
8. A maize plant as claimed in claim 2, which is resis-tant to fenoxaprop-ethyl at application rates of between 30 and 90 g of a.i./ha.
9. A maize plant as claimed in claim 2, which is resistant to aryloxyphenoxyalkanecarboxylic acid herbicides and glutamine synthetase inhibitors.
10. A maize plant as claimed in claim 2, which is resis-tant to fenoxaprop-ethyl and phosphinothricin or bialaphos.
11. A maize cell, maize protoplast, maize cell culture or maize callus as claimed in claim 1, which is resistant to fenoxaprop-ethyl.
12. A maize cell, maize protoplast, maize cell culture or maize callus as claimed in claim 1, which is resistant to 1 x 10-6 M to 1 x 10-3 M fenoxaprop-ethyl.
13. A maize cell, maize protoplast, maize cell culture or maize callus as claimed in claim 1, which is resistant to 5 x 10-6 M to 5 x 10-3 M fenoxaprop-ethyl.
14. The use of aryloxyphenoxyalkanecarboxylic acid herbicides in combination with one or more herbi-cides selected from the group of the sulfonylureas and imidazolinones for controlling mono- and dicoty-ledon weeds in cultures of maize plants which are registant to aryloxyphenoxyalkanecarboxylic acid herbicides.
15. The use of fenoxaprop-ethyl in combination with sulfonylureas for controlling mono- and dicotyledon weeds in cultures of maize plants which are resis-tant to aryloxyphenoxyalkanecarboxylic acid herbicides.
16. The use of fenoxaprop-ethyl in combination with one or more herbicides from the group of the triazines (atrazine, cyanazine, terbutylazine), clopyralid, pyridate, bromoxynil, pendimethalin or dicamba for controlling mono- and dicotyledon weeds in cultures of maize plants which are resistant to aryloxy-phenoxyalkanecarboxylic acid herbicides.
17. A method for the production of herbicide-resistant maize cell lines, which comprises exposing auxin-autotrophic maize cell lines stepwise to increasing concentrations of aryloxyphenoxyalkanecarboxylic acid herbicides and propagating the mutants which survive in each case.
18. A method for the production of herbicide-resistant maize cell lines, which comprises exposing auxin-autotrophic maize cell lines to aryloxyphenoxy-alkanecarboxylic acid herbicides at increasing concentrations of between 1 x 10-6 M and 1 x 10-3 M
and propagating the mutants which survive in each case.
and propagating the mutants which survive in each case.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP91103765 | 1991-03-12 | ||
| DE91103765.3 | 1991-03-12 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2105990A1 true CA2105990A1 (en) | 1992-09-13 |
Family
ID=8206504
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002105990A Abandoned CA2105990A1 (en) | 1991-03-12 | 1992-03-07 | Maize resistant to aryloxyphenoxyalkanecarboxylic acid herbicides |
Country Status (11)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (2) | EP0575390B1 (en) |
| AT (2) | ATE184449T1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU659135B2 (en) |
| BR (1) | BR9205765A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2105990A1 (en) |
| DE (2) | DE59209968D1 (en) |
| ES (2) | ES2184190T3 (en) |
| GR (1) | GR3031854T3 (en) |
| HU (1) | HU216644B (en) |
| MX (1) | MX9201064A (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1992016101A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5428001A (en) * | 1988-11-10 | 1995-06-27 | Regents Of The University Of Minnesota | Method for combating weeds among maize plants |
| JPH05339109A (en) * | 1992-06-08 | 1993-12-21 | Idemitsu Kosan Co Ltd | Herbicide composition |
| FR2751347B1 (en) | 1996-07-16 | 2001-12-07 | Rhone Poulenc Agrochimie | CHIMERIC GENE WITH MULTIPLE HERBICIDE TOLERANCE GENES, PLANT CELL AND PLANT TOLERANT WITH MULTIPLE HERBICIDES |
| KR20000053140A (en) * | 1996-11-07 | 2000-08-25 | 돈 리사 로얄 | Herbicide resistant plants |
| KR100957897B1 (en) * | 1998-07-16 | 2010-05-13 | 바이엘 크롭사이언스 아게 | Herbicides |
| AR036580A1 (en) * | 2001-09-27 | 2004-09-15 | Syngenta Participations Ag | HERBICIDE COMPOSITION |
| CA3234612A1 (en) | 2021-10-14 | 2023-04-20 | Weedout Ltd. | Methods of weed control |
Family Cites Families (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0360750A3 (en) * | 1988-09-22 | 1991-01-02 | Ciba-Geigy Ag | Novel herbicide tolerant plants |
-
1992
- 1992-03-07 AT AT92905948T patent/ATE184449T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1992-03-07 AT AT98123134T patent/ATE224639T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1992-03-07 CA CA002105990A patent/CA2105990A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1992-03-07 DE DE59209968T patent/DE59209968D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1992-03-07 EP EP92905948A patent/EP0575390B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-03-07 ES ES98123134T patent/ES2184190T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-03-07 DE DE59209747T patent/DE59209747D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1992-03-07 AU AU13458/92A patent/AU659135B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1992-03-07 ES ES92905948T patent/ES2136616T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-03-07 HU HU9302565A patent/HU216644B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1992-03-07 BR BR9205765A patent/BR9205765A/en unknown
- 1992-03-07 WO PCT/EP1992/000506 patent/WO1992016101A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1992-03-07 EP EP98123134A patent/EP0919119B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-03-11 MX MX9201064A patent/MX9201064A/en active IP Right Grant
-
1999
- 1999-11-17 GR GR990402948T patent/GR3031854T3/en unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ES2136616T3 (en) | 1999-12-01 |
| ATE224639T1 (en) | 2002-10-15 |
| MX9201064A (en) | 1992-09-01 |
| DE59209968D1 (en) | 2002-10-31 |
| AU1345892A (en) | 1992-10-21 |
| AU659135B2 (en) | 1995-05-11 |
| EP0575390B1 (en) | 1999-09-15 |
| ES2184190T3 (en) | 2003-04-01 |
| HUT65568A (en) | 1994-07-28 |
| HU9302565D0 (en) | 1993-12-28 |
| DE59209747D1 (en) | 1999-10-21 |
| HU216644B (en) | 1999-07-28 |
| ATE184449T1 (en) | 1999-10-15 |
| EP0919119A1 (en) | 1999-06-02 |
| BR9205765A (en) | 1994-09-27 |
| GR3031854T3 (en) | 2000-02-29 |
| WO1992016101A1 (en) | 1992-10-01 |
| EP0575390A1 (en) | 1993-12-29 |
| EP0919119B1 (en) | 2002-09-25 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request | ||
| FZDE | Discontinued |